QUESTION 4

4.1 What are the FOUR methods of improving commutation in a DC machine? (4)

4.2 Name the TWO principal laws of electromagnetism and state each law. (3)

4.3 What effect will an increase in temperature have on the resistance of the
following materials? Also indicate whether it will have a negative or positive
temperature coefficient.

4.3.1 Copper

4.3.2 Carbon
(2 × 2) (4)

4.4 How can a magnetic field of a solenoid be strengthened? (2)

4.5 Calculate the resistance of a starting resistor required to start a 440 V DC

shunt motor with an input of 10 KW. The maximum armature current is not to
exceed 1,5 times the full-load armature current. The armature has a
resistance of 0,67 ohms and the field resistance is 161 ohms. (5)
[18]
QUESTION 3

3.1 Explain how the change of flux can be produced by including the EMF during
electromagnetic induction as follows:

3.1.1 Dynamically
3.1.2 Statically
(2 × 1) (2)

3.2 What are the FOUR types of brushes normally used on DC machines? (4)

3.3 Why is one of the two DC machine types called separately-excited machines? (1)

3.4 Name the THREE types into which self-excited machines are subdivided. (3)

QUESTION 4

4.1 Give THREE reasons why the voltage of a shunt generator may fail to excite. (3)

4.2 Show, by means of fully labelled load characteristics, how to represent three
different types of DC motors. (5)

4.3 Induction motors are playing a very special role in increasing and fast tracking
production for companies such as Acerlor Mittal, Hillside Alluminium, Mondi Paper,
Eskom Generation, etc.

State FIVE advantages of a three-phase induction motor compared to a single-

phase induction motor. (5 × 2) (10)
[18]
QUESTION 4: DC MACHINES

4.1 Briefly explain the following methods of self-excited field coil connections:

4.1.1 Shunt-connected

4.1.2 Series-connected

4.1.3 Compound-connected
(3 × 2) (6)

4.2 Give THREE reasons why the shunt generator may fail to excite. (3)

4.3 A DC generator has an armature EMF of 100 V when the flux/pole is 20 mWb
and the armature speed is 800 r/min.

Calculate the EMF with:

4.3.1 The same flux but an armature speed of 1 000 r/min

4.3.2 A flux/pole of 24 mWb and an armature speed of 900 r/min

(2 × 3) (6)

4.4 A long shunt compound generator supplies a load current of 60 A. It has

an armature resistance of 0,1 ohms and a series field resistance 0,025
ohms. With the shunt field resistance of 60 ohms, the generated EMF is 248
V.
(5)
Find the terminal voltage. [20]
QUESTION 2: DC MACHINES

2.1 Define armature reaction. (2)

2.2 A six-pole lap wound DC generator supplies a load of 50 A at 240 V.

Calculate the speed of the prime-mover if the machine is shunt-connected and
the armature has 864 conductors with a resistance of 0,1 Ω. The field has a resistance
of 120 ohms with a flux per pole of 50 mWb. (7)

2.3 A short-shunt, compound-wound generator supplies a load with 65 A at

a terminal voltage of 400 V. The series field, shunt field and
armature resistances are 0,1 Ω, 220 Ω and 0,15 Ω, respectively. Calculate
the brush contact voltage drop if the magnitude of the generated EMF is 420 (8)
V.
2.4 A 500-volt DC motor has an armature resistance of 0,2 Ω and draws a full
load armature current of 100 amps. Calculate the starting resistance required
if the overloads are set to trip at 125% of full load current. (3)
[20]