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Formula Book

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3K views30 pages

Formula Book

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podda123
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MATH Formula Book Levels G-O, X August 2007 Kumon North America, Inc. 7 i P ‘he Greck Alphabet ; | Cupitat Lower Capital Lower Es teusr_| cue | none | ter | coe | name ® a | om | = é xa [> it: Gamma o ° Omicron | ie 5 | om | 0 = xia E ce 2 | me z aie aa | eo _ | Semn u 2 a 7a ee 6 ¢ [ae | ¥ =| een | r : a + K 7 | ee 2 a a ee » | fe [2 © | ome How to use the Formula Book The Formala Book consists of 3 main sections: 1. Formulas & Notes (Levels G-O, X) pages 4-86 HL Glossiry & Index pazes 87-108 TIL, Special Topics pages 109-120 & covers I you know the level and topic ofthe formula you are looking for, you can sear Formatas & Nores section II you only know the topic, or a specific term related to the formula you are looking for, search the Glossary & Index section. iilize the Formula Book to refer to previously learned formulas and concepts. Do not use the Formula Book to learn a new concept. Become femiiar with the layout and different sections of the Formula Book, so that you can essily refer to it when you need it. Be sure to read the information on the Introductory page of each of the 3 main sections ‘Once you somplete a level, you may want to review the Formula Book pages of that level periedicaly so that you can always keep those concepts fresh in your mind. 7 (ores) Formulas & Notes + This seeticn of the Formula Book i organized by level. Beginning with Level G, and ending with Level X, you can locate the level shown by referring 10 the top center of cach page. ‘+ Bach page ofthis section is divided into 3 columns: ‘Topie Formulas & Notes Reference + In the firstcolumn you will find the names ofthe topics that are included for a particular level. The topies are organized in the same order as they appear on the \worksheets, Bolded topics inthis column refer to the actual titles of sets in the worksheets, Italicized wording in this column refers to specific subtopies such as rules, methods, formulas, or theorems. "The sevond column consists of Formulas & Notes. Formulas or notes that fall within the same st are separated by dashed, horizontal lines. + ‘The third column shows the Worksheet Reference for each specific concept. ‘+ Many pages throughout this section include small blank areas titled as “[NOTES]” Where you can write down additional notes, or eopy examples from the worksheets CUCUUEEEELLULLLLLLLL Laat LEVEL G —_ LEVEL G Toa Formats & Notes [eters Tope Formulas © Noter Wetorence Pape aeces ee ee kom jmaeartso ani Fert egtets | "OER epuive a543 co | ell | genic foto: amber “3-5-8 -4-9 co | ee | 0m? _ oH ata abtoe seat \enrmovingporctinesenenteroctarethesgnot | Oe | ily 8 Fam ab + ae Negative ‘the number within the parentheses if there is a negative sign in = “hat donintunlicnineodicieneni tx H mbes ete fins Inorder ora ven uation io remain ae statement, bona a ‘operation is performed on one side of the equation, the exact 2+ (-H=2- -_ ‘operation must also be performed on the ther side of the ae eyare eo equation When auliphizordvingpetiveandngaivermies, | ostn | mild Given ite cuetion A = B, tmasomben senor ctgtenimtrtetiesen | Gin | dy WAtm=Btm Q)A-m= Bom A.B Ite umber onsen i edhe answer negate Gann sn Om net? ithe nunkerot ese dit sven th er pe ee | tocar ier or pect Hee Set) Cries chang he ution nto the fom te “Algebraic (akan, rxyXtene a- 5 TE Anuimbor we transform 2 tox Expreion pepe 1 Nedothisbymutphjing bot ids of a ah —_ [Soll = 6% 9 | ie couation by ae (Note: We mi oh i ofthe Values Inserting ume vale into a vara known os oie Aigo subatton The qaton bythe recreate , remot the elelaton cae the toetieat at Sioa | manage — u Ex. Givena = 3andd = 2, —_ Solving an equation an be done casly by moving term from | G6la 649 =6%3-4x2=18-8= 10 nese ofthe equal ig othe et vk te sponte change of ign when newest) This method eae Simping “Terms with he ae variable xa be combined s follows on | eo cranpotion Setek ma + na = (m+ na, mana = (im = Exte+2r= (94 2)e= 81 Bu te~ Sen 20 eo BLAtEae Beat eet’ a eat f -_— anc-8 Azc+D-B “aig (@) brand te are wen ws xanle anin oteton ~Leand—toare writen as~and ~@ —_ Inthe abor examples, tose for A, wera from 2) When simptibingsgersicexprenions conaaing tctions, | cizan | So ee eee ee oe eee ‘use improper fractions rather than mixed numbers, ‘been transformed to ‘~B’ on the right sic 2 1 > [wore] gu isnot changed to Tea ' i} ‘Simpy “The tems in your answer shou be in aphabekal order, cin Atecie late... aprons 2 LEVELG Topi Formatas & Notes Walaa Iorns} Equations 3 ‘To remove denominators, malipy each side ofthe equation by | LON the LOM. Be betta te eT ally ech ie Wy 24 Appieation ‘The following words have « meaning thats the some a8 oF isin of Equations related tothe sin above them wid [saber | mations | aide | equal and] tessthan | times is more thin | minus of make plus | aiferoce Time Distance = Rate x Time aw Percens Ina hgh school, $5% of the 1000 students ars boys ca "559i read as“fity-five percent” and means tha for every 100 students, 35 are boys VALUER Topic Formulas & Noies ‘Welovene = 7 Laren : A Tae 7 mm! CGreumference ofa eee: -etsrminene) | Hi cater a ey (ere = 314) ‘Simaitancous {Et2 THO | Fonte Hala ines Equations Be+27= 5 n@ | 1.Numbereach equation in Two Variables | [Sol]D-@:2x=6 | 2.suhzaet one equation fom he £=3 | othertoremoveone variable Substituting this into, | 3.Soive for Aion or Sx3429— 11 | 4.Substiute the value ofxincne ot Subtraction 2y=—4 | the given equations and sobve fry Method I= 2 | switetieanver. Ams (5.9) = G2) ‘Simultaneous fect -2 Hse Linea Equations Sr-y=5 .@ In To Variables | [Sol] Suheiatine Dew se-(r=1)=5 Substation Method Subsiuing this imo. ¥ 5 Ans (6.9) equalities 1 Given 4 <2, mai DAHER B+CWAWCEBHC 1 "You cin ad the sre number to or subtract the same number from both sides 2)When C>0.4C < BCor4 < & Wa oa ‘You cam multiply or dvie bh sides by the same number. ALB 20 aywrenc<0.ae> Boor > & m When muiplyng or diving both sides byw negative number you nee to reverse the fnequity symbot. VAVUASAASAAAA LALLA ALAA Toe LEVEL H Formaine& Note Tefen etn wo Graphs {he elton clea dec variation and mite constant of wiaion. Te raph oa diet variation, y = mx a fine that parses through te origin he relation between x and yan be expested as y = an We elation between «and y canbe expressed a8 y = the elation cll an averse vriton and is the constant of veriation nue mia Veneto ant Gaps “The pnvercprot lines the coordinate ofthe point where the tne imteracts the jai Taine ©, the yomerceps Tine @ the ysmerceptis3 “ae dope tae nro ye co he ep ft, Inline ©. the slopes 3 the ne rises 23 un for every unt tat trans horizontally Intine@, the slopes Ls she lne rises 1 unit ro every unit hat trun sizonaly ines © and @ have negative slopes. ‘Theslope of line Qis -2beewose the line falls 2 wits for every unit that it runs horizontal Theos tine iE ome te ne tt tory a roy tno pwn Fad pany = Ihren ce as sn ‘in the above equation, isthe sage an the yiereep sty = mr + be the equation of ine that pases tough pot 0.0, Hist LEVELH Formals & Nowes ‘ederenee “The slope ofa ine that passes through the two points (a #) and {6.1 an be found as follows: Slope = mos Functions and Graphs ‘An equation ay + by + & = Dean be wansformed to The dope of etn of the sore egeton nd the yintereetin —£, Given an equation at + by +¢=0, Lite he above equatonis transformed toy = =f ‘tne pases through (0.~£) an ipa tothe sans ‘Theslope is. 2.ITD = 6,the above equation is transformed tox = ~$, etn pein 0) atti pat equations represents he omrnte ofthe point of intersection ofthe ines ofthe simultaneous equations the slopes fins ste equal. the ines ar paral Line y = ma * bsp ine y = mx. minh 788 Wii WAM MW Siping Mewonsats and Polynomials L Ex.30'b x 4a? = 120% Procedure fr simpiying: 1) Determine the sign of he answer. 2) Calculate the numbers front ofthe letes 5) Caleulae the exponents. Taw (wores) WL Wi | Ta Maltpication of Polynoniats (e+ BP aa tab Feat 2 +8 Getafe t B= e+ (at bint ab (ax + bYfce + d) = ace? + (ad + bee + bd Fi 12% a tay= ants) Ge Bie + (a bly FD + Bm Gat OP #2 +H = (0 oF 110 Factorization 2 Difference of Tw0 Squares B= le Blab) SH (HD ab = le e+) Factorization 3 ross Mutiptication Method ee + (ad + bele-+ bd = (ax + BYfou 4 a) Ista Ex ge + ge4 gr + per+3) Ps wate dy Factorization S F@-6)-Fe- 0) tate act ay thet by= ele =y) + b(0 +9) LEVEL Prime Facoiation TUCLCERL ELL Formal & Notes Taka A square root of anuniberisamumber that when squared is — | Bla ‘squat gives number: [Bx The square rots of25 are Sand —5 Va represent positive square oor ofa number 2a ‘(The negative square roots epresentet by —V) ex Visi 1a For any positive numbers a and b,VaVE = Va. 1) prime mmr can inter reste hae 1a ao pox inex tors ther th sel a Fx@.35.7.11615 17.) 2) Ts acorn an ines oner is ose prime tuberin called prime fctrcton Teds 905-335-395 VenVinws 199 Vis + Vai = 3/3 + SVE Vin= Va 33-63 Te 3 iced of Foraaypostve numbers eae, YE 3 rs Va Ve 8 VE, iy 30) Va Viva Maliply both the denominator and the aumertorby the radical inthe denominat, Va Given a quacratie equation ofthe form alt be tend (#0), the left sie ofthe equation canbe factored as (de + e)(fe + g)~ Othe te solution of the equation i oe wey LEVELT Ta Teena Ne Teta ‘Quad Thangos bei om se uations? 3 Sees. | ae Competing Kimani ie espe 23,9) 9.1 haiitemumsts pea (e nae sie tem an came ~ rest tem (: - 3) em Se {comin soving a st) ‘mcrae ine Gena? + be ten0 (@#0) euations3 c uni Formate | * Grp of 1) The graph ofy~ a? (6 #0» us) Once ‘ere: (0,0) ax osyeancy: ex =the an) Fancons 2) Te grphoty = ale — 9? + ae #0 190 ‘Vertex: (nqhstv of sprmety nex = p 3) The paphofy = ae! + br + (a #0) by vtec ed) He (2 Baa ‘ verex:(—2, - 7 53) ais of sme ie = 3, ‘The Pythagorean “Thoorem 1 Aron of Triangles The Trangl-Sume Theorem 1 aa kn [ovbere bis the hase and ithe atte (or eight “The sum ofthe measures ofthe angles of rangle 180 nea + me + mec = 180 “s JL Ea ‘Theoret Trans LEVEL? orm & Notes ‘na righ rane. te guano he Beng the yporenate () aah sumo he wares ofthe other two sides (a lmecesn, e= 0 +6 / The epreaion a:b represen the rato a 10 a:b =esd.tnenad = be (Note:a:b = ed's called a proportion and can £ weoaeoy oe ween 2 Z wa er j fires Ja af) we bed AEB, nese avEa havi Ratio th length of Retio ofthe lagth of pacheide othe oer each side tothe other Ui 11799 1s Aree af Chik fofasecror or a ctcle with dius, (@ = 314) Cireumterence, C= 2 i aee, A, ofa setor whos cent Fora cisle wih ads rth angle mesures mis given by: a cy 199 The avance (AB) betwoon points AC, and Bled an - Viena dF INoTes) Ag AAV LEVEL J Fos Note [tere Foray nambsr and when mand are pentive mips: | Sho tamoftigonmn | RST Ne Cor Dative ones | Vorony nanbera, vend «(e+ b)= ea + cb oe b agp me tb Ot Bab + Bh + en # (e+ Heb) 1s rate) i ot = ap 3b 3a is i (a= b= a = 30% + ab? — 9 Sh Graieeneroneeererorrarieray rate | Ib Yawiaint — | a @ tHe raha GOED) a ab = B= (a HBP 3s ab + B= (a BP 1178 Difforone of aa Squares Treatng Made ‘Terms tobe treated Toit iis Given single quantities Qunsy Weare wy) my wt oP et dF (er dpand(e +a) | tis y= (87 GF andy? isa @-0)=-@-9) mab m4 25 Paconicanovby ex tay + be + by =ale-+y) +e + 9) = + Met Dor] 260 Groming ie eet a)_| N42) | ame (Note: here the symbols * and are used to mark the tems hat ne popes together inte intermediate sep of his example) Given 2 4 Say + 6 + 672 + 139 + sa Polymomia Form With a he variable: 2+ (Sy + 6)e# (+13) +5) With yas the variables 62-4 (r+ Sly + G2 + 6 +5) - Lev a LEVELS Tee Formals & Nove “Te Tepe Reference tnaton® | oo = yy hab +8) ee geal |, rs Whenae +264 1e= 04040, 2 =a | sm Sion nd Difference : a a 18 | ae | tn 2 ‘ aan P= P = Ole d+ 8) | Cri min | nt ma wt gn enone Factorization a ep Fis i ee cea ee | cateeei-uxe? Eakiengeerses ams en olive and aeguivemuabon,aadiso,belogiothewtel | Jills Romie | gE EOE iaaeetiene sia BP | Socreee | a te ee (cox ig —_ dg wa iat ntl nerd become a ——— - nepsivewhen ued TresilepMadiola | G@trx—OG2 40d) +3 +——— teat ba cA | ——_ Single Quantity terre an Serer MBA FIS=(A- 4-5) = +e HV 40-5 oD 7 When a =0, i sunt a —_ Vav 120 mB B —_ 3a ever semen ]3-F2iands— Siae comps antes ub in 4+ bcos of teal and imaginary pra and bare re pcs —_ 4+ Biisa rel umber when b= O(n «+ 0-7 = 4) ie | Al ‘When + 0 + bisa complex number None 1 | eel tibin0 me a=0b=0 _ srerealaunbes) Rattan ie | 9, Vi VExVE_ VB —_ TTequoiac ouao inthe forma + be = Oboe hiss Denominator Ve Vaxvs 75 complex ous and on of hem ss ~ + then the ate —_ otteroneis = vi | __natveeVA | eel Gienar# hrs e=0, D=P ate rath VarvoaeVh ? w>anro one ——— —_ ‘Wien D> thee rt dent el mune son oa let 1 | geal Wen =r one ese at t t ‘When D <0, there are two different complex number solutions. 542 5x2 — SS (he vo ening dca ena to ve 7.4m ily Givenat!+ 26x +0=0, B= 2a bia es sive10) oI RootConthient | vena +br-re=0(@O)amumingiterootaree | J18D Tenia [nf REED i ana 2 (whene <0 arp= pat ‘ab (when w= b) aK7 a Vem {0 fen : Deane (ethane —) =~ gnet wt a Polynomih {ot 2 with emai 3 Ths celionsip maybe writen Qusdenie Eastin) ron ax? 46x 4.0.0 (6 40h 1m =P ea i . vacate Format 0 Pa Pain ae ereaea 6 » LEVELS Topi Ferma & Nate ices Reminder 1a polynomial Pts} sve by aterm (x — a)-wecan expres | 1162 therelaton wih the quotient Q(0),and the mind R a: Pls} = (= 00) + R When. = a Pte) = (@~ 9) ls) + R = R. Therefore, Remainder ‘When polmorial Px) isdivided by (x — e.theremsinderis | 316 Theorem re) “The Remainder Theorem can only be wed when dividing bya | 116% tinea expression. Whe dividing by a quadratic expression se on vision General Form ofa | -When the divisor is scond-desee expression (a quadratic) | 36% Remainder ‘he remainder must be of degree one or es nthe form: ax +B "When the divisors a thicegre expression a cbi) the remainder must bef degre two Osi the frm att brte FactorTheorem | When P(a)= 0, meen hat the polmominl P(x) has factor, | 1172n accor Theorem | Therefore, polynomial, fe), haa factor (x ~ 9) ifand only he Poo ‘Gives polyoma PG), to detrine a valuser at wi van (a) = 0, we ist check the eoetcent ofthe highest power ofthe viable he potynoil » Hci, we trya number thats aftr ofthe constancin the polynomiat Its rete than, we hy amber sch tat 2174 is mumeratoria oto ofthe constant inthe poboml, And, Is denominatorisa fete of the enccient ofthe Highest owe ofthe vrai the polynomial. root aftdenities | Thoreare2 waysto dstemine the value ofthe cutis to | 1i8le snd Equaies show that an equatiy an deni taal Coefficient OGiven (av + Be + 1) = ae + Sx + 2, LhSond Comparison abs (ot pes beac +r +2 2 eae Metiod Value Suse Methos Matching the enetclents of, and the constants ofthe LHS and RHS:a = 3,0 +5 = 5,5 =2(Ans a= 3,6 = 2) eee, Wines tee °°. antl Marna (bee @ Tierra, 9m meas ee From Oren ‘am ca 20 SSTUSSEEECC ple Pruot ot Wquales Ayu luhinete Me nee Mean LEVELS Tonmuiae & Note Raterece IW order or ar? -+ +e = Ota ean detiy inthe 820 Following nist be true: = 0, = 0, = 0 Given an equation, sss hom we know that LHS ~ RHS Given an equation, divia Ie show dat LEIS ~ RS > 0 Thea we know that LHS > RES Given an equation, i9ab we show that LHS ~ RMS 20 Thea we know that LHS = RHS. Givena>0,6>0: usb 24% Vab [be (arthmeticmean) = (geomettic mean)) The LHS equals the RHS when a [NOTES [Notes] 2 VCE Toe Review of Lue Fenctoos Sope of bine LEVEL K ym +b where mis te ope and isthe yrimercop when m > 0 ‘When m <0 — The chagrin K50 Review of un r Eaquation ofa ‘Quadeic Fascion fab Format) na Forma) Changing Fone “The graph ofa quadratic function is called a parabola. The parabola hasa symmetsieal called the axl f the paabols, ofthe asi of symoetry. The point of iotersetion ‘ofthe axis of symmetry andthe parabola it te vertex af he parabola A fonction that ean be writen th fem: y= ar + bx + e(wherea # 0) called a quadratic faction, Ito, pan g ae constants ana + 0, gven a fution of the form y = ae ~ p+ athe exit of symmeny sx = p. andthe ofthe verter ae (P4) 0 change the format of» quadratic equation from a, to a.apply the method of completing the square, Kila Fx aes [sol] = (20) +3 = (m+ 143 = +2 ‘Onneatc Functions | The giaph ofy = ele — p+ gisa ronson ofthe graph | K27 m0 ‘fy = ax, p unit logs the xis, and g units along the ‘When the graph ofa parabola roses the xis at pits (2,0) | K25b ofthe uncon canbe writen a: and (8,0 the eau yale alle 8) 23 LEVELK Ta a a I Minas Minin | Gin te qunatistnciny =a? +b xan etQurtne | + Wiena> 0, parila ops upon ihn ime Penton Saute vere (dene emai va) Teaco els P= taf + Wien <0.th ple opersdownvad anita 2 ‘an ale eve Cntr mak ae) Pete e Tiersen yeni 2 a Miedema inion | Goer qnaicticiny = a+ br+ 0 Toi D= =e Opint,D = P= fee <0 ‘OunbucFonow | ©The pute yashoty =a} twa ia tttupatics | ars trv e> dcssefa eles ohh the pation The putt phot) a he eatin a+ bre 0, ‘ean be summarized a follows (Assume e > 0.) Tevet? [p50 [=o The sap ot V7 year tbe +e UY. A po Tiel wetbnte>0| rendex|x Opthathas | Koi " 2sltons a8 (a < 6), you ea find the igs ot by Sota termining the signs of D, ~ 2 ana (0 Qundratc Batons i srwnen D> 0, -£>0, f10)>0, thena>0,p 0. 2 swheaD>0, -2<0, f10)>6 thine <0p <0. When D> 0, J) <0, thone <0,8>0. Kin Uiher Degree etons Rongh Graph of Rongh Gra of QuerieFanctions syn ale~ ale Ble Ph (wherea 0 ‘Whena <0 y= ale allx~ BA mterea < By Whene >0 When <0 “sana Whena <0 Whene> 0 syste aler~ Ble Ne-8) wep Whene >0 Wena <0 (x = alin — BYR — 7 Whene >0 * (w 0 When a <0 Fractional : ’ . Functions (where # 0) he " Asymprotes and Troione ening ssymproter ar: the paris and te ans ‘Give eatin function ofthe general form k Yq (& 0) the equations ofthe graphs =? ssymptotesarex = p.y = 4. This graph hs boen rated from the graph of y slong the y-axis Aompios sn ution sally = tage “ofits the pint oineseaton ofthe tb bent 2 dt soca te in oan 41+ b= O(ahich she numertor= 0) (For example, ven = 4 saving th equations +1 = 0 eset ~ —1, whith nthe rintrepa ie the ncorinat of the ravspintofnterection) ‘Graph of Frain 5 The equations ofthe aympots ofthe raphy = ac + Ea ‘Functions 2 * ™ oe © =O, ynar Angas Fractional ‘When sing acto eguton we mt ny heck cach tionsand | rein and exc ny oe tat makes the dwcnato of he neq ovina! equation. An Re AC= BC (AC BCA Bore~0) Graph at + An kaal ction of fom y= WAGE) + ae Inrtonal Functions anaation of» along the vais + An rational fuetion fhe form y ‘Vik, punts along the axis and units VED) + 48 ‘Vie, punts long the xan andy wis s teonslation of» = long the y-axis -26 Taran Kian Ki1284 Ki KSI Tae Domain & Kanye LEVELK ala Ris [Rsterenc] + Giyen an rational funtion of the general fem y= VEG =) + g.the domain and range of the funtion ore follows: When k>0, Domain: = p, Range:y = @ When <0, Domsia:x = p. Range:y = @ + An ational fuation of the general form y = VE(E=P) * 9 isa translation of the graph ofy = Vix, p nits along the sean ond gaits along the ass * The rough graphs of soma common irrational function ane shown below @y=VEOy= -VE@y~ V=ROY SS VE 10 | ‘When solving irrational equations wo must always heck the solutions by asng ether ofthe following two methods: ‘+The solutions the «coordinate ofthe common point an the raph. OR, = When substituting th solution int the original equason, LS = RIB, An Bw A= B (A= Bet ~ Bora = -B) Kio Deion of and a"® Laws of Exponenss Ata Xa = a” Dato =o" istrue even when = 0 then, e0,0 = 1 "eve oven when me then, Wiena #0, 640, (ayn = ontr “The number whi when ried tothe power of i equal tou {scaled then! rot of (Bis cae the 3a oot of, YN isthe 3d soot af — 8 Waisthe oot ofa) Kina KI780 VEL K VELK Tonia & Now Reference Topi Formas © Nate Ea Top Rona © Notes ‘Ito kta =X (where > Ojandean rewrite the eguation | KD4s The Nrmber of + When ais an even number (guare root 4th 918.) KIM eee ee aI Roots When a> 0, there are 2a rows (ex. Wa, ~ Va). When a <0, there are no ral number rots, Soling Mehods | oWhenet = 0, then = mt ‘When nis an od number (cube rots, Sth 001.) ‘Therein ony real number oot sWhene> 1, then a > a= > mh Kiss = = — —_ = = —_ roots 4 foun roost) " ; 7 wor Laws of Exponens | When a> 0,6°> Oandrn nan pare postive integers kin or War = aye When nis an odd numbes.W=a = ~Ya (where 2 > 0). Les of Esponents | When o > 0m integer, and nis a pone integer, KIT wr (db=ve) ‘When a> Onda 1,2 finetion ofthe form an exponential juneion o where 48 the base Fanetions he groph fy ~ a! pam through point (0,8). and the wea isthe asymptote Whendcact When Danda + 1)isa Kis ‘mantion ofthe graph of» = a, punts along the xa, and q unit along the yan, Comparing Numbers | + Given the exponential incon y= a when @ > 1,asx KIN Increase, yncreates Trefore, gore of (p af) * Given the exponent funetons y Kin o> 0,b> Cand p>0, ac bord 0,4 # 1, > 0): «siscalled the base, and Ni clled the anilogarion logeN inci the lager of Note base a When >a L.M> 0,0, Hoge! =0, Jogja = 1, logget” =m 2 logy MN = loge + lope u 3 lope 1 witha [ed et] Hogett"= nora [lows = Hoga] Graphs of orion Base version Formula When loa = x0! = a ‘Taking the logarithm tothe bate of both sides, logoe = logy M logge = logs. logs To (where w > 0, b> 0, > Oanda # 1,0 #1) Jogab “logs = Whena> Vande # Ia function ofthe form logy called the ogi Function oF s ‘whereas the base “The graph ofthe ogame faction y = logy pases ‘ous point (1,0), and its asymprote fhe yas “The graph ofthe logarithmic function y ~ late — p) * 4 (whore a > Oanda # 1) translation ofthe praph of © lot punts long the ans sad q units along the yi LEVELL Topic Formas Nowe [leteroes Given the garth tretionsy = logy = tos Wieno>1, then loge ‘Logarithnic + Ite initial eqution canbe writen inthe form 12 Tog, = log, 8, we can equate the sniilogsithms, A= 2. ‘If we let onyx = ¥ and ean cenit the equation in terms of X, then we sl for X. When logy = Athen x = af * We check all solutions by considering that antilogarithms are 0, the base is > 0, andthe base #1 When loge > bea > a? When beth cx Owe use +, hen y’ = Owe use — +7 means increasing, means decreasing ‘There isa relative maximum value wien the arow changes from 7 to and theresa elatve minimum value when the arrow changes from S07. oral values of¢ ‘When y= 0, is always increasing, and thus there is a0 relative extreme valu, ‘When y' <0.» ialways decreasing an thus there no relative extreme vale Lala Relative Maxima si Modes 2 ‘When te event of? ea letter, asian? + ax? + ax +I we find the relative extrome vas by anslying 2 cases (@) shen a> and (6) when a 0 nd Minit Tofind a maximum and manu value ofa fonction y= fle) oa aniateral@ (@) Wecreate variation table onthe interval a (©) Wevdetermin and thes compare the relative exten values andthe values of ff) an (6) on both ends of he interval veh, In exercises where we have to ind the minimam vale, when te th minimm val either a the right end or the lft end of 'sno slative minimum vale inthe iter, we obtain th domain, Tn the exerts where we have fd the maximum value, when thee sm relative mani valu inthe interval, we obtain the maxiqum vale either at he right endo the Indefiie Iegras Defition of Det Iegrat LEVELL Tepe Torn © Nowe Teter Appicionsto | Real oot ofan equation a) = Uwilbethexeoonlmatevot | L1DIa uations an common points where the graph fhe fanction y= [sand Ines the val eross, Infinite ad ‘When ae othe nai tepals fs Fs, Lint Det Integra 1e) + € (Cite constant integration) Formate for Linh Indesit Tegra Zé. + © (Cis constant ot integration) Properties of ite fo tfpeae deans fron saeree= [raees far 0 sense fron fea ‘When one ofthe indie integral of fs) F) [rvs (Fan = #0) ~ Fe) Detinitetntearas Properties of Deine Ica Property of Definite Itegras Propeny of Definite negra Propenis of Define ttegrais Parva afte és (kis constant) [iro satmiee fronae fauna 0 (uhon nis 5...) [rome [re [roe fi nar [ea a4 Lim La env Wvegra 2 i fyde= sy) (whereas conan) use Genera wn [=O indie wen, ote eon | LHD colnet cre y=) andthe an enter (8 ing the ving fmol : [roa re Intima hee wo eps om esiodty | Lia = f(a)and the ais and one enelosed by y = —f) andthe ‘ans, hat are symmeti with respect othe xan and eq Inarea Therefor, when f(s) = Owe ca find tho area by sng the folowing formals q s=-['noar ‘the region on a given slid cut by plan which sperpendculae tothe axis, then the yolume for values where w == bis ven by the fotowing fore v= [swyae s= [10 tite oboe = a9 Arew of the Region a 1 aie ae Lisa Involving a Parabola [e-ae eo INores} LEVEL L. Focmnle © Notes Teter Volume ofa Sottd of Revolution The sold that forms by rotating a line or cure round an ass iscalled a std of revolution. Wet V be the volume of the soli that forms by rotating thereon enclosed by the anction Y= fe) the wari fine = aad line Since te sure, ‘which eu bya plane perpendiculae othe axis, would bea circle its rea Sts) = ay? = aff)? Therefore the volume, V. af the slid of revolution for vals whereas = bly 4 ‘Velocity and Distance Velocity Displacement Disance ‘When pot P moves ona numb ine ifthe postion of the point Pat ine 1s expressed asthe x 0,6>0 ie sind = > inthe gmdate <0. <0 Mise cost =a inthe quadrant > Ob <0 hide z I 38 LEVELM Tole Formals © NS Hetero Gruph of sind EF DAs “The raph of = sng repens itself every 2erunts Therefore, 22 sealed the period ofy = sind Mi Graph of 008 Graphs ot Mie ‘Trigonometic neti 2 Graph of ae ‘The poviod a tang ‘Addition sin(a = 8) = sinacore = cosasings Muni “Theorem 1 ema # B) ~ cuseooss = sinasings Mua Formulas tina tn Sees (20 " 73 umatang Donble- Ange sina = 2sinacosa Malay Formulas Formulae Half Ansie Formals cox2a = conta ~ sin? =~ 2sinta finda = Suing $50 fon = 40004 — S80 sae = 1 ce sa _ 14 cone 2 a oa _1- core a oe 40 -—_ -— al e- —_ -—_ -_- Product LEVE snacop = Esa + date ~ Bl ving plsin(a + 8) ~ sin cmeentp = foie 6+ nto sinasin = ~Z[0) "he positional relationship between acitle andatine cane | MN26 determine from te discrninant afer we eliminate y (or) {ro bath equations: When D > 0, they intorseet at? different points, ‘When D = 0, they are tangeat and intersect at only poet When 1 <0 hey donot intro. ‘When y =e + mis tangent tothe cine x! + y= Phen M950 n= 2AVnFF1,7>0 The equation ofthe lin tangent othe cis 2 Me a point Pr, 9) onthe ite Inores) 43- iwores) AULA Tepe Parabote LEVELN Formals © Not An equation i the form ®, + % = 1s called te soca fo of a elise When a? > 8% Wena <8, Othe ovine AA’ the BB'isthe SI major axis P raxjor acs BB isthe AA isthe Thefoc Fand Pare: | The fos Fad Fare: 0.2VE =e ‘Hyperbole have the following te standaed for a The foc Fand F'.ar: | The foc, Fand Fars @.2Vere) B=Apy When p>0 isthe Oistae vertex. i [vertex Thexerisis | ‘The pains symmety ‘symmetry, Line «=~ pisealed the rest steer Point Fis the focus Point Fis the fous PH=PE.OF~OA~p | PU=PF, OF =0A=p iscalled the Ns Nev General Term ‘Sequences whone lerme are obtained by sussesively ding fixed number ont the 1 term ate clled arithmetic sequences, sin that fied numbers called the common dierence The general en ofa aithmetic equcace having fist erm @ and common diference di amet - Od 45 LEVEL LEVELN opie Temata as tiene Tog inc Rae ieee Sequences ‘number of terms inthe sequence, the sum of terms 5 —_ ‘As the value of inerease: ccancadeiibathisusssiesel tis —_ += When a, approaches a constant value L, {ai sad to converge 10h inthe sian apes fi 5,9 —_ + When a verges paste (or agave) itn, th ini pov (or negative) infty, andi expressed Winey +2 ime, =~ Sobstting 1 (= Did iat he above form Dd) a in Divergent sequences which do nt diverge to positive or negative S, e Na Geometric ‘Sequences whose terms are abained by successively mulling | NSIa james ONE DIMITPRERONIGE Astana afk a Sequences ‘fixed non-zero number with the I erm, ar called geome ‘abet ea sequences, an that Sed numbers called the common ratio, ‘The general term ofm geometric sequence asing fist term and] NS 1 The sequence ossilates. General Tem Forany abe of whena

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