CHAINGUARD-DB for

Better Filler Dispersion

 Overview
• Introduction of ANGUS
• CHAINGUARD-DB: Chemistry and FDA Approval
• How Does CHAINGUARD-DB Stabilize Dispersion?
• Formulate Better Dispersion with CHAINGUARD-DB
• Summary & Formulation Guide

3 ANGUS confidential.
Introduction of ANGUS
 Legacy of Making the Best Better
Year Event • The world’s only company dedicated to nitroalkanes and
Purdue University chemist Henry B. Hass begins their derivatives
1928 nitroalkanes research

• Unique production expertise spanning over 70 years

1934 First nitroalkane patent granted

Commercial Solvents Corporation (CSC) enters licensing • Extensive track record of industry innovation and
1935 agreement with Purdue University leadership
1940 CSC begins commercial nitroalkane production
• Solutions-driven, multifunctional additives for a broad
International Minerals and Chemical Corporation (IMC) range of applications and markets
1975 purchases CSC and creates separate nitroalkanes
division
• Regional Customer Application Centers to address the
Alberta Natural Gas buys nitroalkanes business, forming
1982 ANGUS Chemical Company
local needs of our customers

1999 Dow Chemical purchases ANGUS • Strong focus on Responsible Care® and product
stewardship
2014 ANGUS AMP® granted VOC-exempt status

Golden Gate Capital (GGC) investment group seeks to

2015 unleash the growth potential of ANGUS

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 Global Reach, Local Focus

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 SG CAC Lab Overview

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Chemistry of
CHAINGUARD-DB
 CHAINGUARD-DB: 2-Amino-2-Methyl-1-Propanol
2-Amino-2-Methyl-
Molecular Property Functionality
1-Propanol

Molecular weight 89
• High neutralizing power
Base strength, pKa 9.8

• Pigment binding site

-NH2
• Alkaline pH development
Functional group
-OH • Hydrogen bonding Blue: N; Red: O; Gray: C: White: H

-CH3 • Hydrophobic hindering CHAINGUARD-DB Attributes:

• Alkaline pH development
Primary
Amine structure • Hindered amine • Co-dispersion
(Tertiary C)
• Surface wetting
HLB 13 • Wetting • Superior safety
Vapor Pressure 0.34mmHg • Low Odor • Low odor
• Not corrosive to metal
Note: HLB, Hydrophile-Lipophile-Balance

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How Does CHAINGUARD-
DB Stabilize TiO2
Dispersion?
 Surface Properties of TiO2 Pigment
• Coated with Al2O3, SiO2 or ZrO2
✓ to improve dispersion (provide binding sites for
dispersant anchoring)
✓ to reduce catalytic effects toward binder degradation

• Heterogeneous
✓ Some parts are positively charged and some parts Single Particle
are negatively charged.
✓ At IEP, overall charge is ZERO.

• IEP: Iso-electric point Agglomeration

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 Mechanism of CHAINGUARD-DB (AMP)
Adsorption and Pigment Stabilization
H2O H+ + OH-

AMP + H+ AMP-H+

Al3+ + AMP [Al-AMP]3+

• AMP adsorbs on pigment surface through chelating with Al3+

Al[AMP]3+ ions (or other surface coating metal ions).
• AMP adsorption shields positive charges on Al3+, reducing
attraction between positively charged sites and negatively
charged sites (i.e., reduces agglomeration)
Al[AMP]3+

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 Polyacrylate Dispersant Adsorption
• Polyacrylate dispersant has many charges which Adsorption through:
• -COO- - Al3+ electrostatic
provide a thick negative charge layer on TiO2 attraction
surface • Al[ COOH/COO-]3+ complexation
• Negatively charged polymer layer provides both
electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance -OOC-

Na+
• Factors affecting polyelectrolyte adsorption: -OOC-
Na+
-COO-Na
+

-COO-Na+
• pH
Na+
• Available positively charged sites (also affected by pH)
• Other competing species adsorption (such as AMP)
• Salt concentration (i.e., ionic strength)

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 Salt Induced Polyacrylate Collapsing

Polyacrylate
-COO- --- Na+ --- -OOC-

Counterion (Na+, K+ or NH4+)

induces condensation of
polyelectrolytes

CH3
+
-COO- --- H3N
CH3 OH

Hindered amine
(CHAINGUARD-DB) prevents
polyelectrolyte condensation

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 CHAINGUARD-DB − Polyacrylate Synergy
• As a main dispersant, Dispersant Demand Curve
2000 Orotan 1124
CHAINGUARD-DB is more effective
than polyacrylate. Orotan 1124 + 0.1wt%
1600 CHAINGUARD-DB
CHAINGUARD-DB
• Combination of CHAINGUARD-DB

Viscosity (cP)
and Polyacrylate dispersant is much CHAINGUARD-DB +
1200
0.1wt%Orotan1124
more effective than polyacrylate
alone in dispersing TiO2. 800

• Polyacrylate dispersant overdosing

increases slurry viscosity. 400

• CHAINGUARD-DB as main 0
dispersant is more tolerant to 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
overdosing than polyacrylate. Dispersant dosage on TiO2 solid (wt%)

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Formulate Better TiO2
Dispersion with
CHAINGUARD-DB
 TiO2 Dispersion Formulation

Formulation
1.7wt% Orotan 1124 + 0.7wt% 0.2wt% Orotan
1.7wt% Orotan
Description 0.2 wt% CHAINGUARD- 1124 + 0.5wt%
1124
CHAINGUARD-DB DB CHAINGUARD-DB
H2O Diluent 38.1 38.3 39.3 39.3
CHAINGUARD-DB Co-dispersant 0.2 0 0.7 0.5

Ammonium
polyacrylate
Orotan 1124 1.7 1.7 0 0.2
(Mw=4000,
pH=7)

TiO2 Pigment 60 60 60 60

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 pH Stability
pH Stability (1 month RT storage) CHAINGUARD-
11 Orotan 1.7 wt% + DB 0.5 wt% +
Initial 1 Month 0 or 0.2wt% 0.2 wt%
10 CHAINGUARD- CHAINGUARD-
DB DB or 0.2wt%
9
Orotan
pH

8 pH 7.5-8.5 9.5-10
7 pH Stability Good Good
Additional
6 NaOH/KOH,
5 or NH3 Yes No
1.7wt% Orotan 1124 1.7wt% Orotan 1124 0.7wt% 0.2wt% Orotan 1124 needed to
+ 0.2 wt% CHAINGUARD-DB + 0.5wt% adjust pH?
CHAINGUARD-DB CHAINGUARD-DB
• Increase ionic
Effect of strength
addition of
• Decrease N.A.
caustics /
NH3 dispersant
effectiveness

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 Viscosity Stability
Viscosity Stability (1 month RT storage) Without With
CHAINGUARD- CHAINGUARD-
500 DB DB
Initial 1 Month Viscosity High Low
400 Viscosity
Bad Good
Stability
Viscosity (cP)

300 Low (low PA

Foaming High
dosage)
200 • High PA
Cause of
dispersant N.A.
Foaming
100 dosage

0 PA: Polyacrylate, referring to Orotan 1124

1.7wt% Orotan 1124 1.7wt% Orotan 1124 0.7wt% 0.2wt% Orotan 1124
+ 0.2 wt% CHAINGUARD-DB + 0.5wt%
CHAINGUARD-DB CHAINGUARD-DB

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 Particle Size Stability
Particle size (D99)
2.3
Initial 1 Month

2.1
D99 (μm)

1.9

1.7

1.5
1.7wt% Orotan 1124 + 1.7wt% Orotan 1124 0.7wt% CHAINGUARD- 0.2wt% Orotan 1124 +
0.2 wt% DB 0.5wt% CHAINGUARD-
CHAINGUARD-DB DB

• CHAINGUARD-DB reduces particle size more effectively than Orotan 1124 during
initial TiO2 dispersion.

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 RT Storage − Sedimentation
5 Days - RT 10 Days - RT

1.7wt% Orotan 0.2wt% Orotan 1.7wt% Orotan 0.2wt% Orotan

1.7wt% Orotan 0.7wt% 1.7wt% Orotan 0.7wt%
1124 + 0.2 wt% 1124 + 0.5wt% 1124 + 0.2 wt% 1124 + 0.5wt%
1124 CHAINGUARD-DB 1124 CHAINGUARD-DB
CHAINGUARD-DB CHAINGUARD-DB CHAINGUARD-DB CHAINGUARD-DB

• Formulations with CHAINGUARD-DB show much slower sedimentation compared to

formulation without CHAINGUARD-DB

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 RT Storage − Sedimentation
1 Month - RT
2 ρ𝑃−ρ𝑓 𝑔𝑟2
ʋ=
9η
ʋ: velocity of sedimentation
ρ𝑃: density of particle
ρ𝑓 : density of fluid
g: acceleration due to gravity
r: particle radius
η: fluid viscosity
1.7wt% Orotan 0.2wt% Orotan
1.7wt% Orotan 0.7wt%
1124 + 0.2 wt% 1124 + 0.5wt%
1124 CHAINGUARD-DB
CHAINGUARD-DB CHAINGUARD-DB

Sedimentation
Very hard Slightly sticky Very soft Very soft
Hardness (1 month)
• CHAINGUARD-DB slows
Re-dispersibility Difficult Easy Very easy Very easy
down sedimentation
Viscosity 430 268 272 169
Sedimentation (3 Very hard,
Slightly sticky Very soft Very soft
month) like stone
Re-dispersibility
ANGUS confidential.
Impossible Easy Very easy Very easy
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CaCO3 Slurry
 CaCO3 Dispersion Formulation

Formulation
1.7wt% Polyacrylate+ 0.2wt% Polyacrylate+
Description 0.2 wt% 0.5wt% CHAINGUARD-
CHAINGUARD-DB DB
H2O Diluent 28.1 29.3
CHAINGUARD-DB Co-dispersant 0.2 0.5

Ammonium
polyacrylate
Orotan 1124 1.7 0.2
(Mw=4000,
pH=7)

CaCO3 Pigment 70 70

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 CaCO3 Slurry Storage Stability
3 Month - RT
0.2wt% Polyacrylate +
1.7wt% Polyacrylate
0.5wt% CHAINGUARD-DB
0.2wt% Polyacrylate
1.7wt%
+ 0.5wt%
Polyacrylate
CHAINGUARD-DB
Soft to Slightly
Sedimentation (3 month) Hard
sticky
Re-dispersibility Difficult Easy

• CHAINGUARD-DB slows down

sedimentation of CaCO3

ANGUS confidential.

25
Summary & Formulation
Guide
 Summary
CHAINGUARD-DB Attributes in Filler Dispersion:
• Alkaline pH buffering
• Excellent filler dispersion and dispersion stabilization
• Low foam
• Superior safety
• Low odor
• Not corrosive to metal
• Cost reduction because of multifunctionality – reduce dispersant, defoamer, etc

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 Formulation Guide
Dosage:
• Add 0.4-0.7wt% CHAINGUARD-DB in total formulation
• Add 0.2-0.3wt% Polyacrylate solution (40-50 wt% solids) in total formulation
Dispersion procedure:
• Mix CHAINGUARD-DB and polyacrylate in water to make a solution A
• Add TiO2 powder into solution A and disperse for 30mins

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