Wandesan Gethane

HOSTING COMPANY: GUTEMA FIRISA CONSTRUCTION

COMPANYFROM: SEP 28-JAN 28

MENTOR: YOHANNES MULU

REPORTED BY: WANDESAN GETHANE

ID: 0502741

SUB.DATE: Feb.18.2016

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DECLARATION
I, Wandesan Gethane, hereby declare that this report is an original work of my own and is being
submitted partial fulfillment for internship during the last four months. I assure that the report
contains actual events and facts that was observed and performed during my internship practice
program. All the contents are my own and have not been submitted to any other
university/institute.

Name of student: wandesan Gethane

Signature:

Date: 18/2/2016

Mentor: yohanes mulu

Signature: ________________

Date: 18/2/2016

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I would like to thank GOD then my dearest family. I also want to thank Bahir-dar
university institute of technology and university linkage office for giving such useful internship
program to increase our knowledge on the site and office.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to teachers in the Bahir-dar institute for taught me
course and give us an excellent advice on the class, my deepest appreciation to my mentor
yohanes mulu who show me the best way to work on the project and gives me the advice by
contact me through the internship time.

I am very thankful to yohanes who is the consultant in the project to give me the chance to work
on the company by accepting my internship request paper.

I would like to express my gratefulness to ato belay girma (project manager), ato bacha guteta
(site engineer), ato dagne mekuria (office engineer), and to all hosting company workers for your
kindness and help through the time of the internship period.

Finally I like to thank my best friends on the site for sharing knowledge and for giving me your
time.

Thank you very much.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report paper is written about the internship program which I was working for the last
months, to help me to know engineering projects their design implementation evaluation and
management in general.
The report divided into some chapters, about the background of my host company including its history,
and machinery and working achievements, my overall internship experience, my tasks I was executed to
work, the procedure I used while working in the company, the practical and theoretical knowledge I
gained including the recommendation and challenges I faced while working my task.

The contents of the report have been divided into chapters and sub chapters and the topics covered the
company background, my overall internship experience, the benefit I gained from the program, the
conclusion, recommendation and appendix.

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LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS

List of figure
Figure 1 column mistake in the site ............................................................................................................ 11
Figure 2 compaction of soil ......................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 4 formwork for column .................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 5 formwork for footing .................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 6 formwork for slab ......................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 7 casted footing ............................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 8 footing column working process ................................................................................................... 27
Figure 9 footing column during casting ...................................................................................................... 29
Figure 10 beam reinforcement ................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 11 elevation column ........................................................................................................................ 32
Figure 12 solid slab reinforcement ............................................................................................................. 33
Figure 13 ribbed slab placement ................................................................................................................ 34
Figure 14 lifting working ............................................................................................................................. 36
Figure 15 staircase working ........................................................................................................................ 36
Figure 16 column challenge ........................................................................................................................ 37
List of table
Table 1 road and building project under construction ................................................................................. 3
Table 2 professional man power................................................................................................................... 5
Table 3 quantity of equipment and machineries owned by the company ................................................... 6
Table 4 data preparing table ....................................................................................................................... 13
Table 5 takeoff format for concrete, formwork, excavation ...................................................................... 13
Table 6 takeoff format for rebar ................................................................................................................. 14
List of chart

Chart 1 company organizational and workflow…………………………………………………..7

Chart 2 project work flow…………………………………………………………………………9

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Table of Contents
Declaration ................................................................................................................................................ ii
Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................................... iii
Executive summary .................................................................................................................................. iv
List of tables and charts ............................................................................................................................ v
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................... 1
1 BACKGROUND OF GUTEMA FIRISA CONSTRUCTION COMPANY ........................................................... 1
1.1 Brief history of the company .......................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Products and Services of the company ........................................................................................... 3
1.3 Its main customers or the end users of its product ........................................................................ 4
1.4Overall Organization and Work flow ............................................................................................... 4
Chapter two .................................................................................................................................................. 8
2 Over all internship experience ............................................................................................................... 8
2.1 How I get into the company? .......................................................................................................... 8
2.2 The section of the company I have been working .......................................................................... 8
2.3 THE WORK FLOW IN THE SECTION.................................................................................................. 9
2.4 Which work piece you have been executing? .............................................................................. 10
2.5 What procedure I have been using while performing my work task............................................ 15
2.6 How good I have been performing my work task ......................................................................... 37
2.7 What challenge I have been facing while performing my work task? .......................................... 37
Chapter three .............................................................................................................................................. 39
3 over all benefits I gained from the internship ..................................................................................... 39
3.1 Improving practical skills ............................................................................................................... 39
3.2 Upgrading theoretical understanding (knowledge) ...................................................................... 40
3.3 Improving interpersonal communication skill .............................................................................. 40
3.4 Improving my team playing skills .................................................................................................. 40
3.5 Improving leadership skill ............................................................................................................. 41
3.6 Understanding about work ethics related issues ......................................................................... 42
3.7 Entrepreneur ship skills................................................................................................................. 43

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Chapter four ................................................................................................................................................ 45

4 conclusions and my recommendation for the company ..................................................................... 45
4.1 conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 45
4.2 recommendations ......................................................................................................................... 46
Chapter five ................................................................................................................................................. 47
5 Reference ............................................................................................................................................. 47
Chapter six .................................................................................................................................................. 48
6.1 Appendix ........................................................................................................................................... 48

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CHAPTER ONE

1 BACKGROUND OF GUTEMA FIRISA CONSTRUCTION COMPANY

1.1 Brief history of the company

Gutema Firisa Construction Company is established in May 1995. When we compare with other
construction companies it shows a great growth and an appreciable quality standard, since its
journey has started before a few decades. The reason that I’m saying this is at when he started he
was grade 6th but now Gutema Firisa Construction Company licensed is 1st grade of Construction
Company. When this company started by using 80,000.00 (eighty thousand birr) working
EEPCO project no one expect that it can be at this stage or level.The Company uses the
combined knowledge and experience of personnel, from directors to skilled workers, for
consistent quality project delivery. The qualified, well-trained and committed workforce also
enables it to uphold project schedules, even under adverse circumstances. All the achievements
of the company have been made possible by the committed efforts of executives and qualified
personnel. The Company is highly increasing its manpower in all levels of responsibility and
professional practice pertaining to construction work. This has created a relaxed and easy
handling of a number of significant projects at a time.

The initiator and owner of Gutema Firisa Construction Company is Mr. Gutema Firisa.
Managing Director Mr. Gutema Firisa leads the company’s over all activities while the D/
Managing Director Engineer Dawit Tesema preside over the activities of the businesses.

1.1.1 Vision of the company

 Become an internationally competent contractor.
 Become active actor in the Ethiopian economic land scope and
 Become leading actor in the Ethiopian economic land scope.

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1.1.2 Mission of the company

Gutema Firisa Construction Company mission is to:

 Play significant role in the construction sector.
 Strengthen its organizational strength by recruiting professionals who will have at
their disposal advanced state of the art machineries.
 Take an active part in the nation’s road and construction development thus ensuring
maximum customer satisfaction.

1.1.3 Main objectives

The focus is always kept on the timely delivery of works and to highlighting any potential
criticality in design/production management/logistics as possible. The company believes success
originates from a pro-active mindset in dealing and tackling problems and in addressing them
timorously.

Its professional team members are educated to interact within the firm and with the clients
Management and Designers professionally. They make themselves fully aware, from the onset of
a project, of how the designer has conceived the works; promptly produce their findings and
comment any suggestion on possible best-value-for money alternatives, which would improve
the quality, durability and energy efficient of the works, reduce emission and be friendlier to the
environment.
To sum up,

 Play active developmental role in the construction sector.

 Undertaking grave land asphalt road projector by maximizing its capacity.
 Construction buildings and residential houses.
 Establishing joint- venture investment projects with various national and international
companies with emphasis on construction related areas.
 Investing in various business activities – service trade. Rental equipments. Gutema Firisa
Construction Company is highly engaged in different constructions activities like Offices,
Health centre, Educational centre, Dormitories, and Bridge construction.

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1.2 Products and Services of the company

Gutema Firisa Construction Company has a solid reputation for completing projects on time,
within budget and desired quality. It is currently executing infrastructure projects at various parts
of the country. From the companies profile stated some of them are listed below.
1.2.1 Building Construction

Major building products of the company include; Wollega university Gimbi campus library,
Kake (qaqe) TVET, Mettu Dormitory, Ayira health center, Warki health center, Karcha health
center, Gidami, Nunu,Darmu, Alemteferi, Najo, Begi, Dulli, and H/G wollega TVET.
1.2.2 Road and Bridge construction

Major road and bridge products of the company are Nunu gravel road -50 km, Illubabor gravel
road-6 km, Ilubabor bridge construction, Mettu gravel road and Mettu bridge construction.
Project title Project Employer Contract value
description
1 Nunu road project 50 km gravel road Ethiopian road 25,000,000.00
authority
⁴ Bishoftu city City Bishoftu city 100,000,000.00
administration building administration administration
project office
3 Gimbi building project Library Wollega university 30,000,000.00
4 Shambu building Library Wollega university 30,000,000.00
project
5 Mettu building project Dormitory Mettu university 60,000,000.00
6 Karcha building Health center Nation for nation 5,000,000.00
project
7 Kake (qaqe) TVTE school Oromia TVTE 26,000,000.00
8 Warki and others Health center Oromia health center 5,000,000.00

Total contract value of the projects being constructed =500,000,000.00

Table 1 road and building project under construction

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1.3 Its main customers or the end users of its product

As we able to see above Gutema firisa Construction Company has many products but we see the
Bishoftu city administration office building end users, and the end users of this building are
Bishoftu city peoples which the building collect many offices that was distributed in the city so
the peoples can get all offices in one place, and the building also have 2 meeting halls so the
people of the city can meet in the hall without any long ride from their area.

1.4Overall Organization and Work flow

1.4.1 Organization & Human Resource

At this time Gutema Firisa Construction Company is a well-structured and adequately staffed
organization capable of handling a number of projects. The company uses the combined
knowledge and experience of personnel, from directors to skilled workers, for consistent quality
project delivery. The qualified, well-trained and committed workforce also enables it to uphold
project schedules, even under adverse circumstances. All the achievements of the company have
been made possible by the dedicated efforts of executives and qualified personnel.

The Company is highly increasing its manpower in all levels of responsibility and professional
practice pertaining to construction work. This has created a relaxed and easy handling of a
number of significant projects at a time.

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1.4.2 Professional man power

Qualification Education Experience Number

(years)
Professional M.Sc. (civil engineering) 14 3
engineer

project engineer B.Sc. (civil engineering) 6 5

Office and site B.Sc. (civil engineering) 6 and above 8
Engineers
General Diploma 9 and above 16
Foreman (tech. college)
Surveyor Diploma 2and above 3
(tech. college)

Table 2 professional man power

1.4.3 Organizational values

The Company’s senior management and the employees have solidified close working and social
relationships allowing for a working environment of mutual respect, dedication, and above all
the commitment to make a difference.

1.4.4 Capacity and Owners

Next to the human factor, the most important element for any construction firm to carry out its
work efficiently is the availability of construction machineries, equipment and vehicles
compatible to the magnitude of projects at hand. In this regards, Gutema Firisa Construction
Company, has given due attention to the subject and acquired sufficient number of equipments
and vehicles. The Company currently owns the the following buildings and construction
machineries, big & small vehicles;

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Type of Equipment & Machineries Qty.

Dozers 1
Loaders 1
Excavators 4
Wagon Drill 1
Graders 1
Compactors(Rollers) 1
Mobile Crane 1
Trucks 10
Mini & Long bus 1
Truck Crane 1
Back loader 1
Mixer of different volume 25

Single &Double Cabin Pick-Up 10

Vibrator 25

Dumper 4

Water Pump 4

Grinder 6

Generator Set 4

Drill & Cutter 5

Wood Machine 3

Surveying Equipment 7
Total Amount of equipment & 116
Machineries

Table 3 quantity of equipment and machineries owned by the company

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In general the company has flexible organization and work flows for each individual project.

1.4.5 Work flow and Organization

General Manager

Deputy General Manager

Engineering dept. Finance case team

Human resource &
property
management
Project Manager Cashier

Purchaser

General Service
Office engineer Site engineer Auditors

Equipment &
General machinery adm.
Quantity Data Forman
surveyor collector

Carpenter Rebar
Forman Forman

Chart 1.1: Company Organization & Work Flow Chart

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Chapter two

2 OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

2.1 How I get into the company?

Before I enjoyed this company I asked to join aser Construction Company but they doesn’t have
adequate place to accept me for the reason they accept much number of students before I asked
them. After that I asked to join sunshine construction privet limited company (plc) and they
accept me but the construction site is in addis-abeba and that is much far from my area because
of that I asked this construction company to join and they accept me.

I get into this company called Gutema firisa construction company by sending the letter which is
given by the bahir-dar university linkage office, soon the project manager ato belay accepted my
request kindly to work in the company for the next 4 months started from sep28-jan28 and am
glad to work on this company because the site found near to my family house and the project is
the beast construction project in the city also the company is well organized in which I can learn
a lot from experienced engineers and other staff members.

2.2 The section of the company I have been working

The section of the company I have been working was divided in to two sections which are site
and office work, and in the site I have been working is building and construction material
supervision as part of my work. I conducted supervision of footing, footing column, columns,
beams, and slab.

In addition to the site work I have worked out office work like
 Preparing take off sheet
 Data collection
 Data preparation
 Reading and checking schedules

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2.3 THE WORK FLOW IN THE SECTION

Project manager

Construction Engineering office Administration

Construction Engineer-1 Administrator-1

Office Engineer -1, Junior Engineer-1
Junior Engineer-1 Clerk-1
Data collector
Time keeper-1
Ware house
Chef Guard-3
Construction Supervisor Reinforcement Guared-20
Store supervisor-1
General Foreman -1 works Janitor-1
Store Clerk-2
Carpenter Foreman -1
Bar bender Foreman-1 Helper-1
Mason Foreman -3 Mechanical maintenance
Bar bender-7
Carpenter -16 works
Mason -3
Finance office
Electrical works
Gang chief-2
Daily Laborers (assigned Accountant-1 Mechanic-1
Supervisor-1, Electrician-2 Helper-1 Cashier-1 Helper-1
as required)
Purchaser-1
Metal works
Concrete batching
Sipervisor- plant
1
Welder-4
Helper-4
Supervisor-1
Opertor-2
Helper-2
Gang chief-1
Daily Laborer-16

Chart 2.1: Gutema Firisa Bishoftu project Work Flow Chart

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2.4 Which work piece you have been executing?

In the last 4 months of my internship program I have been working on

 Site work &
 Office work
2.4.1 The site work I was executing to work is

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As I entered at Gutema firisa construction company I was assigned to work on the site with the
site engineer ato bacha and I tried to cover all the basic work section which was related to civil
engineering, and the main works I was working on the site are site managing section and
problem solving skill, in the site many works undergoes within the site engineer and the site
engineer should manage every work and workers in the site, and while I was working on the
project the site engineer ato bacha show me how to manage things. Also in the site many
problems are arise due to poor work man ship, loose of interest in the work and be carless of the

workers and this problem of the

workers create some problems in
the work and this problem should
be resolved by the site engineer.
For instance
this image shows a column that
bend 2cm in ward, because of the
alignment of the column dose not
align with the other column, such
problems made by the workers are
resolved by the site engineer who

dealt with the pm and other

Figure 1 column mistake in the site
working staff, and the bending
should end in the slab.

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2.4.2 The office work I was executing to works is

As I entered to the company first they executing me on the site work but we all are decided to
work both site and office work side by side, after that I start work on the office, the works that I
was working on are
 Data collection and report
 Take off

2.4.2.1 Data collection and report

All works that are done in the project are recorded by the data collector and brought to the office
engineer and the office engineer use the data to produce valuable information about
 Amount of works performed
 Amount of material used in work
 Efficiency of machine and man power

And the expense of

 Material
 Man power
 Machine and Made to run the overall activities of the day.

The data collector and the office engineer use this table for their data collection and report
respectively.

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LABOUR MATERIAL EQUIPMENT
Tr N r A Desc Des rat A

total duration
Executed Qty
Description

Description
ad o a mo ripti crip e mo

Duration

Duration
Unit rate
Total hr

Amount
e . t unt on tion unt
DATE

yes/no
Block

Unit

Unit
Qty
e

No.
Material cost Labor cost Equipment cost

worked
Type Unit Qty Rate Amount Trade Rate amount Type HR Rate amount
hrs
S
846,475.9

172,689.1

9,250.0
Material cost total Labor cost total Equipment cost Total

Table 4 data preparing table

2.4.2.2 The takeoff shit calculation also one of the work that is executing in the office are
 Take off for pit excavation
 Take off for form work
 Take off for concrete
 Take off for rebar and
 Take for ribbed block also calculated

Schedule for pit excavation, form work, concrete, and ribbed block are the same but schedule for
rebar is different from the others.
Timising Dimension Squaring Description

Table 5 takeoff format for concrete, formwork, excavation

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Dr. Loc Sha Dia. No. Elem Total leng Sub Total length (m)
No atio pe of ent no. of th
n bar bars Ø6 8 10 12 14 16 20 24
12 C1 20 6 28 168 4.02 752.64

Total length(m)
Unit Weight(kg/m) .22 .39 .617 .888 1. 1.5 2.467 3.5
2 5 20 79 52
Total weight(kg) 1851.4
Table 6 takeoff format for rebar

2.4.2.3 Scheduling

Schedule is a systematized program of the project in which it shows the sequential flow of work
daily, weekly and monthly schedule is prepared per week to run the construction property and
effectively.

Daily schedule is prepared based on the following

 Estimate the amount of activities
 Number and efficiency of machine
 Working hour
 Man power
 Machinery

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2.5 What procedure I have been using while performing my work task

The procedure I have been using while performing my work task can be discussed both in site
and office work.

2.5.1Office work

The procedures I used to, while executing the office work was not that much difficult but, it’s
somehow bulky and sophisticated. While I was performing site work I developed inter personal
relation with the stuffs and supervising engineers so I have got some sort of information in how
to perform office works. Beside understanding and performing office works I become familiar
with working atmosphere of offices. While working on the office there are some office
disciplines like punctuality, responsibility, ethics, inter personal relationships, cooperation while
performing tasks, proper arrangement of your stuffs in order to make good and peaceful working
environment.

First before facing any work in the office the supervising engineer was provide the students
within the site how to be safe and execute the works. Then after he gave us small exercises and
train how to perform after that the assignment were provided to the students to solve in group
and individual. These assignments cheeked by the office engineer to know how much we were
capable of doing the tasks. After the assignment he let us to work on the project we have been
supervising to increase our knowledge and confidences.

The following are list of things I have been working and observing in the office
 Preparation of take off sheet
 Data collection and reporting

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2.5.1.1 Preparation of take off sheet

It is a chart used to determine the quantity of the particular item of work executed it needs a
personal skill of describing the item of work executed for one to understand easily .the take off
shit consists of columns and rows, and it can be prepared by using computer. Note that it can be
prepared by hand, manually.

Dr. Loc Sha Dia. No. Elem Total leng Sub Total length (m)
No atio pe of ent no. of th
n bar bars Ø6 8 10 12 14 16 20 24
12 C1 20 6 28 168 4.02 752.64

Total length(m)
Unit Weight(kg/m) .22 .39 .617 .888 1. 1.5 2.467 3.5
2 5 20 79 52
Total weight(kg) 1851.4

Here is a sample take off sheet done for rebar

Table2.3. Take off for rebar

Here is a sample of take off sheet for concrete, form work, pit excavation
Timising Dimension Squaring Description

Table2.2. Take off for concrete etc

2.5.1.2 Data collection and reporting

All works that are done in the project are recorded by the data collector and brought to the office
engineer and the office engineer use the data to produce valuable information about
 Amount of works performed
 Amount of material used in work
 Efficiency of machine and man power

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And the expense of

 Material
 Man power

Machine and Made to run the overall activities of the day

2.5.2 Site work

Since there were different buildings construction site within the city I had a chance to visit and
supervise more than one building with different stage of progress, so I can certainly say that I
was so lucky and I would like to describe the site supervision work that I have been executed
plus how to execute them by classifying them of the items of work executed such as:-
 Methodology and supervision of setting out
 Methodology and supervision of earth work
 Methodology and supervision of stone masonry work
 Methodology and supervision of form work
 Methodology and super vision of footing
 Methodology and supervision of column and beam
 Methodology and supervision of ribbed slab
 Methodology and supervision of stair case
 Methodology and supervision of lift

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2.5.2.1 Setting out:-

Is the process or operation of laying out engineering projects by placing peg(chekal) on the
site of works. Setting out is the opposite of leveling (i.e. data are transferred from plans to the
ground).

Methodology - setting out is performed in different sites through different techniques. For wide
construction sites with uneven landscape using survey level and other equipments is
recommended. But for small constructions setting out can be performed by using only water
level.

Supervision

 The setting out is done correctly with proper measuring tape and accurate leveling
Instruments
 All measurements to confirm the accuracy and correct locations of working areas are
properly set out.
 The elevation reference point in accordance with the survey map and confirm
 All bottom of trenches and floor levels are according to the elevations shown on the
drawings.

2.5.2.2 Earth work:-

Any work related with excavation, backfill, cart way of surplus material and the others
which carried out in the site where the building/civil engineering project/ will be constructed is
known as earth work.

Excavation: - removal of soil from construction site to provide space to the building
(engineering project).
1. Site clearing: -

Is removal of top soil for the height not greater than 20cm.it is the first step in
earthwork? It includes removing grasses, bushes, and vegetables and any other unwanted
materials from the site…..
2. Bulk excavation:

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Bulk means just huge. So bulk excavation means removal of huge amount of soil
From the site to fulfill the structural requirement. Bulk excavation can be ordered
For one or more of the following:-

 When the topography needs cut and fill or only cut.

 When the soil is work to resist the load from the structure
 When the building have basement
3 Pit excavation:-
Any excavation work for the purpose of footing and septic tank is expressed as
Pit. In pit excavation the depth was decided by considering the depth that the structure
Will be rested and the sides of the pit were the result of structural member dimensions
And the working areas provided to ease the work. Materials from pit excavation may
Used as backfill material or carts way depend on their strength

Methodology: - excavation can be performed using man power (shovel & hoe) and Using
excavator for bulk excavation. Every excavation was done as per the design by providing the
required working space.

Checks to be done for earth work and excavation

 Check all topsoil is excavated separately
 Decide the place to pile up the suitable excavated material and check it is 2 meters
outside the building perimeter.
 Decide the place for the cart away that is not necessary for back filling or terracing.
 All excavations are carried out to the lines, levels, widths and depths shown on the
drawings.
 Any discrepancies in levels, dispositions etc. Are reported to the engineer prior to
Proceed with the work.
 All necessary temporary drains and culverts and protections are constructed to keep
the site free of water.
 Excavations are suitably trimmed and leveled before any concrete or masonry work is
placed.
 Observe soil strata after excavation and compare with the design.

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2.5.2.3Back fill and compaction;-

Back filling is the process of replacement of soil from site or selected material to the place
where it was excavated before for the purpose of placing structural member after it was placed.
Back filling performed can be performed on the side of footing pad and foundation column on
the sides of stone masonry and under hard core.

Compaction of soil during backfilling

Compaction of soil is the process by which the soil particles are artificially rearranged and
packed together into a state of closer contact by mechanical means in order to decrease its
porosity and thereby increase its dry density this is usually achieved by expulsion of air.

Figure 2 compaction of soil

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Checks to be done for backfill and compaction:-

 All internal back filling is done with approved material if possible with material
excavated on the site.
 All external backfilling around foundation walls and behind retaining wall shall be done
with approved selected materials, if possible with material excavated on the site which is
capable of being compacted and form a stable filling.
 All organic materials, such as pieces of wood, roots, bushes and black cotton soil are
removed from all backfill material.
 All ground trenches and places where backfilling shall be executed are clean from grass,
bushes and pieces of wood`
 Where pipes and electrical cables are in connection with the backfilling, the work shall be
executed very carefully, so they do not break or get damaged.
 All backfilling to be in layers and compacted to 95% of maximum dry density in
accordance with the standard technical specification.
 Each layer to be well rammed and consolidated with the addition of water as necessary
to achieve the required compaction.

 The maximum layer of fill for one time compaction does not exceed 15cm the

specified thickness in the standard technical specification depending on the method of

compaction.
 Any material which after repeated compaction does not fulfill the requirements is
removed and replaced.

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2.5.2.4Form work
Form work is a temporary ancillary construction used as a mould for the structure .The
construction of form work involves considerable expenditure of time and material. Form woks
are classified as wooden, plywood, steel, combined wood-steel. Timber is the most common
material used for form work.
.Requirements of form work
A good form work should satisfy the following requirements
 Should be cheap and suitable for re use several times
 Should be practically water proof so that it does not absorb water from the
concrete
 It should be strong enough to withstand all loads coming on it.
 It should be stiff enough to that deflection is minimum
 It should be as light as possible
 The surface of the form work should be smooth and it should afford easy
Stripping

Figure 3 formwork for column

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Figure 4 formwork for footing

Figure 5 formwork for slab

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Supervision

 Formwork is so constructed that it can be stripped from the hardened concrete easily.
 The formwork must be strain enough to carry the load until the concrete is strong
enough to carry itself and burdened sufficiently.
 The inside surface of form works shall, except for permanent form works, or unless
otherwise agreed by the engineer, are coated with a release agent.
 Release agents do not come into contract with the reinforcement and anchorages,
and should not be visible on the finished works
 Wooden form works for unexposed concrete surface, are executed of sawed boards
with sharp edges and of the same thickness.
 Wooden formworks for exposed concrete surface are generally of tongued and
grooved boards of the same thickness and free from knots, holes, cracks and splits.
 Before any concreting starts, the formwork has the right dimensions and is level and
straight.
 Before any concreting starts, all irons are thoroughly cleaned out and free from boles
and dirt.
 The top level of the formwork is at the same level as the top of the finished concrete.
 All formwork is removed without any damage to the concrete during the striking.
 After removal of the form work remedial treatment to surface of the broadened
concrete is carried out immediately without delay and period of removal should be in
accordance with the structural technical specification.
 Where intended to re-use formwork it is thoroughly cleaned and made good to the
satisfaction of the engineer.

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2.5.2.5 FOOTING

Footing is a part of substructure which transmits the weight of the superstructure to the
ground. In our case the building has isolated footings. There are 107 footings including 6 shear
walls. The size of footings differs based on the difference in the bearing capacity of the soil and
the loads on each footing.

The foundation should be designed such that:

 The soil below does not fail in shear

 The settlement is within safe limit

Figure 6 casted footing

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Types of shallow foundation: -

 Isolated footing
 Combined footing
 Strip footing
 Strap footing
 Mat or raft foundation
Supervision:-
a) Before casting
b) During casting
c) After casting

a) Before casting
 reinforcement diameter, length, spacing and anchorage length should be
Check as a design.
 provision of spacer with the required dimension(50 mm for footings)
 the quality of formwork (cleanliness, smoothens and treatment with release agent
for the surface of formwork )
 check provision of distribution bar
b) During casting
 the availability of enough man power and machineries
 check the appropriate use of vibrators
 check ratio of the mix
 checking whether the concrete is dropped to the pad formwork appropriately.(2 m
maximum height)
c) After casting
 check the time of frame for removal of form work(16 hrs)
 check properly the period of curing up to 14 days at least three times a day
 suggest period of backfill after curing at least 15 days

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2.5.2.6 Footing column

Since it is a concrete structural element the necessary inspection for quality of the
concrete and the way it is being executed should be done.
Methodology
 The reinforcement with the correct height, size and arrangement as per the
design are assembled.
 Then the formwork is fixed in position around the assembled column
reinforcement with specified clear cover as per the design(25 mm)
 After that it will be filled with concrete.

Figure 7 footing column working process

Supervision

A. Before casting
B. During casting
C. After casting

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A. Before casting
 stirrup spacing should be checked .it depends on the design (but in our
case5cm from the floor and every 18cm up to the overlap end after that at
every 20cm)
 reinforcement diameter and overlap length(40 times diameter of the
Reinforcement) should be checked
 The quality of formwork (cleanliness, smoothens and treatment with release
agent for the surface of formwork) should be checked.
 Sufficiency of rigidity to prevent disturbance due to pressure of concrete,
effect of vibrator and other load should also be checked.
 provision of spacer with the required dimension
 provision of opening for maintaining pouring height of concrete without
segregation
 the vertical and the horizontal alignment of the columns should be checked
by any method approved by the engineer (here in our case with ligna and
tumbi )
 Column height and spacing should be checked.
Here is a typical foundation column and the process of concrete casting.

B. During casting

 check the availability of enough man power and machineries

 check the appropriate use of vibrator
 check the mix ratio(1:2:3) and the mix itself

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Figure 8 footing column during casting

C. After casting

 check the time frame for the removal of formwork (16 hr)
 Proper curing (14 days) at least three times in a day.
 check if there is segregation
 provide sack on the column body to hold water while curing

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2.5.2.7 Beam and column

Beam: a building member used to carry and transfer loads to the consecutive columns and used
as a confining element for the slab. As that of grade beams, supper structure beams are subjected
to moments and shear loads. Detail provision and reinforcement are provided as that of grade
beams. But the difference is it does not have contact with the ground and thus the construction
needs bottom formwork (soffit) and props for casting. When the slab and beams are to be made
of the same concrete quality they are casted monolithically and the beams are designed as T-
beam and L-beam. On our site all beams are of a rectangular dimension and fixed ended.

Figure 9 beam reinforcement

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Column: It is used for carrying and transferring every loads coming from roofs, slabs and
beams to the foundation. There are different shapes of columns; however, at our project site
rectangular and circular shaped columns were used. As I noticed circular columns were not
reasonably incorporated for their greater load bearing, but they were situated on places where
partition walls do not exist and on spaces where offices and halls present, as they are
aesthetically pleasing than rectangular columns. Any building structure loads increase as we go
down to the ground and so bottom structural members are properly configured that they carry all
super structural loads above it and transfer safely to the foundation. Hence the sections of
columns in upper storey are reduced as they have to carry lesser loads. But center lines of
columns must coincide accurately for various columns of different storey. The steel
reinforcement from the column in the lower storey is bent such that they are accommodated in
the column of the top floor.

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Figure 10 elevation column

Methodology: for beams and columns:-

 Both longitudinal bars and stirrups are provided according to their spacing
 Spacers are tied with bars and then formwork is constructed for the member
 Its verticality is checked with plumb bob
 Concrete is poured into formwork and vibrated around rod reinforcement
 Formworks are removed after expiry of their period and the concrete surface is
watered until it sufficiently cures

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2.5.2.8 Slab:
Slab is a structural part of the building having plate shape and used to cover the distance between
beams and possibly columns. Generally slabs are constructed monolithically with beams and
concreted in one operation for the full depth. The top surface of the slab is kept rough to create a
proper bond with any type of floor finish desired. At our project site they incorporated two types
of slabs:-ribbed and solid slab.

1) Solid slab: it was constructed from a concrete quality C-25 and its reinforcement details
were the same to those of beams. The bottom reinforcement is continuous over the entire
span and top reinforcement is provided at the support section to take up the tensile forces.
The designed solid slabs were for two panels and they are the panels where meeting hall
water closets present. Since solid slabs have a greater concrete depth, they are meant for
their greater prevention of water percolation a part from its structural function.

Figure 11 solid slab reinforcement

Methodology: for solid slab:-

 Supporting systems constructed and formwork is laid with panels and checked
entirely for not being pierced

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 Reinforcements are provided according to their details and spacers are placed
between panels and reinforcement bars
 All fixtures such as sanitary, electrical and water pipes are positioned and installed
according to their drawings
 Concrete is casted properly while fulfilling its requirements
2) Ribbed slab: it is a type of one way slab which is giving considerable extra strength in
one direction. On our project site what is worth mentioning is the ribbed slab was not
what we know theoretically, instead it was constructed from the pre-cast type beams and
a concrete slab, topping, depth of 60mm.pre-cast type beams are manufactured off-site
intentionally based on the c/c spacing of beams. Generally ribs are formed or positioned
along edges parallel to the span of one-way slabs.

Figure 12 ribbed slab placement

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Methodology: for ribbed slab:-

 Pre-cast type reinforcement beams are positioned between beam reinforcements,

girder beams, keeping their c/c spacing
 Ribbed blocks are arranged between successive pre-cast type beams
 Plain bars for topping are provided based on c/c spacing for temperature and
shrinkage factor
 All fixtures such as sanitary, if any and electrical conduits are installed according to
their drawing
 Concrete is casted properly while fulfilling its requirements

2.5.2.9Shear wall:
Is a reinforced concrete wall which is designed to bear load and used as a confining media. The
plan distribution of the wall should be such that the building is torsion, as well as flexural stiff.
The reinforcement for shear wall is provided in both directions that it can safely resist lateral and
vertical loads. And the reinforcements are extended from the foundation to the most top part of
the shear wall. At our project site shear walls were configured for the stair case to support
landing, at an elevated shaft as an enclosing media and to bear loads, and for the cabinet wall as
an enclosing media.

2.5.2.10 Stairs and lifts:

Are the commonly used means of vertical transportation in buildings For building up to three
floors, only stairs are usually provided but for buildings more than three floors, both electrical
lifts and stairs are to be provided. On our project site the building being public and G+6, it is
provided with both stair and lift. The stair case is doglegged type half turn stairs and it is
provided with main longitudinal bars bedded into the slab and transverse reinforcements tied
with main bars. The stair case was made of reinforced concrete quality of C-25. The common
terms used in stairs are tread, riser, flight, pitch or slope and soffit. Generally it is very important
that we should not change the dimensions of tread and rises from the start to finish of the stairs.
As I previously stated that the lift is enclosed by the media, shear wall, and its base is joined with
the foundation, combined footing, and extends to the roof of the building. The lift is a readymade
that must properly fit to the clear space confined by the shear wall

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Figure 13 lifting working

Figure 14 staircase working

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2.6 How good I have been performing my work task

Since I start to work on this company I have been trying to know and gain experience from this
internship program, and I was doing everything good to do order and I was the good in the
communication process with every worker in the company because of that every worker in the
company are willing to work with me and that help me to work an excellent work in the project
with my friend, next to this I support both the site and office work in the company.
Finally in the entire 4 month I was so good on the performance of work.

2.7 What challenge I have been facing while performing my work task?
In the last months I face most challenges on the site work in the site, in the office me and my
team mate are so good because of that there is no challenge that destruct our work but in the site
 From the early beginning of work I cannot communicate with the labor and site
engineers by miss understand of work language.
 While working column alignment the alignment of one column doesn’t feat with
other column.
 While working in the meeting hall, the architectural drawing and the actual work
doesn’t feat.
 While working ribbed slab placement in the 5th floor the lifting machine was broken.
 I should work quantity survey which I did not learn it before on the class.
What measures I have taken in order to overcome these challenges
 After a time all the communication in the site are solved by day to day communication
with each labor and site engineer.
 Decide to bend the
bar 2 cm to align the
column.

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 Decide to work the structural or actual working while leaving the architectural drawing
behind.
 These problem solved by labor force but it cost extra amount of money.
 The measure I take to prevent this problem, by making some friends which are learn
quantity survey before.

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Chapter three

3 OVER ALL BENEFITS I GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP

Internship program is a method of letting the students to assume themselves as a
potentially responsible workman for a particular work by assigning them to actively participating
construction as well as consulting companies. And such trends help students to have valuable
work experience. Internship programs are also potentially valuable to company. Unfortunately,
some companies continue to regard interns as little more than a free source of labor to catch up
on filing and other tedious office tasks. But many business owners and managers realize that
internship programs can provide them with an early opportunity to gauge the talents of a new
generation of workers and, in many cases, sell themselves as a quality place for students to begin
their careers after they graduate.

In this internship that means within these four months i observed what the outside
construction world looks like more than what i used to know when i was at school. At school I
was learned or take many theoretical lessons even difficult to understand theoretically. So in this
internship period I have got opportunity to solve these difficulties. Because those things which
were theoretically difficult to understand, were not that much hard to understand when I faced it
practically.

3.1 Improving practical skills

The internship program is scheduled for the student to give them
 Improving practical skill
 Improving communication skill
 Improving leadership skill
 Improving working in ethical way
 Upgrading theoretical knowledge
 Increasing entrepreneur skill

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 Improving team working skill

And improving practical skill is one of them and by working for the past 4 months in this
project I improve my practical skill by working in the construction site and office work as I
mentioned before in the site I work on the data collection and data preparation process.

3.2 Upgrading theoretical understanding (knowledge)

While working in the construction project my theoretical knowledge also increase on the
subject I learned in the class.
The theoretical knowledge I have got from the intern period are:-
 I have got knowledge on reinforced concrete and reinforcement preparation and
placing.
 I got knowledge in how to align column and to make it vertically stable.
 I got a knowledge on the foundation work
 I also know how to convert the structural drawing to the ground.
 Knowledge about the construction methodology.
 Get more understanding of structural work
 I know how to manage the construction of a project
 Data collection system
 Data preparation system by using excel

3.3 Improving interpersonal communication skill

Communication is the main thing to work on the construction site in proper way. By
communicating with one person we can transform our knowledge properly and a good
communication skill is very important for efficient work .all work in the construction project
need good communication skill otherwise the construction face a huge difficulty. In my intern
period the best thing I get is the communication skill rather to the other tinges, in the past 4
months I create good communication with all work staff workers. And that help me to get the
appropriate knowledge from the workers and my team or friends.

3.4 Improving my team playing skills

Team playing skill is very important for efficient work on the project and in the construction you
face some challenges in the construction time and you may resolve this difficulty by your own

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method but it is so much better to resolve problems or challenges with some other friends, by
sharing the challenge not only you get the answer to your problem also you increase your
communication skill and improve your knowledge. Being Good team players are willing to share
information, knowledge, and experience. They take the initiative to keep other team members
informed.
Much of the communication within teams takes place informally. Beyond discussion at
organized meetings, team members need to feel comfortable talking with one another and
passing along important news and information day-to-day. Good team players are active in this
informal sharing. They keep other team members in the loop with information and expertise that
helps get the job done and prevents surprises.
In construction project problem often arise with different reason , we have seen some
technical problem encountered during executing a particular item of work and design defaults at
this time they let us involved in the problem solving procedure and we also put our effort
proudly without any fear. There also dispute arises between the contractor and consultant but
they have solved problem easily this helped me to improve my team player skill.
In the past months I work all things with my friends especially in the office we do things
together also in the site.

3.5 Improving leadership skill

In my intern period I did not get a chance to work on the leadership position but I get good
knowledge on it by making a good friendship with some workers in the leader ship position like
the site engineer and office engineer and others, I get well understanding how to lead working
group properly by:-
 By making good communication
 By making timely and good decision
 Be technically professional
 Keep your work informed
 Develop a sense of responsibility on the worker
 Use the full capability of your organization
 Be moral or stand for fairness
 Open minded.

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3.6 Understanding about work ethics related issues

Work ethics is the main character in the working ones project it describes the aspect in the
man’s overall activity, morality does not form an independent of social reality. Ethics on the
other hand is concentrated with particular short of value.
Five characteristics of a good work ethics are
a) Reliability:- goes hand in hand with a good work ethic. If individuals with a good work
ethic say they are going to attend a work function or arrive at a certain time, they do, as
they value punctuality. Individuals with strong work ethic often want to appear
dependable, showing their employers that they are workers to how the can turn. Because
of this they put effort into portraying and proving this dependability by being reliable
and performing consistently.
b) Dedication:-those with a good work ethic are dedicated to their jobs and will do anything
they can to ensure that they perform well. Often this dedication leads them to change
jobs less frequently. As they become committed to the position in which they work and
are not eager to abandon these posts. They also often put in extra hours beyond what is
expected making it easily for their employers to see that they are workers who go beyond
the rest of the work force and truly dedicate themselves to their positions.
c) Productivity:-because they work at a consistently fast pace individuals with a good work
ethic are often highly productive. they commonly get large amount of work done more
quickly than others who lack their work ethics as they do not quit until they have
completed the tasks with which they were presented this high level of productivity is also
due at least in part to the fact that these individuals want to appear to be strong workers,
the more productive they are the more beneficial to the company they appear to those
managing team.
d) Cooperation:-cooperation work can be highly beneficial in the business environment
something that individuals with a strong work ethic known well, because they recognize
the usefulness of cooperative practice such as team working well with others. These
individuals commonly respect their bosses enough to work with the individuals in
question.

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e) Character:-those with a good work ethic often also posses generally strong character this
means they are self disciplined pushing themselves to complete work task instead of
requiring other to intervene they are also often very honest and trust worthy, as they view
this traits as befitting the high quality employees they seek to become to demonstrate
their strong character these workers embody these positive traits daily, likely
distinguishing themselves from the rest.
And this and some other characters are important for ethical work like
 Punctuality
 Accountability and transparency
 Locality
 Responsibility
 Hard working
 Risk taker
In the intern period I have understood the work ethics that all workers should follow and I
properly use them for the past 4 months accordingly.

3.7 Entrepreneur ship skills

Entrepreneur is someone who exercises initiatives by organizing a venture to take benefit of
an opportunity and as the decision maker decides what how and how much of a good or
service will be produced.
The entrepreneur is usually a sole property a partner or the one who owns the majority of
shares in an incorporated venture.
Fundamentally entrepreneurship is a human creative act it involve finding personal energy
by initiating and building an enterprise.
Major characteristic of entrepreneur are
a) Passion:-a startup founder is often drive by the quest for deeper purpose beyond the
sheer mechanics of operating a business.
b) Perseverance:-entrepreneurs need to be able to deal with obstacles. a business does not
get built over night and turning your idea into a reality will take time.
c) Resourcefulness:-a vital ability for an entrepreneur knows how to make the most of what
you have, your assets as an entrepreneur will be limited.

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d) Open-mindedness:-as an entrepreneur you may think you have zeroed in on a business

plan but you will need to learn to take in the opinions of others.
e) Sponge like nature:-if you are not willing to learn think about living the startup work,
you need to be able to soak in everything and anything you can.
And for the past months we resolve some problems using some entrepreneur skills.

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Chapter four

4 CONCLUSIONS AND MY RECOMMENDATION FOR THE COMPANY

4.1 conclusions
The internship program has been a help experience in exposing us to the real engineering work.
It gives me that what I wouldn’t get if I spent all the time learning in the university. Also this
internship program open an opportunity to think what way we should learn and what type of
knowledge should I have to gather before I leave the company. These days the technology of
construction industry has been improved. Consequently modern and new construction techniques
and material usage is in practice. This has greatly required the improvement of the work
methodology. As a result the supervision work shall also be improved. So it is clear that the
supervisor has a big role to improve the time quality and cost controlling in the construction
industry. To implement these parameters (time, cost and quality) the experience of the supervisor
shall be carefully determined by the consultant depending on the size and complexity of the
project.

This intern ship program also gives me skills like improving my communication skill, helps me
to improve my theoretical knowledge, gives me team playing skill with my friends, my
leadership skill and entrepreneur skill also increase and it upgrade my ability to be confident and
take risk in my professional carrier.

Generally the purpose of this Internship program was to introduce students with working
condition and mostly it helps students to grasp knowledge from practicing the theory which they
have been learning in the class. This program gave me good practical skills and made me
familiar to the outside real construction world. Most the theoretical things we been leaned got
illustrated here in this program, which develops more our confidence in the theoretical
knowledge.

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4.2 recommendations
To my company

In the last four months I have got a chance to work on this company and the company is so good
on so much things and I cannot get much bad things I should recommend to the company but I
have some to tell:-

 The wages of the workers is not enough compared to other construction companies and
other labor workers in the local area.
 The company give less attention to the interns
 Carless on the construction work of the daily labors

To my university

While working on the project for the past months i face some things that should be
recommended to the company like

 We did not learn quantity survey before but in the past months we are working on
so the university should give some course before sending us to the intern.
 The relationship between the students is weak.

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Chapter five

5 REFERENCE
 Notes from the site, diaries
 From web site, http://www.thecontractor.org
 Specification of the company, 2015, bacha guteta.
 Company profile, from the company
 Different handouts, RC, soil, communication skill.

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Chapter six

6.1 APPENDIX

Standard Mixes for Ordinary Structural concrete per 50kg. Bag of Cement

Normal max. size of aggregates 40 20 14 10

(mm)
Concrete Workability Medium High Medium High Medium High Medium
Grade
Limits to slump that may be 30-60 60-120 20-50 50-100 10-30 30-60 10-25
expected (mm)
C-5
Total aggregate 640 550 540 480 - - -
Fine aggregate (%) volume of 30-45 30-45 35-50 35-50 - - -
finished concrete (m3) 0.312 0.275 0.277 0.252 - - -
Total aggregate 370 330 320 280 - - -
C 15 Fine aggregate (%) volume of 30-45 30-45 35-50 35-50 - - -
finished concrete (m3) 0.200 0.183 0.178 0.160 - - -
Total aggregate 305 270 280 250 225 220 240
C 20 Fine aggregate (%) volume of 30-35 30-40 30-40 35-45 35-45 40-50 40-50
finished concrete (m3) 0.165 0.155 0.156 0.143 0.146 0.130 0.137
Total aggregate 265 240 240 215 220 195 210
C 25 Fine aggregate (%) volume of 30-35 30-40 30-40 35-45 35-45 40-50 40-50
finished concrete (m3) 0.147 0.137 0.137 0.127 0.130 0.118 0.124

Total aggregate 235 210 210 190 195 170 180

C 30 Fine aggregate (%) volume of 30-35 30-40 30-40 35-45 35-45 40-50 40-50
finished concrete (m3) 0.134 0.124 0.124 0.115 0.115 0.106 0.109

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Period of Removal

Vertical formwork to columns, walls & beams 16 hours

Soffit formwork to slab 7 days

Props to slabs 14 “

Soffit formwork to beams 14 “

Props to beams 21 “

Common site words

 Sibago ……………………………. String

 Cravat …………………………….. yoke
 Tumby …………………………….. plumb bomb
 Modino ………………………………. Profile board
 Grilla …………………………………reinforcement for footing pad
 Abay cracher…………………….. Type of wood placed and fixed with two opposite
sides of the erected reinforcement on casted footing pad to
help the formwork of footing column placed in its position.
 Cracher…………………………….. the same as abay cracher but it placed above the
abay cracher in other two directions
 Staffa ………………………………… stirrup
 Ferrayo……………………………… …. A person who works on reinforcement
 Hcb …………………………………..hallow concrete block
 Stanga …………………………………supporting material for column
 Water level ………………………………used to keep alignment


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