‘WIUM3/CSIR57 APPENDIX 2 PROPOSED SYLLABUS FOR THE SUBJECT: WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT PRACTICE N2._(’WATER+ EN AFVALWATERBEHANDELINGSPRAXTYK N2') A THEORY 1. Water quality Drinking water : SABS specifications - colour - turbidity - pH - brief reference to total salts content, toxic substances, etc. - the meaning of total viable organisms (total plate count), total coliforms and faecal coliforms coli 1). Treated wastewater effluents: General Standard, and Special Standard and Special Standard for Phosphate (Notice 991 of 18 May 1984). - pe - temperature = 0A (an) - cop - Brief reference to other standards such as TDS, suspended solids, free and saline ammonia, toxic substances, phosphates and faecal coliforms, etc, 2, Conventional water treatment Flow measurement: purpose and description of units Clarification: the main steps ~ flocculation, settling and filtration Flocculatio Purpos. Destabilisation of colloidal particles The process: flash mixing, floc formation and floc conditioningFlocculants and flocculant aids: aluminium sulphate, ferric chloride, lime, wattle bark extract (‘Floceotan') Polyelectrolytes. Brief reference to others (see N3 course) pH adjustment by lime or sodium carbonate Dosing equipment: liquids solids followed by solutionizing suspensions Sedimentation: Purpose: settling of suspended solid material. Horizontal flow sedimentation tanks Vertical flow sedimentation tanks using a floc blanket Vertical flow sedimentation tanks without a floc blanket Radial flow sedimentation tanks, Sludge draw-off. Filtration: Purpose: removal of suspended solids not settled. Slow sand filers: Description and application, Filter media and cleaning. Rapid gravity filters: Description and application. Filter media and backwashing. Air and water distribution. Operation. Pressure sand filters: Description and application Operation. Disinfection: Purpose: Prevention of harmful bacteria reaching the consumer. Protection of reticulation system from growths etc. Chiorine demand Chlorination: Compounds most commonly used - (8s ~ and their properties, » sodium and caleium hypochlorites) Storage, handling and changing of chlorine cylinders Operation of chlorinators, their basic components and maintenance starting and stopping procedures.al Hypochlorite solution feeders: Pumps Constant head feeders. Residual chlorine measurement - brief description and Stabilisation: demonstration of DPD and orthotolidene methods only. Brief description only of corrosive and scale forming properties or waters, pH adjustment to improve stability, the stability pH (pas) Corrosion due to excessive chemical dosage Plow diagram of typical conventional treatment plants. Operation and maintenance aspects of abovementioned units. Wastewater treatment Primary_treatment The inlet works - Primary sedimentation fixed and mechanical screens; their purpose and disposal of screenings Detritius tanks and channels, their purpose and disposal of grit Flow measurement, purpose and description of units Storm overflow systems; their purpose. Purpose: Phase separation Load reduction Description of Dortmund and mechanical, shallow tanks Scum and floating matter Sludge removal Operation and maintenance.3.2 Secondary treatment A. Biological fileration plants Biological filters Purpose - General description, ventilation, media, underdrainage, dosing syphons, distributors, pumpe, nitrification - | Maintenance Humus canks - Purpose - Description, operation and mainte~ nance B. Activated sludge plants Purpose and comparison with biological filter plants. Description of the process (point out difference to plain aeration) Aeration: with compressed air (coarse bubble; diffused air) with mechanical aeration (surface aerators) Mixed Liquor and suspended solids Control of oxygen input Conventional aeration Extended aeration. Clarifiers: Mechanical shallow tanks Activated sludge recirculation Excess sludge wasting and drying Operation and maintenance aspects of abovementioned unis. 3.3 Tertiary treatment Maturation - e.g. ponds, artificial rivers, grass beds, etc. Filtration - e.g. microstraining, sand filtration, etc. Chlorination ~ (dealt with under water treatment) Brief introduction to aspects such as formation of chloramines and break-point chlorination. Brief introduction to other processes such as phosphate removal by chemical precipitation, reclamation, etc.Properties of raw sludges: water, organic and inorganic contents. Anaerobic fermentation Description of primary and secondary digesters Gas production. Hazards. Sludge changes and supernatant draw-off Recycling Sludge disposal: drying beds, dewatering by mechanical means, composting, soil conditioning, landfill, ete. Main differences between primary, digested and activated sludges with respect to dewatering characteristics. 4. SAMPLING Representative sampling - homogenous bodies non-homogenous bodies such as rivers Grab samples Composite samples equal volumes volumes proportionate to flow. Calculation of representative aliquots. Brief introduction to sample preservation: = cooling = preservatives’ such as sulphuric acid and mercuric chloride. VISITS TO WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS The function of the various process units is explained.PRACTICAL Elementary laboratory procedures and practice. Elementary control tests: Determination of:- Oxygen absorbed (4h) Settleable solids (Imhoff cone test) 30 min, settleability (measuring cylinder)