2010 Third International Conference on Information and Computing

The Research of Ear Identification Based On Improved Algorithm of Moment

Invariant

Xiu-qing WANG1 Hong-yang XIA1 Zhong-li WAHG2

1 College of Electrical and Information Engineering 2 Electrical Engineering Institute
HeiLongJiang Institute of Science and Technology Beihua University
Harbin, China Jilin, China
e-mail: wxq5579@163.com

Abstract- In this paper, the processing of ear identification is so as to verify the individual identifications. The course of
introduced in brief, and after making an improvement of
ear recognition mainly includes image collecting, division
moment invariants algorithm, six feature vectors are distilled
of ear image, feature extraction, mold identification and so
by the method of high-order moment invariants. By using two
kinds of algorithm respectively, ear image is processed to on. Here, this focuses on the moment invariants based on
identification. In ear identification, we can learn that the high- feature extraction algorithms to improve the links in the
order moment invariants in the improved algorithm have the process.
feature of invariance in translation, rotation and scale change. System architecture as shown in Figure 1:
Finally, with the application of a BP artificial neutral network
to identify 60 ear images, we get a good experiment result of
91.8% accuracy.
Keywords- ear recognition; improved algorithm of moment Figure 1. ear identification system
invariant; image processing feature identification

III. Algorithm of Moment Invariant

I. INTRODUCTION
Feature extraction and information exchange are crucial
Individual identification or recognition plays a quite in biological feature identification, which is based on the
important role in modern society. At present the major images. It is an old but fresh subject to seek for the method
technologies of biological individual identification contains of feature extraction, which has the feature of invariance in
fingerprint identification, face identification, voice translation, rotation and scale change. MK. Hu reported and
identification and iris identification and so on. However, the successfully proved the above mentioned features in 1962
ear identification hasn't formed a complete system and is [2].
still at its starting stage. Nevertheless, apart from the
essential uniqueness and stability commonly required in the A. Definition of Moment Invariant in Continuous
individual identification, ear identification has its own Function. Supposing Continuous Concentrated Function
advantages [1]: as f(x,y), so the bi—dimension in integral equation is:
a) The ear can neither be affected by expression or +∞ +∞
make up, nor get hurt easily .What's more, the impacts left m00 = ∫ ∫ f ( x, y )dxdy (1)
−∞ −∞
by earring or spectacles also can be get rid of with Where p and q stand for step, then, the central variant of
operation. Therefore, the ear image is perfect enough to be f(x, y) is driven by:
used in the individual identification. +∞ +∞ p
b) Ear image is more consistent in color distribution u pq = ∫ ∫ ( x − x) ( y − y ) f ( x, y )dxdy (2)
−∞ −∞
than face image is. When being transformed into grey
image, it loses less information consequently. However, if The core coordinate of ( x, y ) is:(where ( x, y ) is core
we apply it t the face image, nearly all the eye information coordinate)
will lose through the transformation. +∞ +∞ +∞ +∞
x=∫ ∫ xf ( x, y ) ∫ ∫ f ( x, y )
c) The smaller size of ear image requires less −∞ −∞ −∞ −∞
+∞ +∞ +∞ +∞
information to be process at the same time. y=∫ ∫ yf ( x, y) ∫ ∫ f ( x, y)
Owing to the right special advantage of the ear feature, −∞ −∞ −∞ −∞
ear recognition, a new human feature identification We also get the following format:
technology, is gradually drawing people's attention with u00 = m00 = u
great potentiality and wide range of market application as
well as developing space. u10 = u01 = 0
2
II. COURSE OF EAR RECOGNITION u20 = m20 − u x
Ear recognition, alike with more other biological 2
identification is working on the certain biological features u02 = m02 −uy

978-0-7695-4047-4/10 $26.00 © 2010 IEEE 58

DOI 10.1109/ICIC.2010.21
 M N
u11 = m11 − u x y u pq = ∑∑ (m − x ) p (n − y ) q f (m, n) (11)
3 m =1 n =1
u03 = m03 − 3m02 y + 2u y M N

3
x = ∑∑ mf (m, n) M N
in it(where)，
u30 = m30 − 3m20 x + 2u x m =1 =1n
∑∑
m =1 n =1
f (m, n)
2
u21 = m21 − m20 y − 2m11 x + 2u x y M N
y = ∑∑ nf (m, n) M N

after normalizing centre vector η pq ,the expression can m =1 =1n

∑∑
m =1 n =1
f ( m, n )
be written Seven moment invariant feature vector can also be
η pq = u pq / u 00r (3) distilled. We learn from the experiment that the dispersed
fuction have the feature of invariance in translation and
where， r = ( p + q ) / 2 , ( p + q ) = 2,3... vitation, but not in the scale change.It shows clearly in the
and we can furtherly, the high—order moment variants following tables.
define is given as It shows partly the contrasted data of feature vector of ear
M1 = η20 + η02 (4) image on scale 4/5 in table1. (Ear image is a gray of 256
M 2 = (η 20 − η02 ) 2 + 4η112 (5) levels, original image of size is 80×60 pixels)
M 3 = (η30 − 3η12 ) 2 + (3η21 − η03 ) 2 Some scholars have successfully testified the relation-
(6)
(which) scale propertion factor of dispersed function scale
M 4 = (η30 + 3η12 ) 2 + (η21 + η03 )2 (7) change is K, and it can be illustrated as follows:
[
M 5 = (η 30 − 3η12 )(η30 + η12 ) 3(η 30 + η12 ) − (η 21 + η 03 ) +
2 2
] (8
η 'pq = k p + qη pq (12)
(3η 21 − η03 )(η 21 + η 03 )[3(η30 + η12 ) − (η 21 + η03 )
2 2
] Where η pq is the central variant in the original function,
)
and η pq is a processed central variant on scale K.
'
M 6 = (η20 −η02 ) ⎡⎣(η30 + η12 )2 − (η21 + η03 ) 2 ⎤⎦ (9)
M7 = (3η21 −η30 )(η30 +η12 )[(η30 +η12 )2 − 3(η21 +η03 )2 ] + IV. Improved Algorithm of moment invariant
(10)
(3η12−η30 )(η21 +η03 )[3(η30 +η12 ) − (η21 +η03 ) ]
2 2 First, it rebuilds the moment invariant feature vector
which has the feature of invariance in translation, rotation
For the continuous singal, the feature variable is used to and scale change.
identification of singal, which is extracted M1-M7 by Then, it processes the moment invariance of the same
computation. order with addition, subtraction or multiplication.
B. Definition of Moment Invariant in Dispersed Function Finally, it combine (12) with (4) to (10), we can find the
[3,4]. relation between before and after the seven moment
invariants are scaled on K. It is demonstrated as follows:
The locality picture of document which need to be
processed and identified is based on the disperse function, so M 1' = k 2 M 1 (13)
the mement invariant in dispersed function by refering to ' 4 (14)
M2 = k M2
continuous function can be defined as:
TABLE I. HIGH-ORDER MOMENT INVARIANTS DATA CONTRAST FORM OF EAR IMAGE ON SCALE 4/5

order M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7

before 3.13742733 5.96246816 2.28939746 2.23010543 2.64545520 3.71752497 3.08865309

1
change scale 3.09153492 5.86657278 2.21751241 2.15245062 2.62194155 3.45225459 2.93119499

before 3.12010739 5.81289501 1.94222902 1.84396759 2.43881657 3.20738877 2.02781286

2
change scale 3.07418655 5.72122605 1.84568613 1.75834201 2.23930378 2.98111816 1.92635343

before 3.18425700 5.96868604 2.46531311 2.23856184 4.001415891 4.68408730 3.96151657

3
change scale 3.14433317 5.88981745 2.38674008 2.17714141 3.84562722 4.55825095 3.79455384

before 3.16952096 5.92813520 2.32106577 2.04251327 3.47663241 4.34199499 3.39211387

4
change scale 3.12595500 5.84604030 2.25331312 1.98682090 3.36851648 4.25242660 3.28360709

before 3.16624507 5.93088587 2.19400438 1.98331384 3.49773385 4.41372044 3.460971914

5
change scale 3.1091658 584474784 2.13063064 1.93139022 3.38289021 4.31204889 3.34341241

59
 M‘ 3 = k 6 M 3 (15) M 6' k8M 6 M (24)
M 5'' = '4
= 2 4
= 64
'
M = k M4 6
(16) M1 (k M 1 ) M1
4

M = k 12 M 5
'
(17) M 7' k 12 M 7 M
5 M 6'' = '6
= 2 6
= 76 (25)
M = k 8M 6
'
(18) M1 (k M 1 ) M1
6
Through (20)-(25) we have rebuild six feature vectors
M 7' = k 12 M 7 (19)
which is based on the definition of the traditional moment
According to the (13)-(19), six new moment invariant invariant. They not only retain the feature of invariance in
feature vectors can be derived as (20)-(25) expressing: translation and rotation, but also eliminate the proportion
M 2' k 4M 2 M (20) factor K, which is a constant in scale change. So the newly-
M 1'' = = = 2 rebuild moment invariant fully meet the requirement of ear
M 1'2 (k 2 M 1 ) 2 M 12
identification in possessing the feature of invariance in
M 3' k 6M 3 M (21) translation, rotation and scale change.
M 2'' = = = 33
M1'3 2
(k M 1 ) 3
M1 Adopting the six new moment invariant feature vector
method to extract the characteristic of ear image on the scale
M 4' k 6M 4 M (22) of 4/5, basing on the same ear image , we are fully convinced
M 3'' = '3
= 2 3
= 43
M1 (k M 1 ) M1 the new moment invariant feature vector do have the feature
of invariance in scale change ,shown as the table 2.
M 5' k 12 M M (23)
M 4'' = '6
= 2 5 6 = 56
M1 (k M 1 ) M1

TABLE II. CHARACTERISTIC VECTOR FORM OF IMPROVEMENT OF MOMENT INVARIANTS ALGORITHM OF EAR IMAGE ON SCALE 4/5.

order M 1'' M 2'' M 3'' M 4'' M 5'' M 6''

before 3.60572950 5.19079088 2.46801238 2.00771788 2.01946428 3.00355758
1
change scale 3.61381310 5.20336110 2.52177633 2.00807021 2.02430477 3.00462143
before 3.59710870 5.26509353 2.83974271 2.01159056 2.03030716 3.02916491
2
change scale 3.60538084 5.29355150 2.97372672 2.01775967 2.03774526 3.0379816
before 3.58865727 5.16453407 2.46038786 2.00097483 2.00973027 3.00102493
3
change scale 3.59686187 5.17554552 2.50152919 2.00118895 2.01055875 3.00127115
before 3.59010710 5.19695042 2.66263201 2.00230572 2.01300428 3.00222663
4
change scale 3.59826881 5.19695042 2.66263201 2.00230572 2.01300428 3.00261965
before 3.59160320 5.20774234 2.66753672 2.00191014 2.01163016 3.00201377
5
change scale 3.60006937 5.22028436 2.72457621 2.00225715 2.01247237 3.00239359

However, if we input 7 vectors into the neutral network, the

V. Experiment and conclusion results only 66.7% accuracy.
From the analysis of Table 1 and Table 2, we learn a fact
can be learned that the six new high—order moment
invariant has the feature of invariance in scale change as well [1]
as in translation and rotation. In order to prove the invariance
of the new vectors, a BP artificial neutral network is used to [2]
classify identification. We choose three layers of BP
[3]
artificial neutral network and 40 nerve cells in the middle. As
soon as input the sic high—order moment invariant, we get
[4]
an outlet of one nerve cell and we classified the above
mentioned six high—order feature vector sample drawn from
the ear image data, with the testing of six vectors on the scale
of 4/5, we had a good experiment result of 91.8% accuracy.
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Hu Ming-Kuei. Visual pattern recognition by moment invariants. IRE
Tran s Information Theory,1962,179-187.2.
Dint Yueming, Chang Jinling, Peng Jiaxiong. Research on Algorithm
of moment Invariant. Data collection and Processing, 1991(3).
Du Yajuan, Zhang Hongcai, Pan Quan etc. The Research of three
dimension aircraft target Identification Based on Invariant Feature.
Data collection and processing 2005(15)

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