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Gail Hershatter 72 20

20 50

Gail Hershatter, 1952 Hampshire College

1900 1949 1986 The


Workers of Tianjin: 1900 1949 20 80 1988
Personal Voices: China Women in the 1980s 20
1997 Dangerous Pleasures: Prostitution in Twentieth-
Century Shanghai 20 2004
Twentieth Century 2011 The

1997 2012

1986

Nan Nü: Men, Women and


Gender in China, China Quarterly, Frontiers of Literary Studies in China

72
James C. Scott ,
London Review of Books
New
Books in Gender Studies

Ellen R. Judd , China Quarterly

Cross Currents: East


Asian History & Cultural Review

Amy Tan The Joy Luck Club


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1968 1956 2010
95
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96
1994 11 1952
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1954
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309
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97
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98

99

100

101
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102

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
98
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99
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100
1949
101
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102
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1951
6 6
103

38
73 8

1952 36
104

105

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
103

104
1996 178-209-009 1953 178-27-025 1952
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1949

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105
394 150
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350
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106
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107
108

109
110
1953

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50

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106
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107
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108
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1, 480 26 334, 502 176, 546
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38, 252 90, 713 74, 254 169, 972 1954

109
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178-27-023 1952 178-27-024 1952 178-209-036 1954
1951 16 11
194-8 1951

1955 1955
110
1953 156 2, 815

1953
111
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1953

! 22!
1952 B
1993

112

B 1950
1951 3, 000
113
63 1952
114
1953

115

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1993 367
113
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1952 4
1993
55
114
1993 55
115
55-56

! 23!
——

116

117

118

——

119

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
116
1996

1953 1954

1997
117
1996
118
2006
119
2006

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50
80
50

1953 10
——
120

121
122

123

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
120
1953 10 16
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%B4%AD%E7%BB%9F%E9%94%80.
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Shue 2005 2006 2006
2000
157-69
121
1980 11 1941
2001
122

2004
2006 146 1980 11
1988 426
123

1952 5.06 6 87

8 148 1952 7 2 19-20

! 25!
124

125

126

127

……

……
128

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
124

8 221
1952 9 25 389-91
125
1999
126
1997
127
1999
128
1997 1954
1994 13 1954
1954 1954
1955 1955
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40%
Bernstein 1984 340-41 352-53 1953
595.1 2005 23

! 26!
1950

129

1951
130
131
1952
132
133 134

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135

1951

1949

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1996
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17 6 194-
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131
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132
1996
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134
1996
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1957

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136

137

138
1954

139

140

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139

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142

20 50

143
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144

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50

1941

1, 350 1892

145
1892

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178-209-009 1953

142

1996
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1987
144

1969
1892 860-987 T 1968
1794 311-30
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19
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145
1969 1892 860-987 1, 375
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1948

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146
1996

! 31!
147

148

2006

20 30
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149

1949

150

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1996 1996

148
50

1957

149
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150
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4
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Belden 1970 275-307
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Schwarcz 1986 2005

6
• • Kay Ann Johnson 1983 93-153

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2007 17

7
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50

10

11
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12
1949
13

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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1996
9
1997
10

1996

11
1940
1998 148
12
1999 1997 1997 1997
1999 2006 1997 1999
2001 2004 2001 1945
G 4 1946-1947
180 2001 G
13
1949 11 9 1996
1997
2004 2001 2004 G
800 43 34 2001 G
1949 1998 149

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1951

15
1955
16

17
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1953

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14
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11 18 1952 12 8-14
15
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16
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18
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21
1996
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23
24

25

26

27
1956
28

29
50

30

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23
1996
24
1997
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1997
26
1996
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1956 1 2 1956 1957 1957
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1997
35
1949
1953 133 1996 652-53

2004
2003
36
2001
37
2004
38

2004
618 -907
50 50
18
—— 50

, “Qujiang in Xi’an Named Park for Cultural Sector.”

! 8!
G

40

41

42

50
1949
43

44

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
2007 8 13 http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-
08/13/content_6024102.htm. (2004 )
20 20
Gamble 1970 704-61 xvii
xxix
39
2004
50 2004 G
1956 G 2001
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42
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1953
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43
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44
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2007
www.sparklingredstarmovie.com/.

! 9!
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46

47

50

50

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46
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47
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48

1949
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50

51

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48
1950 1976
383-394 www.international.ucla.edu/eas/restricted/marriage.htm.
1950 5 11 7-8 Meijer 1971 1949
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367-84 422-24 1969 1 22-85 197-207

1959
1951 12 11 5-6 9-17 1951 1 18 26-27
1951 10 24 9-17 1951 12 25-26 22
1952 8 15 1952 10 16
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49
2007 15

50
1951 1953
1953
1949
1995 219-
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202 2000 11-17 242-43 2000 3-4
1990 97-99
1997 3-4 44
51
2004 7

! 11!
52

53
54

55

20
40

56

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

30
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52
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53
1997 1997
54
1996 1996
55
Z G G
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57

58

59

60

61
62

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57
1987 50
1997 1997
58
1987 50
G
2001 G

59
1997 1997 1997 1996
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1996 1997 2001
60
1997 2001 2001 2001
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50 60

2004
61
Mclaren 2008 2006
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62
1996

! 13!
63

1922 G 30

64

65
!

66

Z G

67

68

69
1950 1950 1951

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
63
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1988 146-47
64
2001
65
Wolf 1972 1975
66
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67
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Stafford 2000 110-26
Judd 1989
68
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69
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! 14!
70

71

72

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70
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77 78

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80

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1952 3 2, 398 23
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178-117-008 1952 500


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440, 000
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1953 1953 1953
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89

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1953

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88
1996
1996 272
89
1997 G
2001

! 20!
90

1952

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
90
1989
118

Black threads and blue threads, bluer than blue,


Lan Huahua was born, and loved by all.
Of the five grains sprouting in the fields, the sorghum is tallest.
Of all the girls in the 13 provinces, Lan Huahua is the best.
In the first month of the year, the matchmaker comes.
In the second month, the engagement is settled.
In the third month, big money changes hands.
In the fourth month, they welcome the bride.
Three troupes of musicians blow their horns, two troupes beat their drums.
Casting off my beloved elder brother,
I am carried on a sedan chair into the Zhou household.
Lan Huahua stepped down from the sedan chair, looking east and glancing west.
She saw the monkey-faced old man, and it felt like the grave.
“If you want to die, die early.
In the morning your death approaches, in the afternoon, I, Lan Huahua, leave.
In my hand I carry lamb meat, in my arm I hold a cake.
I risk my life to run to my elder brother’s home.
When I see my beloved elder brother, I have so much to say to him.
The two of us will be together, in life and in death.”

1984 19-20

Threads of black and threads of blue, bluer and the sky.


Sewed for baby Lan Huahua, apple for her mother’s eye.
Shooting up like the sorghum tall, beauty brings her fame.
In every village in the land, everybody knows her name.
New Year brought the matchmaker, fixed the bridegroom’s price.
After the payment’s made in March, in April she’ll become his wife.
Wedding music fills the air, drums and whistles sound.
She is torn from her own true love and carried to he Zhou compound.
Lan Huahua steps from the wedding chair, there espies the groom.
Old and wizened, eyes half-blind, one foot already in the tomb.
You don’t have long to live, old man! You’ll soon meet your end.
When you’re dead and gone, old man, I’ll leave this cursed house again.
Gifts of meat still in my hand, cake tucked in my blouse.
I have risked my life and soul to flee here to my lover’s house.
When I saw my lover there, words flowed from my heart.
Living, dying, come what may, we’ll ne’er again be torn apart.

20 50 21

http://bbs.tianya.cn/post-music-147036-1.shtml.
Blake 1979

! 21!
91

92

93
94
1949

95

Z
96

97

1952

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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1958

http://shaanxi.cnwest.com/content/2007-01/17/content_405559.htm.
1997

1949 50
1987 111-13
92
178-117-008 1952

93
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1999 2001 12

1996
23 15, 487 4, 905
178-124-023 1953
94
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95
1996
96
1999
97
1997

! 22!
98

99

100
20 50

101

102

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
98

99

100
1996
101
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102
1999

! 23!
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1953

! 24!
103
!

104
2
105
50 Z 5 6
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106

1954-1956

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
103
1997
104
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105
1954 73, 521 338, 322 98
73, 400 313, 251 310 38, 200 168, 200
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1987 24 1954 4 1996
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1953 10 157 1953 313, 400
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106
1999 2001 1950 G

1996 90

! 25!
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1955 9, 075 6, 493 366 225 362 3, 113 3, 161
1956 8, 838 7, 660 533 258 387 3, 865 3, 188
1956 1 4, 776 4, 043 317 167 249 2, 074 1, 703
6

1954 98 85 7 2 4 6 14
1955
1956 1 82 54 10 4 14 51 35
6

1954 246 224 14 5 3 24 63


1955 179 158 14 3 4 56 88
1956 1 85 77 5 1 2 33 38
6

1954 64 60 0 1 3 7 21
1955 10 13 12 0 0 1 0 5
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31
1956 1 94 68 26 0 0 63 37
6

1954 310 217 10 8 13 100 95


1955 7 1 9 9 0 0 0 19 9
9 30

1956 1 106 72 14 9 11 70 80
6
1954 198-41 1955 198-458
1956 198-527

50
107

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
107
1997 Z
1938 1951
1945 1953

! 26!
108

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
108
1975 1953

! 27!
109

50

1949

1950

110

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
109
1997 T
110
1996 1962
1962
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! 28!
111

112

1934

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
111
1996
112

178-162-072 1956 11 15 4

! 29!
1947

1951
1952
1955

50

50

! 30!
113

1959 1960 1958


1959

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
113

! 31!
114

1962 11

1963

20 60
G

60

60

1962

115

116

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
114

115
2001 2004
116
178-209-009 1953

! 32!
20 50

117

118

20 90 :

20 50

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
117
5
www.inernational.ucla.edu/eas/restricted/marriage.htm.
118
1996

! 33!
50 1953
3 8
119

5
11
120
6
121

122
2

123

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
119
1957 3 7 1957

178-171-002 1957
120
1957 1 29 119
2

3 8
1957
121
198-513 1956
1996 91
122

1956

123

1955 2000
58-61 20 90

! 34!
124

125
126
127

50

20 50

50

128

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
124
2000 80 2008 11 7
125
1969 2 176-77
Cohen 2005 84-118
126
Lavely 1991
127
1999 2001
128
Judd 1998

! 35!
1954 G

1957 G

50
2

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1
2001 1953 1954
1950 11 1952 1952 8
1953
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1954 1956 1, 036
1957 217
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2
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50

! 1!
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4
1953

5
6

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3
1953 2-3 1951 12
1953 2
4
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1953 5-6
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Domes 1980 13
1953
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5
14 13
21 22 75 124 178-131-008 1954 5
1980 13 1955 27
1956 50
6
1953 35 1956
1976 395-532
7
1956 40 47-71
8
1953 5-6 9 13 16
1980 13

1953 19-20
9
50 2002 282 2006

! 2!
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1953
11

1953

12

13

1954 1955
14

32

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
10
1996 2006
1996
1997
11

1987 24
12
40 Vermeer 1988 252
1957 70%
50 252-53
13
1997
14
1993 56 1994 14 1954
983 1955
21, 000 1988 304 1955 4 25
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1955 1997

! 3!
15

16

1949

17
1954

18

1956

19

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
15
1993 56-58

Friedman
1991 160-84
16
178-132-019 1954 5 15
17

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1954 4 23 178-131-008 1954 5 178-132-019 1954
5 15 178-131-032 1954 12 2 1996
1956 40
……

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12 1955 12 2-4 7 5 1956 5 9
1955 11 5 1955
8 13 1956 1 8
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19
1956 10-11 29 47 51

! 4!
20

1955

21
22

23

24

25
26

27

28
T

29

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
20
178-146-006 1956 1 15
178-150-
008 1956 2 1
21
1993 57
22
178-131-008 1954 5
23
1996
24
1996
25

26
1997
27
1997
28
1996 1996
29
1997

! 5!
30

1955

31

1955
9
32

1956
33
34
Z
35
270 840
36

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
30

1955
7 10
Domes 1980 15 8

1993 57-59
31
1977 184 211-
41 MacFarquhar 1974

32
1955
1956
1958
90% 1993 59
33
97.3% 1980 14
1955 8 15% 1956 8
92% 64%
1956 ii 1988 305 1956 24, 000
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1957 6
9
306-7
34
1980 13-14 1957
156

35
2001 G 1 1955 9
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17
36
1997

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37
38

39

40
41
10,
000 10, 000 50

500
500
500
300
42

43
B 1955 1955
T 9 700
1956 1, 617
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
37
1956 7 14
38
1996 1988 278 154
1954 1970
1965 1800 1970 3000
39
1956 31-32 1988 171 1957

1956 52, 000 1957 2000 477-88


96
40
1956 7-8 29-30 35
41
1988 306
42
1997 1999 1997
2008 11 11 2001

1956 43-44 1991 185-213

43
1955 1956 6 1956 B G
B
1987 146 143 1996 97
1988 185-89

! 7!
44
Z
45 46
29 G 1957

47

48

49

50

1957

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
44
1990 141 146-7
45
1994 32 91 95
46
2004 1996 93
47
2004
2004 3
48
1999
49
1997
50
1956 1, 479 1957 1, 177
1958 1988 240

244 1956 10% 1957


30 1980 16
51
1996

! 8!
20

52

53

1956
54
55

56

57

1956 150
100
150 200
58

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
52
1997
53
1956
1957 1988 240
1957 10%

54
1956

3 1195-231
55
1956
56
5-6
57
216-17
58

178-162 72 1956 11 15 178-153-088 1957 3 9

! 9!
59

60

61

1956 T

62

20 50

63
64

65

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1988 156
70

12 222-24
190 210 250
59

1957 2 502
612
60
1999
61
1956 11 178-154-083 1956 178-
162-073 1956
62
40%
10
178-137-046 1956 6 16
63
2003 53-58
2004 7-11
64
2001
65
1996

! 10!
66

67

68
69
G Z

70

71

72

1949
73

74

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
66
2001
67
1996
68
2004
69
2001
70
1999 1956 43

71
1997 2004 4
72
1997
73

1956 12 28-29 1956

1956 12 25 178-146-085
74
2001 G 1912

! 11!
75

76
Z
77

Z
78
T

79

80

81

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

2001
75
1999

76
1996 1997

77
1999

1956 80
105-9 1988 306 1956

15%

78
1999 2003 51
79
1997 1997 1997
1997

80
1997 1997
81
1999

! 12!
82
83

84

85
86

1949
87
1949 Z

88

89

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
82

G 5
9 15

2004

83
1956 32-33
84
10

85
1956 34 9

1997
1999

86

1956 29
87
2001
88
1999 1999
89
1956
178-146-85 1956 12
25

! 13!
90

91 92

1955

……

93

20 80

94

10

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
90
178-105-037 1956 6 11
91
Freedman 2002 176-78 182-83
92
1956 34
93
1957
178-162-072 1956 11 15

1956
216-17
94
1985 79-111
70 80

! 14!
95

• Margery Wolf 20 80

96

97

98

50
Z
99

100

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
95
83-84
96
2006
97
1997
98
1997 1962

1962 6

99
1999
100
1999

! 15!
T

102

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
101
1999
102
1997 1997 T
200 1997 B T
200 300 200 1996
1997 200 300
370 380
400

! 16!
103

104

105

106

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
103
1997 G
2004
104

1996 70 80

105
1997
106
1997
10 8
1997

! 17!
107

108

109

110

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
107
1957
1962 8 2 8 22
108

• Judith Butler
109
Evans 1997
110
1956

120-150 150
120-150 80 120
1957
50
2005 70

295

! 18!
T

111

112

113

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
111
1997 T 70
1988 288-89
112
1997
113
1999
1956

1956
1953
T 70
1997
2003 51

! 19!
114

115

116
Z

Z
117

118
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1956

78
79

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
74
178-83-043 1956
75
194-534 1956 3-4 81-85
178-161-074 1956 11

76

77
178-78-062 1956 8 29 9 30

78
1956 33-40 1958

1958
1958
79

1958 3 20
194-519 1959 12 1960 5 15 4

! 14!
1958
80
3 101
8
81
3

82
5, 386 51 7 4
83
84
85
1959

86
87

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1962 11 15 1963 4 10 1958

1963
1964 6 26
80
1958 3 20
1996
250

1, 000 178-27-012 1958 3


178-45-006 1961 7 31
81
194-407 1958 3
82
1958 178-27-012 1959 4 1

83
178-216-002 1960 1 17 2
1959 4 5
MacFarquhar 1983
84
1962 178-313-001
85
G 2001
40
50 2004 B
120 2006 1958

178-189-010
1958 3 11
86
1959 , 1959

1958 8 11
1959 3 6 7
87
1958 6-7 1958 6 27
1959 9 22 6 2003 276

! 15!
88
89
90

91
4

50
92

1959

93

1959

1959

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1958 1959 1958
178-198-040 1958
88
282 1, 000
4.3 3, 000 1958
8 2
89
1959 6 23
90
194-673 1960 2 9 6-13

194-673 1960 2 18 17-24


194-534 1956
91
1958 7 5
92
1958 11 7
93
1959 1 1

! 16!
94
95

96

97

98

99

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94
194-673 1960 2 6 6-13

194-674 1960 2 18 17-24

2001 4

95
1959 9 2
96
1960 1959 1, 688.5
1, 815.2 40 400
1, 265
1960 ( 1960
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97
1, 150 100
92, 000 206 40.7 3000
35 40, 250
90 178-45-006 1961 7 31
98
178-45-006 1961 7 31 178-216-002
1960 1 17 9 1960 4 2 1
17

! 17!
1961 3

100

101

1961
1958

15%

102

1960

103
1961

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
99
1960 1959

178 244-015 1960 3 2


100
1961 3 7 3
101
1961 4 5 1
102
194-747 1961 7 14 1963 3 6 3
(1988 348
510 98) 1959 550
1962 350
103
1960 5 5
1961
12 11

! 18!
104
1962

13

105

106

1964

1959 1960

1963

107

108

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
104
1988 348 1953 70
6.25

105
1962 1962 1 25 1-2

178-313-009 1962 6 4
1962 3 7 2

106
! 1962 3 7 3
1963 3 6 1964 4 25 3 6
1963
1963 2 27
3 19 4 10 5 31 7 29 1964
1964 4 4 !
107
1964 4 25 1
1963 3 6 3 2002 510 !
108
2002 510 !

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109
110

50

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109
1988 371-75 60 70

374
80
379
110
25
22% 1996 2006 600

! 20!
111

112

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
111
1996 !
112
2006

! 21!
113

114

60

115

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
113
1996 1993
1993
Harriet Evans
114
1996
115

! 22!
2008
12 1996

116

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
116

! 23!
117

118

50

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
117
2000

118
• Ann Stoler • Karen Strassler 2002

Stoler Strassler
20 90
176

(
175 )
119
43

! 24!
120

121

1953 3

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1944
1967 177
120
1996
121

! 25!
122

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
122
8 4
1999 3
1997

! 26!
50

50 50
50

! 27!
1958
5
1

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Chan 2001 54-60
1955 1962 Teiwes Sun
1999 xv-xxvii
1957 15 1958
1962 [MacFarquhar]
1983 17 90 15 20
7 8 2000 75 6 1
1994
26
2
• Kimberley Manning

2005 87
2006 350-51

2006 2006 2007

2005 85 90

! 1!
1959 1961

1949 1963
20 80

20 50

50

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

3
Banister 1987 59

[Schurmann] 1968 464-97


1983 334
1996 1996 , 1996
1990 Bachman 1991

2001

! 2!
1958 3

4
1958 5
5
8
6
7
1958 4, 200
8
280

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1958
1999 13
2001
1999 19
2000

73
111
2001 280

Domes] 1980 20-60


2001 198-279 1992
Domenach] 1995 1990

Becker 1996
1996
Thaxton 2008
1989 164-
203
1994
Pickowicz 1994 2007
4
Schoenhals 1987 26-27 2001
1957
26
5
2001 54-60 7 15 17
55
6
1987 74
7

2001 67-71 78-84


109-57
1997 1093 2006
1-288
8
1993 40 3, 797
1996
405-7 G
2001 Z 1958
1961 10 1990 76

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9
10

11

12

13

1958 10
14

1958

15

16

1958 10
17

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
9
18 1959 1961
10 82 844
4, 512 1987 65
10
1993 20-21 61 368
11
1996 1958
14 24-26 31-32 44-45 51-52 55 57 68 1958 48 1959
27
12
1997 1999
Z 60
70 1990
130-31 134
13

1956 4 1
14
1983 113-16
15
1997 1999 2001
16
1996
1996 • 2009
4 2

17
178-197-037 1958 10 20 4 12-14

! 4!
T

24

! 5!
19

20

21

22

23

1956 1962 B
24
T
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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1997
19
1996
20
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21
2006
22
2006
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1949 60

20 90

23
178 186-043 1958 Friedman 2006 43-44

24
2006

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25
G
26

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70
27

28

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20 50 90
30

31
32

1960
80 B

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
25
1997 1997 1997
26
2004 2004
27
1999 1999 1999 1999
Z 1953 Z
1954 20 70
1990 58-62 75-78
1958 61 1959 1963
71 76
28
1999
29
1999
30
2006
31
1997
32
1996
25%
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! 7!
33
B
20

34

1958 B
35

36

37
B
38

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
33

20 50
5
1959
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Huang 2002
147, 000
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1999 2010
Lee 2010
1996 1999 2001
34
1996 2006 1964

35

2006
1996
36
1996
37
2006
38
1996 1997
2006 1999

! 8!
39

40
41

42

43 44

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
39
1996 1996 2006
40
1997
41
1958

178-189-010 1958 [3 11 ]
1994 24-25 178-196-013 1958
3 28
42
2006

50
43
1996
44
178-197-037 1958 10 20 7
1958 10 13
1958

1959
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130

46

47
48
Z

49

50

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1958
1958 8
178-189-010 1958 3 11
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067 1958 8 18-23
46
178-189-010 1958 3 11

47
178-197-037 1958 10 20 5-6
1960
48
1999
49
1999
50

2004 1971 1973 G


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1999 133

! 10!
T

51

1959
150 12, 000

52

53

54
1958
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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1997
52
178-211-005 1959
53
2004 1996
54
2000 89
90-93 1996

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55

56

57
1958

58

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1958 2001
65-66 137-138 1999 175 148

55
[Bernstein]1984 351 1958
1958 12 1957
1959 1959
1958 1957
1959
56
1999
57
1984 341-42 1959
1951

1958
368-70 352-55 345

2006
58
2006

! 12!
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60

61

62
1958 10

63
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7 9 9
64
28

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2006
60
1996
61

178-186-043 1958 Manning 2005 84

Schoenhals 1987 80-81

1960
62
1958 7 7
8 1958
8 11 1960 3 1

63
178-198-040 1958 10 8
64
178-186-043 1958

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66
1958

67

68
G

69

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65
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68 145 5 1958

66
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67
178-207-067 1958 8 18-23

68
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198-768 1961 3 27 80-81 198-768 1961


10 26 246
69
2004 1998 106

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71

72
1959
,

73
74

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300
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76

77

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71
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72
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4 1 5
73
178-211-005 1959
74

178-197-037 1958 10 20 1958 8


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75
1958 16 19 178-
207-067 8 18-23
76
178-208-067 1958 8 18-23
1959 2 21 1959 8 27
77
1958 6
178-27-020 1958 6 3
178-189-010 1958
178-195-018 1958 5 24 178-196-029 1958 7 31
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……

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82
T
83

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79
178-189-048 1958 12 2 1959

1957 737 1958 68, 288 1959 903


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5, 767 1959 1959
8
178-211-005 1959
178-219-013 1959 7
9
80
1997 2005 102-3

81
1996 275
82
2003 51-52 2004 5-6
83
1997

! 16!
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G

85

86

87

88

1961
30%
89

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
84
1997
85
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86
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1998 103-9
20 90
104

104-5
87
1999
88
1997
89
178-282-010 1961 3 12

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90

Z
91
Z

92

93

B
94
95
G

96

Z
97

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98

99

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1958 10 80%
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2001 1958 11
1958 11 12
1958 11 22 1959 11 8 12 30 1961 2 5
91
1999
92
1999 1999 Z G
2001
2004
93
1996 1999 1958
94
1996 Z
1999
95
1996
96
2001 T
1997
97
1999
98
2001 1999
99
2004

! 18!
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100

101

102

103

104

105
T
106
T

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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1996
101
1999
102

103
2006
104
1996
105
1999 Z 2004 G
106
1997

! 19!
107

108

109
110

111

112

113

114

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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1997
108
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109
1997 T 2001 G
1997 T
110
2001
111
1997
112
2001 2004
113
1999
114
1999

! 20!
115

116

117

118

1959
119

1958
1959
120
1959
1960 1957 26.4% 1960 1961
121
122

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
115
1996

116
1997
117
1996
118
1997

1997 2008 118-246

Seybolt 1996 51-58


119
1996
Kane
1988
120
1987 233 2005 17
121
1987 59-60 1962 1961
233
1998 115
122
1984 344 2005 21

! 21!
123

124
125
1959 1961
1958
126
1957

1959 10%
D. Gale Johnson

1959 1960 1961


• Carl Riskin

127

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

123
2005 26-27 2008

1960-1961 1998
106-7
124
1958 198-686 1958
269-72 1961 6 7 T 21
T
1

220, 000
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125
2005 26-27 Johnson 1998

Dikötter 2010

126
1998 103-4 1987 153
4 2

127
1998 103-4 1998 115 1998
2000

! 22!
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1959 7
128
1961
129

130

131

132

133
B
134
135

136

137

138

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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1998
128
1998 115 119
129
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1960 60% 21%
20%
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2003
130
1996
131
1997 1996
132
2006
133
1996
134
1996
135
1999 2006 1996 B

2006
136
1999
137
1996
138
1999 2001

! 23!
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141

142

15
143
144

1959

145

1960 11

146
G

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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1999
140

141
1999
142
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20
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12 1962 163 216.2
121.2 166.2
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143
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146
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198-768 1961
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148

149

150

151

G
152 153
Z

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2004
148
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149
1996
150
1997
151
1999
152
2004
153
1999

! 25!
154
1958

155
1964

156

60
157

158
T

159

160

161

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1997
155
1999
156
1997
157
1960 1961
198-768 1961 3 27 73-74
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Z 1920
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1962 1963 1996 1958
T 1997 1958
1960 1997 1960

1959 1961 6 1987


165
159
1997 1997
160
1999
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1999

! 26!
162
1949 1960 45‰
163
• Judith Banister 1958 1961
164
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1958 1962
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T Z
166
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
162
2004 1957 6.405 1958
5.679 4.303 4.015 3.287 1962 6.023
1963 7.502 1957 43‰ 1961 22‰
1987 230 233-34 1998 112-13
1982 1959 1961
1957 132.4‰ 1960
284‰ 1987 116
1958 146.3 1959 159.9 1960
284 1961 183.4 Greenhalgh 1990 202
1959
1993
9
163
1987 118
164
2005 14 1959 1961
3250 1998 113-14
1500 1650 2300 4300
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4500
165
1998 117 120 1958

347%
273%
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2005

476-90
166
2005 21 25
1961
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19
1958

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300
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168
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169
170

171
172

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173

174

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167
1999
198-735 1960 11 26
12 22 2005 85-86
168
2004 2004
169
1996
198-768 1961 3 27 81-82
1960 1963
287 198-732 1960 2 13
10 8 198-821 1961 1963
170
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198-31 1962 12 30 96 1961-1962
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198-768 1961
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1963
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173
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174
1996

! 28!
175
T

176
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177

178

1949

179

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176
1997
177
2001
178
2001
179
2006 2006 2001

! 29!
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B
181

Z
182
1949

183

1962
Z
184
185

1963
186

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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1999
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2006 2008 157-98

200-207 128
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253-62

292-324
182
1999
183
Z
1990 82 1997 1 71

184
1999
185
1999 1999
186
2004 1987 60 1998 106

1950 270 1962


400 1998 118-19
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St. Clair 2005
Bruce Hershatter

! 30!
Z
15 20

187

20

20 50

Z
188

Z B T

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
187
1999
188
Lisa Yoneyam 1994

! 31!
1959 1960
1980

1971

189
• Madeleine L’Engle
Z

60
190
60
Z Z

191

Z Z
Z 60
192

12 80
50
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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L’Engle 1975 1962
190
1996 73

80-81 1964
60 82-
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191
1999 1999 1999

1999 70 80

192
1967 1977 1984 80

! 32!
50
Z

20
60 70 70
80

50

193

194
G

1949 1949
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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1919-1921 1943-1945

68 • Allessandro Portelli 1991 68

194

G 20
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195

196
1949

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Mueggler 2001 2007
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196
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57 ”
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50
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199

70

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200

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19
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198
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199
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200
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202

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Day 2007
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20 50 80

1949

50
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4
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! 18!
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• 1989 3

Feuchtwang 2000 65
Bertaux Thompson 1993

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97 6 28
29
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1997 7
97 7 2
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1
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29
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G 01 3 31
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G 01 3 29
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G 01 3 24
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G 01 3 28
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2004 6
G 04 6 27
G 04 6 27

2
G 04 6 27
G 04 6 28
G 04 6 28
G 04 6 28
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