x NEW THimeide 3, Tneewa Towa eutto.s TreokY Tks iy 2, Inventing International Relations: International Relations Theory After 1945 Mites Kanen “Te ten “lavening” has Lecome fla fr postmodern questioning of so ial sets a He Wistorcal process chat has give th weight. Avs most ‘Sibversi inventing implies the subjection of schol endeavors ote ‘ieroacope of skepiciam Knowledge fete eunlaie no defy 19) aocepted eto hae align it ever move closely with an external and bj inc trth Instead it human cretion subject o many ifhienes that may tor coincide with an agrestpon understanding of siete progres! My Frrpoe in ecexaing the ways which the ne eld of international Feions dealt wath the problem inal change afer 1948 iss sub tern int itent This evsania review ofthe history of iotermatioal re Tntons doe, however, fi within recent wave of iscpioacy iospection that hat alle into suestion ronal and Whiggish views of knowledge cnn The hry gum ot caraiel oil seleces during th may appen 0 pose fee of imerpretation, Nevrtiless, exploring ad explaining the evolu tion of international reations serves tc important ens, Tnllecual archaeology ofthis kad may produce less tendentons 2¢- ‘of imlccal activity ovee sine, searing theoretical alternatives Ivening tern Relains © 24 that have been consigned to dates or aher than scifi easons The praieping of particular approaches to fnerationaleltions may result From ban itera logo schlaship ad fom the socal and politeal cones af mellcual pression, Although both external and internal o planation wl be pretend el 0 recy roestonaied and conenporary history is ky to tions wil understanding of ur col lective past i one dete ‘Comprconing the ne tion of ou tesons ing nnd itllocualy sig fant Nor would interstanal relations be the fist o the oldest sphere of ‘tion dae daplayed recently invented tradiions + Finally an examination of ovr pat may lead us toa beter understanding, of how to exit from our caren discontent; we may come to understand ‘ot only why we have doe what we have dene Bat a0 wy we a& where ‘we are. (ike othe, lest significant evens inthe past, the end ofthe Cold iar las introduces Lge measure of ether casey (if one was pre ‘ously content) or ellervescence (i one was not) ato the study of intern tional relations The past may provide guides to etter and worse ways (0 Fesolie war curen dicplnay dilemmas. “The histoneleteling that fllowe i sel-conciosly centered on North Aeris ond to's et dere, Bean an tay aso ae ‘ter inertial ean emai Arn oe iepebnaaa aeyoee eusreas ‘were! Anorerookl bref of he Cal Waren ie lowering of es Ing tsi he coascton oa Fld that genaly arationl [As the scape ofits contributors expands across national borders, a sip nary narative that is broader dan the one offered here wl he eqted also nue ths Fee History and Great Debates: ‘Thinking About the Past ‘sped version of th ior of faterationa framed by shocessive ‘cl tons theory is ypcally ‘hae conaessundergradntecraton aio, he ess wet do icy el ened the ily fet eto eis of £63) ingot ineratona slo na boa view ofthe soi ees was sceompled, Fina the rsa no coleats he danor of ‘eve erp oes cng sei pretense and wera Bi TES oruapeatekig the ene ftaring mranaratie af el om 9 fostmodern perspectives Thee outers hae argued tat thy are ising thd teat des the maine, sted with roses ts (a Taleo recognize a ache eval pote fcc dso ror ina omg bt ht cc hate har ened in see nrance. Unfit, examination of RE hor eal question his bonien nerpetacon. The ORE iin the debts ae fi identi The outer te debates ae eerie Winners sa lotr arly a8 clear ase ofa eon. sere ian itvoveres a noi nlaed and others th shoul ae 9 Sere Gurl tthe debate tat didnot bask —dop fo vi Seong sway Lyes of Spiary maogy and eons inginglctualdecouse more completly aod accurately woul be vai sbi? Explaining the cours of ane tbe Faroe eat A est ou Le Near sorbed ceo obsessed) wi the Bay cadence cre sen ca th cas el uous ane oer te fl AX the aa Pe retinal cons began 9» se-comeluy nei reo tme fave il (tom oie despite 0 30- rete eenal opre yp ce col ove bon a ening. he evoltion of fernsonal elton wat ot ze ial nd xi conten faced rin of he fd hae pbs feos terme, however is broader polit Tarun development well Many bison eon ef evcits_apparentasraliespetete by contemporary ra fier on the lof ieratonalelaton. Ban Sli ag wet tS of nernatonal context has been exxggertcs never aa ee smply inferred by obser aft the at. Thos da anc lhe fil fe cowed he vb 8 ag ona eves The Jager sweep of ternational stony 38 ee fmm and policy Sinn deve ial ration is Ue driven by danand Hs epic laespaconers as wel shai a moment Te er high weer py demand tay de resarch as seni a age ach fee expats elated tthe ae 8 Pi er enn av pein al evcaion end coi Ser lal arming ve tine hat rele the boda of te Fa setae enter exept borrowing om oui, idealists, Realists, and the Hlardeni ‘of international Relations he yt da is a utable place be eventing the fl Msneepreation fave ee enh fenced suseqnent development of the fe The much rc hase neniy been erase fem owe coletiv inlet arene lorogh hs he reais rewriting of history been, Few at iy rad teem eavintred airy and nate propo tens ft ‘hlvious to he wndedyng and peste realest power mde ee all a6 aaseus cath ‘ough a comple eer ofl hse tes be {he two prominent example we evidence tat the inter Air agunens represented ‘Norman Angel aut of The Gre iuion and many other works, bs, long seed a tag fo those undermining the importance of econo ierdcpendence hoping ste bhai se exponent of th Angel aged isead that ethane econo (the srgge of eet soneem i one of man withthe overs, nok man ‘vith nas ad attack the pinay ofthe stat by exploring the detloy- te of erasnstonal commanigeabeniion. But the nding sre- ea as at eal, was The comenporaey sat system nl i compeive null WHE: wth yer ccononie e ty “Ineratonal polis ae sll dominate by tes apical en ‘Mle wim odes tae skogter ool Tine Gauatoy ought up es eng onto “ prs in ry way the mel ees clara He bes dwt te US. govenmmens pogagsde chine dsBA Mle ‘Wald Wr, work with Cline! How in the eprint Pa este Col ‘alve a ano Ici pete eee a ok ai ‘Site rs on neato eats and serving 3 an enteprte 0 Sins mdi fr sch sachs nos such 9 the Carne fmlownent fo: eras Pesce. Dest hs ning 3 eda tony Shc devloped an ey co ath pac ofthe dt indi eva ‘Shelf inner in European hibtory dei ses othe cen tral yarn creating European ats ad the Eorpesn state ten, ie cold consros Harling passages abo th predatory behavior {soe Never, he ru ie Angel that astbeation and ‘Since hal oad war “tog danger gay” a vialy posi tai" Na nly was war ore coy nthe ee, bt athe ie {ov state Sete no og any map of relevance: cen and {ie pow of semi Intends gs ected new web of el ‘aon people In Shwwels view, his water undepning se faethe pat World War peace movement rom ear movenens based ‘Sly eis prices ov deals " Tnterwardeadess bec deserbed 2 eral mera, athe so deter thine nor so ifaaated wth international astutons and aw asthe Cen image suggests Shotwell and Angell were not seduce by a pals {cleolgy~an inevitable seltiontowatd more coopermive sates in inter able x rational polis. Neer beeved tat material ens hd eliminated war ‘rad even sowched al ats of the wed; the condnions of fterdepe ‘a paaly nied pacts of the international. ste, oor yeacnans empha ern stn, Sorel aan ceed eas lar the scieement of oranations ike ste ete of Nato: More signe wasn emphasis on democrat 2 apa liane foe of publ fos olen pos 5 not ira a eerie uence on Sema ope of the wings as of i eset poser World Wr | Dsconesing tat as re cd te fpoed to poplar pesuro—a suc of et rarest meh ealssas Harold Metton-vas a eatin ote tr aa cet oled anise by which he Tasos of nd Vial wefan cold be nt io poli. : Le cero terval as een Stated ts begemany was ALBERS Reap pt mount ke hora charge sans Bild that was monolithic in its allegiances. Many active in defining the new field nein Inara Rloens + 25 ofglernsional ations dating the 1930 Univesiny of 4 ye il fh eam tht was Ie de “aed a dominant In the fie editom of his work, Schuman devoted ‘iting comments to overly optinite accounts of progress fn eros al polite, bu he aie borrowed mater premises rom some of ee ese arguing thatthe soy af plies cook wt ignore “ee aor scconami’conpuations of tara ratios." Ina clos Snon of tentboks rom the terwar decades, Willan C. Olson and ZR Groom dacovered nether Internationalist nor ideals predom ld fom 19160 the emia fo Anglo-American eral, was in large mee spe eTerola om eotnetal Europe. Ti great wants emigraian Gf scolag nena the development of elds a5 vere as lear ys, esol an plc eheony. The sf of scholars had an even greater inact the hadeaionaly eine eld of tension Soe. Key members a tht acd wa chla s Insp ry fain ae Maer and Tred and bis dione wr he stone paseo is pilocphy conc at Fok the 1920; Le te el eel the core toward and anton sr raionaln da chartered European cure fix Wot We “Tha ack on Hiram ad vnson yawn alin could be sen at simply spo lad sid a she eas pop thot Wor War had Mth cred To cage was als dred sate wg, hw ‘ver oe fat nore nical te long tons grop toned with ‘he sald es more han would be sated ter 1945, Tesh led Ve “alent” Inernatinal elation one of emi yg liad the oher soil sec and onalacon and prfetonaliaion. What wis ner, ier esol be between rei and elon as colin with the profesional ofthe Bld nd the pion byMarta He Fo Wen becater eksed aise i yoo eect et 30d ve an iin it td tee lates goes esi 2 Poise weeded en Eh ate pretension dcoed fis oy, Pash Mews te dese oh dete bene ties, wit he sevens kay a an tenet. thet fe teat sarc ale exari en sme in te ceo gears the aac oS Se ett nn te d= tute Keen vetted oles as oe mo sic ereopane in Tonentina ett, i Vn Renzo auroed at Chicago, be eatin Chaney ight apt rear eerie th hich be eld Kl badte sng fhe tef inatees, rrr pol wis neat a eden ei he hsp Us 2 Te ei tei nected te 1205 ssh 128s haved sone goals and pecan eae alc eas eva han i ap oe ele, Shel ciaredcayan can eth sory of interuatona sin the United ates banded the eee eerie a te eben of nernational vaitinans win tc voaeesy, eal eet, Seno , n i view, o sta ie ln sees as te prem as of the soca Feet heli teatro ers thebestof abot, die en tnd hone a neo He fun esencheneeprencurs elle exstietin of tesa hat ws ont of sia inti age in ie 1920 Mesias trea i founing te Soi Pena omar Cail P32 slteay en exter ine Fanaa fv le 240%, wnversiy seal inte were devoted tye we tf oan sted research seit ta ler desive to affect pic poe an sia chan seems othe era sare rogram Thee chosen tgs di fed, omen: Mi ‘onde see eon andthe cduettna aye the Scien mor en red Fa Pin yatce The line war Dot sharp, howe, and the seco of eae ce axed and waned in poitial science ad in iterations! i se anrca decades Their 7rject ws sharp eed by aie eal scolar, inclading Wiliam Yandel Ellon, stare mentor ofthe seal Henry Kasinge=" through research. Postwar Consensus and the Hardening of the Discipline ‘could not deal with the anomalous events of the 1930 md St Secor ene eee! lower Moteinaaon a exelent slo wo \deccee ce cee eee eee en easannenarerer'Barre Bi nc, anette cree eee a A a, Oe AD ae + le Rater wea forse ens of power bt abn forse bce at te SETS actierng peso ese 1 a eel sain by 9 vet eran fr he pod ae eran a fered bargznig etna sk ae ee nal eau nse ht ba en 0 2003 Se oe se Word Wr I gorercnt na fonts i inde 1930 hol nog to atch he gba wats of he Ce ea oy favored: Not only i et mh nie tae Marts ores wane wi enews a jan am grata ements Fer ne Sere 8 poring» rae or 04 ao i ably anappame an here or hcl wae Se sl etre Pv dee any 100 a ieee cl heya amt allan of commence i eee sh be caret aie cals guy aa ee a clr ofits new Ames cians Eset Le eae hans yk’ Aeris Sa i ul en onions male supe san! SEVEN, Fe se ena Lng a Naso Est Aa eet for exams WY aug of alae.” Much at American hora Sn ene de aap Ranken “ceo the Aner ad se et comer nd poll sce: Amel” In ee int yn inernmonal enone ced ware cin iy the cea rape melon” ca cep heey fe cht owe craton poles beings mito teh a er rains This roses of analnmatio re ada a J ew cowed de hes “0 ve att Hirano hs collage” The ational cn a ive a in Aran are aon the eerie rent of reali an incorporated sa isle of the pwn onscsis cowie 1 ene can relat peeson pated whe raced a aa area an postin woeaiiay lnc We = seit Pe ew, wre srdonialy of ec works than Sat coe 5 tot, ti sh wan nt 2 Di maul seat bear ins annie oy bane som nection tio lg emp wre A ete fh es ae ilps wax wan et foe an ei ray tt day Tina ig aes wt "hal pai sin acnty ter ta Ahesnetic amavis th wee wt iio relaton gn sien smile tenga Walrasian Ii they aa ele a si (i avanaine an vai piesa crac Hs tur aan tt acere atates sf reise ees arate HY sso ve es neve feat. Mie cept and teva explanains lhe fading of dep Cian eet of olism, a wes aesqtne of te ne aoe payin sy 8s are ny yl oii The thee westtons of teesin ey sia ste of sc poe vera in wy tha ese expat as Tey cpm or neocon sees ania fw te bist Fear smal flatts snc he nessa eso: sen ternational ise aac sent of these" Cd Mi 172 aH Sil) the ypc of els Bl the Penh is events en cia ings in Terai ceston i ha esc al ha ina an pe reader si rena Tis hd ey sor a ny a ea by He cae in heopne ot inna teats apa Sherr rivet ‘Shea a eset eal postin Fonte ages venta maneaiel ing em he tava ach ene ‘wean ape vec gl sence. Ae Done Rew ay hey in Seite les emis Mal see tans this see nooresin tare The final tage fn he Acianigtion of reali Pienaar pie search suru somne eit Tay sonal eave d nwpnlarity of weneatisn, however: Aa eset Walt ad Robe Gin hal le cine foe de evel Call Wa ‘ws Aerie conservatives sorealis wet ten explicit of Reap alsa tense al feign poles, Reapanite anton ie thy, Sil den al lew wl the tie eas Gogsa was make by vv of elo compton with dhe Sonic i Newwosereatie hapa of theses ai ha! ie na with realists ke Henry Kiser or acai wor ‘Although eel say have served toga US, compton wih the Soviet Unio i the T°40s aid 1250, cadre noe ged for ansging aed veyperng dat empetiion a the 1980 Univer eer It hese connected om they beef the Weta Wa a key weal ofthe 1970s the Washing shi oh pakers i search of fnegn bey advice ov new aoe tl ot sectarian nny ei he 950 Rew es (Of iret for policy appeits next win a eh ‘any ofthese sper were forte pteyaaets emelven The He poltcally connected hint tanks compete steal for pbk ‘sumer, bu fe achaaely wera he el fiero reins ‘likongh the plc community exer tal ks ance othe cour oferta lanza nthe 1960s ong the pattern of hee fading cull il tft eee patel for nas scutes: Lange acl fing of evita the T9805 on Aine seengned norealon, sine many ene geteration fb Canty spel, whoever trp pelereces, eed see 35 ‘oat, Ae foe the revere lease atin Aer hat a poo tice dependency tory Bo heen ete by reeesive athrtaian {goverment inthe 1970s Dartg the lowing decal aeaensc tenon {ibe wagon sumed toward conerete and priate essies weap mics ar than ystenne explanations for nerdy ‘Whatever weit is ataced to eral aa enteta expinain for the ction ol tteroational sans theory in the 198 ce eons reat debate among seers, neorealiss, and spenders thers did a ecu By thea ofthe 1940s the secret cnet that mig hve elas reduced relatively warvow Snagrecrentswehin oe ste eesti atonal model of nernstional interaction. The cr die Te TGcteneotberalnstiaronalis sal weoveslisn ame ca be thei sree casts of ihe ampontance of abuse gos or elves ele eg ses. Postmodemns and Socioloy ot withthe Tweed of ores aa the Tieeledee hese of wea dc ssl 2p ta he imal relate eezeatc 38 08 of neler, ihe eli ton say tration ‘Sinmun smn i pl Toe antics sen wean sed ete Fates arse tion wh the psig arin the eset ao ee tmaped cara eee combine me eet teyl en cute int “damascene ef the Cd Wa whi ee scl’ ane conpe gener comms fre Ea ie SET siehae epecml econ ones. Athowgh 2 se asa fr he chenges that eae the Suet pee in Fae cee ent ire al wi tee for some finer eon ly contrite ac co ha expan Fe sto prin 199 se al rue rena pole 0 ‘Mit weal acetates oes as Bee 0 rea? este Ot eq spate, ht rans, wih Cinta tpt dense ua perilpower, cere With 0 BER one contd emake "tn fe epee thew ewes ol ors sick aceon in Ihe Haron Cnty nl werent ein vevoping cin rstve iret 4 iste ie tcony he es tw xarh ese ther of ‘Cn tating Sion Su th nara ‘roc by einen ine (or the Jes or sh igri) Ae al ieee Ss ear pend hd nee way of pst el abc {ite uependece and depen cory Tie capnnatry poser of Mccl viable sy the dion of powers deo ‘Mineo be eet wy Heenon aly sey a Bethe ‘cial tksnnal to onpulycaleg sto eso ofthe ther hm cel ayo ogeon yer dso thot aco int neyo fr Se trees te genie see 0 ‘ipsa try Hl the oy of cational ewoeration, hei sd {Bet ene othe ay ofthe canal cnn Eve the tre ascot settee power lh sem gees inv pose ol know bai cro pratonThe swe feng ft tnpnance of ply expan foe rn ‘Ea nls we dy Al cng we cf aa sev coc aol oar? Toes hs ante Wo eb Sats ocrcle heres ware vcd (nape Ue cin BP 4 domes (end fen sbjece™ diinon 0 the. exam Porn wat eid hin late exhale AAA Ae RADE AT NG: aSenewad irs in he se of aon yley an wl began ‘sol eisonmaking eameworts oe soca papal ter lr Sonat sma The patcn of sasnch dhe els ferns fom the pat. rescsichimerstsuc sn hese dsmosracis to war with oe snother=aased seul sig ese oaks wh converse wih ene ant A helen as Complete hy clear pelreces for pares sapien, Fev cel eat on etishing ew dias praca woe tener illite lternive research prams, fond if rng ‘en neem on what eontiaes *asace™ in cron teats {mn this healthy coufasion stepped wo oct ht dl wt {he oli and ofen poorly defied contender of ra ‘Macsisn (or thee more rte deco ewes eotlender represen eo ri a oil oy lh cra a i he Se aig So mo ch, ee (snl be etn ih on ers nab ftw (Sp ehcp rn tht eo rece cae yay eo rele on analysis hat poly ts the nn of cote xi in favor of ithe posers eps clnge to the scenic pretensions of internal eins se rope occ ake on ts rent the toro well deltonoferstival sans a an expe ow of eropsaly defied sav teres. It the ese of "on fae aa thi pects; ach natatons re "preconditions for overign Sate nl eaingfl state ation eater tah eon chosen ac fats" Alot view f tats al hr eonaionve carte nls hat eastompoaey silo, parcel the strain the {ry of Alo Gens the ew statin of Jon Meyer sn teil the weorCrosin and nai ews te departed Anca teat elon afer he sco great hate take win il werk inst scones Ten those skeptic of the more sant, eff We al more explanatory pet {othe leva of doen pitch noe fans feo ey ‘Ggv sare teraction ment yn ar pny toe sxe re hese) Tih dsr would cate aoter ae fives. Toletiosry made ofinernavonal shavge seguir few aromptions abou ute poor sunepon. Sal learning del expla change incorporating such more active tage of sce in relation vo hei {Cio vgonment, The appeal of enning 38 etaphor cannot dis {ibe serosdarecmenssbow te preregister of esesing motel nd ‘er ih ni of ering el Linking cogitve change ot Han ing a prt change in behavior fn inating aerate explana Alone (or behavioral chang) i ly one epic hdl fr models of Icming Maelo sci earning mi lo contend wth the level of Icraing” problem: I indvidalcopntive change i sequel fr socal to och, individual change must be tafe ta gaa cil and pla lerang equites embedding kann it tore than one instton. This process of tnt ypily uy. cogulve change my not be equal proce af pola lection ny shoo one boy of Enowlege (and te bearers) olf he el demong is competitors, The dynam then becomes one of politcal competion and influence, not coi change tthe inva evel Finally the ‘hand peace of sing ma be vests, Pee Hal li ‘ates frst-ordes, second-order, ad thi-orderlntning to capture hese “iene, "he appeal of evolutionary or learning nods may be enhanced by ine atonal evens, Explanations forthe en ofthe Cal War a the tans ‘maton and disintegration of the Soviet Union tpialyinlle both exter. tal comptive peers an an tel prose of fang?” Aho social learning models a : = I olen associated with liberal approaches to iter. national relations and evakaonary models with she selective and competi ‘ive nagesofrelsm, the association is neither necessary nor ston, These ‘models may be comeing precisely Beane they Wie ous heave be toyeen liberal and realist. The end of the Cal War enhanced the cei of ‘ost izes ofthe world. IC prodes a new surge of theoreti vate ‘ion before de inevitable process of cemtic selection, eather thaw anothetMh + tes eater sin the egelical predominance of the hoary theoretical contenders fete pst, eve alld see, wo meget pci Noes {dt th Seo le nC tcp he san tite Sho Pace SesSea nonn ene feta lect seme sia ores acer 1.to penal aco of lies in inert! eto that wen set ain er ry Te aa Pi eno I ken ey hnvey aks Psy Se Way es 95h p93 Shion seh i oe Jb Gare, The Descent of Pei They The engy of en fost Voie (hcg: sviy a Clay Pes, 92D ter Ich That Notte Dien The ‘Olt Questia the Aner isto Pols Cali Cone nvereyPre,Pay Dorth Rey "he Chit fecal Seece (cer Come irs Ts, Tih al yma Sealer, Duented Rest: Polen Scene a he ‘vero N= 1084 Any Sone Unry e York ron 183. ‘hi eters acon the heey fea ls wit polo cence lee hy thet Ln at peels he Ames ial ScemeAtocaton he Staten Poli Seen: aw We Bc What Wet" Aetan Polite Sence Review 86,1 (Sais P22 Se ieiariggexampl of tee wc inetd adn spe ble os poe the va ho ace shacorte eangs af he pst ey lesen tetany corpo nd wae hse" Cr Nnee Seta Eric Helsbrern Terence ang The etn 1 Trait (iii Cbd Unies es 13) Perey inn, "An Aver Stell eee: hers Relations” ain as (49774 ey Kelty The Ding Disipie egenery eee id hcory (to Oxwts atan, HS cae ie a acrnanal Reston Sl a Aven Sc Sines?” en a ent coy Polis Homer of Stay Henan, led by Lids re eh Sl (alder Weve Pest 1999) no. 95414 i lc of ea cep ts ic i oh cy devon seid ese Elon of fieratna elton: Then,” a Comet een ety ed by Mec! Rk Oia UK: Whee Boks, 84, ee eum skensnandte Readen Sof ea Toa a ea Sele try eit by James uJ. Dr see ed (Combes Conger rs 98-1717 Fae age nelly fo sucha incon scsi io Foon a mendemie teria Relations" Rew of Ie Ta sles 20, 4 (Ostober 199319-367- ‘sen soon” 362 9. Scie cotnds shat the “pshitry” of nena elton foe iursic tes ena as of ration eons Lens on de PS [testo fhe Ges Bee eee esto td es” fares Fe fist Anal Slestiog o the Aveican Pols! Seem ae me See Ie ie! oer Sth Rest Thong frow Weber Yo Kosmar (ton Roce down Ste Une Pes, 980 ‘sora pa The Crt Mo (1909; epi of 191 on, wh a8 con hy So. arm, Neo Yak: Calo Ping, 1972, 8. On ‘Reel eam ing she the wef axe ii Te “ish nd metcan somone anders oo Compe he Nato of Wars tm mnmncs sd National Seri A ory of The Intersil by Crh B, Gain (Dram, NC- Dake Unive es, 19st) al jen de We "Nocnse Ana Anes of Inedepenene Teo intend onl Contre Word Pais ete Jes 0 Rosen ar Hise Tarn eon, Ke Avery, 1985), pp. 13-30 Jon Mader ela tee of Ages apnea Reet rss Booudy The Obscene of Ser tr No Yor fave Boks 199) io Th of one St Biota rm ave be tay the istorl semeus fee ae | lorie scnnof se wl mmo te igor, hey ate en a wel the Stet the ane by plc aon ave come ne a Inne teslertoweow te cemen (ames. Shotwell, Wr 2 anasto Mat Pay [ew Yrs Cato Pain, 1974, 69. Tos py. e-. Shae ape mary af the sigan of Word whe ato wa i exons" oo sic that he war vad 30 Iuny fooler at ved sem cole p38, 3 Tidy pp 27-2; James T Shwe Ov te Ri of the Aya (New Yorks Macellon Ph p48 Té-Far an en tatcnen of hope onthe power of pale opinion, ce Jes eye Into Roe [Porth NY Kenn Pe, 1960) 264 10 Fer Shuman, Inertia! Pos (New Yorks McGraw 935i non Wi C. Obama AJ-Cioon Iteration! Relation Ther and Nowe (Union teas head, 1991) 9 8-70 1.0m cna sd pict, Join Gamal commen hat the igs mete in hap coe wth he slot of Avec il sence” (The Dest of Peli They 9185 Darlows. Morgentiom, “Fapmcut of an nell. Astobioganhy: 19021982, in Tn nd Tage Tete to Ha Angee ltd by ene Tompson al Rost J Myers (Wiig, DC: New Republic Book (onan, 1977, 9.1 2 Nonpear aeandaetonal anes is erst Seif Mam ere Peer Pais (Chiagt Univeray af Ciago Des, 1G: “Ove cilia agate: Hobe Nese, WE OU \s Oo GG ur ox oe dad be ofa Rea) ¢ ele