the global and varied effects that ft can result in{ Lastly, Wye dre going to dive in the possible future scenario of these soils’ recovery [Structure | will be following) ya vere donde poner este parrafo] It is important to consider that this war is being held both in urban nnd rural areas. The urban destruction is enormous; public buildings, homés, roads, among others, are being destroyed because the political meaning of taking over a city is bigger than doing it in the Countryside. Despite not having an agricultural use, city ground must also be treated before starting the reconstruction. Nonetheless, the aim of this essay is to focus on the lands abi to grow crops (e.g., countryside, farmlands) Ukrainian Soils [Geographical distribution of Ukrainian’ soils} From northwest to southeast, Ukraine shows five main different types of soil. In the northwest we can mostly find padzolized Soils; down in the southwest there is a predominance of cambisol; in the eastern part of the country, a very large surface of chpmozem appears/a discontinuous mass of phaeozem soil isin the central belt of the country; and in the southeast, occupying the entrance of Crimea peninsula, Kastanozem soil is represented. [Ukrainian’s areas affected by the war] At this point, the question might be which Ukrainian areas are boeing affected by the war and what kind of soils ae being polluted because of tf The Russian invasion ‘over Ukraine has been limited to the regions contiguous to the border between both countries. These are, from north to south, the following: Kharkiv, Lugansk, Donetsk, Zaporizhzhia and Kherson. Themajority of the surface o PON the Surface ofthese regions corresponds to chornozem sll, withthe exception of parts of Krasklvand Kiverson thet contain phaeczem and kastanocem, respectively, Chernozam soil the mast alered type of soll in Ukraine due tothe war, but also the most fertile in the whole world ‘Chernozems (from the Russian words for “black earth’) are humus-tich grassland solls. They are black (refer poedet) colored solls containing a high percentage of humus (4% to 16%); phosphorus and ammonia Pu Tay the Term ~ wakir-betdaap eapaaty compounds, which together with its high moisture sforage capacity make Chernozem a very fertile sol that can produce high agricultural yields. This fertile surfacd horizon, which typically has soft and ‘ranular soil structure results from the long-term addition of organic materials derived from plant roots. fe ) /Xless 7 WC (ree austhar Ummeter) cause /ellec ae Furthermore, around 90% of chernozem in Ukraine s arable, used extensively for growing cereals or for we na raising livestock, which is a big economic advantage for Ukraine. However, wars generally rely on two then occu? mainavays to pollute the sol in whici{it}s being developed: Physical and chemical pollution, —— Drefes > [How war pollutes soils fuse forms ° hysical pollution {Physical pollution} ous wt We soe First, physical pollution in wars consists in three categories: the artillery’s impact on the ground, the SonSeE Nn Sree categarl emiatlin compression of the soil due to heavy vehicles, and the fires that modify the properties of the soil and its Creferena needed ) vegetative cover. As a senior U.S. defense official estimated, Russia is firing a staggering amount of 20,000 artillery rounds per day (50,000-60,000 during Bajmut Battle), while Ukraine is firing from 4,000 0 7,000 rounds daily. After nine months of war, only the U.S had provided more than 1 million 155mm, ester )artilery rounds, 180,000 205mm artillery rounds, 135,000 120mm mortar rounds, 1,500 TOW missiles, ‘8,500 Javelin missiles, 46,000 other anti-armor ‘systems and munitions, and more than 100 million rounds of small arms. ammunitiof to Ukrainian forces since the start of the Russian invasion of the J sCo-tert Alerter weeded) country, among other weanof's, according tothe State Department. The average weight ofthese heavy vans, ‘rounds fs about 40-50 kg and the width of 105-155 mm. Some of the artillery used by tanks sao from dlameters of 2005500 mm and evena weight of 612 kg. In addition, the speed and height that these ‘ammunition reaches are incredibly high. Therefore, the craters created after the Impact of these projectiles together with the explosion of the underground mines, are strong enough to destabilize soil's Properties. Equally important is the fact that in such a wet soll as Ukrainian chernozems are, the Lome. ‘extremely heavy machinery up to 60 tons lke for example tanks or armored cars, can compressthe soll ve i ble A ;to some studies horizons to Agel sich enw not be at eneeyron sore cording | ari Sn ~ ' nm ion < In the case of bullets firing with lighter weapons, lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), copper (Cu), arsenic (As), zine (Zn), and more recently, tungsten (W), are the predominant metalsi [Gomentaf la relation del pH eorlla BK fiiacién de estos metals... [An additional modern negative impact of forest fires, whatever their origin, due tosyntheticwastes | J left on the ground, which during combustion release toxic compoundsyéuch as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH| \o (PAH). [Armas eqn radiaelividad) Although the consequences of this possibly polluted soil cannot be analyzed yet because the war is stil Berek running, a prevision can be made. First of all,the war zone used to be dedicated'to sunflowers, barley Cena and wheat, which is essential in most diets around the world, According to the EU,the production of on cormedty spring crops, consisting mainly in barley (MAFPU, Panorama of Ukraine Agrarian Sector 2012 and <— Fifog? cae UkrStat) has decreased(in 22% in 2022 in comparison with 2021. Despitepthis faetis{due stfictly to the ots done OO enna development of the war and not to the soil pollution itself, it shows that if the Ukrair recover after the end of the war and are not ready to grow crops, many develop and developing, countries will suffer from a severe food crisis. As Black Sea Grain Jnitative Joint Steering Commiztee (yee ) ‘shows, 65% of Ukrainian wheat is destined to developing countries, which means that its absence would awe wigekive ic ly. Minor consequences can be ‘observed on economic and financial systems of the wich developed countries, however, those who'ere the principal buyers of Ukrainian crops like Spain, Saudi a di ‘Arabia of Israel, may suffer the effects. For example, wheat and corn have increased thelr prices from