DNBpedia ® 2021

To
The “future” child’s physician

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2nd Edition
January 2021

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 DNBpedia ® 2021

FOREWORD
What’s DNBpedia?
It’s a free eBook containing questions from past 27 years (1993 to 2020) of DNB theory
exams, sorted and indexed according to Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics 21e.
Why use it?
A major chunk of questions in DNB theory are repeated every year. (To be more precise
82% in 2020 June and 70% in 2019 December were from topics asked earlier). When you
master those questions, you feel confident to face exam and you can spend rest of your
time pondering into new questions.
How to use it?
Use it as eBook with clickable hyperlink and index for easy navigation or print it and use
as conventional book. DNBpedia is indexed according to Nelson 21e, previous questions
are grouped chapter wise. Questions in the last 5 year exams are highlighted in red (so
that you get to know the trend in recent exams). Each question is followed by a Numbers
in bracket= Year, 1 = June session, 2= December session and Number outside bracket =
Marks. Egs: (2017/1) 4 means, 2017 June session question with 4 marks.

We would like acknowledge the contributions of all towards compiling this. We

extend our gratitude to Dr Ajay Agade, Dr Navin Gulshan, Dr Noella Pareira, Dr Kaushik
Sur, whose previous questions collection was the framework on which we build the rest.

Once again thank you for using DNBpedia. We pray that it’ll be useful to you. We
admit there may be humanly errors or omissions. We’d grateful if you’d point out if any.

Happy reading and happy scoring!

All the best for exams!

- Team DNBpedia 2021

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CONTENTS
FOREWORD .......................................................................................................3
PART I - FIELD OF PEDIATRICS...........................................................................6
PART II - GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR .......................................8
PART III - BEHAVIORAL AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS ..................................11
PART IV - LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS ..............................12
PART V - NUTRITION .......................................................................................13
PART VI - FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE DISORDERS ............................................17
PART VII - PEDIATRIC DRUG THERAPY ............................................................19
PART VIII - EMERGENCY MEDICINE AND CRITICAL CARE ...............................20
PART IX - HUMAN GENETICS ..........................................................................23
PART X - METABOLIC DISORDERS ...................................................................25
PART XI - THE FETUS AND THE NEONATAL INFANT........................................26
PART XII - ADOLESCENT MEDICINE .................................................................34
PART XIII - IMMUNOLOGY ..............................................................................35
PART XIV - ALLERGIC DISORDERS....................................................................37
PART XV - RHEUMATIC DISEASES OF CHILDHOOD .........................................39
PART XVI - INFECTIOUS DISEASES ...................................................................41
PART XVII - THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ...............................................................50
PART XVIII - THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM .........................................................56
PART XIX - THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ....................................................59
PART XX - DISEASES OF THE BLOOD ...............................................................63
PART XXI - CANCER AND BENIGN TUMORS ....................................................68
PART XXII - NEPHROLOGY ...............................................................................70
PART XXIV - GYNECOLOGIC PROBLEMS OF CHILDHOOD ...............................75
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PART XXV - THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM .............................................................76

PART XXVI - THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ...............................................................81
PART XXVII - NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS .................................................86
PART XXVIII - DISORDERS OF THE EYE ............................................................87
PART XXIX - THE EAR .......................................................................................88
PART XXX - THE SKIN .......................................................................................89
PART XXXI - BONE AND JOINT DISORDERS .....................................................91
PART XXXII - REHABILITATION MEDICINE .......................................................93
PART XXXIII - ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ........................................................94
PART XXXIV - LABORATORY MEDICINE ...........................................................96
SOCIAL PEDIATRICS .........................................................................................97
PHARMACOLOGY ......................................................................................... 100
VACCINES ..................................................................................................... 102
STATISTICS ................................................................................................... 104
MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS ............................................................................. 106

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PART I - FIELD OF PEDIATRICS

Chapter 1 Overview of Pediatrics

Chapter 2 Child Health Disparities
Chapter 3 Global Child Health
Chapter 4 Quality and Value in Healthcare for Children
Chapter 5 Safety in Healthcare for Children
Chapter 6 Ethics in Pediatric Care
1. Outline the common ethical issues in pediatric practice. Briefly discuss the process of decision
making in Pediatric life sustaining interventions. (2004) 4+6
Chapter 7 Pediatric Palliative Care
1. Palliative care in terminally ill children (2019/2) 4
Chapter 8 Domestic and International Adoption
1. Role of Pediatrician in Adoption of a child (1995/1)10
2. Adoption (2003/2)
3. Role of pediatrician in adoption of a child (2013/1)5
4. Laws of adoption in India 4 (1/2016)
5. Child Adoption. (2020/01)5
Chapter 9 Foster and Kinship Care
Chapter 10 Medical Evaluation of the Foreign-Born Child
Chapter 11 Cultural Issues in Pediatric Care
Chapter 12 Maximizing Children's Health Screening, Anticipatory Guidance, and Counselling
Chapter 13 Injury Control
1. Epidemiology and prevention of accidents in children (1992/2)15
2. Discuss the measures to prevent accidents in children (1998/1)25
3. Discuss management of child with injuries (2005)5
Chapter 14 Impact of Violence on Children
Chapter 15 Child Trafficking for Sex and Labor
Chapter 16 Abused and Neglected Children
1. Management of the sex abused child (1995/2)15
2. Define child abuse. List the etiology of child abuse in India. Outline strategies for prevention.
(2004/2)
3. Discuss Child maltreatment. What are the factors related with child abuse (2005)5+5
4. Define Child Abuse. Describe clinical manifestations of Child Abuse. Discuss some useful
5. investigations in a suspected case of Child Abuse (2006)10
6. Define child abuse. Describe in brief the factors responsible for child abuse. Outline
7. management of a child who is suspected of being abused. (2011/1)2+3+5
8. Define child abuse and neglect. Discuss various clinical manifestations, diagnostic work up and
management of physical abuse. (2011/2)2+3+2+3
9. Write short notes on: child abuse (14/2) 5
10. a) Define child abuse and child neglect 2+2
b) Outline the steps involved in management of suspected child of sexual abuse 6 (2015/2)
11. Munchausen syndrome by proxy 4 (01/2016)
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12. Management of child when suspected of being child abused. (2019/1) 5

13. Role of paediatrician in management of 6-year-old girl brought with sexual abuse to emergency
management (2019/2)5
14. Management of suspected sexual abuse in a 10-year old girl. (2020/01)5
Chapter 17 Strategies for Health Behavior Change

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PART II - GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR

Chapter 18 Developmental and Behavioral Theories

1. Factors affecting Development of children (1992) 15
2. Growth Factors (1999/1) 15
3. Principles of Growth and Development (2000/1) 15
4. Write the height velocity curves of girls and boys from birth to adolescence, describe the principles
and factors governing the growth and development in children (2006)10
5. Describe: (2009/2) 5+5
6. Factors affecting child development
7. Developmental screening tests available and suitable for use in Indian children.
Chapter 19 Positive Parenting and Support
Chapter 20 Assessment of Fetal Growth and Development
Chapter 21 The Newborn
Chapter 22 The First Year
1. Developmental milestones in first two years of life. (2010/1) 10
2. Outline the fine motor milestones along with their normal age of achievement in sequence
attained between birth and 5 years of age. (2010/2)10
3. Describe in detail the physical growth and development in all domains from birth till completion of
first year. (2011/2) 5+5
Chapter 23 The Second Year
1. Growth and development in second year of life in children (2007/1) 10
Chapter 24 The Preschool Years
1. What are the developmental disorders in preschool years? Discuss the management (1997/1) 15
2. Approach to a child with Delayed Speech (2002/1)15
3. Discuss the causes and approach to a Preschool child with Developmental Regression (2002/1) 25
Chapter 25 Middle Childhood
Chapter 26 Adolescence
Chapter 27 Assessment of Growth
1. Define Growth, Development, and Velocity of growth mean, median, percentiles.
2. Enumerate causes of retarded growth. Briefly outline a schedule for investigation of such a case
(1992/2) 25
3. Discuss the basis for use of Growth Standards. What should be taken as a reasonable approach for
India (1994/2) 25
4. Velocity and cross-sectional standards as applied to Human Growth (95/2) 15
5. Growth Monitoring (1998/1) 15
6. Bone age assessment and its usefulness (2007/2) 10
7. Discuss the evolution and characteristics of WHO growth charts. Discuss their implications on the
magnitude of malnutrition in Indian setting. (2011/1) 3+4+3
8. Enumerate the available methods and indications for determination of bone age in children and
adolescents. Outline the differential diagnosis of a child with short stature on the basis of bone
age. (2011/1) 3+3+4
9. Define growth velocity. Draw a typical height velocity curve from birth to puberty for boys and
girls. Discuss the utility of determining growth velocity. (2012/1) 2+4+4
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FAILURE TO THRIVE
1. Approach to a child with Failure to Thrive (1996/1)14
2. Causes of Failure to Thrive in infancy (1996/2)15
3. Define failure to thrive. Outline a diagnostic approach for a child with failure to thrive (2004/2)2+8
4. Non organic failure to thrive (2007/1)10
5. Define failure to thrive. Give its aetiology, classification, clinical features and management.
(2009/2) 1+2+2+2+3
6. Define failure to thrive and tabulate its causes. Outline the approach to manage a child with failure
to thrive. (2010/2) 2+3+5
7. Failure to thrive (2015/1) 6
8. Definition and causes of Failure to Thrive (2017/2) 6
9. Causes of FTT and schematic evaluation of FTT (2016/2) 5
SHORT STATURE:
1. Define Short Stature. Discuss the approach to a child with short stature and the role of GH in Short
Stature (2005) 2+5+3
2. Approach to a child with short stature (2006/1) (2007/2) 10
3. Short stature – definition, differential diagnosis and management approach. (2010/1) 2+3+5
4. Define short stature. Outline the approach to clinical evaluation and management of a child with
short stature. (2013/1) 2+8
5. What is short stature. What are the common causes of short stature? Algorithmic approach to
manage a 5-year-old child with short stature. 1+3+6(1/2015)
6. A 12-year-old female child presents with short stature and delayed puberty. Enumerate various
possible causes. Approach to diagnosis and their management. 2+8(1/2016)
7. Approach to a child with short stature (2019/1) 5
Chapter 28 Developmental and Behavioral Surveillance and Screening
1. Gessel Developmental schedule (1993/1)15
2. Various physical features that are likely to be associated with specific syndromes of mental
retardation (1995/2)10
3. Preventable and treatable causes of Mental retardation (1996/2)10
4. Enumerate the causes of mental retardation in children. Give an outline of management of a child
with mental retardation. (2010/1)4+6
5. Enumerate the criteria for diagnosis of mental retardation (MR). Classify MR and describe its
evaluation. (2014/1)2+2+6
6. What is developmental screening? Enumerate common developmental screening test. What
issues they identify in a child? (2012/1) 2+4+4
7. What is developmental delay? Describe different tools used for screening of developmental delay.
(2011/2)3+7
8. Define developmental delay and developmental dissociation. Outline the screening and definitive
tests for diagnosis of developmental delay. (2013/1)5+5
9. What is global developmental delay? What are the common causes of global developmental
delay? Discuss the algorithmic approach to evaluate a child with global developmental delay.
(2013/2)2+3+5
10. What is developmental delay? Describe different tools used for screening and for diagnosis of
developmental delay. (2015/2)2+4+4
11. Tools used for developmental screening (2017/1) 5
12. Define and enumerate the causes of Global Developmental Delay (2017/1) 5

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13. Outline the investigative approach of Global Developmental Delay (2017/1) 5, (2019/1) 5
Chapter 29 Childcare
Chapter 30 Loss, Separation, and Bereavement
Chapter 31 Sleep Medicine
1. Sleep Disorders in children (1999/2)10
2. Obstructive sleep apnea: Diagnosis and management 5 (2001/16)
3. Pathophysiology of Sleep Apnea (2003/1)15
4. Outline the basic principles of sleep hygiene for children and adolescents (2009/1)10 (2012/1) 5+5
5. Principles of sleep hygiene in children (2013/1) 5
6. Evaluation of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2014/2) 5
7. a) Mention anatomical and functional factors responsible for obstructive sleep apnea in children 5
b) How do you diagnose and treat this condition 2+3 (2015/2)
8. Nightmares and nocturnal emission (2019/2)5
9. Outline the basic principles of sleep hygiene for children and adolescents. (2020/01)5

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PART III - BEHAVIORAL AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

Chapter 32 Psychosocial Assessment and Interviewing

Chapter 33 Psychopharmacology
Chapter 34 Psychotherapy and Psychiatric Hospitalization
1. Cognitive Behavioural therapy in paediatrics (2016/2)
Chapter 35 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
1. Management of Conversion reactions (1998/1)15
Chapter 36 Rumination and Pica
1. Rumination (2006/1) 5
2. Pica (2007/1) 5
3. Pica - causes, clinical features & management. (2020/01)5
Chapter 37 Motor Disorders and Habits
1. Habit Disorders in children (2007/1)10
2. Tourette’s disorder Management (1/2016)3
3. PANDAS Management (1/2016)3
Chapter 38 Anxiety Disorders
Chapter 39 Mood Disorders
1. What is Vegetative Disorder (2005) 5
2. What is vegetative disorder? Discuss management of a child with injuries (2005) 5+5
3. Childhood Depression (2006)10
4. Aetiology of depression in adolescents 2 (2015/1)
5. Comorbidities, clinical features and treatment of depression in adolescents 3+3+2 (2015/1)
6. Post-traumatic stress disorder Management (2016/1) 4
Chapter 40 Suicide and Attempted Suicide
1. Write a brief note on the magnitude of suicide in adolescents. Discuss briefly the approach to
suspecting and preventing self-harm in adolescents. (2020/01) 3+4+3
Chapter 41 Eating Disorders
Chapter 42 Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
1. Common Behavioural problems in children (1997/2) 15
2. Etiological factors in Juvenile Delinquency (1998/2)15
3. Juvenile Delinquency (2002/1)15, (2006/1)5
Chapter 43 Tantrums and Breath-Holding Spells
1. Treatment of Breath Holding spells (1997/1)10
2. Breath Holding spells (1998/1)15
3. Breath holding spells (2017/1) 5
Chapter 44 Lying, Stealing, and Truancy
1. Lying in school aged child (2019/2)4
Chapter 45 Aggression
Chapter 46 Self-Injurious Behaviour
Chapter 47 Childhood Psychoses
1. Discuss the management of a child with schizophrenia (2004/2)5
2. Discuss the management of a child with Schizophrenia (2005)5
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PART IV - LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS

Chapter 48 Neurodevelopmental and Executive Function and Dysfunction

Chapter 49 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
1. Attention Deficit Disorders (1997/1) (1995/2) (2000/1)15
2. ADHD (2003/1)15, (2015/2) 5
3. Describe clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management of ADHD (2006)10
4. Diagnosis and treatment of ADHD (2018/2) 5
5. Management of child having ADHD (2019/1) 5
Chapter 50 Dyslexia
1. Define Dyslexia. Briefly discuss its management. (2014/2) 5
Chapter 51 Math and Writing Disabilities
Chapter 52 Language Development and Communication Disorders
1. Stuttering (2019/2)6
2. Landau Kleffner Syndrome. (2020/01)5
Chapter 53 Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability
Chapter 54 Autism Spectrum Disorder
1. Autism (2003/2)15, (2007/1) 10, (2007/2) 10
2. Define autism. Outline its etiology. Outline the clinical markers of autism and its prognosis.
(2004/2) 2+3+3+2
3. Aetiology, clinical manifestations and treatment of Autistic Disorder (2006/1)10
4. Describe the etiology, clinical manifestations and management of autistic spectrum disorders in
children (2009/2) 2+3+5
5. Discuss Briefly the diagnostic features and management of Pervasive Developmental Disorders/
autistic spectrum disorders. (2011/2)4+6
6. Enumerate various pervasive developmental disorders and autism spectrum disorders. Outline
one core feature of each of them. (2012/1) 5+5
7. Define autistic spectrum disorders. Enumerate their clinical features and discuss their
managements (2013/2) 2+4+4
8. What are Autistic Spectrum Disorders? Discuss the differential diagnosis and management of a
child with Autism. (2014/1) 3+3+4
9. Autistic spectrum disorder (2016/1) 3
10. Diagnostic criteria for autism (2018/1/6), (2019/1) 5
11. Treatment of childhood autism (2017/1) 5, (2016/2) 5

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PART V - NUTRITION

Chapter 55 Nutritional Requirements

1. Hypervitaminosis in Children (1996/1) 12
2. Daily nutritional requirements as recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) in infants and children.
(2010/1)5+5
Chapter 56 Feeding Healthy Infants, Children, and Adolescents
1. Metabolism of fat absorption along with role of MCT in nutrition (2003/1)15
2. What is Complimentary Feeding? Discuss the feeding problems in first year of life (2005)5+5
3. How would you assess the nutritional status of a child whose age is not known (2005)10
4. Describe the attributes of complimentary feeding. What is the safe age of introduction of
complementary feeding in your opinion – Justify. Describe some foods appropriate for
complimentary feeding. (2008/2)10
5. Define complimentary feeding. Outline the attributes of complimentary foods. Enumerate the
Recommendations on complimentary feeding, as per the National guidelines on Infant and Young
Child Feeding (IYCF) (2010/2) 2+2+6
6. Outline the nutritional support of a critically ill child. List the complications during management of
such a child. (2012/1)7+3
7. Enteral feeding in the sick child 4(2014/1)
8. Nutrition in a critically sick child. (2020/01)5
MILK
1. Anti-infective properties of Human milk (1995/2)10
2. Differences in the composition of Milk secreted by mothers delivering Term and Preterm babies
(1996/2)10
3. Bioactive factors in Human Milk (1998/1)15
4. Discuss the physiology of Breast Milk secretion and advantages of breast feeding with special
reference to metabolic aspects. What are the causes of lactation failure (1999/1) 25
5. Enlist the problems of breastfeeding and outline the management of the same (2005) 4+6
6. Explain the occurrence of low prevalence of Hypoglycemia and iron deficiency anemia in breast
fed infants (2005)10
7. How would you assess the adequacy of breast milk for a 2 months old baby? Enumerate 4 features
of good attachment of a baby to the breast. What can be the problems with poor attachment
(2006) 10
8. Compare the composition of human milk with cow’s milk. Outline the difference in the milk
composition of a mother with a premature neonate from that of a term neonate. Describe the
immunological factors present in human milk. (2008/2) 10
Chapter 57 Nutrition, Food Security, and Health
Chapter 58 Refeeding Syndrome
1. a) Clinical signs and symptoms of refeeding syndrome. 7
b) How will you manage such a case? 3 (2015/2)
2. Refeeding syndrome (2018/1)5
Chapter 59 Malnutrition
1. Discuss the influences of malnutrition on mental functions in relation to its onset, severity and
type of functional losses with supportive advances. (1993/1)25
2. Prevention of hypocalcaemia in PEM (1993/1)15
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3. Biochemical changes in PEM (1996/2)10

4. Immunological changes that take place in PEM (1998/2)10
5. Age independent Anthropometric criteria for assessment of PEM (2006)5
6. Management of a 4-year-old child with grade 4 PEM (2007/2)10
7. Outline the initial management (in first 48 hours) of a 2-year-old severely malnourished child
(weight 5.5kg) who is cold to touch and has edema and poor peripheral pulses. (2008/1)10
8. Discuss biochemical and metabolic derangements in a child with severe malnutrition. Discuss
factors associated with high mortality in severe PEM. (2008/2)10
9. Outline the 10 steps of management of severe malnutrition, as per WHO guidelines, in
appropriate sequence. (2010/2)10
10. Define ‘Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM)’. Outline the tools for its diagnosis in the community and
discuss their merits/ demerits. (2012/1)2+4+4
11. Enlist the clinical and anthropometric criteria for diagnosis of Severe Acute Malnutrition(SAM).
12. Discuss the principles of management of SAM in an 18 months old baby who also has watery
diarrhea. (2013/1)3+7
13. What are the different growth charts? Discuss the WHO growth chart. What is SAM (Severe Acute
Malnutrition)? How do you manage a child with SAM? (2014/1) 2+2+2+4
14. a) What is Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) 2
b) What are clinical signs of SAM? 2
c) Management of SAM in a 1-year-old child weighing 5 kg. 6 (2019/1)
15. Diagnostic and management of Moderate acute malnutrition in community (2017/2) 6
16. Reductive adaptation in SAM (2017/2) 4
17. Management of SAM (2017/1) 5, (2016/2) 10
18. Nutritional recovery syndrome in SAM (2019/1) 5
Chapter 60 Overweight and Obesity
1. Approach to a child with obesity (1999/1)15
2. Define obesity in childhood. List the causes of obesity in children. Outline strategies for its
prevention. (2004/2)2+3+5
3. What is Obesity? Discuss the management in children (2005)3+7
4. Approach to a child with Obesity (2006/1)(2007/2)10
5. Outline the diagnostic measures and clinical manifestations of obesity. Enlist the differential
diagnosis of childhood obesity. (2009/2) 2+3+5
6. Define syndrome X. Outline the diagnostic criteria and laboratory work up for obese children.
2010/1)2+3+5
7. Define obesity. List causes of obesity. Discuss approach to a child with obesity. (2011/1)2+3+5
8. A 2-year-old toddler presents with a weight of 25 kg. Discuss the possible causes, evaluation and
treatment for this child. (2014/1) 3+4+3
9. Comorbidities associated with childhood obesity (2017/2) 5
10. Complications of Paediatric obesity (2017/1) 5
11. Define obesity (2016/2)
12. Enumerate causes and management of childhood obesity (2016/2)
13. Syndromes associated with obesity [2018/2]5
14. Prevention of obesity in children. (2020/01)5
Chapter 61 Vitamin A Deficiencies and Excess
1. Hazards and virtues of Vitamin A in Pediatric practice (1996/2)10
2. Vitamin A supplementation (2007/1) 5
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3. Enumerate functions of vitamin A in human body. Tabulate the WHO classification of vitamin A
deficiency. Outline the treatment schedule for managing Xerophthalmia in children.
(2010/2)2+3+5
4. Describe WHO classification of eye manifestation of vitamin A deficiency. Discuss prevention &
management of Vitamin A deficiency in children (2014/2) 4+6
5. Hypervitaminosis A. 4 (Apr 2016), 3(1/2016)
Chapter 62 Vitamin B Complex Deficiencies and Excess
1. Discuss the etiopathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and management of cobalamine
deficiency. (2012/1) 2+3+1+4
2. Pathophysiology of Vitamin B12 and Folate deficiency. (2020/01)5
Chapter 63 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Deficiency and Excess
1. Scurvy- radiological changes. How are they produced? What is the role of Blood Level of Vitamin C
in the diagnosis (2005)10
2. Diagnosis of Scurvy (2017/2) 4
Chapter 64 Vitamin D Deficiency (Rickets) and Excess
1. Clinical manifestations of Rickets (1993/2)10
2. Vitamin D Resistant Rickets (1996/2)12
3. Renal Rickets (1997/2) 15
4. Functions of vitamin D (1998/2) 10
5. Resistant Rickets 15
6. Outline the metabolism and function of Vitamin D in human body. Describe in detail the
7. Aetiology and pathological changes in rickets (1999/2)25
8. What are the causes of non-nutritional rickets? How will you manage such a child? (2004/2)3+7
9. Classify the various causes of rickets and outline how to differentiate them (2005)5+5
10. Diagnostic approach to a child with resistant rickets (2006)10
11. Resistant Rickets (2006/1)10
12. Discuss calcium and vitamin D metabolism. Outline an approach to a case of Resistant
13. Rickets (2007/1)10
14. Discuss the pathophysiological basis of clinical and radiological manifestations of nutritional
rickets. (2009/1)10
15. Describe vitamin D metabolism. Describe diagnostic approach to a 3-year-old child with
16. rickets who has shown no response to treatment with 6 lakhs I.U. of vitamin D. (2009/2) 4+6
17. Outline the clinical features, radiological changes, diagnosis and treatment of nutritional
18. Vitamin D deficiency rickets. (2010/2) 2+2+2+4
19. Write in brief the role of vitamin D in health and disease in children. Outline the management of
Vitamin D deficiency disorder. (2012/1) 6+4
20. Hypervitaminosis D 4 (Apr 2016), 3 (1/2016)
21. a. Outline the physiology of vitamin D (1/2016)4
b. Diagnosis and treatment of vitamin D Dependent Rickets. 3+3 (1/2016)
22. Treatment and prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency rickets (2017/2) 6
23. Outline the steps involved in synthesis of Vitamin D (2016/2) 5
24. 7-year-old boy comes with deformities suggestive of rickets. What are the possible causes?
Enumerate the investigations for resistant rickets and treatment of hypophosphatemic rickets
(2016/2) 5
25. Physical, metabolic properties and food sources of Vitamin D (2018/2) 5
Causes and treatment of vitamin D resistant rickets [2018/2]4
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26. Medical management of Nutritional rickets (2019/1) 5

27. Vitamin D supplementation - Why, when, how? (2020/01)
Chapter 65 Vitamin E Deficiency
1. Enumerate the functions and therapeutic uses of Vitamin E (1998/1)15
2. Vitamin E and its role in human nutrition (1992/2)15
Chapter 66 Vitamin K Deficiency
Chapter 67 Micronutrient Mineral Deficiencies
1. Name the micronutrients required for various body functions. Discuss Briefly their dietary sources
and the effects of deficiency of mineral micronutrients (trace elements). (2011/2)3+2+5
2. Role of micronutrient in Pediatric health and diseases. 5 (Apr 2016)
3. Cutaneous manifestations of nutritional deficiencies (2017/2) 6
4. List micronutrients in diet and methods for prevention of their deficiency (2018/2)5
5. Hidden Hunger in children (2019/2) 5
COPPER
1. What are the dietary sources of copper? What are the diseases associated with abnormal copper
metabolism? Describe investigation., clinical features and treatment of any one of them.
(2009/2)1+2+7
ZINC
1. Relevance of Zinc in human nutrition (1992)15
2. Role of Zinc in health and diseases of children (1997/1)10
3. Effects of Zinc supplementation in persistent diarrhoea (1998/2)10
4. Give dietary requirements of Zinc in children and discuss its role in childhood immunity and
infections (2007/1) 10
5. Write short notes on: Zinc supplementation – when and how? (2011/2) 5
6. Physiological function of Zinc in body with special reference to immunity (2017/1) 5
7. Role of Zn in treatment of paediatric diarrhea (2017/1) 2
8. Clinical features of acrodermatitis enteropathica (2017/2) (2018/2)5
MAGNESIUM
1. Sources, deficiency state and uses of magnesium in children. (2010/1)3+3+4
2. Magnesium in therapy (2014/1)3
3. Mechanism of action, therapeutic dose, and adverse effects in children of magnesium
Sulphate (1/2016)5
4. Magnesium and phosphate in treatment of acute severe malnutrition (2018/1)5
IODINE
1. Prevention of Iodine deficiency (1995/1)15
FLUORINE
1. Prevention of Fluoride toxicity (1995/1)15
2. Fluoride and disease 2 (Apr 2016)

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PART VI - FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE DISORDERS

Chapter 68 Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders

POTASSIUM
1. List the causes of Hypokalemia. Discuss the clinical features, laboratory diagnosis and
management of Hypokalemia (2006)10
2. Define hypokalemia. Enlist its causes and outline clinical features and its treatment (2009/2)
1+3+2+4
3. Discuss the diagnostic algorithm for investigating persistent hypokalemia in a child. (2013/2)10
4. Define hyperkalemia. Discuss management of hyperkalemia (2014/2)2+8
5. Hyperkalemia 3 (Apr 2016)
6. Hyperkalemia- causes, clinical features and management (2016/2) 5
7. Management of hyperkalemia (2018/2) 5
SODIUM
1. List the causes of Hyponatremia. Discuss the clinical features, lab diagnosis and management of
Hyponatremia. (2005) 3+4+3
2. Enumerate common causes of Hyponatremia (2006)5
3. Define hypernatremia. Describe the pathophysiological changes and steps of management of
hypernatremia. (2010/1) 2+4+4
4. Define hyponatremia. Enumerate the etiology of hyponatremia
5. Describe the management of hypovolemic hyponatremia. (2010/2) 2+3+5
6. Define hypernatremia. Enumerate the etiology of hypernatremia.
7. Describe the management of hypernatremic dehydration. (2011/1) 3+4+3
8. Write short notes on: Causes and management of hypernatremia in children. (13/2)5
9. Hypernatremia 3 (1/2016)
10. Hypernatremic dehydration 5(1/2016)
11. Management of Hypernatremic dehydration (2017/2) 6
12. Hypernatremia- causes, clinical features and management (2016/2) 5
13. Management of hypovolemic hyponatremia (2018/1) 5
14. Management of child with hyponatremia (2019/1) 5
PHOSPHATE
1. Aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features and management of Hypophosphatemia 2+3+2+3(Apr
2016)
ACID-BASE BALANCE
1. Define pH and base excess. Discuss Briefly regulation of Acid-base homeostasis and management
of Respiratory Acidosis (1993/1)15
2. Physiological compensatory mechanisms during Metabolic Acidosis (1997/1)15
3. Describe Briefly how the acid-base balance of body is maintained in health (98/1) 25
4. Anion Gap (1998/2) (2000/1)10
5. Pathophysiology of Acid-base disorders (2003/1)15
6. Anion Gap (2003/2)15
7. Define anion gap and its utility. Outline the major causes of metabolic acidosis in children. Outline
the treatment of renal tubular acidosis. (2004/2)2+4+4
8. Outline the normal mechanism of acid-base regulation in children. What is anion-gap? Describe
the causes and management of a child with metabolic acidosis (2007/2)10

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9. List the causes of metabolic alkalosis. Describe the pathophysiology, clinical features and
treatment. (2008/2)10
10. Classify metabolic acidosis based on anion gap. Mention the various causes of lactic acidosis.
Describe the approach to diagnosis of inborn error of metabolism in an infant. (2008/2)10
11. Classify and enlist the causes of metabolic alkalosis. Outline the treatment modalities. (2010/1)
3+3+4
12. Define anion gap. Enlist causes of increased anion gap acidosis and discuss its management in
brief. (2011/1)2+3+5
13. What is anion gap? Discuss the acid base distribution in metabolic acidosis. Enumerate the causes
of increased anion gap and normal anion gap metabolic acidosis. 1+5+(2+2)(2015/2)
14. Approach to a child with metabolic alkalosis (2017/2) 5
15. Physiology of acid base homeostasis (2017/1) 5
16. Enumerate the causes of metabolic acidosis on the basis of anion gap (2017/1) 4, (2018/2) 5
17. Causes of metabolic acidosis (2019/1) 5
OSMOLALITY
1. Pathophysiology of regulation of Plasma Osmolality (2006)10
2. Discuss etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations and management of Bartter Syndrome. (2013/2)
3. Define osmolarity. Discuss the mechanism of regulation of plasma osmolarity in the human body.
(2014/2) 2+8
4. How is plasma osmolality calculated? Discuss its determinants. What are the diagnostic criteria of
SIADH? 3+4+3 (Apr 2016)
5. Pathophysiology and regulation of plasma osmolality 5(1/2016)
6. Determinants of plasma osmolality (2017/2) 6
Chapter 69 Maintenance and Replacement Therapy
Chapter 70 Deficit Therapy
1. Why children are more vulnerable to develop dehydration (1996/2)10
2. One-year-old infant with AGE develops Abdominal Distension. Discuss the differential diagnosis
(1997/1) 10
3. Pathogenesis and Management of Hypernatremic Dehydration (1997/2) 15
4. Management of Acute Diarrhea in children (1998/1)15
5. Management of Hypernatremic Dehydration (2002/1)15
6. Hypernatremic Dehydration (2003/1)15
7. Hyponatremic Dehydration (2003/2) 15
8. Steps in management of patient with Hypernatremic Dehydration (2006)10
9. A one year old infant weighing 5.5kg presents with Acute Dysentery and severe dehydration.
Discuss its complete management (2006/1)10
10. A one year old baby weighing 5.5kg comes in severe dehydration. Discuss complete management
(2007/2)10
11. Discuss causes, predisposing factors and pathophysiology of Hypernatremic dehydration in young
children (2007/1)10
12. Describe the pathophysiology of hyponatremic dehydration. Briefly discuss the management of a
child with serum sodium of 110meq/liter presenting with moderate dehydration and seizures
(2008/2) 10
Chapter 71 Fluid and Electrolyte Treatment of Specific Disorders

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PART VII - PEDIATRIC DRUG THERAPY

Chapter 72 Pediatric Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Pharmacoproteomics
Chapter 73 Principles of Drug Therapy
Chapter 74 Anesthesia and Perioperative Care
Chapter 75 Procedural Sedation
1. Drugs for procedural sedation in children (2016/2) 5
Chapter 76 Pediatric Pain Management
1. Pain management in infants and children (1998/1)15
2. Pathogenesis and management of pain in children (2006)10
3. Enumerate various sedatives and analgesics recommended for children undergoing painful
procedures. Describe their main action, indication in pediatric practice and important side –
effects in a tabular format. (2008/1)10
4. Non-pharmacological methods in pain management (Apr 2016)
5. Outline pain pathway (2017/1) 5, (2019/1)
6. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods of pain relief in children (2017/1) 5
NEONATAL PAIN
1. Discuss the impact of pain on a preterm neonate. Identify common procedures associated with
pain in a newborn. Describe the strategies for pain management in a newborn. (2008/2)10
2. Drug therapy in neonatal pain management. (Apr 2016)
3. Neonatal pain 5 (1/2016)
Chapter 77 Poisoning
4. Management of Kerosene Oil poisoning (1993/1)10
5. Organophosphorous insecticide poisoning (1995/1)15
6. Enumerate the major routes of pesticide exposure in children. Outline the manifestations of their
toxicity. Discuss steps for minimization/ prevention of exposure to pesticides in children.
(2008/1)10
7. A 3-year-old boy has swallowed an unknown amount of toilet cleaner and is brought to you in
distress. Discuss the possible injuries, initial and late management of this patient. (2008/2)10
8. Outline and discuss the diagnosis and management of organophosphorous poisoning. (2013/1)4+6
9. Pathophysiology, clinical presentations and management of carbon monoxide poisoning (2014/2),
(2015/2) 3+3+4
10. Pathophysiology, clinical features and management of Salicylate poisoning. 3+3+4 (2015/2)
11. Kerosene oil poisoning (2006)5, 5 (1/2016)
12. Pathophysiology and management of Organophosphorous poisoning 5(Apr16)
13. Management of child with acid ingestion (2017/2) 5
14. Assessment and management of child with suspected poisoning (2017/1) 5
15. Treatment of organophosphorus poisoning [2018/2]5
16. Management of OP poisoning (2019/1)
17. Management of corrosive ingestion by a child (2018/1) 6
18. Paracetamol poisoning (2019/2)4
19. Management of child following kerosene ingestion (2019/2)5
20. Approach to management of corrosive poisoning. (2020/01)5
Chapter 78 Complementary Therapies and Integrative Medicine

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PART VIII - EMERGENCY MEDICINE AND CRITICAL CARE

Chapter 79 Emergency Medical Services for Children
1. Severity scoring systems in PICU (2019/2)7
Chapter 80 Triage of the Acutely Ill Child
1. Pediatric triage management in emergency department. (2020/01)5
Chapter 81 Pediatric Emergencies and Resuscitation
1. Draw an algorithm for managing pulseless ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.
(2008/1) 10
2. How will you assess that a 10-year-old child who has fallen unconscious in front of you required
basic life support. What are the steps for basic life support to such a child (as per American Heart
Association Guidelines for CPR) (2009/1) 3+7
3. Management of tachycardia with pulse but poor perfusion (2018/1) 5
4. Management of fluid refractory septic shock (2018/1) 5
Chapter 82 Acute Care of Multiple Trauma
Chapter 83 Spinal Cord Injuries in Children
Chapter 84 Care of Abrasions and Minor Lacerations
Chapter 85 Neurologic Emergencies and Stabilization
1. Discuss diagnosis and management of an unconscious child (1992/2) 25
2. Discuss the management of a 3-year-old unconscious child (1999/1)25
Chapter 86 Brain Death
1. Brain Death (1998/1) (1999/2) 15
2. Define Brain Death. Write age specific criteria for Brain Death in children. (2011/2)2+8
Chapter 87 Syncope
Chapter 88 Shock
1. Define Shock. Describe the pathophysiology and management of septic shock in children
(1994/2)25, (2004/2) 5+5
2. Management of Cardiogenic shock (1996/1)12
3. Discuss the classification and causes of shock in children (1997/1)15
4. Shock-pathogenesis of different types and pathological changes in different organs (2003/1) 25
5. Discuss the management of an infant with Shock (2000/1)25
6. How do you classify Shock in children? Write its etiopathogenesis and management (2006)10
7. Discuss the pathophysiology of cardiogenic shock. How are the various hemodynamic parameters
affected in cardiogenic shock? Discuss steps in monitoring and treatment of cardiogenic shock.
(2008/2)10
8. Define fluid refractory shock. Describe the management strategy for a 2-year-old child with fluid
refractory shock. (2010/1) 3+7
9. Define septic shock. Describe the etiopathogenesis and clinical features in a 15-month old child
presenting with septic shock. (2011/2)2+4+4
10. Discuss the pathophysiology of septic shock. Describe the international consensus definition for
pediatric sepsis. (2013/1)5+5
11. Define SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock. Discuss the management of septic shock.
(2013/2) 1+1+1+1+6
12. Etiology and management of cardiogenic shock. (2014/2) 3+7
13. Pathophysiology and management of Refractory shock 5(2015/2)

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14. What is the defining criteria of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Name the
mediators involved and their mode of action. 5+5(2015/2)
15. Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features and management of cardiogenic shock? 2+3+2+3 (2015/2)
16. Etiopathogenesis and management of septic shock (2016/2) 5
17. Early biomarkers of sepsis (2016/2) 5
18. SIRS (Systemic inflammatory Response Syndrome) (2017/1) 5
19. Pathophysiology of hypovolemic shock (2019/1)
20. Management of a child in the emergency room with peripheral circulatory failure (2019/2)5
Chapter 89 Respiratory Distress and Failure
1. Clinical and physiological features necessary to diagnose respiratory failure in children (1994/2)15
2. Pulse Oximetry and its limitations (1998/1)15
3. Briefly discuss the non-invasive estimation of gas exchange in children. (2004)10
4. How will you define acute respiratory failure? Write common causes of acute respiratory failure in
a 2-year-old child. What are the various methods of oxygen therapy in children. (2004/2)3+3+4
5. Enumerate 4 adventitious sounds that can be heard during examination of respiratory system. At
what anatomical level are they produced? In which conditions are they produced. (2006)10
6. Types of Acute Respiratory Failure in children, modes of assisted ventilation and indications for the
same in Children (2006)10
7. What are the criteria used to diagnose Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Write in brief
the pathogenesis, clinical features and lab findings of the same. Discuss the treatment and
ventilatory strategies to manage ARDS. (2008/2)10
8. Describe the various pressures which are used or varied during mechanical ventilation. What is
‘Cycling’ and ‘Control’ in mechanical ventilator? Describe the differences in pressure controlled
and volume controlled ventilation. Illustrate with suitable indication use of these forms of
ventilation. (2008/2)10
9. Describe the pathophysiology, etiology and management of acute respiratory distress syndrome.
(2009/2)3+3+4
10. Define ventilation/ perfusion ratio. (2011/1) 2
Outline Va/Q changes in
a. Pneumonia 2
b. Obstructive lung disease 2
c. ARDS 2
d. Pulmonary thromboembolism 2
11. Classify respiratory failure in children. List the modes of assisted ventilation and its indications
(2013/1)10
12. Write short notes: (2014/1)3+4
a) End – Tidal carbon dioxide monitoring
b) Pulse oximetry
13. Utility of Blood gas (ABG) in localising pathology and severity of disease in respiratory problems
(2015/1)5+5
14. Pulse oxymetry 2 (2015/1)
15. What is Rapid sequence intubation (RSI)? Outline the steps involved. Discuss the indications and
advantages of RSI. (2014/2) 2+5+3
16. Define Acute Lung Injury. Discuss the etiopathogenesis and management of a child with Acute
Lung Injury. (2014/1)2+3+5
17. Write short notes on:

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High frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) 5(2015/1)

Pulmonary graphics 5(2015/1)
18. An 8-month old baby presents with respiratory distress. Describe the differential diagnosis,
evaluation and outline treatment for this infant. (2014/1)3+3+4
19. Oxygenation index 3(1/2016)
20. Management of 2-year-old child coming to ED with severe respiratory distress (2019/1) 5
21. Describe oxygen dissociation curve and factors affecting it (2018/1)
22. High frequency ventilation 5(2019/2)
Chapter 90 Altitude-Associated Illness in Children (Acute Mountain Sickness)
Chapter 91 Drowning and Submersion Injury
1. Near drowning in children (2006)10, (2015/1) 4
2. An 18-month old child was brought to you after he fell upside down in a tub filled with water.
Briefly describe the possible injuries and preventive strategies to avoid similar situation in future.
(2008/1)10
3. Describe the pathogenic mechanism of injury in near drowning. Discuss the steps of initial
resuscitation and subsequent hospital management. (2008/2)10
4. Discuss the pathophysiology of submersion injury. A 4-year-old boy was rescued 10 min back from
a pond and rushed to the hospital emergency. Mention the basic principles of management.
(2012/1) 5+5
5. A. Define near drowning 2
B. Pathophysiology and management of near drowning 4+4 (1/2016)
Chapter 92 Burn Injuries
1. How is the degree of Burns classified? Write the initial fluid therapy for a one-year-old child
weighing 10 kg with 20% 2nd degree burns (2006)10
2. Provide classification of burns injury. Describe the clinical manifestation of electrical burns. Outline
emergency management of a child with 20% burns. (2011/2)2+3+5
Chapter 93 Cold Injuries
1. Cold Injury (2007/1) 10

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PART IX - HUMAN GENETICS

Chapter 94 Integration of Genetics into Pediatric Practice

1. Briefly discuss the principles of genetic counselling. Outline the counselling of a family with a child
with Down’s syndrome. (2004/2) 5+5
2. Gene Therapy in Children (2006/1)10
3. Gene therapy (2007/1)5
4. Primary and secondary prevention of genetic disorders 5+5 (1/2016)
Chapter 95 The Genetic Approach in Pediatric Medicine
Chapter 96 The Human Genome
1. What are mutations? Describe their consequences. (2010/1)5+5
Chapter 97 Patterns of Genetic Transmission
1. What are mitochondrial genes? How are they transmitted? Briefly discuss diseases transmitted by
them? (2011/2)2+2+6
2. Enumerate classic and non-classic forms of genetic inheritance. Discuss in brief the characteristics
of autosomal recessive inheritance. Illustrate with a pedigree chart. (2013/1) 5+3+2, (2013/2)
2+2+6
3. Describe the symbols used in pedigree chart. Draw pedigree charts over 4 generations depicting
a) X – linked dominant disease
b) X – linked recessive disease. 4+3+3 (Apr 2016)
4. Define translocation. Write the inheritance pattern for translocations. Describe clinical features of
any one translocation disorder. 6 (Apr 2016)
5. Draw pedigree chart for autosomal dominant inheritance pattern of non-consanguineous parents
(2018/1) 5.
6. Patterns of genetic inheritance (2018/2) 5
7. Diagrammatically illustrate principles of mode of inheritance of genetic disorders (2019/2)6
Chapter 98 Cytogenetics
1. Early stimulation in Down syndrome (1992/2)15
2. Genetic counselling of a case of Down Syndrome (1999/1)15
3. Prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome and Duchene Muscular Dystrophy 15
4. Enumerate and describe the structural abnormalities of autosomes. Illustrate with suitable
examples. (2008/1)10
5. What are trisomies? What are predisposing factors? Discuss clinical features of 3 common
trisomies seen in clinical practice? (2008/1)10
6. A couple has a child with Down Syndrome. Outline the principles of genetic counselling and
antenatal management for the subsequent pregnancy. (2009/1)10
7. Write a short note: Karyotyping (2009/2)5, (2014/2)
8. Discuss the genotypic and phenotypic features of Turner’s syndrome (2011/1) 4+6
9. Karyotyping (2014/2)5
10. Microarray and DNA sequencing for diagnosis (2016/2) 5
11. Testing for single gene disorders (2017/2) 6
12. Antenatal screening for Downs syndrome (2017/2) 4
13. Counselling in Downs syndrome (2018/2) 5
14. Indication and advantages of clinical exome sequencing (2019/1) 5
15. Cytogenetic analysis- illustrate with examples (2019/2)4
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16. Genetic counselling for Down Syndrome. (2020/01)5

Chapter 99 Genetics of Common Disorders
Chapter 100 Epigenome-Wide Association Studies and Disease
Chapter 101 Genetic Approaches to Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases

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PART X - METABOLIC DISORDERS

Chapter 102 An Approach to Inborn Errors of Metabolism

1. Screening tests for Inborn Errors of Metabolism (1996/2)10
2. Discuss the diet plan in various metabolic disorders (1999/1)15
3. Laboratory Screening tests for metabolic Disorders (2006/1)10
4. Discuss the enzymes replacement therapy and substrate reduction strategies in management of
metabolic disease. (2008/2)10
5. Approach to IEM (2019/1) 5, (2018/2) 5
Chapter 103 Defects in Metabolism of Amino Acids
1. Homocysteinuria (1994/2)15
2. Enlist the inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) with their associated peculiar odor. Provide the
investigative approach for an infant with suspected IEM. Describe the treatment of
phenylketonuria. (2009/2) 4+4+2
3. Provide a diagrammatic representation of urea cycle. Indicate and name related disorders of urea
cycle metabolism at each step. (2008/1) (2015/2) 10
4. Clinical features of Tyrosinemia type 1 (2018/2) 5
5. Diagrammatic representation of urea cycle (2020/01)5
6. Management of hyperammonemia. (2020/01)5
Chapter 104 Defects in Metabolism of Lipids
1. Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (1996/1)12
Chapter 105 Defects in Metabolism of Carbohydrates
1. Write Briefly about glucose metabolism in body. Describe Briefly glycogen storage disorders.
(2004/2)4+6
Chapter 106 Mitochondrial Disease Diagnosis
Chapter 107 Mucopolysaccharidoses
Chapter 108 Disorders of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism
Chapter 109 Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (Progeria)
1. Progeria (2019/2)6
Chapter 110 The Porphyrias
Chapter 111 Hypoglycemia

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PART XI - THE FETUS AND THE NEONATAL INFANT

Chapter 112 Overview of Morbidity and Mortality
1. Organization and levels of Newborn care (2006/1)10
2. Setting up of special care newborn unit in a district hospital. (2017/1) 5
3. Predicting neonatal mortality scoring systems 6(2019/2)
Chapter 113 The Newborn Infant
1. Kidney functions in neonate (1998/2)(1999/2)10
2. Diagrammatic depiction of layers of scalp and their relationship to various haemorrhages in new-
born scalp.
3. List the key problems during breast feeding and their management.
4. Endocrine problems that can be diagnosed on the first day of life (1995/1)10
5. Probiotics in neonates (2015/1)5
6. Screening for birth defects at delivery points 4(2019/2)
7. Human milk banking. Criteria for donors, collection and storage (2017/1)3
8. What is human milk bank, enumerate its indications (2019/1) 5
9. Human milk banking (2019/2)5
10. Breast Milk Banking. (2020/01)5
TEMPERATURE
1. Thermoregulation peculiarities in newborn (1994/2)15
1. Hypothermia in the newborn (1997/1)15
2. Thermal regulation in newborn (1998/2)10
3. Prevention of Hypothermia in the newborn (1998/2)15
4. Physiological and biochemical consequences of Hypothermia in Neonate (1999/1)15
5. Thermal balance in Neonates (2003/2)15
6. Discuss management of Neonatal Hypothermia (2006)5
7. Write the components, pre-requisites and benefits of Kangaroo Mother care. (2008/2) 10,
(2011/2)5+2+3
8. Discuss the principles of care of the skin in neonates. Outline the role of touch and massage
therapy in newborn infants. (2010/2)4+3+3
9. Describe the advantages and methods of giving Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC). Enlist metabolic
consequences of hypothermia. (2013/1) (4+4)+2
10. Hypothermia in newborn (2016/2) 5
11. What is Kangaroo mother care? Enumerate its advantage (2019/1) 5
12. Temperature regulation in newborns (2018/2)5
13. Components and benefits of KMC (2018/2)5
Chapter 114 High-Risk Pregnancies
1. Scheme for identifying High Risk Fetuses (1992/2)15
2. Discuss the basic elements of the ‘At Risk’ concept with regard to their advantages and
disadvantages and fallacies if any as they relate to health care of mothers and children. (1995/2)25
3. Placental dysfunction syndrome (1995/2)15
4. Complications of infants born to diabetic mothers (2007/2)10
Chapter 115 The Fetus
1. Amniocentesis in prenatal diagnosis (1992)15
2. Intrauterine Diagnosis (1993/2)10

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3. Discuss the methods of detection of congenital malformations in the fetus and their prevention
(1995/1)25
4. Antenatal Diagnosis (1998/2)10
5. Methods to diagnose fetal disorder. Fetal medical therapy (2005)5+5
6. List various methods for Fetal diagnosis and assessment along with indications (2006) 5
7. Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal therapy (2006/1)10
8. What are the methods of diagnosis of fetal disorders? Describe the fetal medical and surgical
therapeutic options for various fetal disorders. (2009/2) 10
9. Antenatal screening for Down syndrome (2013/1) 5
10. Outline the methods of assessing fetal wellbeing with their clinical indications. (2013/2)
11. Describe in detail tests for antepartum and intrapartum monitoring of fetal distress (2006)5
12. Fetal monitoring (2006) 10
13. Discuss the complications in the fetus and newborn of a mother with diabetes during pregnancy.
(2008/1)10
14. Maternal factors affecting fetal growth (2017/2) 4
15. Assessment of fetal wellbeing in pregnancy (2017/2) 6
16. Antenatal screening (2019/2)4
17. Chorionic villi sampling – method, indications and complications (2019/2)2+2+2
Chapter 116 Fetal Intervention and Surgery
1. Prenatal steroid therapy (1999/2)15
2. Treatment and prevention of fetal diseases (2007/1)10
3. Medical management of Fetal Problems (2007/2)10
4. Fetal Therapy (2003/2)15
5. Steroid in neonatal care (2007/1)5
6. Fetal therapy 5(1/2016)
7. Intrauterine fetal therapy (2019/1) 5
Chapter 117 The High-Risk Infant
1. Define ‘High risk infant’. Discuss the long term management of such infants with emphasis on
detection and early intervention of infants with developmental disabilities (1995/1)25
2. Fluid therapy in special situations in neonates (2006/1)10
3. A) What is Developmentally supportive care. 3
B) Components of developmentally supportive care in neonates (2015/2)7
4. Developmentally supportive care in neonates (2015/1) 3
5. Enumerate the criteria of discharge of LBW baby from SCNU (2019/1) 5
6. Components of facility based newborn care (2018/2) 5
7. Triage of sick newborn who is admitted in SCNU (2018/2) 5
8. Non-nutritive sucking and early infant stimulation (2019/2)5
9. Monitoring of IDM (2019/1) 5
IUGR/SGA
1. Factors associated with IUGR (1993/1)10
2. Immune status of SFD babies (1998/1)15
3. List the principles of community care of LBW infants. Define Kangaroo Mother care. Outline its
advantages and disadvantages. (2004/2)4+2+4
4. Outline the handicaps in enteral feeding of LBW newborns. Briefly discuss the feeding strategies
for LBW babies. (2004/2)3+4+4

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5. Enumerate the etiology of fetal or intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Describe the screening
and diagnosis of IUGR. (2011/2) 3+4+3
6. Immediate and late problems due to low birth weight (2013/1)5
7. Feeding of low birth weight babies 5 (2015/1)
8. Interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcome of LBW infants at 1 year of age.(2017/2) 6
PRETERM
1. Enumerate the socio-demographic factors associate with Low birth weight babies. Discuss the
clinical problems of Preterm babies (1996/1)25
2. Pharmacotherapy in prematurity clinical decisions salient features (2003/1)15
3. Osteopenia of prematurity (2006)10
4. Management of Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) in preterm neonates (2010/1)10
5. Enumerate the factors associated with prematurity and low birth weight. Discuss the potential
pathways by which infection plays a role in premature delivery. (2013/1)4+6
6. Describe the development of the ductus arteriosus. Enumerate the duct dependent lesions in the
newborn and outline their management. (2014/1)3+2+5
7. Physical difference between preterm and IUGR neonates (2017/2) 4
NUTRITION
1. Write short notes on: Trophic feeding (2013/1)5
2. Discuss attributes, complications and monitoring of total parenteral nutrition in a newborn
(2013/1)5
3. Write short notes on: (2014/1)4+3+3
a. Human Milk Fortifiers
b. Vitamin D supplementation in neonates
c. Medium chain triglycerides in neonatal nutrition
4. Minimal enteral nutrition for low birth weight babies (2019/1) 5
5. Nutritional requirements of preterm babies (2019/1) 5
Chapter 118 Transport of the Critically Ill Newborn
1. Discuss the principles of safe and stable transport of a sick newborn. (2013/1)10
2. Issues related to transport of sick newborn (2014/2)5
Chapter 119 Clinical Manifestations of Diseases in the Newborn Period
1. Foetal circulation and changes at birth (2000/1)15
2. Cyanosis in newborn 5 (Apr16)
3. Newborn screening is useful in which conditions and how it can be done (2018/1)6
Chapter 120 Nervous System Disorders
1. Enumerate common peripheral nerve injuries in neonates. Describe their clinical characteristics
and outline the management. (2009/1)2+3+5
BIRTH ASPHYXIA/ HIE
1. HIE (1993/1) (1992/2)15
2. Prognosis of Birth Asphyxia (1993/1)10
3. HIE in newborn (1995/1)10
4. Discuss the etiopathology and management of birth asphyxia (1996/2)25
5. HIE (1997/2)15
6. Clinical and laboratory correlates of neuromotor outcome in Birth asphyxia (1997/1)10
7. Discuss Briefly pathophysiology and recent modalities of management of HIE (1999/2)25
8. Perinatal asphyxia- clinical features and management (2002/1)15

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9. What are the etiological causes of Fetal Hypoxia? Write pathophysiology of Fetal Hypoxia.
Describe stages of HIE (2006)10
10. Pathophysiology of Hypoxic Brain injury in neonate (2006/1)10
11. Discuss the pathophysiology of hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) in neonates.(2009/1)10
12. Discuss etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and management of HIE (2013/2)10
13. Neuroprotective strategies in CNS injuries in neonates 5(2015/2)
14. Clinical features and management of HIE (2016/2) 5
15. Selective hypothermia for management of HIE (2019/1) 5
16. Therapeutic hypothermia. (2020/01)5
NEONATAL SEIZURES
1. Etiopathogenesis of neonatal seizures (2002/1)15
2. Management of Resistant Neonatal Seizure (2003/2)15
3. Classify neonatal seizures. Outline their etiology and provide a brief clinical description. Provide
general principles of management of a seizure in neonate. (2012/1) 2+2+3+3
4. Investigation and treatment of neonatal seizure (2018/2) 7
5. Approach to child with seizure in day 2 of life (2019/2)5
IVH
1. IVH (2003/1)15
2. Outline the risk factors, pathophysiology and principles of management of intraventricular
hemorrhage in preterm neonates. (2010/2)3+3+4
3. Discuss the pathogenesis of intracranial hemorrhage in newborn infants. Outline the possible
promoters and protectors for occurrence of subsequent white matter disease. (2012/1)6+2+2
4. Pathophysiology and management of intraventricular hemorrhage. 5(2015/2)
Chapter 121 Neonatal Resuscitation and Delivery Room Emergencies
1. Steps in Neonatal Resuscitation 15
2. How do you assign APGAR score to a neonate. In which 5 conditions will you get a low score
without associated hypoxia? What are fallacies of APGAR score. (2006)10
3. What is the sequence of events leading to the first breath after Delivery? What is the Significance
of establishment of Functional Residual Capacity? (2006)10
4. A term baby is apnoeic. What information of the perinatal events you would like to know?
5. What are the initial steps of management in the labor room? What are the possible complications
in the next 48 hours? (2008/2)10
6. Describe the changes taking place in circulation at birth and their implications in neonatal
resuscitation. (2009/1)5+5
7. Enumerate the newer recommendations of neonatal resuscitation by American Academy of
Pediatrics 2010 guidelines. Comment on the level of evidence for each of the changes. (2012/1)
6+4
8. Discus the recent changes in guidelines for resuscitation of new born and older children with the
rationale for the change. (2013/1)10
9. Recent NRP guidelines (2019/1) 5
Chapter 122 Respiratory Tract Disorders
1. Describe the surgical causes of Respiratory difficulty in newborn (2002/1)25
2. CPAP (2006/2)10
3. Write notes on embryological development of abdominal diaphragm and types of congenital
diaphragmatic hernia (2006) 10

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4. Enumerate congenital anomalies presenting as severe respiratory distress in a newborn. Describe

the pre-operative and post-operative care of a neonate with trachea-esophageal fistula.
(2010/1)4+3+3
5. Silverman Anderson scoring system 5 (2015/2)
6. Name the steps in morphogenesis of respiratory system. Enumerate congenital lung
malformations. Describe natural course of congenital cystic adenomatous malformations. (2014/2)
3+3+4
7. Differential diagnosis of respiratory distress in 6 hours old new-born infant (2017/1) 4
8. Indication of high flow nasal oxygen in neonates (2019/1) 5
9. Non Invasive Ventilation in neonates (2019/2)5
10. Enumerate and describe the scoring systems to evaluate severity of respiratory distress in new
born. (2020/01)5
11. Outline the indications, setting and contraindications of CPAP in new born infants. (2020/01)5
RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME:
1. Pathophysiology of RDS of newborn (1994)15
2. Tests for pulmonary maturity and surfactant therapy for RDS (1994/2)15
3. Surfactant therapy (1998/2)10
4. Surfactant therapy for HMD 15
5. Discuss RDS with special reference to surfactant therapy (1998/2)15
6. HMD- pathophysiology and management (2003/1)25
7. List the causes of respiratory distress in preterms. Outline the principles of surfactant therapy in
preterms. Outline the manifestations of oxygen therapy in newborns. (2004/2)2+4+4
8. Etiology, pathogenesis and management of a neonate with RDS (2006/1) 10
9. Briefly discuss normal fetal development of Surfactant. List the uses of Surfactant in newborn
(2007/2)10
10. Discuss the pathophysiology of hyaline membrane disease in premature newborns. (2010/2)10
11. Describe the pathophysiology of hyaline membrane disease (HMD) in newborns. Outline
important available strategies to prevent HMD. (2011/1) 5+5
12. A) CPAP for neonatal RDS 5
B) Surfactant replacement therapy 5 (2015/1)
13. Insure therapy in neonates (2014/1)5+5
14. Surfactant in hyaline membrane disease (2018/1) 5
15. Surfactant replacement therapy (2017/1) 5
16. Pathophysiology and recent advances in the management of RDS (2017/1) 6
17. Enumerate the indications and technique of surfactant therapy (2019/1) 5
MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME
1. Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (1997/2)15
2. Discuss the pathogenesis and management of MAS (2000/1)25
APNEA OF PREMATURITY
1. Pathophysiology of Apnea Of Prematurity (1997/2)15
2. A 10-day old preterm neonate has recurrent cessation of breathing lasting for more than 20
seconds with bradycardia. Classify and enumerate causes for this condition. Discuss in brief the
management of this condition. (2012/1)4+6
3. Management of neonatal apnea. (2013/1) 5
4. Apnea of Prematurity 5 (Apr 2016/2)
BPD
1. BPD (1997/1)15
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2. Outline and discuss the strategies to prevent lung injury and bronchpulmonary dysplasia in a
preterm baby. (2013/1) 10
PPHN
1. Describe in brief PPHN (or PFC) with regard to Pathology, pathophysiology, Diagnosis and
management (1994/2)25
2. What is the etiopathogenesis of PPHN of Newborn. Outline the diagnosis and management
(2005)3+3+4
3. PPHN (2006/1)10
4. Discuss the diagnosis and management of PPHN (2007/2)
5. Enumerate causes of persistent pulmonary hypertension in neonates and discuss its
pathophysiology. (2008/1)10
6. Discuss the approach to diagnosis of Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of Newborn (PPHN).
7. Outline the available modalities of management, highlighting their key features in a tabular
format. (2010/2)4+6
8. Etiology and management of persistent pulmonary hypertension. (2014/2) 3+7
9. Pathophysiology of persistent fetal circulation. (2015/1) 3
10. NO therapy in PPHN (2019/1) 5
11. Persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN) (2019/2) 5
Chapter 123 Digestive System Disorders
1. Enumerate causes of persistent vomiting in a 4 week old child. Describe clinical features and
management of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. (2012/1)3+3+4
2. Describe the development of the midgut. Enumerate the causes for bilious vomiting in a two-week
old neonate and discuss its management. (2014/1) 3+2+5
NEONATAL JAUNDICE
1. Pathogenesis of kernicterus (1996/2)10
2. A 3-week old infant brought to the hospital with moderate jaundice. Discuss the Diagnosis
(1997/2)10
3. Kernicterus (1997/1)15
4. Discuss the Bilirubin metabolism and list the causes and approach to Diagnosis of
5. Hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate (2000/1)25
6. Discuss reasons for Physiological Jaundice in a Newborn. Define and list causes of
7. pathological jaundice in a newborn. Discuss clinical manifestations (acute and chronic) of
kernicterus (2006)10
8. Outline the normal metabolism of bilirubin. Outline the principle of phototherapy for treatment of
neonatal jaundice. List factors that influence efficacy of phototherapy. (2008/1)10 (2009/1)10,
(2010/2)4+3+3
9. Critically describe the role of various treatment modalities for treating neonatal unconjugated
hyperbilirubinemia. (2011/2)10
10. Outline and discuss various strategies to manage hyperbilirubinemia in newborns (2013/1)10
11. Short note on side effects of phototherapy (2014/2)5
12. Complications of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate (2015/2)5
13. Causes of prolonged hyperbilirubinemia in newborns. Outline steps of investigations and
management of it. (2016/2)
14. Mechanism of action of phototherapy in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (2018/2) 5
NEC
1. Pathogenesis of NEC (1997/1) (1992)15

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2. NEC (1997/2)15
3. Etiology and pathology of NEC 15
4. Etiology of NEC, staging and management. (2004/2)10
5. Discuss management of NEC (2006)5
6. Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and management of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.
(2009/1)3+7
7. Discuss the pathophysiology, classification and diagnostic features of necrotizing enterocolitis.
(2010/2)4+3+3
8. A 6-day old preterm neonate presents with abdominal distension, feed intolerance, vomiting and
blood in stools. Discuss the differential diagnosis, diagnostic approach and principles of initial
stabilization. (2012/1) 4+3+3
9. Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) - aetiology, staging and management. (2020/01)5
Chapter 124 Blood Disorders
1. Hemorrhagic Disease of The Newborn (1995/2)15
2. Management of Neonatal Thrombocytopenic Purpura (2000/1)15
3. Hydrops Fetalis (2003/1)15
4. What is Hydrops fetalis. Discuss etiology of Non immune hydrops fetalis. What is the
5. management of a case of Non immune hydrops fetalis (2005)2+5+3
6. Discuss etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and management of a Bleeding Neonate (2006/2)10
7. Anemia in newborn infant (2007/1)10
8. Non immune hydrops fetalis (2003/2)15, (2007/1)10
9. Define polycythemia in a newborn. What are the factors predisposing to it? Describe the impact of
polycythemia on various systems and their clinical presentation. Describe the management of
polycythemia in newborn. (2008/2)10
10. Outline the classification, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings and differential diagnosis of
vitamin K deficiency bleeding. (2012/1)3+3+2+2
11. A) Anemia of prematurity 5
B) Treatment options for a 3 month old preterm who has Hb of 6gm%. 5(2015/2)
12. Causes of Anemia in the Newborn (1993/1)10, (Apr 2016)5
13. Outline management of polycythemia 4(1/2016)
14. Clinical presentation of Vitamin K deficiency in newborn and neonates. Its prevention and
management (2016/2) 10
15. Management of HDN during 1st month of life (2017/2) 4
16. Discuss the approach to neonate with thrombocytopenia with specific reference to causes and
investigations (2019/2)6
Chapter 125 The Umbilicus
Chapter 126 Abstinence Syndromes
Chapter 127 The Endocrine System
1. New-born screening test in relation to endocrinology (2019/2)5
NEONATAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
1. Clinical features of Cretinism in newborn babies (1997/1)10
2. Describe in brief the etiology, clinical features, diagnostic investigations and management of
congenital hypothyroidism. (2011/1) 2+2+3+3
Chapter 128 Dysmorphology
1. Dysmorphic child (1994/2)15
Chapter 129 Epidemiology of Infections
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Chapter 130 Healthcare-Acquired Infections

1. Describe the principles of prevention of nosocomial infection in NICU/ PICU (2019/2)5
Chapter 131 Congenital and Perinatal Infections
CONGENITAL INFECTIONS:
1. Congenital toxoplasmosis (1997/2)15
2. Prevention of Vertically transmitted diseases (1999/1)15
3. Outline the clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of a neonate with intrauterine CMV
infection. (2011/1)3+4+3
4. Enumerate the clinical features that indicate presence of a possible intrauterine infection in a
neonate. Describe the interpretation of TORCH screen. (2009/2)6+4
5. Clinical features, investigations and prevention of Congenital Rubella Syndrome. (2010/1)3+3+4
6. Congenital varicella (2015/2)4
7. Treatment and outcome of congenital and neonatal varicella (2016/2)
PERINATAL INFECTIONS:
1. Antibiotic treatment of Neonatal Meningitis (1993/2)10
2. Early diagnosis of Neonatal Septicemia (1994/2)15
3. Rapid diagnostic tests in a suspected case of Neonatal Septicemia (1995/2) 10
4. Infection control in neonatal intensive care (1998/2)10
5. Newer modalities in the management of neonatal sepsis (1999/2)15
6. Screening tests for neonatal sepsis 15
7. Prevention of Mother to Child transmission of Hep B 15
8. Sepsis Screen in neonates (2006/1)10
9. Candidiasis in Neonates (2006)10
10. Adjuvant therapy in Neonatal sepsis (2006)10
11. Differential Diagnosis of Neonatal sepsis (2007/1)10
12. Discuss various adjunct therapies in neonatal sepsis. (2008/1)10
13. Discuss the predisposing factors, causative agents, methods of diagnosis and treatment of
neonatal osteomyelitis. (2009/1)4+6
14. A 3-day old home delivered boy (Weight 1450g, Gestation 36 wk) is brought to you with abnormal
body movements and not accepting feeds. The child is cold to touch and capillary filling time is 5
sec. Outline the immediate, short term and long term management of this child. (2009/1) 4+6
15. Write short notes on: Various adjunctive therapies in the management of overwhelming sepsis in
neonates. (2013/2) 5
16. A three days old neonate is brought to the Emergency with history of not accepting feeds for one
day. He is found to be lethargic with a HR of 180/min, and capillary filling time of 4 secs and cold
extremities. Outline your approach to this neonate along with management of the case. (2014/1)
4+6
17. Newer diagnostic tests for neonatal sepsis (2015/1) 5
18. A 4-day old home delivered boy (weight 1350g, Gestation 36 wk) is brought to you with abnormal
body movements and non-acceptance of feeds. The child is cold to touch and capillary filling time
is 5 seconds. Discuss the diagnosis and management of this child. (2020/01) 5+5

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PART XII - ADOLESCENT MEDICINE

Chapter 132 Adolescent Physical and Social Development

1. Describe the events of sexual development in relation to physical growth. Name the most
important regulatory factors (1994) 25
2. Sexual Maturity Rating in female adolescents (1995/2) 15
3. SMR (2003/2)
4. What is SMR? Discuss the secular trend in Children 5+5 (2005/02)
5. How would you assess sexual maturity of a female adolescent (2006) 10
6. Describe Tanner’s Sexual Maturity Rating (pubertal staging) in boys based on
a) Genitalia and b) Pubic hair development. (2011/2) 5+5
7. Biological changes during adolescence (2017/2)
Chapter 133 Gender and Sexual Identity
Chapter 134 Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Adolescents
Chapter 135 Transgender Care
Chapter 136 The Epidemiology of Adolescent Health Problems
1. Discuss the special health problems of Adolescents (1998/1)25
2. Role of health education to Adolescents (1998/2)10
3. Health problems of adolescents (2003/2)15
4. What are the common problems in Adolescence (2005)5
5. Factors affecting Adolescent health and development (2006)10
6. Discuss Briefly Adolescent Health Problems (2007/2)10
7. Preventive cardiology in adolescents (2007/2)10
8. What advice will you give to a 35-year-old patient with coronary artery disease regarding its
prevention in his adolescent son? (2006)10
Chapter 137 Delivery of Healthcare to Adolescents
1. Adolescent friendly health services (2019/2)3
Chapter 138 Transitioning to Adult Care
Chapter 139 Violent Behavior
1. Adolescent Violence (2003/1)15
2. Approach to common psychological problems of adolescence (2017/1) 5
Chapter 140 Substance Abuse
1. Substance abuse in children (2019/1) 5
Chapter 141 The Breast
Chapter 142 Menstrual Problems
Chapter 143 Contraception
Chapter 144 Adolescent Pregnancy
Chapter 145 Adolescent Sexual Assault
Chapter 146 Sexually Transmitted Infections
Chapter 147 Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions

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PART XIII - IMMUNOLOGY

SECTION 1. EVALUATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Chapter 148 Evaluation of Suspected Immunodeficiency
1. Prenatal Diagnosis of Primary Immunodeficiency diseases (1994/2)10
2. Approach to a child with suspected immune dysfunction (2006/1)10
3. Outline the characteristic features of primary immunodeficiency. Write in detail about
pathogenesis and clinical features of chronic granulomatous disease. (2011/1) 4+3+3
4. Investigations for suspected immunodeficiency (2018/2) 5
5. Discuss CBC and ESR in evaluation of child with suspected immunodeficiency (2019/2)6
6. Approach to diagnosis and management of a child with suspected immune deficiency. (2020/01)5
SECTION 2. THE T-, B-, AND NK-CELL SYSTEMS
1. Laboratory investigation of child suspected to have T-cell immunity Disorder (1992) 15
2. A) Components of immune system
B) Difference between innate and acquired immunity.
C) Role of T and B lymphocytes and the killer cells (2015/1) 4+3+3
Chapter 149 Lymphocyte Development and Function
Chapter 150 Primary Defects of Antibody Production
1. Enlist the humoral immunodeficiency disorders. Outline the diagnostic approach and treatment.
(2010/1)4+6
2. Discuss various components of primary immune deficiency, their clinical characteristics and
investigations of a suspected predominant B-cell defect. (2013/2) 2+3+5
3. Hyper-IgE syndrome (2018/1) 5
4. X linked agammaglobulinemia (2018/2) 5
Chapter 151 Primary Defects of Cellular Immunity
Chapter 152 Immunodeficiencies Affecting Multiple Cell Types
1. Pathogenesis, clinical features and diagnostic criteria of autoimmune lymphoproliferative
syndrome (2014/2) 4+3+3
2. Wiscott-Aldrich Syndrome 3(Apr 2016)
3. Management of SCID (2017/2) 5

SECTION 3. THE PHAGOCYTIC SYSTEM

Chapter 153 Neutrophils
Chapter 154 Monocytes, Macrophages, and Dendritic Cells
1. Numerate functions of the Phagocytes and Briefly describe defects of their functions. (2009/1)4+6
Chapter 155 Eosinophils
Chapter 156 Disorders of Phagocyte Function
Chapter 157 Leukopenia
1. Define febrile neutropenia and describe the treatment and care of a child with febrile
neutropenia. (2008/1)10
2. Febrile neutopenia- Definition and management (2015/2)1+4
3. Febrile neutropenia. (2020/01)5
Chapter 158 Leukocytosis
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SECTION 4. THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

Chapter 159 Complement Components and Pathways
Chapter 160 Disorders of the Complement System
SECTION 5. HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION
Chapter 161 Principles and Clinical Indications of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
1. Enumerate the methods of harvesting/ storing stem cells. Outline the indications of stem cell
therapy. Discuss in brief the patient preparation required for stem cell therapy. Enlist important
potential complications of stem cell therapy. (2011/1)2+3+3+2
2. Discuss the indications for stem cell transplantation therapy in children. What is its rationale and
sources for stem cells? (2013/2) 5+3+2
3. Stem cell therapy (2014/2)5
4. Describe the risks and benefits of bone marrow transplantation in children (1994/2)15
5. Bone marrow transplantation for children (2006/1)10
6. Principles of stem cell therapy (2018/2)5
7. Hematopoetic stem cell transplant (HSCT) (2019/2)4
Chapter 162 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation From Alternative Sources and Donors
Chapter 163 Graft-Versus-Host Disease, Rejection, and Venoocclusive Disease
1. Graft versus host disease (1999/1)15
2. Discuss pathogenesis of Graft Versus Host Diseases (GVHD) Discuss clinical manifestations, staging
and grading and management of acute GVHD. (2013/2)2+3+2+3
3. What is the pathogenesis of graft vs host disease? What are its clinical manifestations? What
measures can be taken to prevent it in case of stem cell transplantation? 4+3+3(2015/2)
4. Graft vs Host Disease 4(Apr 2016)
Chapter 164 Infectious Complications of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Chapter 165 Late Effects of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

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PART XIV - ALLERGIC DISORDERS

Chapter 166 Allergy and the Immunologic Basis of Atopic Disease

1. Enumerate the chemical mediators of allergic reactions and describe the important actions of
histamine. (2008/1)10
Chapter 167 Diagnosis of Allergic Disease
Chapter 168 Allergic Rhinitis
1. Allergic Rhinitis (2007/1)5
Chapter 169 Childhood Asthma
1. Management of Acute Severe Asthma (1992/2)15
2. Use of Nebulizers in Pediatric practice (1995/2)10
3. Aerosol therapy in children (1995/2)15
4. Treatment of Bronchial asthma (1996/2)
5. Discuss Briefly the recent advances in the management of Bronchial Asthma (1999/1)15
6. Describe the pathogenesis of Bronchial Asthma. Give an outline for prevention and treatment of
recurrent episodes. (2002/1)25
7. Management of Status Asthmaticus in a 3 yr old. (2003/1)25
8. Discuss the pathophysiology of asthma. Outline the role of investigations in bronchial asthma.
(2004/2) 6+4
9. Classify Asthma in children. Outline the management of asthma and approach to a case of
10. Status Asthmaticus. (2005)3+4+3
11. Discuss the steps in evaluation of chronic asthma is children. Classify and discuss the drugs used in
the treatment of chronic asthma. Write Briefly on targeted delivery systems in treatment of
asthma. (2006)10
12. Pathophysiology and management of Asthma in children (2006/1)10
13. Management of a 3-year-old child with recurrent attacks of wheezing (2007/2)10
14. Outline the stepwise approach for managing infants and young children (<= 5 year of age) with
chronic asthma (2009/1)10
15. How do you grade the severity of childhood asthma? Describe its stepwise treatment according to
the severity. Compare and contrast oral therapy to inhaled therapy for asthma. (2009/2)3+3+4
16. Enlist the drugs used for management of chronic asthma. Explain the pharmacological basis of
their use. (2010/1)3+7
17. Discuss the lung function abnormalities in severe asthma. What is the role of lung function
evaluation in management of asthma in children? (2010/2)6+4
18. Discuss categorization of chronic childhood asthma. Discuss stepwise management of chronic
asthma in children. (2011/2)3+7
19. Management of moderate persistent asthma (2016/2) 5
20. Pulmonary function tests in childhood asthma (2018/1)
21. Management of bronchial asthma with current evidence based recommendation (2019/2)6
Chapter 170 Atopic Dermatitis (Atopic Eczema)
1. Clinical features, differential diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis in infants. (2010/1)
3+3+4
2. What is atopic dermatitis? Describe the clinical features and differential diagnosis of atopic
dermatitis. (2011/2)2+5+3

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3. What is atopic dermatitis? Describe clinical features, differential diagnosis and treatment of atopic
dermatitis. (2012/1)1+3+3+3
4. What are the types of Atopic Dermatitis (AD) in children? Discuss in detail the clinical features of
AD. Describe the differential diagnoses in a case of suspected AD. (2013/2) 2+4+4
5. A six-month old baby presents with rash over face and extensor aspect of extremities. Discuss the
diagnosis and treatment of this baby. (2014/1)5+5
Chapter 171 Insect Allergy
Chapter 172 Ocular Allergies
Chapter 173 Urticaria (Hives) and Angioedema
1. Drug treatment for Urticaria (2017/2) 4
Chapter 174 Anaphylaxis
1. Pathogenesis and management of anaphylaxis (1997/1)15
2. Mechanism, manifestations and management of anaphylaxis (1992)15
Chapter 175 Serum Sickness
Chapter 176 Food Allergy and Adverse Reactions to Foods
1. Immunological features associated with cow milk allergy 15
Chapter 177 Adverse Reactions to Drugs

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PART XV - RHEUMATIC DISEASES OF CHILDHOOD

Chapter 178 Evaluation of Suspected Rheumatic Disease
1. Approach to a child with joint pain (2017/2)6
Chapter 179 Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases
Chapter 180 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
1. Classification and features of JRA (1996/2)14
2. What are the clinical manifestations of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis? Discuss the differential
diagnosis and management. (2004/2)3+3+4
3. Write the current classification used in JRA. Outline the management plan for JRA (2006)10
4. Tabulate differentiating features of various types of juvenile Rheumatoid arthritis. (2008/1)10
5. Tabulate the classification of Juvenile Idiopathic arthritis and state principles of its treatment.
(2010/2)4+6
6. A seven-year-old girl is admitted with pain and swelling of right knee and left ankle joint of two
weeks’ duration. Enumerate the likely causes. Discuss the differential diagnosis highlighting
important pointers in history, examination and investigations.
7. Outline the diagnostic criteria of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
8. Tabulate the differentiating features of various types of JRA. Outline a scheme of investigation for
a child with suspected JRA. (2011/1)3+4+3
9. Tabulate the differentiating clinical features and the diagnostic approach of Juvenile Idiopathic
Arthritis (JIA). Outline the principles of management of polyarticular JIA. (2012/1) 4+3+3
10. Define Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). Outline the classification of JIA. Discuss the mimickers of
rheumatic diseases in children. (2013/1)2+4+4
11. A six-year-old boy presents with painful swelling of his right knee. Enumerate the likely causes.
Define Juvenile Idiopathic arthritis and discuss its management. (2014/1)2+2+6
12. A) Disease modifying agents used for JIA
B) Biological anti-TNF agents for JIA (2014/2) 5+5
13. a) ILAR classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis 4
b) clinical features of systemic onset disease and give the differential diagnosis thereof (2015/1)
4+2
14. Macrophage activation syndrome 5 (1/2016)
15. Treatment of Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2018/1) 5
16. Systemic onset JIA (2019/2)6
17. Macrophage activation syndrome (2019/2)4
Chapter 181 Ankylosing Spondylitis and Other Spondyloarthritides
Chapter 182 Reactive and Postinfectious Arthritis
Chapter 183 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
1. How do you classify and treat lupus nephritis 5(1/2016)
2. Cutaneous manifestations of lupus erythematosus [2018/1/5]
3. SLE-Diagnostic criteria [2018/2]5
Chapter 184 Juvenile Dermatomyositis
1. Clinical features of juvenile dermatomyositis [2018/2] 5
Chapter 185 Scleroderma and Raynaud Phenomenon
Chapter 186 Behçet Disease
Chapter 187 Sjögren Syndrome
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Chapter 188 Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes and Other Systemic Autoinflammatory
Diseases
Chapter 189 Amyloidosis
Chapter 190 Sarcoidosis
Chapter 191 Kawasaki Disease
1. Kawasaki Syndrome (2000/1)15
2. Phases and complications of Kawasaki’s disease (2006)10
3. Discuss the presentation, diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki Disease. What is the management
strategy? What are the complications? (2008/1)10
4. Discuss the pathogenesis, differential diagnosis and echocardiography findings in Kawasaki Disease
(KD). How is the classical KD different from Atypical KD? (2009/1)6+4
5. Describe clinical manifestations of classical and atypical Kawasaki disease. Provide algorithmic
approach to a suspected case of Kawasaki disease. Enumerate various treatment modalities.
(2011/1)4+4+2
6. Write short notes on: Diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki Disease. (2013/2) 5
7. Algorithmic approach to a suspected case of Kawasaki disease. Enumerate its complications and
outline the management.5+2+3 (2015/2)
8. Treatment of Kawasaki disease (2017/2) 5
9. Therapy and follow-up of Kawasaki disease (2019/1) 5
10. Diagnosis and management of Kawasaki disease [2018/2]5
11. Role of salicylates in Kawasaki disease. (2020/01)5
Chapter 192 Vasculitis Syndromes
1. Classify vasculitis based on size of involved vessels and give examples of each category. Describe
etiology, clinical features and management of Takayasu’s arteritis. (2009/2)5+5
HSP
2. Discuss Briefly clinical presentation and management of H S Purpura (2007/1) 10
3. Describe the diagnostic approach and management of a six-year-old child presenting with purpuric
rash and pedal edema following an episode of acute diarrhoea. (2011/2) 4+6
4. HSP -clinical features and diagnosis (2018/2)5
5. Diagnosis and treatment of HSP (2019/1) 5
Chapter 193 Musculoskeletal Pain Syndromes
Chapter 194 Miscellaneous Conditions Associated With Arthritis

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PART XVI - INFECTIOUS DISEASES

SECTION 1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Chapter 195 Diagnostic Microbiology
1. Laboratory diagnosis of Viral diseases
Chapter 196 The Microbiome and Pediatric Health
PREBIOTICS & PROBIOTICS
1. Outline the benefits of bacterial colonization of the intestine and the disorders they can produce.
(2004/2)5+5
2. Define probiotics. Explain their physiological mechanism of action. Opportunities and threats
associated with the use of probiotics in pediatric practice. (2008/2)10
3. Define probiotics and prebiotics and enumerate their essential characteristics. Outline the
effects of probiotic in various gastrointestinal disorders. (2009/1)(5+5)
4. Define probiotics and prebiotics. Outline their important properties and mechanisms of action.
Enlist four most important indications of their clinical use in Pediatric clinical practices.
(2011/1)4+4+2
5. Write short notes on: Prebiotics, probiotics and symbiotics (2013/2)(5)
6. Write short notes on Probiotics (2014/1)
7. Role of prebiotics and probiotics in paediatric practise (2019/1) 5
Role of probiotics in gastrointestinal disorders. (2020/01)5
SECTION 2 PREVENTIVE MEASURES
Chapter 197 Immunization Practices
Chapter 198 Infection Prevention and Control
Chapter 199 Childcare and Communicable Diseases
Chapter 200 Health Advice for Children Traveling Internationally
Chapter 201 Fever
Chapter 202 Fever Without a Focus in the Neonate and Young Infant
1. Outline the approach to management of a 2-month old infant having fever without focus.
(2009/1)10
Chapter 203 Fever in the Older Child
Chapter 204 Fever of Unknown Origin
1. Discuss definition, aetiology & approach to investigation of PUO (2007/1)10
2. Enumerate the common causes of pyrexia of unknown origin in a 5-year-old child. Discuss
diagnostic approach to fever with rash. (2011/2)4+6
Chapter 205 Infections in Immunocompromised Persons
Chapter 206 Infection Associated with Medical Devices
1. Nosocomial Infections (2006)10
SECTION 3 ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY
Chapter 207 Principles of Antibacterial Therapy
1. Define the role and principles of Antibiotic stewardship in inpatient and outpatient settings in
pediatric practice. (2020/01)5+5
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SECTION 4 GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

Chapter 208 Staphylococcus
1. A) pathogenesis of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) 3
B) diagnostic criteria for TSS 2
C) differential diagnosis and management of TSS 2+3(2015/1)
2. Diagnosis and management of Staphylococcal Toxic shock syndrome (2017/2) 5
Chapter 209 Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus)
Chapter 210 Group A Streptococcus
Chapter 211 Group B Streptococcus
1. Management of acute Rheumatic Fever (1993/2)10
Chapter 212 Non–Group A or B Streptococci
Chapter 213 Enterococcus
Chapter 214 Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)
1. Complications of diphtheria (2018/2)6
2. Diphtheritic myocarditis (2019/2)5
3. Discuss briefly the differential diagnosis and management of a 3-year-old unimmunized child
presenting with fever and stridor for 3 days. (2020/01)5+5
Chapter 215 Listeria monocytogenes
Chapter 216 Actinomyces
Chapter 217 Nocardia
SECTION 5 GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
Chapter 218 Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus)
1. Discuss prevention and prophylaxis against meningococcal infection (05)5+5
2. Prophylaxis of Meningococcemia (06/1)10
Chapter 219 Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonococcus)
Chapter 220 Kingella kingae
Chapter 221 Haemophilus influenzae
Chapter 222 Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
Chapter 223 Moraxella catarrhalis
Chapter 224 Pertussis (Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis)
1. Discuss the etiology, pathogenesis and prevention of pertussis in chidren. Write the differences in
efficacy, duration of protection and adverse events between whole cell and acellular pertussis
vaccine 6+4 (1/2014)
2. Complications of Pertussis 3(2015/2)
3. Diagnosis and management of pertussis 5 (Apr 2016)
Chapter 225 Salmonella
1. Treatment of typhoid fever (1993/1)10
2. Nontyphoidal salmonellosis (1995/2)15
3. Management of typhoid fever (1995/2)15
4. Interpretation of Widal test in immunized children (1998/2)10

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5. Define multidrug resistant (MDR) salmonella typhi (MDR – ST) and nalidixic acid resistant
salmonella typhi (NAFIRST). Discuss the mechanism of development of drug resistance for
salmonella typhi.(2008/1)10
Chapter 226 Shigella
Chapter 227 Escherichia coli
1. Discuss the pathogenesis of E. coli diarrhea (1994/2)15
2. Classification of E coli and pathogenesis of Invasive Diarrhoea (1995/1)15
Chapter 228 Cholera
Chapter 229 Campylobacter
Chapter 230 Yersinia
3. Management of Plague (1995/2)10
Chapter 231 Aeromonas and Plesiomonas
Chapter 232 Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Stenotrophomonas
Chapter 233 Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
Chapter 234 Brucella
Chapter 235 Legionella
Chapter 236 Bartonella
SECTION 6 ANAEROBIC BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
Chapter 237 Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)
Chapter 238 Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
Chapter 239 Clostridium difficile Infection
Chapter 240 Other Anaerobic Infections
SECTION 7 MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS
Chapter 241 Principles of Antimycobacterial Therapy
Chapter 242 Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
1. Failure in control of Tuberculosis (1993/1)15
2. Prevention and early detection of TB (1996/2)15
3. Short course chemotherapy for TB (1998/2)10
4. DOTS chemotherapeutic management of Tuberculosis in National TB Control Programme
(2000/1)15
5. Diagnosis and management of a child with resistant TB (2002/1)15
6. CNS changes in Tubercular meningitis (Pathological only) 15
7. Discuss the pathogenesis, clinical symptomatology and diagnosis of NeuroTB (06)10
8. How do you perform and interpret Mantoux Test. Enumerate 3 conditions each in which you can
get a false positive and a false negative result. (2006)10
9. Newer diagnostic modalities for TB (2006)10
10. DOTS regimen and the problems involved in the implementation in childhood TB (2006) 10
11. What were the problems encountered in NTCP. Write the goals, strategies and essential
components of RNTPC. Also discuss in brief categorization of patients and treatment protocols
under RNTCP (2006)10
12. a) Describe the category based treatment in childhood TB (2009/2)3
b) Describe the pros and cons of intermittent therapy for tuberculosis (2009/2)3

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c) What are the components of DOTS strategy as defined by WHO? (2009/2) 4

13. Describe clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management of Neurotuberculosis. (2011/2 3+4+3
14. Describe the ow chart for diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis under RNTCP. Write Briefly on DOT
PLUS program. (20 12/1)6+4
15. Discuss the recent guidelines for diagnosis and management of childhood tuberculosis.(2013/1)10
16. Describe aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis and management of different types of
17. neurotuberculosis. (2013/2) 3+4+3
18. Clinical presentation, investigations and treatment of multidrug resistant TB. (2014/2) 3+2+5
19. a) Define DOTS, DOTS agents and DOTS plus. 3
b) List at least 4 important components of DOTS 2
c) Give the categorization of treatment strategy in DOTS (2015/1)5
20. MDR and XDR tuberculosis treatment strategies. 3+3 (1/2016)
21. Investigations for confirming diagnosis in tuberculous meningitis (2018/1) 5
22. Recent advances in diagnosis of tuberculosis (2018/2)5
23. RNTCP program (2018/2)5
24. Principles of newer diagnostic tests in TB (2019/2) 5
25. Role of CBNAAT (2019/1) 5
Chapter 243 Hansen Disease (Mycobacterium leprae)
Chapter 244 Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
SECTION 8 SPIROCHETAL INFECTIONS
Chapter 245 Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
1. Radiological features and conrmatory laboratory tests for congenital syphilis (2007/1)10
Chapter 246 Nonvenereal Treponemal Infections
Chapter 247 Leptospira
1. Diagnosis and treatment of leptospirosis (2017/2) 5
Chapter 248 Relapsing Fever (Borrelia)
Chapter 249 Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)
SECTION 9 MYCOPLASMAL INFECTIONS
Chapter 250 Mycoplasma pneumonia
1. Clinical presentation and diagnosis of mycoplasma pneumonia infection (2016/2) 5
Chapter 251 Genital Mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and
Ureaplasma urealyticum)
SECTION 10 CHLAMYDIAL INFECTIONS
Chapter 252 Chlamydia pneumoniae
Chapter 253 Chlamydia trachomatis
Chapter 254 Psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci)
SECTION 11 RICKETTSIAL INFECTIONS
Chapter 255 Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses
Chapter 256 Scrub Typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi)
1. Diagnosis and treatment of Scrub Typhus (2018/1) 5
2. Laboratory findings and diagnosis of rickettsial infection [2018/2]5
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3. Ricketssial infection- when to suspect (2019/2)5

Chapter 257 Typhus Group Rickettsioses
Chapter 258 Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
Chapter 259 Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)
SECTION 12 FUNGAL INFECTIONS
Chapter 260 Principles of Antifungal Therapy
Chapter 261 Candida
Chapter 262 Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii
Chapter 263 Malassezia
Chapter 264 Aspergillus
Chapter 265 Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum)
Chapter 266 Blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatitidis and Blastomyces gilchristii)
Chapter 267 Coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides Species)
Chapter 268 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Chapter 269 Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix schenckii)
Chapter 270 Mucormycosis
Chapter 271 Pneumocystis jirovecii
SECTION 13 VIRAL INFECTIONS
Chapter 272 Principles of Antiviral Therapy
Chapter 273 Measles
1. Diagnosis and treatment of SSPE (1995/2)10
Chapter 274 Rubella
1. Diagnosis and prevention of Congenital Rubella Syndrome (2017/2) 5
Chapter 275 Mumps
Chapter 276 Polioviruses
1. Pulse Polio Immunization (1996/1)15
2. AFP Surveillance (1999/2)15
3. Approach to a child with AFP and components of AFP surveillance (2000/1)15
4. Pulse Polio programme (2002/1) (1998/1)15
5. AFP- Definition, Differential Diagnosis in details, how help in polio eradication (2003/2)25
6. Discuss the differential diagnosis and management of acute accid paralysis in a 2-year-old child.
(2004/2)5+5
7. What is AFP? Discuss the differential diagnosis and management of a child with AFP. Discuss AFP
surveillance (2005)2+3+2+3
8. Define criteria for declaring a country Polio free. What is the present status of wild polio virus
transmission and strategies being used for its control in India? Elaborate on AFP surveillance
(2006)5+5
9. Define AFP. Enlist the causes and investigations of a case of AFP (2006)10
10. What is acute flaccid paralysis? Describe the differential diagnosis and management of a child with
flaccid paralysis. Describe AFP surveillance. (2009/2)2+2+4+2
11. a) Define polio eradication 1
b) Polio eradication in india. 2
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c) Immunisation issues following polio eradication. 3(2015/1)

Chapter 277 Nonpolio Enteroviruses
Chapter 278 Parvoviruses
Chapter 279 Herpes Simplex Virus
Chapter 280 Varicella-Zoster Virus
Chapter 281 Epstein-Barr Virus
Chapter 282 Cytomegalovirus
Chapter 283 Roseola (Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7)
12. Roseola infantum 3(2015/2)
Chapter 284 Human Herpesvirus 8
Chapter 285 Influenza Viruses
1. Comment on clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of Swine u in children. (2009/2)2+3+5
2. A) Virology and epidemiology of Swine Flu 1+2
b) How is the disease categorized according to the government of India guidelines? 3
c) Mention which children need to be immunized and who need to be given medication for the
disease 2+2 (Apr 2016)
3. Current guidelines for management of H1N1 infection (2017/1)5
4. H1N1 infection-clinical features and management in children (2018/2)5
Chapter 286 Parainfluenza Viruses
Chapter 287 Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Chapter 288 Human Metapneumovirus
Chapter 289 Adenoviruses
Chapter 290 Rhinoviruses
Chapter 291 Coronaviruses
1. Prevalence, clinical manifestations and management of Covid-19 infections in children. (2020/01)
2+3+5
Chapter 292 Rotaviruses, Caliciviruses, and Astroviruses
Chapter 293 Human Papillomaviruses
Chapter 294 Arboviral Infections
1. Epidemiology, clinical features, prognosis and prevention of Japanese Encephalitis (2015/1)
2+3+2+3
2. Clinical features and treatment of Chikungunnya (2016/2) 5
Chapter 295 Dengue Fever, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, and Severe Dengue
1. Discuss the management of Dengue Shock Syndrome (1997/1)10
2. Pathogenesis of bleeding and shock in Dengue fever (1998/2)10
3. Dengue Fever (2003/2)15
4. Define DHF and DSS and outline the treatment of DSS (2005)10
5. Diagnosis and management of DHF and DSS (2006/1)10
6. Outline the WHO criteria for diagnosis of dengue hemorrhagic fever. Draw an algorithm for
volume replacement for a child with DHF and > 20% increase in hematocrit. (2009/1)(3+7)
7. Define DHF and DSS. How does DHF differ from dengue fever with hemorrhage? Describe
treatment of DSS. (2009/2) 2+2+1+5

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8. Classify severity of dengue hemorrhagic fever. Write in brief the management of dengue shock
syndrome. (2011/1)4+6
9. What are the fluid, metabolic and biochemical changes in a child with severe dengue? Discuss the
underlying pathophysiology. (2013/1)10
10. Define severe dengue and describe the WHO guidelines for its management. Enumerate the
indications for transfusion in dengue. (2014/1)2+6+2
11. Define severe dengue. Describe the WHO guidelines for its management. Enumerate
complications of Severe Dengue 2+4+4 (Apr 2016)
12. Diagnostic lab tests for dengue fever (2018/1) 4
13. Definition and treatment of Dengue Hemorrhagic fever (2016/1) 3
14. Fluid therapy in DHF (2019/1) 5
15. Fluid management in Dengue Shock Syndrome and its complications (2019/2)5
Chapter 296 Yellow Fever
Chapter 297 Ebola and Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
1. Describe the etiology, mode of transmission, clinical features and management of viral
hemorrhagic fever in children. (2012/1)2+2+3+3
Chapter 298 Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
Chapter 299 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Chapter 300 Rabies
Chapter 301 Polyomaviruses
Chapter 302 Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
1. Infants of HIV seropositive mothers (1995/1)15
2. Prevention of HIV infection during childhood (2002/1)15
3. HIV and Pediatrics (1998/2)10
4. Post exposure HIV prophylaxis (2003/2)15
5. An HIV positive mother has been admitted in labour. What will you do to prevent transmission of
infection to the baby (2005)10
6. Factors involved in perinatal transmission of HIV infection and the various preventive measures
(2006)10
7. Prevention of Childhood AIDS (2007/2)10
8. Clinical Presentations requiring screening for HIV (2007/1)5
9. HIV and TB (2007/1)5
10. Discuss the risk factors for vertical transmission of HIV infection and methods to prevent parent to
child transmission of HIV. (2009/1)4+6
11. Outline clinical and immunological criteria for starting anti-retroviral treatment (ART) in a HIV
infected child. How will you monitor a child initiated on ART? (2009/2)6+4
12. Enlist the common opportunistic infections in HIV infected children. Describe the clinical features,
diagnosis and management of herpes simplex infection in HIV infected children (2011/2)3+2+2+3
13. Discuss the available strategies for prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV. (2012/1)10
14. Enumerate opportunistic infections in HIV infected children. How will you treat and prevent
pneumocystis jiroveci infection? (2012/1)5+3+2
15. Briefly discuss the pulmonary disorders seen in children with HIV/AIDS. (2013/1)10
16. Discuss the key issues in the management of an HIV exposed infant. (2013/2)10
17. Strategies to prevent mother to child transmission of HIV infection (2017/1) 5
18. AIDS defining diseases in children (2016/2)

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19. WHO guidelines for breastfeeding in a baby born to HIV positive mother (2019/1) 5
20. Anti-retroviral therapy in children (2019/1) 5
21. Dry blood PCR for HIV/AIDS testing (2019/1) 5
22. Treatment guidelines of neonate born to HIV positive mother (2018/2) 5
Chapter 303 Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses (1 and 2)
Chapter 304 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
SECTION 14 ANTIPARASITIC THERAPY
Chapter 305 Principles of Antiparasitic Therapy
SECTION 15 PROTOZOAN DISEASES
Chapter 306 Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis
Chapter 307 Amebiasis
Chapter 308 Giardiasis and Balantidiasis
Chapter 309 Cryptosporidium, Cystoisospora, Cyclospora, and Microsporidia
Chapter 310 Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis)
Chapter 311 Leishmaniasis (Leishmania)
1. Current therapy of Kala azar (2017/2) 5
Chapter 312 African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness; Trypanosoma brucei Complex)
Chapter 313 American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease; Trypanosoma cruzi)
Chapter 314 Malaria (Plasmodium)
1. Define drug resistant malaria, what are the different types of drug resistance as per WHO criteria.
Discuss the various management strategies of Drug resistant Malaria 25
2. Management of Cerebral Malaria 15
3. Malaria prophylaxis (1994/2)15
4. Drug resistant Malaria (2003/1)15
5. What are management guidelines of malaria under the national programme? How will you
6. manage a case of cerebral malaria. (2004/2)4+6
7. Enumerate manifestations of Severe Malaria and their management (2006/2)10
8. A 4-year-old girl presents with history of fever for 2 days associated with severe anemia, black
colored urine and splenomegaly. Discuss the management of this patient. (2008/2)10
9. Describe clinical manifestations of cerebral malaria. Enlist the differential diagnosis and
10. investigations required. Write management of a case of cerebral malaria in high endemic area.
(2009/1)(2+3+5)
11. Define complicated malaria. Describe the management strategies of complicated
malaria.(2009/2)3+7
12. Provide algorithms for case-detection and treatment for a child with fever, suspected to have
malaria, as per National Vector Borne Disease Control Program: (2010/2)5+5
13. Write short notes on: Laboratory diagnosis of malaria (2011/2) 5
14. List the WHO criteria to diagnose severe malaria. Discuss the management of a child with cerebral
malaria. (2013/1)4+6
15. Newer antimalarial drugs (2015/1) 4
16. Treatment of diagnosed cases of cerebral malaria (2018/1) 5
17. Clinical features, diagnostic tests and management of severe malaria in children (2017/1) 10
18. Recent National malarial treatment guidelines (2019/1) 5
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Chapter 315 Babesiosis (Babesia)

Chapter 316 Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
SECTION 16 HELMINTHIC DISEASES
Chapter 317 Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides)
Chapter 318 Hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma spp.)
Chapter 319 Trichuriasis (Trichuris trichiura)
1. Management of worm infestation in children (2017/1) 5
Chapter 320 Enterobiasis (Enterobius vermicularis)
Chapter 321 Strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides stercoralis)
Chapter 322 Lymphatic Filariasis (Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, and Wuchereria bancrofti)
Chapter 323 Other Tissue Nematodes
Chapter 324 Toxocariasis (Visceral and Ocular Larva Migrans)
Chapter 325 Trichinellosis (Trichinella spiralis)
Chapter 326 Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma)
Chapter 327 Flukes (Liver, Lung, and Intestinal)
Chapter 328 Adult Tapeworm Infections
Chapter 329 Cysticercosis
1. Current management of Neurocysticercosis (1992)15
2. Brain CT findings in a case of Congenital toxoplasmosis and cysticercosis (1994)15
3. Management of neurocysticercosis (2016/2) 3
Chapter 330 Echinococcosis (Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis)

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PART XVII - THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

SECTION 1 CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE
Chapter 331 Normal Digestive Tract Phenomena
Chapter 332 Major Symptoms and Signs of Digestive Tract Disorders
SECTION 2 THE ORAL CAVITY
Chapter 333 Development and Developmental Anomalies of the Teeth
Chapter 334 Disorders of the Oral Cavity Associated With Other Conditions
Chapter 335 Malocclusion
Chapter 336 Cleft Lip and Palate
Chapter 337 Syndromes With Oral Manifestations
Chapter 338 Dental Caries
Chapter 339 Periodontal Diseases
Chapter 340 Dental Trauma
Chapter 341 Common Lesions of the Oral Soft Tissues
Chapter 342 Diseases of the Salivary Glands and Jaws
Chapter 343 Diagnostic Radiology in Dental Assessment
SECTION 3 THE ESOPHAGUS
Chapter 344 Embryology, Anatomy, and Function of the Esophagus
1. A. Development of diaphragm,trachea,and esophagus 2+2+2
b. Diagrammatically depict various types of trachea esophageal fistulae 4 (1/2016)
Chapter 345 Congenital Anomalies
1. Tracheoesophageal Fistula and Esophageal atresia (2006/1)10
Chapter 346 Obstructing and Motility Disorders of the Esophagus
Chapter 347 Dysmotility
Chapter 348 Hiatal Hernia
Chapter 349 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
1. Gastro esophageal reflux (1994/2)15
2. Describe physiological basis of Gastroesophageal reflux. Discuss clinical features and
3. management of GERD (2014/2) 3+(2+5)
4. Define gastro – esophageal reflux disease (GERD). Describe its clinical features, diagnosis and
treatment. (2012/1)1+3+3+3
5. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in pediatric population 5(2015/2)
6. Treatment of GERD (2017/1) 5
Chapter 350 Eosinophilic Esophagitis, Pill Esophagitis, and
Infective Esophagitis
Chapter 351 Esophageal Perforation
Chapter 352 Esophageal Varices
1. Hematemesis (1994)15
2. A 5 yr old child brought to the emergency- H/o 2 bouts of massive hematemesis. On examination
the child is pale and BP is 90/60. Discuss the emergency room management of this child. After the
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child is stabilized what laboratory diagnosis would you do in this child. What is the Differential
Diagnosis and treatment of this condition (2005)10
3. Management of Acute Upper GI Bleeding (2006)10
4. Discuss the management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a 5-year-old child. (2008/1)10
5. Define hematemesis, malena and hematochezia.
A 3 years old child presents with sudden onset vomiting of blood. Describe the approach to this
child (including history and examination). Outline the steps of management. (2008/2)10
Chapter 353 Ingestions
SECTION 4 STOMACH AND INTESTINES
Chapter 354 Normal Development, Structure, and Function of the Stomach and Intestines
Chapter 355 Pyloric Stenosis and Other Congenital Anomalies of the Stomach
Chapter 356 Intestinal Atresia, Stenosis, and Malrotation
Chapter 357 Intestinal Duplications, Meckel Diverticulum, and
Other Remnants of the Omphalomesenteric Duct
Chapter 358 Motility Disorders and Hirschsprung Disease
1. Encopresis (1999/2)15
2. Discuss the treatment of the following: Persistent constipation (2014/1) 3
3. Treatment of functional constipation (2020/01)5
Chapter 359 Ileus, Adhesions, Intussusception, and Closed-Loop Obstructions
Chapter 360 Foreign Bodies and Bezoars
Chapter 361 Peptic Ulcer Disease in Children
1. What is H.Pylori Bacillus? How is it associated with chronic abdominal pain (1998/2)10
Chapter 362 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Chapter 363 Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis
Chapter 364 Disorders of Malabsorption
1. Diagnosis of carbohydrate intolerance (1995/1)15
2. Define malabsorption. Enlist the generalized and specific malabsorption states. Discuss the
investigative plan for a child with generalized malabsorption. (2008/1)10
3. Causes investigations and treatment of child with suspected intestinal malabsorption (2016/2) 10
4. When to suspect and how to investigate malabsorption syndrome (2018/1) 5
CELIAC DISEASE:
1. Pathogenesis of Celiac Disease (1997/2)15
2. Diagnosis and management of a child with Celiac Disease (2006/1)10
3. Aetiopathogenesis and diagnosis of celiac disease (2007/2)10
4. Discuss evaluation of a child with suspected intestinal malabsorption. Describe genetics,
pathogenesis, clinical spectrum and extra intestinal manifestations of celiac disease. (13/2) 5+5
5. Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and management of gluten sensitive enteropathy.
3+4+3(15/2)
6. Serological tests for celiac disease (2018/2) 5
7. Diagnosis of Celiac disease (2019/1) 5
8. Explain the pathogenesis and diagnosis of celiac disease. (2020/01)4
9. Define non-responsive celiac disease and refractory celiac disease. (2020/01)4+2
Chapter 365 Intestinal Transplantation in Children With Intestinal Failure

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Chapter 366 Acute Gastroenteritis in Children

1. Enumerate the etiology and discuss the pathogenesis of acute diarrhoea. Describe the approach to
management of a child with acute watery diarrhoea. (2004/2)3+3+4
2. Discuss the management of acute diarrhea with particular reference to low osmolarity ORS, zinc,
probiotics and antibiotics. (2010/2)3+2+3+2
3. Describe the types of diarrhoea with examples. Discuss their pathophysiological mechanisms.
(2011/2)5+5
4. A 9-month old child with acute watery diarrhea develops seizures and altered sensorium. Discuss
the differential diagnosis of CNS symptoms. Provide diagnostic algorithm for managing this child.
(2012/1)6+4
5. A 3-year-old child is brought with history of acute dysentery around 10 days back. Now the child
developed pallor with oliguria. Discuss the differential diagnosis, investigative approach and
treatment of this child. (2013/1) 3+4+3
6. Management of dysentery (2017/2) 5
7. Role of antisecretory agents in diarrhoea (2019/1) 5
8. Management of 8 months old baby with diarrhea without dehydration. (2019/1) 5
Chapter 367 Chronic Diarrhea
1. Pathogenesis of Persistent Diarrhea of infancy (1996/2)10
2. Persistent Diarrhea (1999/1)15
3. Chronic Diarrhea in Infancy (2000/1)15
4. Write management of Persistent Diarrhea (2006)5
5. Approach and management of a child with Persistent Diarrhea (2006)10
6. Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of antibiotic associated diarrhoea.
(2010/2)1+2+3+4
7. Outline the etiopathogenesis of chronic diarrhea and provide a scheme of investigating for a child
with chronic diarrhea. (2011/1)5+5
Chapter 368 Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
8. Define Recurrent Abdominal Pain (RAP) and list the diagnostic features of functional RAP.
9. Suggest a plan for investigations and managing a 10 year old girl with RAP (09/1)4+6
10. Outline the clinical approach to diagnosis of a child with: (13/1)
a. Short duration / acute pain abdomen; and 5
b. Long duration/ recurrent pain abdomen 5
11. Recurrent abdominal pain in children 5(14/2)
Chapter 369 Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome
Chapter 370 Acute Appendicitis
Chapter 371 Surgical Conditions of the Anus and Rectum
Chapter 372 Tumors of the Digestive Tract
Chapter 373 Inguinal Hernias
SECTION 5 EXOCRINE PANCREAS
Chapter 374 Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Pancreas
1. Embryology and anatomy of pancreas (2015/1) 3
2. Physiology of exocrine pancreas (2015/1) 3
3. Enlist the functions of pancreas. Outline the pancreatic function tests and their implications in
pediatric practice. (2010/2)4+6

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Chapter 375 Pancreatic Function Tests

1. How would you assess the pancreatic functions (2015/1) 4
Chapter 376 Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas
1. Pathophysiology and causes of pancreatic enzyme insufficiency (2018/2) 5
Chapter 377 Treatment of Pancreatic Insufficiency
Chapter 378 Pancreatitis
2. Chronic pancreatitis in children 5(14/2)
3. Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features and management of acute pancreatitis in children.
(2010/1)2+2+2+4
Chapter 379 Pancreatic Fluid Collections
Chapter 380 Pancreatic Tumors
SECTION 6 THE LIVER AND BILIARY SYSTEM
Chapter 381 Morphogenesis of the Liver and Biliary System
1. Hepatobiliary morphogenesis (2018/2) 5
Chapter 382 Manifestations of Liver Disease
1. Describe clinical, laboratory and radiologic evaluation of possible liver dysfunction in children.
(2011/2)3+4+3
2. Liver function tests (2015/1)5
3. Liver biopsy – Indications, complications and management of complications (2019/2)6
Chapter 383 Cholestasis
1. Cholestatic Jaundice 15
2. Biliary Atresia (1995)15
3. List the causes of infantile cholestasis. Provide an algorithm for the diagnosis of infantile
cholestasis. (2004/2)3+7
4. Persistent Jaundice in neonates (2006)10
5. Clinical approach, investigations and management of a neonate with Cholestatic jaundice
(2006/1)10
6. A 6 week old child is brought with a history of jaundice since 3 weeks of age, high colored urine
with staining of napkins and pale colored stools. Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of this condition.
What is the differential diagnosis and treatment of this condition (2006)10
7. Define neonatal cholestasis. Outline clinical features and scheme for evaluation of a neonate with
cholestasis. (2011/1)2+3+5
8. Diagnostic evaluation of biliary atresia (2018/1) 5
9. Differential diagnosis of cholestatic jaundice at 1st month of life (2019/1) 5
Chapter 384 Metabolic Diseases of the Liver
WILSONS DISEASE
1. Write in brief the etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations of Wilson’s disease. Outline the desired
investigation helpful in making a diagnosis of Wilson’s disease. (2011/1)3+3+4
2. Discuss the pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis and treatment of Wilson’s disease.
(2013/1)2+3+3+2
3. Clinical presentation, investigations and treatment of Wilson’s Disease (2016/2) 10
Chapter 385 Viral Hepatitis
1. Diagnosis and management of Acute Viral Hepatitis (1996/2)12
HEPATITIS B
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1. Viral markers of Hepatitis B 15

2. Immunological markers of Hepatitis B 15
3. Hepatitis B infection in children (20 03/1)15
4. A 3-year-old child is brought with a history of jaundice since 2 months. She gives a history of blood
transfusion at 18 months of age. Her HBsAg is positive. Discuss Briefly other viral markers of Hep B
infection which will help in monitoring and treatment of child. Discuss the management of
fulminant hepatic failure. Add a note on Liver Transplantation. (2006)10
5. Discuss the modes of transmission of hepatotrophic viral infections. Outline the clinical features,
diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis B infection in children. (2013/1) 2+3+3+2
6. a) Serological course of Hepatitis B 4
b) Treatment strategies for acute and chronic hepatitis 3+3 (2015/2)
Chapter 386 Liver Abscess
1. Outline the differential diagnosis of tender hepatomegaly. Describe the management of liver
abscess. (2010/1)5+5
Chapter 387 Liver Disease Associated With Systemic Disorders
Chapter 388 Mitochondrial Hepatopathies
Chapter 389 Autoimmune Hepatitis
Chapter 390 Drug- and Toxin-Induced Liver Injury
Chapter 391 Acute Hepatic Failure
1. Describe Biochemical and Pathological changes in various organs in Hepatic Encephalopathy. How
will you manage a case (1993/2)10
2. Laboratory Finding of Fulminant Hepatic Failure (1998/2)10
3. Hepatic Encephalopathy- pathophysiology and management (2003/2)25
4. Discuss the management of Fulminant Hepatic Failure. Add a note on Liver Transplantation (2006)
5. Define Fulminant Hepatic Failure and outline the staging of severity of Hepatic encephalopathy.
Discuss the steps in its management. (2009/1)4+6
6. Outline the management of an 8-year-old child with acute liver cell failure and hepatic
encephalopathy. (2010/2)10
7. Define fulminant hepatic failure. Discuss factors precipitating hepatic encephalopathy and
management of hepatic encephalopathy. (2014/2)2+(3+5)
8. a) Define chronic liver disease 1
9. b) Causes clinical approach and management of a case of chronic liver disease. 2+3+4 (15/1)
10. Define Fulminant Hepatic Failure. Write stages of Hepatic encephalopathy. Outline steps in its
management. 2+3+5 (Apr 2016), (1/2016)
11. Management of Hepatic encephalopathy (2016/2) 5
12. Management of fulminant hepatic failure [2018/2]5
13. What are the signs of liver cell failure and their pathophysiology (2019/1) 5
14. Diagnosis and management of fulminant hepatic failure (2019/2)5
15. Metabolic causes of hepatic failure. (2020/01)5
Chapter 392 Cystic Diseases of the Biliary Tract and Liver
Chapter 393 Diseases of the Gallbladder
Chapter 394 Portal Hypertension and Varices
1. Pathophysiology of Portal Hypertension (1998/2)10
2. Discuss the causes, clinical features and management of portal hypertension in children.
(2004/2)3+3+4
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3. Diagrammatically represent the portal venous system and the sites of Porto-systemic vascular
anastomosis in portal hypertension. Discuss the types, cause and pathophysiology of portal
hypertension (2007/1)10
4. Treatment for variceal haemorrhage.
5. Clinical features and diagnosis of portal hypertension [2018/2]5
Chapter 395 Liver Transplantation
1. Liver transplantation. Indication and procedure (2019/1) 5
SECTION 7 PERITONEUM
Chapter 396 Peritoneal Malformations
Chapter 397 Ascites
1. Differential Diagnosis of Ascites in children (1993/1)10
2. Enumerate the causes and discuss the types, pathogenesis and evaluation of ascites in children.
(2011/2)2+2+3+3
Chapter 398 Peritonitis
Chapter 399 Epigastric Hernia

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PART XVIII - THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

SECTION 1 DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION
Chapter 400 Diagnostic Approach to Respiratory Disease
1. Outline the pulmonary function testing in children with emphasis on performance and
interpretation of spirometry. (2008/1)10
2. Discuss Pulmonary Function Tests and their clinical utility. (2013/2)7+3
3. Give graphical picture and explanation of elastic volume-pressure relationship of lung and chest
wall in children 6 (1/16)
4. How would you distinguish restrictive vs obstructive lung disease based on PFT? 4 (1/16)
5. Calculation of alveolar arterial oxygen gradient and its role in diagnosis of lung diseases (2019/1) 5
Chapter 401 Chronic or Recurrent Respiratory Symptoms
Chapter 402 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Chapter 403 Brief Resolved Unexplained Events and Other Acute Events in Infants
SECTION 2 DISORDERS OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
Chapter 404 Congenital Disorders of the Nose
Chapter 405 Acquired Disorders of the Nose
1. Causes and treatment of epistaxis (2018/2) 5
Chapter 406 Nasal Polyps
Chapter 407 The Common Cold
Chapter 408 Sinusitis
1. Diagnosis and management of acute sinusitis (2019/2)4
Chapter 409 Acute Pharyngitis
1. Indications to use antibiotics in children with Upper Respiratory Infections (1997/1)10
Chapter 410 Retropharyngeal Abscess, Lateral Pharyngeal (Parapharyngeal) Abscess, and
Peritonsillar Cellulitis/Abscess
Chapter 411 Tonsils and Adenoids
1. Management of Acute Tonsillitis in children (1998/1)15
2. Discuss the treatment of Nasal polyps in children (2014/1) 3
Chapter 412 Acute Inflammatory Upper Airway Obstruction (Croup, Epiglottitis, Laryngitis, and
Bacterial Tracheitis)
1. Management of Acute Stridor in a Preschool child (1993/1)15
2. A 2-year-old child presents to the hospital with fever and Stridor of 12 hour duration. Discuss the
diagnosis (1997/1)10
3. List the common causes of stridor in children. How will you diagnose and manage a case of
stridor? (2004/2)3+4+3
4. Clinical Evaluation and management of a child with stridor (2006/1)10
5. 1-year-old child is brought with a history of sudden onset of respiratory distress and stridor of 2
days’ duration. What is the differential diagnosis? Discuss the steps in the management of Viral
Croup (2006/2 )10
6. Discuss the differential diagnosis and management of a 3-year-old girl with history of cough and
cold, presenting with onset of noisy breathing, barking cough, hoarse voice and respiratory
distress. (2008/1)10
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7. Differential diagnosis and management of acute stridor in a 2 years old child. (2010/1)3+7
8. A 2-year-old boy presents with fever, change of voice and stridor for 2 days. Outline the
9. differential diagnosis and management options. (2012/1)6+4
10. Management of ALTB (2017/2) 4
Chapter 413 Congenital Anomalies of the Larynx, Trachea, and Bronchi
1. Bronchogenic cysts (2018/2)5
Chapter 414 Foreign Bodies in the Airway
1. Diagnosis of Bronchial Foreign Body (1993/2)10
Chapter 415 Laryngotracheal Stenosis and Subglottic Stenosis
Chapter 416 Bronchomalacia and Tracheomalacia
Chapter 417 Neoplasms of the Larynx, Trachea, and Bronchi
Chapter 418 Wheezing, Bronchiolitis, and Bronchitis
1. Course and prognosis of Acute Bronchiolitis (1998/2)10
2. Define acute bronchiolitis. Describe its etiopathogenesis and characteristics features. Outline the
essential steps in management of bronchiolitis. (2010/2) 2+2+2+4
3. Recent advances in treatment of bronchiolitis (2018/2) 5
4. Management of recurrent/persistent wheezing in children [2018/2]5
5. Management of Bronchiolitis (2019/1) 5
Chapter 419 Plastic Bronchitis
Chapter 420 Emphysema and Overinflation
Chapter 421 α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency and Emphysema
Chapter 422 Other Distal Airway Diseases
Chapter 423 Congenital Disorders of the Lung
1. Describe the congenital malformations of the lungs. Discuss the diagnosis and management of
these malformations (1996/2)25
2. Detail the causes for localized emphysema of the lung. Describe the presentation and
management of congenital lobar emphysema. (2008/1)10
Chapter 424 Pulmonary Edema
Chapter 425 Aspiration Syndromes
Chapter 426 Chronic Recurrent Aspiration
1. List conditions predisposing children to Aspiration Lung injury. Mention clinical features and
principles of management of Chronic Aspiration. Conditions predisposing children to aspiration
lung injury (2007/2)10
Chapter 427 Immune and Inflammatory Lung Disease
1. Diagnosis and treatment of Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (2018/1) 5
Chapter 428 Community-Acquired Pneumonia
2. Treatment of Staphylococcal pneumonia (1993/1)10
3. Discuss Briefly the Differential diagnosis and management of a case of Persistent Pneumonia in a 3
month old infant (1999/2)15
4. Discuss differential diagnosis and management of a child with recurrent pneumonia. (2011/2)4+6
5. WHO Classification of community acquired pneumonia in children less than 5 years of age
(2018/1) 5
6. Causes and investigations for persistent pneumonia. (2018/1)5
7. Causes and investigations of persistent pneumonia (2019/2)5
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Chapter 429 Pleurisy, Pleural Effusions, and Empyema

8. Describe the etiology, stages of evolution, clinical manifestations, diagnostic investigations and
management of empyema thoracis (2011/1)1+2+2+2+3
Chapter 430 Bronchiectasis
Chapter 431 Pulmonary Abscess
Chapter 432 Cystic Fibrosis
1. Pathophysiology and clinical features of Cystic Fibrosis (2006)10
2. Diagnostic work up of a child with cystic fibrosis(CF). Describe management of a child with CF.
(2014/2) 4+6
3. Outline management of pulmonary involvement with cystic fibrosis. 5(2015/2)
4. Diagnosis of cystic fibrosis [2018/2]5
5. Diagnosis and treatment of cystic fibrosis in children (2019/1) 5
Chapter 433 Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (Immotile Cilia Syndrome, Kartagener Syndrome)
1. Describe location, structure and function of cilia in respiratory tract. Discuss the clinical
presentation and management of primary ciliary dyskinesia? (2011/2)3+7
2. Primary ciliary dyskinesia – Diagnosis (2017/2) 6
Chapter 434 Diffuse Lung Diseases in Childhood
1. Define interstitial lung disease (ILD). Enlist pediatric ILDs. Write brief description of lymphocytic
interstitial pneumonitis (LIP). Outline the treatment options for ILD in children. (2008/1)10
Chapter 435 Pulmonary Hemosiderosis
Chapter 436 Pulmonary Embolism, Infarction, and Hemorrhage
Chapter 437 Atelectasis
Chapter 438 Pulmonary Tumors
Chapter 439 Pneumothorax
Chapter 440 Pneumomediastinum
Chapter 441 Hydrothorax
Chapter 442 Hemothorax
Chapter 443 Chylothorax
Chapter 444 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Chapter 445 Skeletal Diseases Influencing Pulmonary Function
Chapter 446 Chronic Respiratory Insufficiency
1. Central hypoventilation syndrome. (2013/2) 5
2. Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation and management of a two months old
child with chronic lung disease. (2014/1) 2+2+2+4

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PART XIX - THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

SECTION 1 DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Chapter 447 Cardiac Development
1. Embryology of heart development (2016/2) 5
Chapter 448 The Fetal to Neonatal Circulatory Transition
2. Fetal Circulation and cardiovascular adjustments after birth (2006/1)10
3. Outline Fetal Circulation (2007/2)
4. Draw a labeled diagram of fetal circulation. Indicate partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and
oxygen saturation (SaO2) values at key points in this circulation. (2008/1)10
5. Fetal circulation and changes after birth (2010/1)5+5, (2015/1) 4+3
6. Depict diagrammatically fetal circulation. Highlight its unique features differentiating it from
neonatal circulation. Outline important changes occurring at birth. (2011/1)4+3+3
7. Foetal circulation and changes at birth. (2018/1)
8. Fetal circulation and changes after birth (2020/01)5

SECTION 2 EVALUATION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM AND THE CHILD WITH A

HEART MURMUR
Chapter 449 History and Physical Examination in Cardiac Evaluation
1. Significance of S2 in clinical practice (1998/1)15
2. Enumerate the conditions where you can get
a. Loud S2
b. Wide splitting S2
3. Explain the pathophysiology of fixed splitting of S2 (2005)10
4. A one-year-old child is referred for an asymptomatic cardiac murmur. Outline the likely causes.
How will you differentiate an innocent murmur from that of a congenital heart disease, on clinical
grounds? (2009/1)3+7
Chapter 450 Laboratory Cardiac Evaluation
1. Diagnostic Cardiac Catheterisation (2019/2) 5

SECTION 3 CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

Chapter 451 Epidemiology and Genetic Basis of Congenital Heart Disease
Chapter 452 Evaluation and Screening of the Infant or Child With Congenital Heart Disease
Chapter 453 Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Left-to-Right Shunt Lesions
1. Describe the development of ventricular septum. Discuss the clinical features and management of
VSD, and enumerate the indications for surgical intervention. (2014/1)3+3+2+2
2. Medical management of PDA [2018/2]5
Chapter 454 Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Obstructive Lesions
Chapter 455 Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Regurgitant Lesions
Chapter 456 Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Evaluation of the Critically Ill Neonate With
Cyanosis and Respiratory Distress
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Chapter 457 Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Lesions Associated With Decreased Pulmonary
Blood Flow
1. Cyanotic Spell (1994/2)15
2. How do you classify congenital cyanotic heart disease? Discuss their investigations (1997/2)15
3. Complications of Fallot’s Tetralogy and their management (1999/2)10
4. Management of Paroxysmal Hypercyanotic spell (1999/2)15
5. Pathophysiology of Cyanotic spells (2002/1)15
6. What are the congenital heart diseases associated with cyanotic spells. Write clinical
7. presentation and management of cyanotic spell. (2004/2)2+3+5
8. How will you manage a child in cyanotic spell (2006)5
9. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of Eisenmenger Syndrome (2007/1)10
10. Discuss the hemodynamics and pathophysiology of Tetralogy of Fallot. Outline management of
cyanotic spell in a 2-year-old child. (2012/1)4+3+3
11. Describe the hemodynamics and clinical features of tricuspid atresia in a neonate. Outline the
expected findings on ECG and chest X-ray. (2013/1) 3+3+2+2
12. Causes of blue spells in neonates (2017/2) 6
13. Complications of TOF (2017/2) 5
14. Pathophysiology and treatment of cyanotic spells. (2018/1) 5, (2019/1)
Chapter 458 Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Lesions Associated With Increased Pulmonary
Blood Flow
1. Clinical features and management of Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (2016/2) 5
Chapter 459 Other Congenital Heart and Vascular Malformations
Chapter 460 Pulmonary Hypertension
1. Pathophysiology of Eisenmenger syndrome (2018/2)5
Chapter 461 General Principles of Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease
1. Discuss the various minimally surgical invasive devices and procedures available for the
management of common congenital heart diseases in children. (2007/1)10

SECTION 4 CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS

Chapter 462 Disturbances of Rate and Rhythm of the Heart
1. Classification of cardiac arrythmias and management of WPW Syndrome (1992)15
2. Arrythmias- pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of different types (2003/2)15
3. Describe the etiopathogenesis of supraventricular tachycardia in children. Discuss the diagnosis
and management of a child with supraventricular tachycardia. (2004/2)3+3+4
4. What are the causes, manifestations and management of a young child with SVT (2006)10
5. Classify stable and unstable arrythmias. Discuss the types of SVT (Supra Ventricular Tachycardia)
with their ECG changes. Outline the approach to manage unstable arrhythmias (2008/2)10
6. Classify anti – arrhythmic drugs used in children. Describe the mechanism of action and uses of
Amiodarone. (2010/1)5+5
7. Enumerate the causes and outline the characteristics and treatment of Supraventricular
8. Tachycardia (SVT) in an infant (2010/2)3+3+4
9. Enumerate life threatening tachyarrhythmias in childhood. How would you diagnose them? Briefly
outline their emergency interventions. (2012/1) 2+4+4
10. AVNRT (AV Nodal Re-Entrant tachycardia) 4(1/2016)

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11. Enumerate difference between sinus tachycardia and SVT in a tabular format (2017/2) 4
12. Management of SVT (2019/1) 5
13. Approach to arrhythmia in children (2019/2)5
Chapter 463 Sudden Death
14. Recent understanding of SIDS (1994/1)15
SECTION 5 ACQUIRED HEART DISEASE
Chapter 464 Infective Endocarditis
1. Pathogens, clinical features and management of infective endocarditis. (2010/1)2+4+4
2. Enumerate common pathogens of infective endocarditis. List conditions/ interventions which
require prophylaxis for infective endocarditis in a child with underlying heart disease. Outline
antibiotic therapy for a child with RHD and infective endocarditis. (2011/1)2+3+5
3. Outline Duke criteria for diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis. Discuss its application in clinical
setting. (2013/1)6+4
4. Infective endocarditis prophylaxis in heart disease [2018/2] 5
Chapter 465 Rheumatic Heart Disease
1. Treatment of Acute Rheumatic carditis (1997/1)15

SECTION 6 DISEASES OF THE MYOCARDIUM AND PERICARDIUM

Chapter 466 Diseases of the Myocardium
1. Cardiomyopathy (1995/1)15
2. Diagnosis of Cardiomyopathy (1996/2)12
3. Discuss in brief the etiopathogenesis, clinical features and management of dilated
cardiomyopathy. (2012/1)3+3+4
4. Causes of cardiomyopathy in children (2017/1) 5
5. Management of acute myocarditis[2018/2]5
6. Differential diagnosis and treatment modality of DCM (2019/1) 5
Chapter 467 Diseases of the Pericardium
1. Diagnosis and management of Constrictive Pericarditis (1999/2)10
Chapter 468 Tumors of the Heart

SECTION 7 CARDIAC THERAPEUTICS

Chapter 469 Heart Failure
1. Newer approaches in management of CCF (1993/1)15
2. Treatment of Intractable CCF (1993/2)10
3. Describe Briefly the Pathophysiology of CCF and management of Refractory Failure (1998/2)25
4. Intractable congestive heart failure- management approach (2002/1) 15
5. ACE inhibitors in CCF with congenital heart disease (2003/1)15
6. CCF- Pathophysiology and management (2003/2)25
7. How will you manage a child in Refractory CCF (2006)5
8. Discuss the pathogenesis of Congestive Heart failure and the role of vasodilators in its
management (2006)10
9. Refractory congestive heart failure- causes and management (2007/2)10

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10. Discuss the role of vasodilator therapy in congestive heart failure. Enumerate various vasodilator
agents used in CHF and their respective mechanisms of action. (2008/1)10 4+3+3(2015/2)
11. A 13-year-old male is brought with an H/o progressive Dyspnea on exertion. He has past H/o
recurrent joint pain. What is the most likely diagnosis? How will you investigate and manage the
child? Add a note on Refractory CCF in a child (2005)5+5
12. List the causes of congestive heart failure in a 2 years old child. Describe different types of VSD
according to position and size. Write indicators for surgical intervention/ device closure.
(2008/1)10
13. A 3-year-old child having fever for 2 days suddenly develops breathlessness, tachycardia and
sweating. Describe the differential diagnosis of this case and its treatment. (2009/2)5+5
14. A 2-month old baby presents with history of failure to gain weight, tachypnea, tachycardia,
difficulty in taking feed and excessive perspiration. On examination –no cyanosis, hepatomegaly
and systolic murmur is noted. Discuss differential diagnosis, investigations and management.
15. Management of congestive heart failure (2017/2) 5
Chapter 470 Pediatric Heart and Heart-Lung Transplantation
SECTION 8 DISEASES OF THE PERIPHERAL VASCULAR SYSTEM
Chapter 471 Diseases of the Blood Vessels (Aneurysms and Fistulas)
Chapter 472 Systemic Hypertension
1. Diagnosis of Essential Hypertension in children (1993/1)10
2. Investigations in a child with Hypertension (1995/1)10
3. Treatment of Hypertension (1997/2)12
4. Discuss etiology, diagnosis and management of Childhood Hypertension (2000/1)25
5. Severe Hypertension in infancy (2000/1)15
6. Discuss the causes of Hypertension in a 7-year-old child. Approach of investigation and
management of such a case (2002/1)25
7. A 8 year old child is brought with a history of convulsions and altered sensorium. On examination
her BP was 180/110 mm Hg. Discuss the D/D and laboratory investigations in this child. Discuss the
management of Hypertensive Encephalopathy in this child. Add a note on fundus changes in
hypertension. (2006)10
8. Recent advances in management of Hypertension (2006/1)10
9. Essential Hypertension in children (2007/1)10
10. Discuss the treatment of Hypertension in children. Classify the drugs used to treat hypertension
and Briefly mention their mechanism of action (2007/2)10
11. A 10 year old boy is brought with a history of convulsions and altered sensorium. On examination,
his BP was 180/110 mm of Hg. Describe differential diagnosis, laboratory investigations and
treatment of this case. (2009/2)3+4+3
12. Describe the causes and pathogenesis or renal and renovascular hypertension. Outline principles
of management. (2012/1)3+3+4
13. Define Hypertension in children. Enumerate the causes and discuss the management of an 8 years
old boy presenting with a blood pressure of 210/160 mm Hg with seizures. (2014/1)2+3+5
14. An 8-year-old child is brought with a history of convulsions and altered sensorium. His BP is
180/110 mm Hg. Discuss the D/D and laboratory investigations and management of this patient.
3+3+4(Apr 2016)
15. Treatment of hypertensive emergency (2018/1) 5
16. Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of high blood pressure in children. (2020/01)5

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PART XX - DISEASES OF THE BLOOD

SECTION 1 THE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM

Chapter 473 Development of the Hematopoietic System
1. Fetal Hematopoiesis (2019/2)4
Chapter 474 The Anemias
1. Discuss the etiology and investigations in a case of Anemia (1994)25
2. Describe laboratory investigations in an infant with anemia and Briefly outline the interpretation of
test results (1995/1)25
3. Severe anemia in the first year of life (2002/1)15
4. What is peripheral smear finding in (2005)2+2+2+2+2
a. Thalassemia Major
b. Lead poisoning
c. Megaloblastic anemia
d. CRF
e. Malaria
5. List the causes of microcytic hypochromic anemia. How will you differentiate between iron
deficiency anemia and thalassemia? Discuss Briefly the oral iron chelators. (2008/1)10
6. Approach to 2 days old neonate with anemia (2019/2)6

SECTION 2 ANEMIAS OF INADEQUATE PRODUCTION

Chapter 475 Congenital Hypoplastic Anemia (Diamond-Blackfan Anemia)
1. Characteristic hematological features, laboratory findings and treatment of congenital hypoplastic
anemia (Diamond Blackfan Anemia) 3+3+4 (2015/2)
2. Diamond -Blackfan anemia-clinical features and treatment [2018/2]5
Chapter 476 Pearson Syndrome
Chapter 477 Acquired Pure Red Blood Cell Anemia
1. Management of Aplastic anemia 5 (Apr 2016)
2. Management of aplastic anemia (2019/1) 5
Chapter 478 Anemia of Chronic Disease and Renal Disease
Chapter 479 Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemias
Chapter 480 Physiologic Anemia of Infancy
Chapter 481 Megaloblastic Anemias
1. Megaloblastic anemia (2003/2)15
2. List the common causes of macrocytic anaemia. Describe the laboratory diagnosis of megaloblastic
anaemia and treatment of juvenile pernicious anaemia. (2004/2)4+3+3
3. Clinicohematological prole of Megaloblastic Anaemia (2006/1)10
4. Discuss causes, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings and treatment of Folate Deficiency
anaemia in children (2007/2)10
5. Enlist the common causes of macrocytic anemia. Describe the laboratory diagnosis and treatment
of megaloblastic anemia. (2009/2)2+3+5

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6. Write short note on: Peripheral smear findings in iron deficiency and B12 deficiency anemia
(2010/2)2.5+2.5
7. Diagnostic and management of Megaloblastic anemia (2019/1) 5
Chapter 482 Iron-Deficiency Anemia
1. Prevention of Iron Deficiency Anemia in children (1995/2)15
2. Management of Iron Deficiency anemia (1998/2)10
3. Enlist the causes and outline the Differential Diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency anemia
(2005)3+3+4
4. Outline the etiology of iron deficiency in children. Describe the clinical features and approach to
diagnosis of a child suspected to be having nutritional anemia. (2013/1)3+(2+5)
5. Describe the sequential pathological changes seen with iron deficiency states. What laboratory
studies can be used to differentiate common microcytic anemias? (2013/2) 5+5
6. Prevention of iron deficiency anaemia in children under 5 years of age [2018/1/5]
Chapter 483 Other Microcytic Anemias
1. Differential diagnosis of microcytic hypochromic anaemia [2018/2]5

SECTION 3 HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS

Chapter 484 Definitions and Classification of Hemolytic Anemias
Chapter 485 Hereditary Spherocytosis
1. Diagnosis and management of Congenital Hereditary Spherocytosis (1997/1)15
2. Hereditary Spherocytosis (2006)10
Chapter 486 Hereditary Elliptocytosis, Hereditary Pyropoikilocytosis, and Related Disorders
Chapter 487 Hereditary Stomatocytosis
Chapter 488 Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria and Acanthocytosis
Chapter 489 Hemoglobinopathies
1. Methemoglobinemia- diagnosis and management (2017/2) 4
SICKLE CELL:
1. Management of acute sickle cell crisis (1999/1)15
2. Acute clinical complications of Sickle cell disease (2017/2) 6
THALASSEMIA:
1. Current management of Thalassemia Major (1996/2)15
2. Newer modalities in the management of β Thalassemia Major (1999/2)10
3. Antenatal diagnosis of Thalassemia (1999/2)15
4. Genetic basis of Thalassemia syndromes (2002/1)15
5. In relation to Thalassemia write a note on the following (2005)10
a. Alkali desaturation test
b. NESTROFT test
c. Peripheral smear
d. SQUID-BLS
e. BMD
6. Alpha Thalassemia (2007/1)10
7. Outline the antenatal management of a mother with an earlier child with thalasemia major
(2007/2)10

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8. List the causes of microcytic hypochromic anemia. Provide differentiating features between iron
deficiency anaemia and beta thalassemia trait. Describe the management of thalassemia major.
(2011/1)3+3+4
9. Outline the long term complications of thalassemia major. How will you monitor for such
complications in a child with thalassemia major? (2013/1)5+5
10. Describe the foetal hemoglobins. Discuss the transfusion therapy for Thalassemia major and its
long term follow up plan. (2014/1)3+4+3
11. Recent concepts/advances for treatment /management of Thalassemia major in children
(1995/2)10, (2014/2)5
12. Advances in treatment of Thalassemia major (2016/2) 5What are the usual patterns in
haemoglobin electrophoresis in beta thalassemia syndromes? [2018/1]
13. Iron chelation therapy (2017/1) 5, (2019/1) 5
14. Indication of splenectomy in thalassemia [2018/2]5
15. Counselling of an antenatal mother who has a thalassemia major child (2019/2)4
Chapter 490 Enzymatic Defects
1. Pathogenesis of anemia in G6PD Deficiency (1999/1)15
2. G6PD deficiency (1999/2)10
3. 3-year-old Child-H/O Jaundice since 2 months, H/O Exchange transfusion at D2. Discuss the D/D.
Classify Hemolytic Anemia. Add a note on management of Intravascular hemolysis in G6PD
deficiency (2005)4+4+2
4. Briefly outline normal erythropoiesis. Describe the diagnosis and treatment of G6PD deficiency
(2007/2)10
5. Enlist the red blood cell metabolic enzyme pathways and the enzymes responsible for hemolysis.
Discuss the pathogenesis involved in these hemolytic anemias. (2011/1)3+7
Chapter 491 Hemolytic Anemias Resulting from Extracellular Factors—Immune Hemolytic
Anemias
1. Discuss the etiology and management of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (2009/1)3+7
2. Discuss the etiology, pathogenesis and diagnostic workup of Acute autoimmune hemolytic
anemia. (2010/2)3+3+4
3. Diagnosis and management of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia 3(2015/1)
Chapter 492 Hemolytic Anemias Secondary to Other Extracellular Factors

SECTION 4 POLYCYTHEMIA (ERYTHROCYTOSIS)

Chapter 493 Polycythemia
Chapter 494 Nonclonal Polycythemia

SECTION 5 THE PANCYTOPENIAS

Chapter 495 Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes With
Pancytopenia
Chapter 496 The Acquired Pancytopenias
1. Classify causes of acquired pancytopenia. Write Briefly about the management of acquired aplastic
anemia. (2009/1)3+7
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2. Define pancytopenia. Enlist the causes and assessment of severity of aplastic anemia in children.
(2010/1)2+4+4
3. Define pancytopenia. Enumerate common causes in children. How will you assess severity of
acquired anemia in children? (2011/2)2+3+5
4. Evaluation of child with pancytopenia (2020/01)5

SECTION 6 BLOOD COMPONENT TRANSFUSIONS

Chapter 497 Red Blood Cell Transfusions and Erythropoietin Therapy
1. Transfusion of Blood fractions 10
2. Precautions to be taken while transfusing haemolytic child (2019/2)4
3. Indications of Blood Component Therapy. (2020/01)5
Chapter 498 Platelet Transfusions
1. Enumerate the indication of platelet transfusion in paediatric (2019/1) 5
Chapter 499 Neutrophil (Granulocyte) Transfusions
Chapter 500 Plasma Transfusions
1. Outline the method of extracting various blood components. What are the indications of usage of
Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) and cryoprecipitate? (2009/2)5+5
Chapter 501 Risks of Blood Transfusions
1. Discuss the inherent hazards of Blood Transfusion in children and the necessary measures to avoid
and minimize them (2007/1)10
2. Discuss Briefly the risks associated with blood transfusion therapy. (2013/2)10
3. Transfusion associated hepatitis. Diagnosis and management (2017/1)

SECTION 7 HEMORRHAGIC AND THROMBOTIC DISEASES

Chapter 502 Hemostasis
1. Differentiate bleeding disorder from clotting disorder (2016/2) 3
2. Draw a diagrammatic representation of coagulation cascade (2017/1) 5
3. What are the components of haemostatic process? Outline the coagulation cascade (2019/1)1
4. Role and function of platelets in physiology of haemostasis (2020/01)5
Chapter 503 Hereditary Clotting Factor Deficiencies (Bleeding Disorders)
1. Antenatal diagnosis and carrier detection of Hemophilia (1998/2)15
2. Explain coagulation cascade. A 4-year-old child with h/o recurrent epistaxis and gum bleeding.
Discuss laboratory diagnosis and management of this condition. Add a note of differentiating a
bleeding disorder from a coagulation disorder (2005)5+3+2
3. A 5-year-old male child comes with a history of trivial fall and swelling of right knee. He has history
of easy bruisability. Discuss the laboratory diagnosis and management of this child. Add a note on
antenatal diagnosis and counselling (2006)10
4. Discuss the various aspects of management of a child with Hemophilia A (2007/2)10
5. A 10-year-old boy with hemophilia A, weighing 30 kg has come with bleeding in both knee joints.
Discuss Briefly the specific, supportive and prophylactic management of this child. (2011/1)4+3+3
6. Specific treatment of mild to moderate bleeding in Haemophilia A [2018/1/5]
7. Factor replacement therapy in haemophilia (2017/1) 5

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8. Investigation and treatment of a 2-year-old boy presenting with spontaneous hemarthrosis

(2016/2)
9. Advance in treatment of hemophilia (2019/1) 5
10. Prophylaxis program in haemophilia (2019/2)4
Chapter 504 Von Willebrand Disease
1. Von Willebrand disease. (2020/01)5
Chapter 505 Hereditary Predisposition to Thrombosis
Chapter 506 Thrombotic Disorders in Children
1. Pathophysiology of thrombophilia 4(1/2016)
Chapter 507 Postneonatal Vitamin K Deficiency
Chapter 508 Liver Disease
Chapter 509 Acquired Inhibitors of Coagulation
Chapter 510 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
1. DIC (1996/2)15
2. Discuss the pathogenesis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and relate it to the
laboratory abnormalities observed in this entity. (2008/1)10
3. Diagrammatically outline the Normal Coagulation Cascade. Outline diagnosis and management of
disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) (2009/1)4+6
Chapter 511 Platelet and Blood Vessel Disorders
1. Write differential diagnosis of a 5-year-old child with petechial rash with fever. How will you
manage a child with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. (04/2)4+6
2. Various treatment modalities in acute ITP (06)10
3. Write in brief regarding the etiology and management of idiopathic
4. Thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). (11/1)4+6
5. Discuss the treatment options for acute ITP in a 14-year-old girl child. (13/1)10
6. An 8-year-old girl has presented with epistaxis, bleeding gum and ecchymotic patches over trunk.
Her platelet count is 20,000/cumm. Discuss the differential diagnosis with specific clinical
investigative pointers. Plan the diagnostic work up for this child. (2013/2) 3+3+2+2
7. Management of ITP (2017/1) 5
8. Management of chronic ITP (2018/2)5
9. Management of 1st episode of ITP (2019/2)5
SECTION 8 THE SPLEEN
Chapter 512 Anatomy and Function of the Spleen
1. Outline the functions of Spleen. Describe the indications and complication of splenectomy and
post –operative management. (2009/1)3+7
2. Describe the functions of spleen. Describe clinical manifestations and management of
asplenia/polysplenia. (2010/1)4+3+3
Chapter 513 Splenomegaly
Chapter 514 Hyposplenism, Splenic Trauma, and Splenectomy
SECTION 9 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Chapter 515 Anatomy and Function of the Lymphatic System
Chapter 516 Abnormalities of Lymphatic Vessels
Chapter 517 Lymphadenopathy
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PART XXI - CANCER AND BENIGN TUMORS

Chapter 518 Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer
Chapter 519 Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer
Chapter 520 Principles of Cancer Diagnosis
1. Diagnostic tumor markers and their role in the management of specific childhood cancers.
(2020/01)5
Chapter 521 Principles of Cancer Treatment
1. Define tumour lysis syndrome. Enlist its important constituents. Outline its etiology and describe
the management. (2008/1)10
2. Outline the essential components and pathophysiology of tumor lysis syndrome. Describe its
management. (2011/1)2+4+4
3. Define tumour lysis syndrome. Describe the pathophysiology of tumour lysis syndrome. How will
you prevent occurrence of tumour lysis syndrome? (11/2)2+4+4
4. Enumerate the oncological emergencies occurring in leukmia/lymphomas 2(1/2016)
5. Treatment of tumour lysis syndrome (2018/1)5, Repeat (2017/2)6
6. Tumour lysis syndrome (2019/2)5
7. Metabolic emergencies in pediatric malignancies. (2020/01)5
Chapter 522 The Leukemias
1. Treatment and prognosis of ALL (1997/2)15
2. Management of CNS Leukemia (1996/1)14
3. Management of a case of ALL in a 3-year-old (2003/1)25
4. Discuss management of a child with acute leukemia (2006/1)10
5. Management of a child with acute leukemia (2006/2)10
6. Prognostic indicators in Acute Leukemia (2007/2)10
7. Utility of immunophenotyping in the diagnosis of leukemia in children. Outline the treatment of
acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (2009/2)4+6
8. a) Classification of childhood leukemias
b) Management of Tumour lysis syndrome (2014/2)5+5
9. Management of Acute Myeloid Leukemia 5(Apr 2016)
10. Treatment of standard risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia [2018/1/5]
11. Treatment of CML
12. Utility of immunophenotyping in the diagnosis of ALL (2017/1) 5
13. Outline management of ALL (2017/1) 5
14. Risk stratification of ALL (2016/2)
15. Role of immunophenotyping in diagnosis of acute leukemia[[2018/2]5
Chapter 523 Lymphoma
1. Different types of Lymphomas in children and their Histopathological classification (1993/2)15
Chapter 524 Brain Tumors in Childhood
1. Clinical features and diagnosis of posterior fossa tumours [2018/1/5]
Chapter 525 Neuroblastoma
1. Neuroblastoma- diagnosis and clinical features [2018/2]5
2. Treatment of Neuroblastoma. (2020/01)5
Chapter 526 Neoplasms of the Kidney
1. Clinical presentation and management of Wilms tumour (2019/1) 5

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Chapter 527 Soft Tissue Sarcomas

Chapter 528 Neoplasms of Bone
Chapter 529 Retinoblastoma
Chapter 530 Gonadal and Germ Cell Neoplasms
Chapter 531 Neoplasms of the Liver
Chapter 532 Benign Vascular Tumors
Chapter 533 Rare Tumors
Chapter 534 Histiocytosis Syndromes of Childhood
1. Write in brief the clinical manifestations, laboratory findings and management principles of
Langerhans Cell Histocytosis. (2009/1)10
2. Classify childhood histiocytosis. Describe the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of
Langerhan’s cell histiocytosis. (2010/1)3+3+2+2
3. A) Classify childhood histiocytosis. 3
B) Clinical features and management of a case of Langerhan’s cell histiocytosis. (2015/1)3+4
4. How will you classify childhood Histiocytosis? Describe the diagnostic criteria, clinical
manifestations and treatment for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. What are the infections
associated with it? (2011/2) 2+2+2+2+2
5. a. How will you classify childhood Histiocytosis? 2
b. Describe the diagnostic criteria, clinical manifestations and treatment for hemophagocytic
lymphohistiocytosis.

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PART XXII - NEPHROLOGY

SECTION 1 GLOMERULAR DISEASE
Chapter 535 Introduction to Glomerular Diseases
1. Outline the development of glomerular filtration. Outline the methods for evaluating GFR in
children. (2008/1)10
2. List the children to be selected for assessing renal function. Briefly Discuss the tests used to assess
the renal function in children. (2004)3+7
3. a) Structure of glomerulus with diagrammatic representation. 6
b) What are the Glomerular changes in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis? 4 (Apr 2016)
4. Anatomy and functions of nephron [ 2018/2]4
5. Draw diagram of nephron (2019/2)3

SECTION 2 CONDITIONS PARTICULARLY ASSOCIATED WITH HEMATURIA

Chapter 536 Clinical Evaluation of the Child With Hematuria
1. A 3 year old child was brought for Hematuria. Discuss the differential diagnosis and management
(1994/2)25
2. Diagnosis and management of recurrent Hematuria (1996/1)12
3. Evaluation of a child with Hematuria 15
4. Outline the differential diagnosis of an abdominal lump with hematuria in a 3-year-old child.
Describe its investigations and treatment. (2009/2)3+3+4
5. Write the common causes and differential diagnosis of gross symptomatic hematuria. Provide an
algorithm for its laboratory and radiological evaluation. (2010/2)2+2+6
6. Outline the causes of red coloured urine. Provide an approach for evaluation of a child with
headache. (2011/1)3+7
7. Causes of recurrent hematuria (2017/1) 5
8. Management of 5-year-old child presenting with 1st episode of hematuria (2019/1) 5
9. Approach to child with gross hematuria (2019/2)5

Chapter 537 Isolated Glomerular Diseases Associated With Recurrent Gross Hematuria
1. Discuss the pathogenesis, clinical features and management of acute PSGN
2. Enumerate the complications of acute post – streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Describe their
management in brief. (2010/2) 3+7
3. Etiopathogenesis of RPGN (2017/2) 6
Chapter 538 Multisystem Disease Associated With Hematuria
1. Diagnostic features of HUS (1993/2)15
2. HUS- etiopathogenesis and diagnosis (1998/1)15
3. Classify Haemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Discuss its pathogenesis, clinical features and management.
(2013/2)2+3+3+2
4. Classification, etiopathogenesis and management of hemolytic uremic syndrome. (2016/1)3+4+3
5. Management of HUS (2017/2) 4
6. Diagnosis and management of hemolytic uremic syndrome. (2020/01)5
Chapter 539 Tubulointerstitial Disease Associated With Hematuria
Chapter 540 Vascular Diseases Associated with Hematuria

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Chapter 541 Anatomic Abnormalities Associated With Hematuria

7. Discuss the pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of infantile polycystic
kidney. (2011/2)2+2+3+3
Chapter 542 Lower Urinary Tract Causes of Hematuria

SECTION 3 CONDITIONS PARTICULARLY ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEINURIA

Chapter 543 Clinical Evaluation of the Child With Proteinuria
1. Persistent asymptomatic proteinuria (1998/2)(07/1)10
2. Proteinuria (1996/2)15
3. Indication of kidney biopsy in a child with massive proteinuria (2018/1) 4
Chapter 544 Conditions Associated With Proteinuria
Chapter 545 Nephrotic Syndrome
1. Relapse in Nephrotic Syndrome (1994)15
2. What factors will you consider in deciding the prognosis of a child with Nephrotic syndrome
(1995/1)15
3. Pathophysiology of Nephrotic Syndrome (1996/2)10
4. Enumerate the principles of management of Idiopathic Nephrotic syndrome (1998/2)10
5. Frequently relapsing steroid resistant Nephrotic Syndrome (2003/2)15
6. What factors help you to clinically decide non-minimal nature of Nephrotic Syndrome?
7. Enumerate the steps to test urine for albumin using heat methods (2005)10
8. Write the management of a 6-year-old child with Nephrotic syndrome who is frequently relapsing.
Enumerate complications that can occur (06/2)10
9. Management of steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome (2007/2)10
10. Describe the diagnostic approach and management in a case of frequently relapsing and steroid
dependent nephritic syndrome. (2009/2)4+6
11. Management of steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome. (2010/1)10
12. Define steroid dependent and frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. Describe management of
an 8-year-old child with frequent relapsing nephrotic syndrome. (2011/1)2+2+6
13. Enumerate the causes of SRNS and discuss its management. (2014/2)4+6
14. Outline management of steroid resistant nephritic syndrome 5(2015/2)
15. Management of steroid resistant and steroid dependent nephritic syndrome 5+ 5 (Apr 2016)
16. What is the pathogenesis of oedema in nephrotic syndrome? (2018/1)5
17. Treatment of steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome [2018/1/5], (2017/1) 5
18. Immunomodulator therapy in nephrotic syndrome (2019/1) 5
19. Treatment options of steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (2018/2) 5

SECTION 4 TUBULAR DISORDERS

Chapter 546 Tubular Function
Chapter 547 Renal Tubular Acidosis
1. Diagnosis and management of RTA (1992/2)15
2. Classify types of RTA and their management principles (2002/1)15
3. Pathogenesis, clinical features and management of Distal Renal Tubular disorder (2007/2)10
4. Outline the treatment of renal tubular acidosis. (2004/2)2+4+4

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5. Enumerate renal tubular functions and describe the tests to evaluate tubular disorders for the
proximal tubule. How will you treat a child with proximal renal tubular acidosis? (2014/1)3+4+3
6. Diagnosis and management of Distal renal tubular acidosis. 5(1/2016)
Chapter 548 Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
1. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (1998/2)15
Chapter 549 Inherited Tubular Transport Abnormalities
1. Discuss etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations and management of Bartter Syndrome. (2013/2)
Chapter 550 Renal Failure
ARF:
1. What are the causes of ARF in children? How will you investigate such a case? Discuss
management. (1997/1)25
2. What are the causes of acute renal failure in a 4-year-old child. How will you investigate such a
case? Discuss the management of acute renal failure. (2004/2)4+3+3
3. Outline the etiopathogenesis of ARF in children. Discuss Briefly the management (2005)5+5
4. List the causes of renal failure in a 3-month old child. Discuss the clinical features, laboratory
diagnosis and treatment of acute renal failure in children. Discuss the indications of renal biopsy in
children (2006)10
5. Discuss the etiology of cortical necrosis in newborns and older children, separately. State the most
important clinical manifestations of cortical injury and factors governing prognosis. (2008/1)10
6. What is acute renal failure? List the common causes leading to it. Tabulate the laboratory indices
used to differentiate pre-renal and intrinsic acute renal failure. Outline the medical management
of acute renal failure. (2008/1)10
7. Write short notes on: (2013/1)
a. Pediatric RIFLE criteria for acute kidney injury 5
b. Urinary indices in acute renal failure 5
8. Pathophysiology, causes, clinical features and management of acute renal failure (2017/1) 5
9. Investigations and management of AKI (2019/2)7
CRF:
1. Biochemical and endocrinal changes in CRF
2. Describe the pathogenesis of CRF and outline important principles in the management of such a
case (1995/2)25
3. Discuss the role of recombinant human erythropoietin therapy (indication, dose, aim, precaution,
benefits and complications) in management of chronic renal failure. List reasons of resistance to
such therapy. (2008/1)10
4. Define renal osteodystrophy. Enumerate its clinical features and outline the management.
(2009/2)2+3+5
5. Define Chronic kidney Disease (CKD) and its stages. What are the clinical manifestations of CKD.
Outline its treatment. (2013/2) 3+4+3
6. Renal osteodystrophy [2018/2] 5
7. Renal osteodystrophy. (2020/01)5
RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY
1. Renal replacement therapy in ESRD (2000/1)15
2. Peritoneal dialysis (2003/1)15
3. Renal replacement therapy (2006/1)10
4. Discuss renal replacement therapy (2007/1)10
Chapter 551 Renal transplantation
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PART XXIII - UROLOGIC DISORDERS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN

Chapter 552 Congenital Anomalies and Dysgenesis of the Kidneys
Chapter 553 Urinary Tract Infections
1. Investigation of a 7 year old boy with Recurrent UTI (1993/2)10
2. Describe the etiological factors, clinical manifestations and management of children with UTI
(1995/2)25
3. Management of a 2 year old child with first attack of UTI (1999/2)10
4. Recurrent UTI in childhood (2002/1)15
5. Recurrent UTI (2003/2)15
6. Classify UTI and provide an algorithm for management of a child with first episode of UTI
(2005)3+7
7. Imaging studies indicated in a child with UTI (2006)10
8. Discuss approach to a child with recurrent urinary tract infections. What are the indications, goal
and schedule of antimicrobial prophylaxis in treating such a child? (09/1)10
9. What are the clinical manifestations of urinary tract infections (UTI) in children? Describe the plan
of investigations and management of a 2 year old boy with recurrent UTI. (2009/2)2+4+4
10. How is urinary tract infection diagnosed? Draw an algorithm for evaluation of a child after the first
episode of UTI. Describe the utility of a DMSA scan. (2014/1)2+5+3
11. Outline the evaluation plan for an infant presenting with UTI (2016/2) 3
Chapter 554 Vesicoureteral Reflux
1. Discuss criteria for diagnosis, staging and management of VUR (1992)25
2. Management of an infant with VUR (1993/1)15
3. Outline the grades of vesico-ureteric reux. Discuss the management of a child with recurrent
urinary tract infection with grade 4 vesico-ureteric reflux. (2004/2)4+3+3
4. Give the grading of VUR. Outline its evaluation and management in children (2007/2)10
5. Clinical features, grading and management of vesico-ureteric reux (2010/1)3+3+4
6. Write short note on: Grading of vesico-ureteric reflux and indications of surgical intervention in
children with vesico-ureteric reflux (2010/2)3+2
7. Define vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Classify the grades of VUR. Discuss in brief the medical and
surgical management of VUR in children. (2011/1)2+2+6
8. Grading, classification and natural history of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). (2015/1)3+3+4
9. Causes and management of secondary vesico-ureteral reflux (2018/1) 5
10. Grading of VUR (2016/2)
11. Classification of VUR (2018/2)5
12. Management of vesico-ureteric reflex (2020/01)5
RENAL IMAGING:
1. Describe briefly various types of renal nuclear scans (2018/1) 5
2. Scanning in renal disease (2018/2) 5
Chapter 555 Obstruction of the Urinary Tract
Chapter 556 Anomalies of the Bladder
Chapter 557 Neuropathic Bladder
3. Neurogenic Bladder (1998/2)15
Chapter 558 Enuresis and Voiding Dysfunction
1. Enuresis (1996/2)15
2. Define Enuresis. Discuss its manifestations and management (2006)5
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3. Management of nocturnal Enuresis. (2007/1)5

4. What is nocturnal enuresis? Outline the causes for the same. Describe the modalities for managing
a 6-year-old child with enuresis. (2008/2)10
5. Discuss evaluation and management of an 8-year-old male with primary nocturnal enuresis.
(2010/2)4+6
6. Write short notes on: a) Voiding dysfunctions in children (2013/2) 5
7. Treatment of Bowel Bladder disorder (2016/2) 5
8. Diagnosis and treatment of nocturnal enuresis in an eight-year-old (2018/1) 6
Chapter 559 Anomalies of the Penis and Urethra
Chapter 560 Disorders and Anomalies of the Scrotal Contents
Chapter 561 Trauma to the Genitourinary Tract
Chapter 562 Urinary Lithiasis

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PART XXIV - GYNECOLOGIC PROBLEMS OF CHILDHOOD

Chapter 563 Gynecologic History and Physical Examination
Chapter 564 Vulvovaginitis
1. Write a short note on non-specific vulvo-vaginitis in children with special emphasis on its
etiopathogenesis and treatment (2008/1)10
Chapter 565 Vaginal Bleeding in the Prepubertal Child
Chapter 566 Breast Concerns
Chapter 567 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Hirsutism
1. Diagnosis and management of PCOS (2019/2) 5
Chapter 568 Gynecologic Neoplasms and Adolescent Prevention Methods for Human
Papillomavirus
Chapter 569 Vulvovaginal and Müllerian Anomalies
Chapter 570 Gynecologic Care for Girls With Special Needs
Chapter 571 Female Genital Mutilation

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PART XXV - THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

SECTION 1. DISORDERS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY GLAND
Chapter 572 Hormones of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary
1. Enumerate the hormones secreted by anterior pituitary and list the factors stimulating and
inhibiting secretion of growth hormone. (2010/2)3+7
2. A) Enumerate hormones secreted by anterior pituitary.
B) Factors stimulating and inhibiting secretion of growth hormone (2015/1) 3+7
Chapter 573 Hypopituitarism
1. Indications of Growth Hormone Therapy (1993/2)10
2. What are the causes of Dwarfism? How will you investigate such a case (1997/2)15
3. Indication of growth hormone therapy in paediatrics (2017/1) 5
4. Growth Hormone in Pediatric practise (2019/2)5
5. Enumerate the various functions of growth hormone and describe indications of growth hormone
therapy (2020/01)5
Chapter 574 Diabetes Insipidus
1. How will you assess a child presenting with features of Diabetes Insipidus (2006)10
2. A 4-year-old child presents with polydipsia and polyuria. How will you establish a diagnosis of
diabetes insipidus in this case? Discuss its management. (2008/1)10
3. Diagnostic approach for a child who presented with polyuria and polydipsia. (2010/1)10
4. Outline the diagnostic criteria of diabetes insipidus. Discuss the management of nephrogenic
diabetes insipidus. (2010/2)4+6
5. Discuss approach to the diagnosis of a child presenting with polyuria and polydipsia. (2013/2)10
6. Causes, clinical presentation, investigations and management of diabetes insipidus 1+2+3+4
(2015/1)
7. A child with suspected diabetes insipidus is brought to hospital. How will you approach, investigate
and manage this patient? 2+3+5 (1/2016)
Chapter 575 Other Abnormalities of Arginine Vasopressin Metabolism and Action
1. SIADH (1999/1), (1999/2)10
2. How will you diagnose and treat SIADH in a child (2006)5
3. Outline the diagnostic criteria for SIADH. Discuss its etiopathogenesis. (2012/1)6+4
4. Write short notes on the evaluation and treatment for a child with: SIADH 5(2014/1)
5. Diagnostic criteria for SIADH (2017/2) 4
Chapter 576 Hyperpituitarism, Tall Stature, and Overgrowth Syndromes
1. A 5-year-old boy has attained a height of 137 cm. What could be the cause(s) for this situation and
which specific clinical pointers may be useful for determining the cause. How will you evaluate this
child for an underlying endocrinological disorder? (2013/2) 6+4
Chapter 577 Physiology of Puberty
1. Physiology of puberty in boys and girls (2010/1)10
2. Discuss the normal physiology of puberty and its relation to sexual development. (2009/1)4+6
Chapter 578 Disorders of Pubertal Development
1. Define delayed puberty in a male child. List the possible causes. Describe changes in male genitals
in different stages of sexual maturation. (2008/2)10
2. Outline the diagnostic approach to a 14 years old boy with infantile genitalia. (2010/1)10

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3. Define and classify precocious puberty in boys according to its etiology. Outline the approach for
investigating a boy with precocious puberty. (2011/1)2+4+4
4. Define delayed puberty. Describe its etiology and diagnostic evaluation. (2013/2)2+4+4
5. Write short notes on the evaluation and treatment for a child with: Virilisation (2014/1)
6. Define precocious puberty in boys. Enumerate causes of precocious puberty in boys (2014/2)5
7. Approach to delayed puberty (2017/2)5
8. Diagnostic approach to precocious puberty in girls (2018/2)5
9. Premature thelarche (2018/1)4
10. Investigation and management of delayed puberty (2019/2)5
11. Precocious puberty. (2020/01)5

SECTION 2. DISORDERS OF THE THYROID GLAND

Chapter 579 Thyroid Development and Physiology
1. Thyroid hormone synthesis and its derangements. (2010/1) 6+4
2. What are the changes seen in Thyroid Hormone levels around birth? Describe the salient features
of Neonatal Thyroid Screening programme (2006)10
3. Interpretation of thyroid function tests (2019/2)5
Chapter 580 Disorders of Thyroxine-Binding Globulin
Chapter 581 Hypothyroidism
1. Diagnosis of Congenital Hypothyroidism (1995/1)15
2. Endemic Cretinism (1999/2)15
3. Congenital Hypothyroidism (2000/1)15
4. Etiopathology of Congenital Hypothyroidism 15
5. Congenital Hyperthyroidism (2007/1)10
6. Neonatal Thyroid Screening (2007/2)10
7. Discuss causes, clinical features and management of Acquired Hypothyroidism (2007/2)10
8. Discuss the synthesis of thyroid Hormones. Outline the causes of congenital hypothyroidism and a
brief comment on neonatal thyroid screening. (2009/1)3+7
9. Enlist common causes of acquired hypothyroidism in a 12-year-old girl. Discuss in brief the clinical
manifestations and laboratory findings. (2012/1)3+4+3
10. Screening and treatment of congenital hypothyroidism (2018/1) 6
11. Clinical features, investigation and treatment of congenital hypothyroidism (2016/2) 10,(2018/2) 5
Chapter 582 Thyroiditis
1. Briefly list the various thyroid function tests. Describe clinical presentation and management of
autoimmune thyroiditis. (2004/2)6+4
2. Clinical features and management of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (1/2016) 5
3. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. (2020/01)5
Chapter 583 Goitre
1. Management of Puberty Goiter (1993/1)15
2. Management of Puberty Goiter (1998/2)15
3. Goitrogenic Hypothyroidism (2003/2)15
Chapter 584 Thyrotoxicosis
Chapter 585 Carcinoma of the Thyroid
Chapter 586 Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes

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Chapter 587 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes

SECTION 3. DISORDERS OF THE PARATHYROID GLAND
Chapter 588 Hormones and Peptides of Calcium Homeostasis and Bone Metabolism
1. Role of hormones in calcium balance (2003/2)15
2. Outline the calcium metabolism. Discuss the causes and management of Hypocalcaemia in 3 years
old. (2007/2)10
3. Define hypocalcemia. Enumerate hormones affecting calcium balance in the body. Describe the
respective roles in calcium homeostasis (2013/1)2+3+5
4. Calcium regulation in humans (2018/2)5
Chapter 589 Hypoparathyroidism
1. Differentiate between the laboratory features of hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism
and hyperparathyroidism (2008/1)(2012/1)10
Chapter 590 Pseudohypoparathyroidism
1. Describe the calcium metabolism in a child. Detail the clinical manifestation, diagnosis and
treatment of a child with pseudohypoparathyroidism (2008/2)10
Chapter 591 Hyperparathyroidism
1. Discuss the etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of hypercalcemia
(2009/1)10

SECTION 4. DISORDERS OF THE ADRENAL GLAND

Chapter 592 Physiology of the Adrenal Gland
1. a) Adrenal steroid hormone synthesis 5 (April 2016)
b) Outline steps involved in synthesis of steroid hormones. (01/2016)3
2. Steroid biosynthesis pathway (2017/2) 4
3. Steroidogenic pathway (2018/2)5
Chapter 593 Adrenocortical Insufficiency
1. Causes of Adrenal Crises and discuss its management (2006)10
2. Enumerate the causes of adrenal crisis. Provide key features of clinical presentation and discuss its
management. (2008/1)10
3. Enumerate causes and management of adrenal crisis 5(1/2016)
Chapter 594 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and Related Disorders
1. Management of adrenogenital syndrome (1996/2)15
2. Salt losing CAH (2003/1)15
3. Diagnosis and management of a child with CAH (2006/1)10
4. Outline biochemical consequences of defects in the classical 21- hydroxylase deficiency and its
management (2+3) (April 2016)
5. Clinical features & management of classical congenital hyperplasia. (4+3)(01/2016)
6. Clinical features of CAH (2017/2) 6
7. Management of CAH (2017/1) 5
8. Diagnosis and prevention of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). (2020/01)5
Chapter 595 Adrenocortical Tumors and Masses
Chapter 596 Virilising and Feminizing Adrenal Tumours
Chapter 597 Cushing Syndrome
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1. A 1 ½ year old female is brought to you with obesity, short stature, hypertension and
hypertrichosis of face and trunk. Provide differential diagnosis and approach to investigating and
managing this child. (2009/1)3+7
Chapter 598 Primary Aldosteronism
Chapter 599 Pheochromocytoma
1. Clinical features, investigations & treatment of pheochromocytoma. (2010/1)3+3+4

SECTION 5. DISORDERS OF THE GONADS

Chapter 600 Development and Function of the Gonads
1. Describe normal sexual differentiation in fetus. What is intersex? Describe etiological Classification
of disorders of Sex Development (DSD). (2011/2)2+2+6
Chapter 601 Hypofunction of the Testes
Chapter 602 Pseudoprecocity Resulting From Tumors of the Testes
Chapter 603 Gynecomastia
Chapter 604 Hypofunction of the Ovaries
Chapter 605 Pseudoprecocity Resulting From Lesions of the Ovary
Chapter 606 Disorders of Sex Development
1. Short note on female with Ambiguous genitalia at birth (2002/1)15
2. Outline human sex differentiation. Provide an outline of the approach to an infant with ambiguous
genitalia. (2004/2)4+6
3. Explain synthesis of Steroid Hormones. Discuss Briefly approach to a child born with ambiguous
genitalia (2005)5+5
4. Discuss approach to a child with ambiguous Genitalia (2006/2)10
5. Discuss karyotype abnormalities, clinical features and management of true hermaphroditism
(2008/1)10
6. Describe the diagnostic approach in a 2-year-old child with ambiguous genitalia (2009/2)10
7. A) Define disorders of sexual differentiation (DSD ) in new born
B) Nursery evaluation of a newborn with suspected DSD by history, physical examination and
diagnostic tests.
C) Issues in management of DSD (2015/1)2+6+2

SECTION 6. DIABETES MELLITUS IN CHILDREN

Chapter 607 Diabetes Mellitus
1. Emergency management of DKA (1993/1)15
2. Management of DKA (1995/2)15
3. Complications of Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus and their management (1997/1)15
4. Describe briefly the biochemical changes and management of DKA (1998/1) 25
5. 8 years old with history of vomiting, severe abdominal pain for 2 days. Dehydrated, acidotic
breathing, Blood glucose (random) 400. Outline the management (2005)10
6. Write management of DKA (2006)5
7. Management of a child with IDDM (2006/2)10
8. Write risk factors, pathogenesis and treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in children (2007/2)10

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9. Classify severity of diabetic ketoacidosis on the basis of clinical and blood gas examination. Briefly
describe Somogyi and Dawn phenomenon in type 1 diabetes. (2008/1)10
10. Discuss the metabolic changes associated with diabetic ketoacidosis with steps of treatment of
diabetic ketoacidosis. (2008/2)10
11. A 10-year-old child (body weight 22kg) presents with severe diabetic ketoacidosis. Write down the
expected clinical and investigate findings. Outline the plan of management in first 24 hours.
(2009/1)4+6
12. Discuss the pathophysiological abnormalities in diabetic ketoacidosis. Describe the management
of diabetic ketoacidosis in a child weighing 20 kg. (2013/2) 4+6
13. What are the biochemical criteria for the diagnosis of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)? What are the
goals of therapy? How will you manage a 7-year-old child with DKA? (11/2)3+3+4
14. Hyperosmolar non ketotic diabetic coma 5(1/2016)
15. Diagnosis and complication of Metabolic syndrome 4(1/2016)
16. A. What are the biochemical criteria for the diagnosis of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?
B. What are the goals of therapy?
C. How will you manage a child with DKA? 3+2+5(1/2016)
17. Commonly used insulin regimens for long-term treatment of DM type 1 (2017/2) 5
18. Management of treatment of diabetes at home (2019/1) 5
19. Management of diabetic ketoacidosis (2018/) 5
20. Long-term management of Type 1 diabetes mellitus. (2020/01)5

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PART XXVI - THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Chapter 608 Neurologic Evaluation
1. Signs and symptoms of a tumor at CP angle, in relation to the anatomy of different structures at
this point (1993/2)15
2. Modified Glasgow Coma Scale in a 1-year-old Child (2003/1)15
3. What are the signs of meningeal irritation in a 2-year-old child? How do you elicit them? How will
you rule out Pseudo-neck rigidity (2005)10
4. Give 5 examples each of UMN and LMN lesion. How do you clinically differentiate between UMN
and LMN lesions? What is the importance of fundus examination in a child with Para paresis
(2005)10
5. Clinical significance of Postural Reflexes (2006)10
6. Amplitude integrated EEG (2014/1)3
7. Utility of newer Neuro-imaging modalities in pediatric age group and their cost-effectiveness.
5+5(2015/2)
8. a) Modified Glasgow Coma Scale for children and infants 5
b) Its advantages and disadvantages 2
c) What is AVPU pediatric response Scale 3(Apr 2016)
Chapter 609 Congenital Anomalies of the Central Nervous System
HYDROPCEPHALUS:
1. Hydrocephalus in infancy (1996/2)14
2. Normal CSF circulation in Newborns and the changes that take place in Aqueductal Stenosis
(1998/2)10
3. Etiology and pathophysiology of hydrocephalus (1999/2)15
4. a) CSF formation and CSF circulation 4
b) Enumerate the causes and management of Communicating hydrocephalus and Non -
communicating hydrocephalus 3+3 (Apr 2016)
5. Circulation of CSF (2017/1) 5
6. Dandy Walker Malformation (2003/1)15
7. List the causes of Hydrocephalus in children. What is the pathogenesis and discuss the
management (2005)10
8. Describe the normal cerebrospinal fluid pathway with the help of a diagram. Define and classify
hydrocephalus and enlist its causes. (2009/1)4+6
9. What are the causes of congenital hydrocephalus? Describe clinical features and management of
an infant with Arnold Chiari malformation. (2009/2)4+6
10. Describe briefly cerebrospinal uid formation, circulation, absorption and enumerate causes of
hydrocephalus. (2011/2)3+2+2+3
11. Causes of hydrocephalus in children (2017/1) 5
12. Causes of obstructive hydrocephalus (2019/1) 5
MICROCEPHALY:
1. Describe growth velocity of head size from birth till 5 years of age. Define microcephaly.
2. Enumerate its etiology and approach to diagnosis in a child with microcephaly (2010/1)3+2+2+3
3. Define microcephaly. Enumerate causes of primary and secondary microcephaly. Outline the
diagnostic approach of a 2 years old child brought to the hospital with small sized head
(2012/1)1+4+5
CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS:

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1. Define craniosynostosis and its types. Name specic syndromes associated with craniosynostosis.
Describe the clinical characteristics of common types of craniosynostosis. (2013/2)3+3+4
NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS
1. Prevention of Neural Tube Defects (1997/2)15
2. Role of Folic Acid in prevention of Neural Tube Defects (1998/2)10
3. Discuss briefly the possible predisposing factors, types of open Neural Tube Defects in children
and its prevention (2007/1)10
4. Enumerate various types of neural tube defects and discuss their embryogenesis. Outline in brief
management of meningomyelocele. (2011/1) 3+3+4
5. Enumerate common types of neural tube defects. Discuss prevention and management of neural
tube defects. (2014/2)4+(2+4)
6. Neural tube defects [2018/1]
NEURONAL MIGRATION DISORDERS:
1. Enumerate 4 common neuronal migration disorders and their clinical features in brief 6(01/2016)
2. Disorders of neuronal migration [2018/2]5
Chapter 610 Deformational Plagiocephaly
Chapter 611 Seizures in Childhood
1. Benign Rolandic Epilepsy of Childhood (1993/1)15
2. Management of children with partial epilepsy (1995/1)15
3. Management of Children with Partial Seizures (1995/1)15
4. Classification of Epilepsy and treatment of Simple Partial Seizures (1996/2)12
5. What are the causes of convulsions in infancy and childhood How will you investigate such a case
(1997/2)15
6. Management of a case of Complex Partial Seizure (1998/2)10
7. Infantile spasms (1999/2)10
8. Partial Seizures 15
9. Approach to an infant with myoclonic seizures (2000/1)15
10. Diagnosis and management of a child with Partial Focal Seizure (2006/2)10
11. Define myoclonic epilepsy. Discuss in brief the characteristic features of different types of
myoclonic epilepsies, with onset in infancy. (2010/2)2+8
12. Enumerate the etiology of first episode of complex partial seizures in a 7-year-old boy. Provide an
approach to management of this child. (2011/1)4+6
13. Describe the etiology, types and EEG changes of infantile spasms. Outline the treatment protocol.
(2012/1)2+3+1+4
14. Epilepsy syndromes with focal seizures [2018/1/5]
15. Define epilepsy. How are seizures classified (2019/1)
16. Role of EEG in management of seizure disorders in children (2020/01)5
17. Landau Kleffner Syndrome (2020/01)5
FEBRILE SEIZURE
1. Definition, prognosis and management of Febrile Convulsion (1993/1)15
2. Etiology and management of Febrile Seizures (1998/1)15
3. Define Febrile Convulsions. Discuss the management of a 2-year-old child who presents to the
emergency room with rst episode of Febrile Seizure. Add a note on anticonvulsant
4. Prophylaxis in febrile seizure. (2006)10

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5. Write the characteristic features of febrile seizures in children. Enumerate the differentiating
points for atypical febrile seizure. Outline the indications and regime for continuous prophylaxis in
febrile seizures. (2010/2)2+2+3+3
6. Describe various types of febrile seizures [2018/1/4]
STATUS EPILEPTICUS
1. Treatment of Status Epilepticus in a 5-year-old Child (1995/2)10
2. What are the causes of Convulsions in children? Discuss the management of Status Epilepticus
(2005)5+5
3. An 8-year-old apparently well boy presents with generalized seizures for the last one hour. How
will you approach (including history and examination) this child? Discuss the management of this
patient. (2008/2)10
4. Steps in management of status epilepticus in children. (2017/1) 5, (2016/2) 10
5. Management of refractory status epilepticus (2019/2)5
Chapter 612 Conditions That Mimic Seizures
1. Pseudo seizures (1998/2)10
2. Conditions mimicking seizures (1999/2)15
3. Discuss conditions that mimic seizures in children (2007/2)10
Chapter 613 Headaches
1. Define Migraine in children. Discuss the Classification of Migraine and write its management
(2007/2)10
2. Classification and management of Migraine (2007/1)10
3. List causes of headache in children. Outline an approach for a 10-year-old child with headache.
(2011/1)4+6
4. Classification of headache disorders in children (2017/2) 4
Chapter 614 Neurocutaneous Syndromes
1. List the neurocutaneous syndromes. Describe the genetics, cellular defect, clinical manifestation
and diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis. (2009/2) 3+1+1+3+2
2. Neurocutaneous syndrome (2019/2)5
Chapter 615 Movement Disorders
1. Enumerate the causes for ataxia in children. Discuss the investigations and treatment for a 7 year
old boy presenting with acute onset ataxia. (2014/1) 4+3+3
2. Management of infantile tremor syndrome (1/2016)4
3. List common movement disorders in children (2017/2) 3
4. Acute cerebellar ataxia. (2020/01)5
Chapter 616 Encephalopathies
1. Describe evaluation of a child with cerebral palsy. (2009/2)10
2. Enumerate management of CP (2019/1) 5
3. Diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis (2019/1) 5
Chapter 617 Neurodegenerative Disorders of Childhood
1. Discuss the diagnosis and investigation plan for a 2 year old child with regression of milestones
and generalized seizures (1993/1)25
2. Enlist the possible conditions which could result in a 24 month old child with history of regression
of milestones for past 8 month. The child also has a liver enlargement. Detail the clinical
manifestation of Tay Sach Disease? (2008/1)10
3. A 2-year-old child presents with history of regression of milestones for past 6 months and
hepatosplenomegaly. Discuss the differential diagnosis and diagnostic approach. (1/2016)
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Chapter 618 Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous System

1. Discuss the etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of Acute Disseminated
Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) (2009/1)4+6
2. Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (2013/1)5
3. A). What are the demyelinating disorders of CNS? 2
B). Etiopathogenesis, clinical features, investigations and management of ADEM (2015/1)
(2+2+2+2)
Chapter 619 Pediatric Stroke
1. Stroke in childhood (2000/1)15
2. Discuss the etiopathogenesis of acute onset hemiplegia in a 3 year old child. How will you manage
this child? (2004/2)4+6
3. Discuss the etiopathogenesis, clinical symptomatology and differential diagnosis of childhood
stroke (2006/2)10
4. Briefly discuss the arterial supply of Brain. Outline the causes of acute hemiplegia in a 2 year old
child (2007/2)10
5. Describe the causes of arterial thromboembolism in children. Outline the management of a child
with acute hemiplegia. (2008/1)10
6. What are the causes of hypercoagulable state in children? How will you manage a case of acute
hemiplegia? (2009/2)4+6
7. Enumerate the causes of stroke in children. Discuss the diagnostic approach for managing a child
with stroke. (2011/2)3+7
8. Causes and investigations in a child with stroke (1/2016)5
9. Diagnostic evaluation of stroke(2020/01)5
Chapter 620 Central Nervous System Vasculitis
Chapter 621 Central Nervous System Infections
1. Discuss diagnosis and management of Viral Encephalitis (1997/1)15
2. Chronic Meningitis – clinical approach and management (2002/1)15
3. Pathophysiology of Acute Encephalitis (2003/1)15
4. Pathogenesis, management and prognosis of H.Influenzae Meningitis in children (2006)10
5. Discuss briefly epidemiology, investigations and management of Viral Meningoencephalitis
(2007/1)10
Chapter 622 Brain Abscess
1. Enumerate risk factors for brain abscess. Outline a scheme for investigating and treatment a 10-
year-old child with brain abscess. (2008/1)10
2. Enumerate risk factors for brain abscess. Outline investigations and treatment of brain abscess in
children. (2009/2)4+2+4
Chapter 623 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri)
1. Pseudotumor Cerebri (1999/2)10
2. Discuss the pathophysiology and management of Raised Intracranial Tension 25
3. Pathophysiology of Cerebral Edema (2000/1)15
4. Outline the steps in managing intracranial hypertension and provide rationale for each of these
steps. (2009/1)10
5. Define raised intracranial pressure. Describe its clinical features and management. (2010/1)2+3+5
6. Discuss pathophysiology and types of cerebral edema. Write the medical management of raised
ICT (2014/2) 4+6
7. Treatment of raised intracranial tension in acute encephalitic syndrome [2018/1/5]
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8. Diagnostic criteria for pseudotumour cerebri (2017/2) 4

9. Measures to reduce intracranial tension (2017/1) 4, (2016/2) 5
10. Intracranial hypertension – causes, diagnosis and management (2019/2)6
Chapter 624 Spinal Cord Disorders

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PART XXVII - NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS

Chapter 625 Evaluation and Investigation of Neuromuscular Disorders
1. Briefly discuss the role of electrophysiological studies in pediatric neurological disorders.
(2004/2)10
2. Differential diagnosis of Floppy Infant (1996/1)12
3. Pseudoparalysis (2006)
Chapter 626 Developmental Disorders of Muscle
Chapter 627 Muscular Dystrophies
1. Family Genetic Counseling to parents with 2 boys having calf hypertrophy and progressive
proximal leg muscle weakness (2007/1)10
2. Genetic counselling in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (2019/1) 5
Chapter 628 Endocrine and Toxic Myopathies
Chapter 629 Metabolic Myopathies and Channelopathies
Chapter 630 Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission and of Motor Neurons
MYASTHENIA:
1. Clinical features, diagnostic evaluation and treatment of myasthenia gravis. (2010/1) 3+3+4
2. Discuss about the clinical features, types, diagnosis and management of Myasthenia Gravis.
(2011/2)3+2+2+3
3. Diagnosis of myasthenia gravis (2018/1)5
SMA:
1. Discuss differential diagnosis of a floppy infant. Write a short note on clinical and laboratory
characteristics of Werdnig- Hoffman disease. (2013/1) 4+3+3
2. Types, clinical presentation and management of spinal muscular atrophies (2014/2) 2+4+4
3. A) Classification of spinal muscular atrophies (SMA) 5
B) Major distinguishing features amongst various forms of SMA (2015/2)5
4. Therapies for spinal muscular atrophy (2018/2]5
Chapter 631 Hereditary Motor-Sensory Neuropathies
1. Describe the different types of hereditary neuropathies. Outline the diagnostic approach and
management of type 1 hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy. (2010/1)4+6
Chapter 632 Toxic Neuropathies
1. Toxic Neuropathy 15
Chapter 633 Autonomic Neuropathies
1. Familial dysautonomia (1/2016)5
2. Autonomic neuropathies (1/2016)5
Chapter 634 Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Chapter 635 Bell Palsy
1. Outline the pathway of seventh cranial. Discuss the diagnosis and management of Bell’s palsy.
2(2004/2) 4+3+3

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PART XXVIII - DISORDERS OF THE EYE

Chapter 636 Growth and Development of the Eye
Chapter 637 Examination of the Eye
1. Describe the characteristic changes observed in fundus examination of a child with (2010/2)4+3+3
i ) Chronic Hypertension
ii ) Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia
iii ) Long standing diabetes mellitus
2. A) Enlist the acquired eye diseases in children 2
B) Common causes, clinical features and management of acquired eye diseases in children 2+3+3
(2015/1)
3. Opthalmic findings in IEM (2019/1) 5
Chapter 638 Abnormalities of Refraction and Accommodation
1. Describe the various age appropriate tests for checking visual acuity in children and their
limitations. (2013/2) 10
Chapter 639 Disorders of Vision
1. What are the common causes of Blindness in children? Discuss steps to prevent Blindness in this
group (2005)3+7
Chapter 640 Abnormalities of Pupil and Iris
Chapter 641 Disorders of Eye Movement and Alignment
1. Evaluation and management of an infant with squint (95/2)15
Chapter 642 Abnormalities of the Lids
Chapter 643 Disorders of the Lacrimal System
Chapter 644 Disorders of the Conjunctiva
Chapter 645 Abnormalities of the Cornea
Chapter 646 Abnormalities of the Lens
1. Congenital cataract (Apr 2016)4, (2016/2) 5
2. Congenital cataract – diagnosis and management (2017/1) 5
3. Congenital cataract: causes and prevention. (2020/01)5
Chapter 647 Disorders of the Uveal Tract
Chapter 648 Disorders of the Retina and Vitreous
RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY
1. ROP (2007/1) 10, (Apr 2016 )5
2. Screening, classification and prevention of retinopathy of prematurity (2018/1) 5
3. Screening guidelines for ROP in India (2017/2) 5
4. Treatment modalities for ROP (2017/1) 4
5. ROP screening (2019/2)5
6. Prevention of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP). (2020/01)5
Chapter 649 Abnormalities of the Optic Nerve
Chapter 650 Childhood Glaucoma
Chapter 651 Orbital Abnormalities
1. Proptosis (1994)15
Chapter 652 Orbital Infections
Chapter 653 Injuries to the Eye
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PART XXIX - THE EAR

Chapter 654 General Considerations and Evaluation of the Ear
Chapter 655 Hearing Loss
1. Outline development of normal hearing in children. List causes of Hearing impairment in a I year
old child and its diagnostic approach (2007/2)10
2. Describe the types of hearing loss in children. Enumerate the causes of hearing loss in children.
(2010/2)4+6
3. Describe the etiopathogenesis and clinical features in a 3 year old child with hearing impairment.
What are the laboratory tests for assessment of such a child? (2012/1)3+3+4
4. Enumerate the causes of congenital deafness. Discuss Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening.
(2014/1)3+7
5. Enumerate various causes of childhood deafness. Investigation and management algorithm of
childhood deafness (2016/2)
6. Pediatric cochlear implant [2018/2]5
7. Screening and diagnosis of hearing loss (2019/1) 5
Chapter 656 Congenital Malformations of the Ear
Chapter 657 External Otitis (Otitis Externa)
Chapter 658 Otitis Media
1. Recurrent Acute Otitis Media in children (2007/1)10
2. Outline the etiopathogenesis of acute suppurative otitis media. Discuss in brief the treatment and
complications of acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM) in children. (2011/1)3+4+3
3. Management of acute otitis media (2014/2)5
4. Treatment of acute otitis media (2017/1) 5
Chapter 659 Acute Mastoiditis
Chapter 660 The Inner Ear and Diseases of the Bony Labyrinth
1. Investigations and treatment of childhood vertigo (2018/2) 5
Chapter 661 Traumatic Injuries of the Ear and Temporal Bone
Chapter 662 Tumors of the Ear and Temporal Bone

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PART XXX - THE SKIN

Chapter 663 Morphology of the Skin
Chapter 664 Dermatologic Evaluation of the Patient
1. Clinical conditions associated with Maculopapular rashes in children and their differential
diagnosis (1995/1)10
2. Diagnosis and management of a 2-year-old child with Petechial skin rash (1998/1)15
3. Maculopapular rash (2015/1)5
4. Approach to case of exanthematous fever in a 14-month old child [2018/1/5]
Chapter 665 Principles of Dermatologic Therapy
Chapter 666 Dermatologic Diseases of the Neonate
1. Bullous skin eruptions in newborn babies (1995/2)15
Chapter 667 Cutaneous Defects
Chapter 668 Ectodermal Dysplasias
1. Enumerate the causes of persistent fever which are not due to infection. Describe the clinical
presentation of ectodermal dysplasias. (2008/1)10
Chapter 669 Vascular Disorders
Chapter 670 Cutaneous Nevi
1. New developments in management of Vascular Nevi and scabies in children (1993/1)
Chapter 671 Hyperpigmented Lesions
Chapter 672 Hypopigmented Lesions
Chapter 673 Vesiculobullous Disorders
1. Outline the characteristic clinical features of ‘erythema multiforme’ and ‘Steven – Johnson
syndrome’. Enumerate the principles of management of Steven – Johnson syndrome.
(2010/2)4+3+3
2. Discuss briefly etiology, clinical features and management of Steven Johnson syndrome.(2013/2)
3+3+4
3. Etiology, clinical features and management of Steven Johnson Syndrome. (2014/2) 3+2+5
Chapter 674 Eczematous Disorders
1. Seborrheic Dematitis in children (2007/1)10
2. Discuss in brief etiopathogenesis, clinical features and treatment of seborrheic dermatitis in a
neonate. (2013/1)3+4+3
Chapter 675 Photosensitivity
Chapter 676 Diseases of the Epidermis
Chapter 677 Disorders of Keratinization
Chapter 678 Diseases of the Dermis
Chapter 679 Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Chapter 680 Diseases of Subcutaneous Tissue
1. Erythema Nodosum (1999/2)10
Chapter 681 Disorders of the Sweat Glands
Chapter 682 Disorders of Hair
1. Trichotillomania [2018/2]3
Chapter 683 Disorders of the Nails

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Chapter 684 Disorders of the Mucous Membranes

Chapter 685 Cutaneous Bacterial Infections
Chapter 686 Cutaneous Fungal Infections
Chapter 687 Cutaneous Viral Infections
Chapter 688 Arthropod Bites and Infestations
1. Discuss the treatment of the following: Scabies (2014/1) 4
2. Management of scabies in children (2017/1) 4
3. Pediculosis (2019/2) 5
4. Clinical features and management of scabies in children. (2020/01)5
Chapter 689 Acne
1. Review the etiology and management of adolescent acne. What are the psychological
2. complications in children (2006)10
3. Acne in adolescence (2016/2)
Chapter 690 Tumors of the Skin
Chapter 691 Nutritional Dermatoses

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PART XXXI - BONE AND JOINT DISORDERS

SECTION 1 ORTHOPEDIC PROBLEMS
Chapter 692 Growth and Development
Chapter 693 Orthopedic Evaluation of the Child
Chapter 694 The Foot and Toes
1. Approach to a child with Talipes equinovarus at different ages (2019/2)5
Chapter 695 Torsional and Angular Deformities of the Limb
Chapter 696 Leg-Length Discrepancy
Chapter 697 The Knee
Chapter 698 The Hip
1. Congenital Dislocation of Hip (2007/1)5
2. Describe developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Enumerate risk factors for the same. Enlist its
clinical features. How do you confirm its diagnosis? Outline the management. (2008/1)10
3. Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and management of Developmental Dysplasia of Hip (DDH)
(2010/2)3+4+3
4. What is developmental dysplasia of hip and its Classification? Describe the various age
5. appropriate clinical tests for this condition. Outline the treatment modalities for this condition at
different ages. (2013/2) 2+4+4
6. DDH – Diagnosis (2017/1) 3
Chapter 699 The Spine
Chapter 700 The Neck
Chapter 701 The Upper Limb
Chapter 702 Arthrogryposis
Chapter 703 Common Fractures
Chapter 704 Osteomyelitis
Chapter 705 Septic Arthritis

SECTION 2 SPORTS MEDICINE

Chapter 706 Epidemiology and Prevention of Injuries
Chapter 707 Management of Musculoskeletal Injury
Chapter 708 Sports-Related Traumatic Brain Injury (Concussion)
Chapter 709 Cervical Spine Injuries
Chapter 710 Heat Injuries
Chapter 711 Female Athletes Menstrual Problems and the Risk of
Osteopenia
Chapter 712 Performance-Enhancing Aids
Chapter 713 Specific Sports and Associated Injuries
SECTION 3 THE SKELETAL DYSPLASIAS
Chapter 714 General Considerations in Skeletal Dysplasias

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Chapter 715 Disorders Involving Cartilage Matrix Proteins

Chapter 716 Disorders Involving Transmembrane Receptors
1. Achondroplasia (2007/1)5
2. Define skeletal dysplasia. Describe the clinical features and radiological changes of achondroplasia.
(2010/1)3+3+4
Chapter 717 Disorders Involving Ion Transporters
Chapter 718 Disorders Involving Transcription Factors
Chapter 719 Disorders Involving Defective Bone Resorption
Chapter 720 Other Inherited Disorders of Skeletal Development
Chapter 721 Osteogenesis Imperfecta
1. Classification and management of Osteogenesis Imperfecta (2007/1)10
Chapter 722 Marfan Syndrome
SECTION 4 METABOLIC BONE DISEASE
Chapter 723 Bone Structure, Growth, and Hormonal Regulation
Chapter 724 Hypophosphatasia
Chapter 725 Hyperphosphatasia
Chapter 726 Osteoporosis

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PART XXXII - REHABILITATION MEDICINE

Chapter 727 Evaluation of the Child for Rehabilitative Services
Chapter 728 Rehabilitation for Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Chapter 729 Spinal Cord Injury and Autonomic Dysreflexia Management
Chapter 730 Spasticity
Chapter 731 Birth Brachial Plexus Palsy
Chapter 732 Meningomyelocele (Spina Bifida)
Chapter 733 Ambulation Assistance
Chapter 734 Health and Wellness for Children With Disabilities

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PART XXXIII - ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

Chapter 735 Overview of Environmental Health and Children
1. Adverse effects of Environmental pollution in children (1996/1)15
2. Enumerate various air pollutants and discuss their effects on health of children (2009/1)3+7
Chapter 736 Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Children
1. Occupational and environment risks to the fetus (2006/1)5
2. Radiation sickness 3(Apr 2016)
Chapter 737 Chemical Pollutants
1. Why children are vulnerable to chemical pollutants? what are the chemical pollutants in
2. environment and their effects? what are the hazards of environmental tobacco smoke in children?
(2014/2)3+4+3
Chapter 738 Heavy Metal Intoxication
1. Steps and management of severe iron poisoning in children (2006)10
2. Enumerate clinical features of iron poisoning and describe its management (2009/2) 3+7
3. Write the sources, clinical features, prevention and treatment of Mercury poisoning 5(2013/2)
Chapter 739 Lead Poisoning
4. Lead Toxicity in children (1995/1)10
5. Management of Lead Poisoning and organo-phosphorous poisoning (07/2)10
6. Enumerate sources of lead poisoning. Outline the mechanism of toxicity and clinical features of
lead poisoning. (2010/2)3+3+4
7. Write the sources, clinical features, prevention and treatment of Lead poisoning (2013/2)5
8. Diagnosis and management of lead poisoning (2015/1)4
9. Lead poisoning (2016/1)5
Chapter 740 Nonbacterial Food Poisoning
Chapter 741 Biologic and Chemical Terrorism
1. Bioterrorism 3(Apr 2016)
Chapter 742 Mass Psychogenic Illness
Chapter 743 Animal and Human Bites
Chapter 744 Rat Bite Fever
Chapter 745 Monkeypox
Chapter 746 Envenomations
1. How will you manage acute anaphylaxis following a bee sting in a ten-year-old boy (2006)10
2. Outline the management of dog bite in a four-year-old child. (2010/2)10
3. Describe the pathogenesis, clinical features and management of scorpion sting. (2013/1)3+3+4
4. How do you classify dog bites? Discuss its management. (2013/2)4+6
5. Pathophysiology and management of Scorpion Bite 5 (Apr 2016)
6. Clinical manifestations of Scorpion sting envenomation (2017/5) 5
7. Scorpion sting (2019/2)3
8. Bee and wasp sting (2019/2)3
9. Management of scorpion sting. (2020/01)5
SNAKE BITE:
1. An 8-year-old child is bitten by a snake while playing in the field. Discuss the different types of
pathological changes the patient can go through. How do you grade the severity of envenomation
and discuss the management? (2008/2)10
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2. Outline the pre-hospital and hospital management of a 10-year-old boy bitten by a poisonous
snake. (2009/1)10
3. A 4-year-old child has been bitten on his foot by a snake. How is a poisonous snake identified?
Discuss the management of this child. (2014/1)3+7
4. Clinical manifestations and management of viper bite (2016/1) 5
5. Snake bite poisoning -clinical features (2018/2)5

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PART XXXIV - LABORATORY MEDICINE

Chapter 747 Laboratory Testing in Infants and Children
6. PCR (1992)15
7. PCR and its significance in clinical practice (2000/1)15
Chapter 748 Reference Intervals for Laboratory Tests and Procedures

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SOCIAL PEDIATRICS
1. Discuss briefly the major goals for child survival and development by 2000AD (1997/1) 25
2. What measures can reduce Birth Rate in next 5 years (1998/2) 10
3. Objectives and strategies of ‘Maternal Child Survival And Safe Motherhood Programme’
(1994/2)15
4. Child health care services provided through CSSM programme in India (1995/1)15
5. CSSM Programme (1996/2)15
6. National AIDS control Programme in preventing Childhood AIDS (2006/1)10
7. National Leprosy Eradication Programme 15
8. National Iodine Deficiency Disorder Control Programme (2007/2) 10
9. What is the Birth Weight specific mortality? Discuss the measures to reduce this mortality
(2005)10
10. Enumerate chief causes of neonatal mortality in India. Describe the current status in India and its
status. Prepare a 5-year plan for reduction of neonatal mortality rate in your district. (2008/1)10
11. List and Define the important public health indicators of mortality in children. Also discuss their
current status in India. (2009/1)7+3
12. What are the major contributors to the high infant mortality in our country? What Specific areas
of infant or/and newborn care can be strengthened to decrease infant mortality in India. Describe
the salient features of the integrated management of neonatal and childhood illness strategy.
(2009/2) 2+3+5
13. Enumerate the Millennium Development Goals. Describe briefly the National Health Programs to
achieve Millennium Development Goals (MDG) in India. Write the status of India in relation to
health indicators in NHFS – 3. (2010/1)2+4+4
14. Define under – 5 mortality rate. Comment on its current status and etiology in India. Outline
important strategies/ programs undertaken by Govt. of India to improve Under 5 child survival.
(2010/2) 2+2+2+4
15. Define various indicators of child health which are important in context of monitoring child health
in a developing country. Outline the interventions to reduce them. (12/1)5+5
16. Write short notes on: (2013/2) 5+5
17. a) ASHA
b) MDG (millennium Development Goal) focused on children.
18. Mission Indradhanush 3 (2015/1)
19. Iron plus initiative 3(2015/1)
20. Write short notes on: (2013/2)5+5
a) Mid Day Meal programme
b) Revised National Cancer Control programme.
21. A) Millenium development goals 4 (Apr 2016)
B) Swachh Bharat Abhiyan 3
22. Sustainable development goals relevant to children (2018/1) 4
23. Infant mortality rate in India- current status (2017/2) 5, (2018/2) 5
24. Major causes for neonatal mortality and morbidity in India (2017/2) 4
25. First Referral Unit – FRU (2016/2) 2
26. Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK) (2017/2) 6, (2019/1) 5
27. POCSO Act 2012 (2017/2) 4
28. Mission Indradhanush [2018/1/5], (2016/2) 3
29. Child health screening and early intervention services in RBSK (2016/2)
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30. Objectives and components of National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Program (2016/2)
31. Infant Young and child feeding strategy (2019/1) 5
32. National neonatal screening program (2019/1) 5
33. Components of NRC [Nutrition Rehabilitation Centre] [2018/2]5
34. Home based newborn care (2019/2) 4
35. Discuss Anemia Mukt Bharat with specific reference to children and adolescents (2019/2)5
36. INAP (India Newborn Action Plan) (2019/2)5
37. District early intervention centre (DEIC) (2019/2)5
38. Neonatal mortality rate- Current status in India (2019/2)5
RCH
1. Use of Road to Health Charts in MCH clinics (1995/2)10
2. RCH programme (1998/2)15
3. National targets for MCH services 15
4. Pediatric components of RCH programme (1999/2)15
5. RCH Programme-aims and strategies (2002/1)15
6. Community management of Diarrhea and LRTI with indications for referral (2002/1)15
7. RCH Programme in India (2006)10
ICDS
1. ICDS scheme (1997/2)15
2. Outline the components of ICDS programme. Briefly discuss its impact on child health in India and
also causes for its failure. (2004/2)3+4+4
IMNCI
1. IMNCI (2003/2)15
2. IMNCI- what is the strategy. Discuss the factors in successful implementation of this strategy
(2005)5+5
3. What is IMNCI? What are the various criteria and limitations of this Programme? Elaborate signs,
symptoms and diseases covered under this programme (2006)10
4. How do you classify the severity of acute respiratory infections using the IMNCI protocol?
(2006)10
5. Describe briefly the principles of integrated management of neonatal and childhood illness
(IMNCI). Outline the broad steps of case management process. (2008/1)10
6. Outline the essential components and principles of IMNCI strategy. Highlight the cardinal features
of case management process of young infants (<2 months) (2009/1)4+6
7. Discuss the justification for the addition of neonatal component to WHO generic IMNCI
programme for making IMNCI strategy. What are the key features of this strategy? (2011/2)5+5
8. Enumerate the five high impact activities under RMNCH+ A programme 2x5 (Apr 2016)
POLIO ERADICATION
1. Pulse Polio Immunization (1996/1)15
2. a) Define polio eradication
b) Polio eradication in india.
c) Immunisation issues following polio eradication. (2015/1) 1+2+3
3. Current WHO guidelines of AFP surveillance (2019/1)
RNTCP
1. Failure in control of Tuberculosis (1993/1)15
2. DOTS chemotherapeutic management of Tuberculosis in National TB Control Programme
(2000/1)15
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3. DOTS regimen and the problems involved in the implementation in childhood TB (2006)10
4. What were the problems encountered in NTCP. Write the goals, strategies and essential
components of RNTPC. Also discuss in brief categorization of patients and treatment protocols
under RNTCP (2006)10
5. a) Describe the category based treatment in childhood TB (2009/2)3
b) Describe the pros and cons of intermittent therapy for tuberculosis (2009/2)3+3
c) What are the components of DOTS strategy as Defined by WHO? (2009/2)4
6. Describe the ow chart for diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis under RNTCP. Write briefly on DOT
PLUS program. (2012/1) 6+4
7. A) Define DOTS, DOTS agents and DOTS plus.
B) List at least 4 important components Of DOTS
C) Give the categorization of treatment strategy in DOTS.(2015/1)3+2+5
NHM/ NRHM
1. Write a short note on National Rural Health Mission (2007/1)(2009/2)10
2. Expand the acronym ‘ASHA’. Outline the functions and remuneration of ASHA. Discuss the
potential impact of ASHA in improving the health status and wellbeing of a community.
(2011/1)1+4+5
3. ASHA 4(1/2016)
4. ASHA -roles and responsibilities in brief (2018/2)5
BFHI
1. Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (1995/2)15
2. Briefly describe “baby friendly hospital initiative” and list ten steps to successful breast feeding.
(2008/1)10
3. What is BFHI (Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative)? Mention its aims and objectives, steps, benefits
and assessments of baby friendly hospitals. (2011/2)2+2+2+2+2
4. Outline the goals of baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI). Enumerate ten steps to successful
breast feeding. Mention contraindications to breast feeding. (2013/1)2+5+3
BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
1. Hospital Waste Management (2006)10
2. Discuss safe injection practices at a level three health care facility. Outline the management of a
needle stick injury to a health care provider 10 minutes back. (2008/2)10
3. Define ‘biomedical waste’. Briefly categorize them. Enumerate their health hazards. List 4
important methods for disposal of biomedical wastes. (2008/1)10
4. Define biomedical waste. Describe its hazards. Outline modes of disposal of biomedical waste
generated in a hospital setting. (2012/1)2+3+5
5. Safe injection practices at level III care with respect to burden / deficiencies, risks, technique,
handling and disposal 2+2+2+2+2 (2015/2)
6. Safe injection practices [2018/2]5
7. What are the safe injection practises (2019/1) 5

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PHARMACOLOGY
IMMUNOGLOBULIN
1. Indications for using IV immunoglobulin in children (1997/1)10
2. Role of IVIG in pediatric practice (2000/1)15
3. Indications for use of IV Immunoglobulin in Pediatric Practice (2006)10
4. Briefly outline the uses for I v immunoglobulin (IVIG) in children. (2007/2)10
5. Enlist the common indications for the use of IVIG.. Describe the mechanism of action, doses and
its side effects. (2010/1)3+3+2+2
6. Describe in brief the diseases in which IVIG is used for treatment. Write the dosage, administration
and side effects of IVIG. (2010/2) 5+2+1+2
7. Discuss indications and plausible mechanisms of action of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in
various pediatric disorders. (2013/2)10
8. Indication, mode of action and side effects of IVIG in Paediatric practise (2017/1) 10, (2016/2) 5,
(2019/1)
INTERFERON
1. Clinical importance of Interferon (98/2)10
2. Pegylated interferons (2016/2)
NO
1. Physiological basis and therapeutic basis of NO (1998/2)10
2. Clinical use of NO (2003/2)15
CHELATING AGENTS
1. Oral chelating agents (1994/2)15
2. Iron chelation therapy (2006) (2000/1)5
3. Iron chelating agents in Pediatric practice. (2020/01)5
ANTIBIOTICS
4. Describe various mechanisms for development of Drug Resistance by bacterial pathogens against
antibiotics. What factors are known to enhance drug resistance? Enumerate Anti Staphylococcal
agents (1992)25
5. Cephalosporins (1994)15
6. Enumerate pediatric conditions in which Erythromycin is the drug of choice (1997/1)10
7. Mechanism of Drug resistance (1997/1) 15
8. Early detection of Chloramphenicol toxicity (2003/1)15
9. Third generation cephalosporins (2003/1)15
10. Aztreonam (2003/2)15
11. Discuss the basis for development of antibiotic resistance. Outline the steps for prevention of
antibiotic resistance. (2004/2)5+5
12. Management of infections by organisms producing extended spectrum beta lactamase (2006/1)10
13. Principles of rational antibiotic therapy (2017/2) 5
14. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance (2017/1) 5
15. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. (2020/01)5
ANTIFUNGALS
1. Describe the antifungals available for systemic use in India with their dosage, route and duration
of therapy for treatment of
a) systemic candidiasis; and b) Invasive aspergillosis (2009/2)5+5
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS

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1. Antiviral drugs (1999/1)15

BRONCHODILATORS
1. Bronchodilators (1994/2)15
ERYTHROPOIETIN
1. Recombinant Human Erythropoietin (1994/2)15
LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARINS
1. Mechanism of action, therapeutic dose, and adverse effects in children of low molecular weight
heparins. 5 (1/2016)
MAGNESIUM SULPHATE
1. Mechanism of action, therapeutic dose, and adverse effects in children of magnesium sulphate.
5(1/2016)
ANTIEPILEPTICS:
1. Newer antiepileptic drugs (2013/1) 5, (2015/1) 4, (2015/2)5
2. Tabulate the mechanism of action, dosage, indications and side effects of the following
a. Zonisamide
b. Runamide
c. Stiripentol
d. Levetricetam
e. Lacosamide 2x5 (2015/2)
3. Enumerate newer drugs for treatment of Epilepsy with their uses (2002/1)15
4. Indications for the therapeutic use of newer anticonvulsants in childhood seizure states and their
potential adverse effects (2007/1)10
5. Newer antiepileptic drugs. Write the name, dosage and salient adverse effects in tabular form
(2017/2) 5
6. Current status of newer anti-epileptic drugs (2017/1) 4
7. Mechanism of action of valproate as an anti-epileptic drug (2018/1)
ANTI-ARRHYTHMIC:
1. Mechanisms of supraventricular tachycardia and mode of action of adenosine in supraventricular
tachycardia (2018/1)
MISCELLANEOUS
1. Infliximab (2016/2)
2. Aerosol therapy for respiratory disorders (2017/1)
3. Role of sildenafil citrate in new born practise (2019/1) 5
4. Anti-cytokine drugs and their indication [2018/2]5
5. Haematopoetic growth factors [2018/2]5
6. Rituximab – mode of action, indication and adverse effects (2019/2) 6

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VACCINES
VACCINOLOGY
1. Enumerate all the diseases against which vaccines are currently available (1993/2)15
2. Immunization schedule basis in child suffering from AIDS (1994)15
3. Live vaccines used in pediatric age group (1995/1)10
4. Adverse reactions that may occur following use of vaccines included in the National
5. Immunization Schedule in India (1995/2)10
6. Describe briefly various adverse reactions following vaccinations and discuss their management
(1997/2)25
7. Combination vaccine (1999/2)(2003/1)15
8. Vaccine Vial Monitor 15
9. Tabulate the various newer vaccines available to prevent respiratory disease in children, with their
types, dosage schedule, route, important side effects and efficacy. (2011/2)10
10. Salient differences between the National and IAP immunization schedule. (2013/1)(5)
11. Describe the criteria or conditions to be considered for approving a ‘newer’ vaccine in an
12. immunization program of a developing country. (2008/1) (2013/2) 10
13. Define the following: (2013/1)2X5
a. Herd immunity
b. Herd effect
c. Vaccine immunogenicity
d. Vaccine efficacy; and
e. Vaccine effectiveness
14. Cold Chain (2000/1)15, (2014/2)5
15. Conjugate vaccines (2015/1) 3
16. Pentavalent vaccines (2016/2)
17. Adolescent vaccination (2017/1) 5
18. Adolescence immunization (2018/2)5
19. Immunization in immunosuppressed children [2018/1/5]
20. Classification of AEFI (2019/1) 5
21. Components of cold chain for immunisation in a hospital setting and its monitoring (2019/1) 5
22. Combined vaccines (2019/1) 5
23. Different immunisation campaigns in India and their role in improving immunization coverage
(2019/2)6
24. Future vaccines (2019/2) 5
RABIES VACCINE
1. Write briefly about different types of vaccine against rabies. Discuss various schedules of pre and
post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies.(2012/1) 5+5
2. Anti-rabies vaccine – Different schedules, advantages of each schedule (2019/2)5
3. Post exposure prophylaxis for dog bite (2020/01)5
VARICELLA VACCINE
1. Varicella vaccine (2000/1)15
MEASLES VACCINE
1. Complications of measles vaccination and management (1994/2)15
HIB VACCINE
1. H Inuenzae B vaccine (1998/2)15

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2. Tabulate the following details with regards to Rotavirus vaccine, HIB vaccine and pneumococcal
vaccine: (2009/2)10
a) Type of vaccine
b) Dose
c) Route
d) Appropriate age of vaccination
e) Justification of its usage
f) Side effect and
g) Drawback
TYPHOID VACCINE
1. Typhoid Vaccines (1997/1)15
2. Typhoid vaccines (2019/1) 5
3. Typhoid conjugate vaccine. (2020/01)5
HEPATITIS B VACCINE
1. Hepatitis B immunization (1993/2)10
2. Hepatitis B vaccine (1996/1), (1997/1)10
PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINE
1. Pneumococcal vaccine (1996/2)15
2. Pneumococcal vaccine (2017/2) 5
INFLUENZA
1. Influenza Type B vaccine (1998/1)15
DPT
1. Current status of post-DPT vaccine encephalopathy (1993/1) 15
2. Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis and prevention of pertussis in children. Write the differences
in efficacy, duration of protection and adverse effects between whole cell and acellular pertussis
vaccine. (2014/1)6+4
POLIO
1. Status of Polio vaccines (1993/1)15
2. Discuss the current role, advantages and disadvantages of OPV and IPV in control and eradication
of poliomyelitis in India. (2011/1)4+6
3. What is inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). What are the advantages and disadvantages of IPV over
OPV? What is the schedule of IPV as recommended by IAP. (2014/2) 3+5+2
4. VAPP (Vaccine Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis) 5 (Apr 2016)
HPV
1. Utility and controversy of HPV Vaccine. (2010/1)5+5
2. HPV vaccine (2015/1)4
3. HPV vaccine-current status [2018/2]5
ROTA VIRUS
4. Rota virus vaccine (2015/1) 3
5. Rota virus vaccine- schedule, dosage, side effects (2017/1) 5

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STATISTICS
1. Define evidence based medicine, as applicable to pediatric practice. Enlist basic steps in the
practice of evidence based medicine. Name few databases of systematic reviews. (2008/1)10
2. Clarify the concept of evidence based medicine. Define ‘strength of evidence ‘and ‘quality of
evidence’. Provide suitable examples to justify your Definitions. (2011/1)3+3+4
3. What is Evidence Based Medicine? How are the guidelines based on Evidence Based Medicine
developed? How are the recommendation graded for the level of evidence? (2011/2)2+4+4
4. Define and describe the following concepts used for measuring growth:
a) Percentile b) Percent of median c) Z scores. Discuss their relation to each other. (2012/1)
2+2+3+3
5. Discuss the following: (2014/1)3+3+4
6. Student’s ‘t’ test
a. Sample size
b. Ethics in research
c. Types of error in research study (2014/2)4
7. Define and explain sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of
a diagnostic test. (2010/2)2.5 X 4(2014/2) 2+2+2
8. a) Component of ethics in biomedical research 4
b) “p value” and its level of significance 3
c) Association concealment 3(2015/1)
9. a) What is bias in medical research 2
b) Common types of bias and the methods to minimize bias in analytic studies 4+4 (2015/2)
10. a) What is relative risk (RR) and discuss its implications.? 1+3
b) What is usefulness of confidence interval? 3
11. Implications of sensitivity and specificity. 3(2015/2)
12. Measures of Central tendency (2018/1/5), (2016/2)5
13. Evidence based medicine 6
Forest plot in meta analysis 4 (Apr 2016)
14. Clinical trials phase 1, phase 2, phase 3 and phase 4.
Ethics in biomedical research 5+5(Apr 2016)
15. Forest plot graph 3 (01/2016)
16. Meta-analysis 3 (01/2016)
17. Ethical principles when doing research on humans (2018/1/5)
18. Study designs (2018)
19. Components of structured abstract (2018/1) 4
20. Characteristics of a good research question (2017/2) 4
21. Need and methods of blinding for research (2017/2) 6
22. Observational studies (2017/1) 4
23. Metanalysis (2017/1) 4
24. Assessing the value of diagnostic test (2017/1) 3
25. Odds ratio (2016/2) 5
26. Steps in planning a RCT (2019/1) 5
27. Source of health information in research (2018/2) 5
28. Tests of statistical significance (2018/2) 5
29. Comment critically on “Evaluation of a diagnostic test study” (2019/2)6
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30. Positive predictive value (2019/2)2

31. Negative Predictive value (2019/2)2
32. Forest Plot. (2020/01)5
33. Cochrane Review. (2020/01)5
34. Ethics in biomedical research. (2020/01)5
35. Evidence based medicine practice. (2020/01)5

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MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS
1. Value of USG in pediatrics (1993/1)10
2. Role of Upper GI Endoscopy (1993/1)15
3. Respiratory system defence mechanisms (1993/2)15
4. Pathogenesis of oedema (1995/1)15
5. Food Fussiness in children (1995/1)10
6. Effect of Television watching in children (1995/1)15
7. Indications for various organ and tissue transplants in Pediatric practice and common
considerations in selection of donors (1995/2)10
8. Differential diagnosis of Hemoptysis in children (1995/2)10
9. Tetany in children (1996/1)12
10. Cardiovascular Risk factors in children (1996/1)15
11. Primary Endocardial Fibroelastosis (1998/1)15
12. Role of oxygen free radicals in the causation of childhood diseases (1997/1)15
13. CPAP (2006)10
14. Role of Pediatrician in Disaster management (2006/1)10
15. Write short notes on: Female infanticide (2009/2) 5
16. Tips on parental guidance for computer and internet usage by children (2013/1)(5)
17. Free radicals 5(2015/2)
18. Role of O2 free radicals in the pathogenesis of neonatal disorders (1996/2)10
19. Biology and role of cytokines in Newborn Infants (2006/1)10
20. ECMO (2006/1)10
21. Discuss the proposed hypothesis on ‘fetal origins of adult disease ‘and its implications on burden
of diseases. (2011/1)5+5
22. Neonatal hemochromatosis (2015/1)5 19.
23. Biology and role of cytokines in newborn infants (1/2016)3
24. Steps to curb female infanticide. 5 (01/2016)
25. Simulation- newer medical teaching training technology (2019/1) 5
26. Techniques of bone marrow aspiration and its indications (2019/1) 5
27. Plasmapheresis (2018/2) 5
28. Immunotherapy (2019/2)5
29. Emerging infections (2019/2)5
30. Role of USG in NICU (2019/2)5
31. Nipah infection: Symptoms and prevention (2019/2)5
32. PET Scan – Indications and risks (2019/2)4
33. Rational Oxygen Therapy (2019/2)5
34. FOAD (Fetal origin of adult disease) 5(2019/2)
35. Intraosseous infusions: Indications and complications. (2020/01)5
36. Cytokine storm. (2020/01)5
37. Discuss the ill-effects of digital media on child health and the Guidelines for their prevention.
(2020/01)5+5
38. Teleconsultation Guidelines, Advantages and Drawbacks. (2020/01)5
39. Umbilical Cord Blood Banking: Pros and Cons. (2020/01)5
40. IAP Guidelines on junk food, and fruit juices. (2020/01)5

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