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Typical exam questions
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T640(E)(N18)T
NOVEMBER EXAMINATION
NATIONAL CERTIFICATE
INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS N3
(8080613)
18 November 2016 (X-Paper)

09:00–12:00
Calculators may be used.
This question paper consists of 8 pages and 1 formula sheet.
Copyright reserved Please turn over

(8080613) -2- T640(E)(N18)T
DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND TRAINING

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
TIME: 3 HOURS
MARKS: 100
INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION
1. Answer ALL the questions.
2. Read ALL the questions carefully.
3. Number the answers according to the numbering system used in this question
paper.
4. Use only BLUE or BLACK ink.
5. ALL the final answers must be approximated accurately to THREE decimal

places.
6. Use  = 3,142.
7. Write neatly and legibly.

(8080613) -3- T640(E)(N18)T
QUESTION 1
1.1 Indicate whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE. Choose the
answer and write only 'true' or 'false' next to the question number
(1.1.1–1.1.7) in the ANSWER BOOK.
1.1.1 The collector current of a transistor will increase when the base/
emitter forward-bias voltage is increased.
1.1.2 The direct-current bias point is a point on the load line which
represents the currents in a transistor and the voltage across it
when no signal is applied.
1.1.3 Current can flow through a Zener diode in both directions.
1.1.4 An electron has a negative charge of approximately 1,602 × 10-19

coulombs.
1.1.5 The algebraic sum of the voltages across the series components in
an alternating-current circuit is equal to the supply voltage.
1.1.6 In positive temperature coefficient thermistors the resistance

increases with an increase in temperature.
1.1.7 The larger the delay angle in a speed-control circuit, the higher the
speed.
(7 × 1) (7)
1.2 Various options are given as possible answers to the following questions.
Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–C) next to the question
number (1.2.1–1.2.7) in the ANSWER BOOK.
1.2.1 An SCR can be switched off by …
A a negative pulse on the gate.

B increasing the current to above the holding current.
C making the anode negative with respect to the cathode.
1.2.2 The smallest change in measured value to which an instrument will

respond is called the …
A resolution.
B sensitivity.
C precision.
1.2.3 The number of electrons that pentavalent atoms have in their outer
shell is …
A 3.
B 4.
C 5.

(8080613) -4- T640(E)(N18)T
1.2.4 A transistor has an emitter current of 22 mA and a collector current

of 21 mA. The base current is …
A 43 mA.
B 1 mA.
C 22 mA.
1.2.5 The main characteristics of an operational amplifier are:
A Very high output impedance, low input impedance, high

voltage gain, ability to handle both AC and DC signals
B Very high voltage gain, high input impedance, low output
impedance, ability to handle both AC and DC signals
C Very high voltage gain, high current gain, low output
impedance, high input impedance
1.2.6 Which ONE of the following statements is WRONG?
A An inductive reactance results in a lagging phase angle.

B Reactance is resistance to electron flow in an alternating-
current circuit.
C Resistance varies as the frequency of the supply is varied.
1.2.7 Resonance can occur only in a circuit which contains …
A resistance and capacitance.

B resistance and inductance.
C inductance and capacitance.
(7 × 1) (7)
[14]

(8080613) -5- T640(E)(N18)T
QUESTION 2
2.1 Study FIGURE 1 below and determine the following with the aid of Kirchhoff's
laws:
R2 R3
F I1-I2 AI 2
15 Ω
B
20 Ω
I1
R1
25 Ω
R4
R5
5Ω
10Ω
Loop 2 Loop 1
+
10V
-
C
E D
FIGURE 1
2.1.1 The equation for Loop 1 (ABCDA) – set up the equation by starting
at point A and proceed in the direction of Loop 1 (thick arrow) (2)
2.1.2 The equation for Loop 2 (AFEDA) – set up the equation by starting
at point A and proceed in the direction of Loop 2 (thick arrow) (2)
2.1.3 The magnitude of the currents I1 and I 2 by making use of the

equations in QUESTION 2.1.1 and QUESTION 2.1.2 (4)
2.2 If the current is at minimum, calculate the capacitor when the coil with the
resistor of 12 Ω and the inductor of 32 mH is connected in parallel to the
unknown capacitor. This circuit diagram is then connected to a 240 V/50 Hz
supply. (10)
[18]

(8080613) -6- T640(E)(N18)T
QUESTION 3
3.1 An SCR can be controlled by making use of four different methods. The
statements below are descriptions or definitions of these methods.
Name the method that best describes the given statement:
3.1.1 This method of control is achieved by switching the control device

on for a number of full cycles and then switching the control device
off for a number of full cycles.
3.1.2 This method of control is a combination of phase control and cycle

control.
3.1.3 This method of control is achieved by controlling the time at which

the gate of the SCR is triggered.
3.1.4 This method of control is used when the SCR performs simple
switching.
(4 × 1) (4)
3.2 Show, by means of a labelled circuit diagram, how two SCRs connected to
form an SCR diode bridge can be used for full-wave control. (4)
3.3 Choose the correct word(s) from those given in brackets. Write only the
word(s) next to the question number (3.3.1–3.3.5) in the ANSWER BOOK.
3.3.1 Crystal transducers make use of the (a) (photoelectric effect/piezo-

electric effect) and they develop voltage when (b) (subjected to a
force/exposed to light). (2)
3.3.2 A common-emitter amplifier has a phase shift of (a) (0°/180°), a

(b) (high/low) current gain and a (c) (high/low) voltage gain. (3)
3.3.3 The output of a series clipper is measured across the

(a) (diode/resistor) and the output of a parallel clipper is measured
across the (b) (diode/resistor). (2)
3.3.4 A (a) (dual-beam/dual-trace) oscilloscope has two electron guns

and a (b) (dual-beam/dual-trace) oscilloscope has two modes of
operation. (2)
3.3.5 The (JFET/MOSFET) has its gate terminal insulated from the
channel. (1)
[18]

(8080613) -7- T640(E)(N18)T
QUESTION 4
4.1 Draw a neat, labelled circuit diagram of a push-pull amplifier. Indicate on the
circuit ALL relevant waveforms and bias polarities. (7)
4.2 Briefly describe the operation of each of the following amplifiers:
4.2.1 Class A
4.2.2 Class B
(2 × 2) (4)
4.3 Choose a description from COLUMN B that matches an item in COLUMN A.

Write only the letter (A–C) next to the question number (4.3.1–4.3.3) in the
ANSWER BOOK.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
4.3.1 BJT A insulated-gate field-effect transistor
4.3.2 MOSFET B voltage-controlled device
4.3.3 FET C current-operated device

(3 × 1) (3)
4.4 Name TWO applications of an LED. (2)
4.5 A varactor diode can be used as a (4.5.1) and it can act as a (4.5.2) -biased
diode. (2)
[18]
QUESTION 5
5.1 Name the FOUR main characteristics of operational amplifiers. (4)
5.2 Draw neat, labelled circuit diagrams of an operational amplifier used in the
following modes:
5.2.1 Summing
5.2.2 Integrator
(2 × 3) (6)
5.3 Define the term Fermi level. (2)
5.4 Draw neat, labelled sketches of the following bonds:
5.4.1 Covalent bond
5.4.2 Ionic bond

(2 × 2) (4)
(8080613) -8- T640(E)(N18)T
5.5 Give an explanation for VF in terms of diode parameters. (2)

[18]
QUESTION 6
6.1 Refer to FIGURE 2 below and answer the questions.
Diaphragm
Applied Movable plate

pressure Direction
of motion Fixed plate
To electronic/bridge
circuit/read out
FIGURE 2
6.1.1 Identify the transducer in FIGURE 2. (1)
6.1.2 Briefly explain the operating principle of the transducer in

FIGURE 2. (2)
6.1.3 Name ONE area of application. (1)
6.2 Describe how a selenium photovoltaic cell is used as a transducer by

providing the following:
6.2.1 A labelled sketch of the construction (4)
6.2.2 The basic principle of operation (2)
6.3 With reference to an oscilloscope describe the purpose of the following:
6.3.1 Deflection plates
6.3.2 Delay line

(2 × 2) (4)
[14]
TOTAL: 100
Copyright reserved
(8080613) T640(E)(N18)T
FORMULA SHEET
Direct-current theory
V2
V IR P V  I P
R
P  I2  R
Alternating-current theory
1
X L  2fL XC  Z  R2  (X L ~ X C )2
2fC
VT R
VT  VR2  (VL ~ VC )2 I   cos1
Z Z
V IR V  I  XL V  I  XC
1 VT VT
fr  IR  IL 
2 LC R XL
VT
IC  IT  I R2  I X2 I X  I L ~ IC
XC
IX IR V
  tan 1   cos1 Z
IR IT IT
L V 1 1 R2
ZD  IT  fr   2
RC ZD 2 LC L
I C  I RL Sin L IT  I RL Cos L IT  ITH 2  ITV 2
Transistors
VCC
IC 
RL
Transducers
 l k  A  Eo
R C
a d
Copyright reserved
MARKING GUIDELINE
18 NOVEMBER 2016
This marking guideline consists of 7 pages.

MARKING GUIDELINE -2- T640(E)(N18)T
QUESTION 1
1.1 1.1.1 True

1.1.2 True
1.1.3 True
1.1.4 True
1.1.5 False
1.1.6 True
1.1.7 False
(7 × 1) (7)
1.2 1.2.1 C
1.2.2 A
1.2.3 C
1.2.4 B
1.2.5 B
1.2.6 C
1.2.7 C
(7 × 1) (7)
[14]
QUESTION 2
2.1 2.1.1 Loop ABCDA

RsI2 +R1I1 = 10
20I2 + 25I1 = 10
25I1 + 20I2 = 10 ------------(1) (2)
2.1.2 Loop AFEDA

Rs(I1 – I2) + R1I1 = 10
30I1 – 30I2 + 25 I1 = 10
55I1 – 30I2 = 10 --------------(2) (2)
2.1.3 (1) x -55 : -1 375I1 -1 100I2 = -550

(2) x 25 : 1 375I1 - 750I2 = 250
-1 850I2 = -300
I2 = 300/1 850
I2 = 0,162 A
(2)
Substitute I2 in Equation 1
25I1 + 20(0,162) = 10
25I1 = 10 – 3,24
I1 = 6,76/25
I1 = 0,27 A (2)

2.2 XL = 2πfL
= 2 × π × 50 × 32 × 10-3
= 10,053 Ω
ZRL = R2 + XL2
= 122 + 10,0532 
= 15,564 Ω
Cos ƟL = R/ZRL
ƟL = Cos-1(12/15,564)
= 39,952°
IRL = V/ZRL
= 240/15,654
= 15,332 A
IC = IRL SinƟ
= 15,332 × 0,642
= 9,845 A
XC= V/IC
= 240/9,845
= 24,378 Ω
C = 1/2πfXc
= 1/(2πx 50 × 24,378) 
= 130,573 µF (10)
[18]

QUESTION 3
3.1 3.1.1 Cycle control

3.1.2 Cyclotronic control
3.1.3 Phase control
3.1.4 Static control
(4 × 1) (4)
3.2 Load
^
SCR1 D1
^  ^ ^
Control
circuit
^ ^
SCR2 D2
(ONE mark for diagram and THREE marks for correctness) (4)
3.3 3.3.1 (a) piezo-electric effect (b) subjected to a force (2)
3.3.2 (a) 180° (b) high (c) high (3)
3.3.3 (a) resistor (b) diode (2)
3.3.4 (a) dual-beam (b) dual-trace (2)
3.3.5 MOSFET (1)

[18]

QUESTION 4
4.1 
Q1 ^ ^
^
^ T1
R1 T1
^ VOUT
VIN - VCC +
RL
R2 ^
^
^
^ Q2 ^

(7)
4.2 4.2.1 In class A amplifiers the bias point corresponds to the midpoint of
the active region of the characteristic curve and is selected so
that the current flows during the whole of the input cycle.
4.2.2 In class B amplifiers the bias point corresponds to the cut-off

region of the characteristic curve and the current flows only
during the positive half cycles of the signal voltage.
(2 × 2) (4)
4.3 4.3.1 C
4.3.2 A
4.3.3 B
(3 × 1) (3)
4.4  Seven-segment
 Dot Mix
 Bar-graph displays (Any 2 × 1) (2)
4.5 4.5.1 capacitor

4.5.2 reverse
(2 × 1) (2)
[18]

QUESTION 5
5.1  Low output impedance

 High input impedance
 High voltage gain
 Wide band width (4 × 1) (4)
5.2 5.2.1 R1 Rf
V1 R1, R2, R3 and Rf = 1
R2 Correct connections = 1
V2
R3 VO Correctness = 1
V3
5.2.2 R1 C1 R1 and C1 =1

Correct connections
Vin VO Correctness
(2 × 3) (6)
5.3 Fermi level is a convenient way of showing the relative distribution of charge
carriers in different materials. (2)
5.4 5.4.1 Covalent bond

5.4.2 Ionic bond

(2 × 2) (4)
5.5 VF – static forward voltage. This is the maximum voltage level necessary to
produce the desired forward-current level. (2)
[18]

QUESTION 6
6.1 6.1.1 Capacitive pressure transducer (1)
6.1.2 The distance between the plates is varied by the externally applied
force or pressure which causes change in capacitance. (2)
6.1.3  Displacement
 Pressure
 Force (Any 1 × 1) (1)
RING-SHAPED
6.2 6.2.1 ELECTRODES
LIGHT
GLASS COVER
GOLD +
SELENIUM DEPOSIT V
ON METAL BASE
-
Drawing = 2 marks
Labels = 2 marks (4)
6.2.2 A voltage is generated in a semiconductor junction device when

the incident light activates the cell. (2)
6.3 6.3.1 Deflection plates position the CRT spot anywhere on the screen
by simultaneous application of appropriate vertical and horizontal
voltage inputs. (2)
6.3.2 The delay line delays the arrival of the input waveform at the
vertical deflection plates until the trigger and time-base circuits
have had a chance to start the sweep of the beam. (2)
[14]
TOTAL: 100
Copyright reserved
T710(E)(M31)T
APRIL EXAMINATION
(8080613)
31 March 2016 (X-Paper)

09:00–12:00
Calculators and drawing instruments may be used.
This question paper consists of 8 pages, 1 answer sheet and 1 formula sheet.
Copyright reserved
(8080613) -2- T710(E)(M31)T

TIME: 3 HOURS
MARKS: 100
2. QUESTION 5.3.2—5.3.3 must be answered on the attached ANSWER

SHEET and handed in with the ANSWER BOOK.
paper.
5. Questions must be answered in blue or black ink.
6. Use  = 3,142.
7. All the final answers must be approximated accurately to THREE decimal

places.

(8080613) -3- T710(E)(M31)T
QUESTION 1
1.1.1 Kirchoff's current law states that the algebraic sum of the currents
entering a point is equal to the algebraic sum of the currents
leaving a point.
1.1.2 The current through a pure inductor will lag the voltage across the
inductor by 90°.
1.1.3 Covalent bonds are formed where ions are kept together by
electrostatic charges between them.
1.1.4 The major application of zener diodes is as capacitors in tuning

circuits.
1.1.5 The collector current of a transistor will increase when the base-
1.1.6 Forced commutation is used in direct current circuits.
1.1.7 An operational amplifier has the ability to handle both alternating

current and direct current signals.
1.1.8 Capacitive transducers only operate from a DC supply.

(8 × 1) (8)
1.2.1 The total impedance of a series RLC circuit …
A is equal to the sum of the values of resistance, inductive

reactance and capacitive reactance.
B always increases as the applied frequency increases.
C is the minimum at the resonant frequency.
1.2.2 In intrinsic material the number of electrons in the conduction band

is … the number of holes in the valence band.
A equal to
B greater than
C less than

(8080613) -4- T710(E)(M31)T
1.2.3 The following diodes are normally used in the reverse-bias

condition:
A Photo diode, zener, varactor

B PN-junction, zener, varactor
C PN-junction, photo diode, zener
1.2.4 A Darlington pair is ...
A a very good current amplifier.

B normally associated with high-frequency applications.
C a very good voltage amplifier.
1.2.5 Transients are at their worst when an SCR is switched on at ...
A 180°
B 90°
C 30°
1.2.6 Which ONE of the following statements of an operational amplifier

is WRONG?
A Its parameters are matched and track well with temperature

changes.
B It has a high voltage gain.
C It has low input impedance and a high output impedance.
1.2.7 The nearest an instrument reading will reach the true value of the
quantity being measured is called the ...
A precision.
B accuracy.
C resolution.
(7 × 1) (7)
[15]

(8080613) -5- T710(E)(M31)T
QUESTION 2
2.1 Study FIGURE 1 below and determine, with the aid of Kirchhoff's laws:
2.1.1 The equation for loop 1 (ABCEFA). (2)
2.1.2 The equation for loop 2 (CDEC). (2)

equations in QUESTION 2.1.1 and QUESTION 2.1.2. (4)
FIGURE 1
2.2 Study FIGURE 2 below and answer the question.
FIGURE 2
If the total current is at the minimum for the circuit in FIGURE 2, calculate
the value of the capacitor. (7)
[15]

(8080613) -6- T710(E)(M31)T
QUESTION 3
3.1 Define 'positive ion'. (1)
3.2 Draw the construction of a PN-junction diode when it is forward biased. (2)
3.3 Give an explanation for the following parameters:
3.3.1 IR
3.3.2 VRRM
3.3.3 IF
(3 × 2) (6)
3.4 Show with the aid of neat labelled sketches, the width of the forbidden gaps
for each of the following:
3.4.1 Insulator
3.4.2 Semiconductor
3.4.3 Conductor
(3 × 2) (6)
[15]
QUESTION 4
4.1 Draw a neat, labelled diagram of the negative parallel clipper. (2)
4.2 Draw a neat, labelled circuit diagram of a full-wave voltage doubler. (4)
4.3 Consider an LED (light-emitting diode):
4.3.1 Draw the symbol (1)
4.3.2 Draw the characteristic curve (1)
4.3.3 Give two applications (2)

[10]

(8080613) -7- T710(E)(M31)T
QUESTION 5
5.2 Explain with the aid of a block diagram, the concept of negative feedback. (5)
5.3 Refer to the common emitter-amplifier circuit diagram below and determine
the following:
5.3.1 Calculate the value of Ic (in mA) which will enable you to draw the
DC load line if Rc = 2 kΩ and Vcc = 12 V. (2)
5.3.2 Make use of the characteristic curve on the attached ANSWER
SHEET to draw the DC load line. (2)
5.3.3 Indicate the position of the suitable Q-point on the DC load line so
that the transistor will operate as a class-A amplifier. (1)
5.3.4 Write down the value of Ic, Vce and the value of Ib at the Q-point
indicated in QUESTION 5.3.3. (3)
[20]
QUESTION 6
6.1 A silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) can be controlled by using four different

methods. The following statements are descriptions or definitions of these
methods.
Name each method which is described in the statement below. Write only the
name of the method next to the question number (6.1.1–6.1.4) in the
ANSWER BOOK.
6.1.1 This method of control is a combination of phase and cycle control.
switching.

(8080613) -8- T710(E)(M31)T

(4 × 1) (4)
6.2 Define the holding current. (2)
6.3 An SCR can be represented by means of TWO transistors.
Draw the applicable circuit diagram and label all the terminals clearly. (4)
6.4 Name THREE characteristics of operational amplifiers. (3)
6.5 Briefly explain the principle of operation of the photoconductive cell. (2)
[15]
QUESTION 7
7.1 Name TWO types of errors pertaining to measuring instruments. (2)
7.2 Refer to FIGURE 3 below and answer the questions.
FIGURE 3
7.2.1 Identify the transducer. (1)
7.2.2 Name the parts a to d given in FIGURE 3. (4 x 1/2) (2)
7.2.3 Give a brief explanation of its operating principle. (3)
7.3 Give TWO uses of the cathode-ray oscilloscope. (2)

[10]
TOTAL: 100
Copyright reserved
(8080613) T710(E)(M31)T
ANSWER SHEET EXAMINATION NUMBER:
QUESTION 5.3.2—5.3.3
NB: Hand the completed ANSWER SHEET in with the ANSWER BOOK.
Copyright reserved
(8080613) T710(E)(M31)T
FORMULA SHEET
Direct-current theory:
V2
V IR P V  I P
R
P  I2  R
Alternating-current theory:
1
X L  2fL XC  Z  R2  (X L ~ X C )2
2fC
VT R
VT  VR2  (VL ~ VC )2 I   cos1
Z Z
V IR V  I  XL V  I  XC
1 VT VT
2 LC R XL
VT
IC  IT  I R2  I X2 I X  I L ~ IC
XC
IX IR V
  tan 1   cos1 Z
IR IT IT
L V 1 1 R2
ZD  IT  fr   2
RC ZD 2 LC L
Transistors:
VCC
IC 
RL
Transducers:
 l k  A  Eo
R C
a d
Copyright reserved
MARKING GUIDELINE
APRIL EXAMINATION
31 MARCH 2016

MARKING GUIDELINE -2- T710(E)(M31)T
QUESTION 1
1.1 1.1.1 True

1.1.2 True
1.1.3 False
1.1.4 False
1.1.5 True
1.1.6 True
1.1.7 True
1.1.8 False
(8 × 1) (8)
1.2 1.2.1 C
1.2.2 A
1.2.3 A
1.2.4 A
1.2.5 B
1.2.6 C
1.2.7 B
(7 × 1) (7)
[15]
QUESTION 2
2.1 2.1.1 Loop ABCEFA
4 = 5(I1 – 0,2) + 40I2

= 5I1 -1 + 40 I2
5 = 5I1 + 40I2 
1 = I1 + 8 I2.………………..[1]  (2)
2.1.2 Loop CDEC
0 = 5(I1 – I2 – 0,2) – 40I2

= 5I1 – 5I2 – 1 – 40I2 
1 = 5I1 – 45I2……………….[2]  (2)
2.1.3 [1] x 5 : 5 = 5I1 +40I2
[2]x –1: –1 = –5I1 + 45I2
[1] + [2] : 4 = 85I2 

 I2= 4/85
= 0,047 A 

Subsitude I2 in [1]
1 = I1 + 8(0,047) 
I1 = 1 – 0,376
= 0,624 A  (4)
2.2 XL = 2fL
Alternate Solution:
= 2 x  x 50 x 32 x 10-3
= 10,053 Ω √ fr = 1/2 1/(LC) - R2/L2
Make C the subject and solve.
ZRL = R2 + XL2
= 122 + 10,0532
= 15,564 √
ƟL = Cos-1 R/ZRL
= Cos-1 12/15,564
= 39,9520 √
IRL = V/ZRL
= 240/15,564
= 15,332 A √
I is at minimum circuit is resonating
 Ic = IRL SinƟ
= 15,332 x 0,642
= 9,845 A √
Xc = V/Ic
= 240/9,845
= 24,378 Ω √
Xc = 1/2fC
 C = 1/2fXc
= 1/2 x  x 50 x 24,378
= 130,573 µF √ (7)
[15]

QUESTION 3
3.1 It is when an atom loses an electron. √ (1)
3.2
√√ (2)
3.3 3.3.1 IR – Reverse current or a leakage current√

The amount of current that will leak through the diode at
various reverse voltages.√
3.3.2 VRRM –The peak repetitive reverse voltage or peak inverse voltage√
The maximum reverse voltage applied repetitively.√
3.3.3 IF - Forward current√

The maximum amount of current the diode can handle when
forward-biased.√
(3 × 2) (6)
3.4
√√ √√ √√
(3 × 2) (6)
(1 mark for each forbidden gap, half mark for every other band) [15]

QUESTION 4
4.1
√√ (2)
4.2
√√√√
(a mark for each component) (4)
4.3 4.3.1
√ (1)
4.3.2
√ (1)

4.3.3 Seven segments

Dot matrix
Bar –graph displays
Security systems
Remote controls
(Any 2 x 1) (2)
[10]
QUESTION 5
5.1
(7)
A mark for each component; the marks for the transformers will incl. input and output waveforms
5.2
This circuit diagram shows an amplifier A with a feedback network B. The

feedback voltage Vf is taken from the output Vo and is fed back in anti-phase
with the input voltage Vs. √√
In this way the input voltage is reduced in that Vi = Vs – Vf. √ (5)
5.3 5.3.1 Ic = Vcc/Rc

= 12/2000 √
= 6 mA √ (2)

5.3.2
5.3.3
(3)
5.3.4 IBQ = 30 µA
ICQ = 3 mA
VCQ = 6 V (3)
[20]

QUESTION 6
6.1 6.1.1 Cyclotronic control

6.1.2 Static switching
6.1.3 Cycle control
6.1.4 Phase control
(4 × 1) (4)
6.2 Holding current is defined as the minimum current required to hold the SCR in
its conducting state. (2)
6.3
(4)
6.4  High input impedance

 Low output impedance
 High voltage gain
 Wide bandwidth
 Its parameters are matched and track well with temperature changes.
 Can handle both AC and DC signals. (Any 3 x 1) (3)
6.5 When exposed to light energy it generates a voltage across the cell. (2)
[15]

QUESTION 7
7.1  Random errors

 Gross errors
 Systematic errors
(Any 2 x 1) (2)
7.2 7.2.1 LVDT/ (Linear Variable Differential Transducer) (1)
7.2.2 (a) supply

(b) movement
(c) core
(d) output (4 x ½) (2)
7.2.3 Positioning the magnetic core through an externally applied force

varies the difference in voltage of two secondary windings of a
transformer. The magnitude of this difference is an indication of the
direction and magnitude of the applied force. (3)
7.3  Measure DC volts

 Measure AC volts
 Measure frequency
 Indicate phase difference between signals
 Analyse waveforms
 Indicate wave distortion (Any 2 x 1) (2)
[10]
TOTAL: 100
Copyright reserved
T710(E)(A1)T
APRIL EXAMINATION
(8080613)
1 April 2015 (Y-Paper)

13:00–16:00
Candidates require drawing instruments.
This question paper consists of 7 pages, 1 diagram sheet and 1 formula sheet.

(8080613) -2- T710(E)(A1)T

TIME: 3 HOURS
MARKS: 100
3. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this
question paper.
4. ALL the sketches and diagrams must be large, clear and neat.

places.
6. Keep questions and subsections of questions together.
7. Questions must be answered in BLUE or BLACK ink.
8. Use  = 3,142.
9. Start each question on a NEW page.

(8080613) -3- T710(E)(A1)T
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1.1 In a capacitor, the applied voltage leads the line current.
1.1.2 Light sensitive devices that radiate light are known as photo-
emission devices.
1.1.3 The algebraic sum of the voltages across the series components in
an alternating current circuit is equal to the supply voltage.
1.1.4 The collector current of a transistor will increase when the base-
1.1.5 An SCR has three junctions.

(5 × 1) (5)
1.2 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions.
Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question
1.2.1 Resonance can occur only in a circuit which contains …
A resistance and capacitance.

B resistance and inductance.
C inductance and capacitance.
D inductance only or capacitance only.
1.2.2 The main characteristics of an operational amplifier are …
A very high output impedance, low input impedance, high voltage

gain, ability to handle both AC and DC signals.
B very high voltage gain, high input impedance, low output
impedance, ability to handle both AC and DC signals.
C very high voltage gain, high current gain, low output
impedance, high input impedance
D very high output impedance, high input impedance, high
voltage gain, ability to handle both AC and DC signals.
1.2.3 Negative ions are atoms that …
A are electrically neutral.

B have lost an electron.
C have gained an electron.
D have lost a proton.

(8080613) -4- T710(E)(A1)T
1.2.4 The following statement about reactance is WRONG:
A An inductive reactance results in a lagging phase angle.

B Reactance is resistance to electron flow in an alternating
current circuit.
C A capacitive reactance results in a leading phase angle.
D Reactance is not influenced by the frequency of the supply.
1.2.5 A phototransistor switches on when the … is (are) exposed to light.
A base-emitter junction
B base-collector junction
C base-emitter and base-collector junctions
D base-emitter or base-collector junction
(5 × 1) (5)
1.3 Choose the correct word(s) from those given in brackets. Write only the
word(s) next to the question number (1.3.1–1.3.5) in the ANSWER BOOK.
1.3.1 The (JFET/MOSFET) has its gate terminal insulated from the
channel. (1)
1.3.2 A common-emitter amplifier has a phase shift of (a) (0/180),

a (b) (high/low) current gain and a (c) (high/low) voltage gain. (3)
1.3.3 The output of a series clipper is measured across the

(a) (diode/resistor) and the output of a parallel clipper is measured
across the (b) (diode/resistor). (2)
1.3.4 A (a) (dual beam/dual trace) oscilloscope has two electron guns
and the (b) (dual beam/dual trace) oscilloscope has two modes of
operation. (2)
1.3.5 Crystal transducers makes use of the (a) (photo-electric/piezo-

electric) effect and they develop a voltage across them when
(b) (subjected to a force/exposed to light). (2)
[20]
TOTAL SECTION A: 20

(8080613) -5- T710(E)(A1)T
SECTION B
QUESTION 2
2.1 Study FIGURE 1 on the attached DIAGRAM SHEET and determine, with the
aid of Kirchhoff's laws:
2.1.1 The equation for loop 1 (AFEDCBA). Set up the equation by

starting at point A and proceed in the direction of loop 1. (2)
2.1.2 The equation for loop 2 (ADCBA). Set up the equation by starting
at point A and proceed in the direction of loop 2. (2)

2.2 The following paragraph explains the doping processes. Select the correct
word from the options provided that would make the statements true.
The deliberate addition of controlled amounts of foreign atoms or impurities to

a pure or intrinsic semiconductor is called doping.
If a (2.2.1 pentavalent/ trivalent) impurity atom (5 valence electrons) was
added, an excess of (2.2.2 holes/electrons) would be produced. This process
is called (2.2.3 acceptor/donor) doping and results in (2.2.4 P-type/N-type)
material being formed. In this type of material, the majority charge carriers are
the (2.2.5 holes/electrons).
However, if a (2.2.6 pentavalent/trivalent] atom (an atom that has 3 valence

electrons) was added, an excess of (2.2.7 holes/electrons) will result and this
process is called (2.2.8 acceptor/donor) doping. This process results in
(2.2.9 P-type/N-type) material being formed. Here the majority charge carriers
are (2.2.10 holes/electrons). (5)
2.3 Draw a labelled circuit diagram of a half-wave voltage doubler. (3)

[16]
QUESTION 3
3.1 Consider the phasor diagram in FIGURE 2 on the attached DIAGRAM

SHEET and determine the following:
3.1.1 The value of the inductor in mH (3)
3.1.2 The value of the capacitor in µF (3)
3.1.3 Supply current (2)
3.1.4 Phase angle (2)
NOTE: The supply frequency is 50 Hz.

(8080613) -6- T710(E)(A1)T
3.2 Transients occur when an SCR is switched on and can have disastrous
consequences for the circuit.
Name the TWO methods used to eliminate transients. (2)
3.3 For full-wave control of a load a bridge circuit as shown in FIGURE 3 on the
DIAGRAM SHEET can be used.
3.3.1 Redraw the bridge circuit of FIGURE 3 to show how it can be used
to control an AC load. (2)
3.3.2 Redraw the bridge circuit of FIGURE 3 to show how it can be used
to control a DC load. (2)
[16]
QUESTION 4
4.1 Show, with aid of a labelled circuit diagram, how series-current negative
feedback is achieved. (6)
4.2 The most important characteristic of a transistor when used as a switch is its
operating or switching speed.
Refer to FIGURE 4 on the DIAGRAM SHEET and name each of the following:
4.2.1 ta
4.2.2 tb
4.2.3 tc
4.2.4 td
4.2.5 te
4.2.6 tf
(6 × 1) (6)
4.3 Briefly describe the operation of each of the following amplifiers:
4.3.1 Class A (2)
4.3.2 Class B (2)

[16]

(8080613) -7- T710(E)(A1)T
QUESTION 5
5.1 Describe how a selenium photovoltaic cell is used as a transducer by

5.1.3 ONE area of application (1)
5.2 Name the FIVE groups into which transducers can be divided. (5)
5.3 Using the input waveform given in FIGURE 5 of DIAGRAM SHEET 1, draw
the corresponding output waveforms for the following operational amplifiers
5.3.1 Integrator (2)
5.3.2 Differentiator (2)

[16]
QUESTION 6
6.1 Draw a neat, labelled block diagram of a successive-approximation digital

voltmeter. (8)
6.2 Explain the purpose of a cathode-ray tube as used in an oscilloscope. (2)
6.3 Briefly explain the operating principle of the following diodes:
6.3.1 Varactor diode (3)
6.3.2 Photodiode
(3)
[16]
TOTAL SECTION B: 80
GRAND TOTAL: 100

(8080613) -8- T710(E)(A1)T
DIAGRAM SHEET
FIGURE 1
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 5

(8080613) -9- T710(E)(A1)T
FORMULA SHEET
Direct-current theory
V2
V IR P V  I P
R
P  I2  R
Alternating current theory:

1
X L  2fL XC  Z  R2  (X L ~ X C )2
2fC
VT R
VT  VR2  (VL ~ VC )2 I   cos1
Z Z
V IR V  I  XL V  I  XC
1 VT VT
2 LC R XL
VT
IC  IT  I R2  I X2 I X  I L ~ IC
XC
IX IR V
  tan 1   cos1 Z
IR IT IT
L V 1 1 R2
ZD  IT  fr   2
RC ZD 2 LC L
Transistors:
VCC
IC 
RL
Transducers:
 l k  A  Eo
R C
a d

MARKING GUIDELINE
APRIL EXAMINATION
1 APRIL 2015

MARKING GUIDELINE -2- T710(E)(A1)T
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1 1.1.1 False

1.1.2 True
1.1.3 False
1.1.4 True
1.1.5 True
(5 × 1) (5)
1.2 1.2.1 C
1.2.2 B
1.2.3 C
1.2.4 D
1.2.5 B
(5 × 1) (5)
1.3 1.3.1 MOSFET (1)
1.3.2 (a) 180o (b) high (c) high (3)
1.3.3 (a) resistor (b) diode (2)
1.3.4 (a) dual beam (b) dual trace (2)
1.3.5 (a) piezo-electric (b) subjected to aforce (2)

[20]
TOTAL SECTION A: 20

SECTION B
QUESTION 2
2.1 2.1.1 Loop AFEDCBA

0  15I1 - I 2  - 15I2
 15I1  15I2 - 15I2
 15I1  30I2 .......... .......... ......1  (2)
2.1.2 Loop ADCBA

 10  10I1  15I2 .......... .........2 
2 2 :  20  20I1 - 30I2 .......... ..... .......3 

(2)
2.1.3 3  1 : - 20  35I1 

I1  0,571A
Substitute I1  0,571A in 2 :
 10  100,571 - 15I2
 5,71 - 15I2 
- 4,29  15I2
I 2  0,286A  (4)
2.2 2.2.1 pentavalent

2.2.2 electrons
2.2.3 donor
2.2.4 N-type
2.2.5 electrons
2.2.6 trivalent
2.2.7 holes
2.2.8 acceptor
2.2.9 P-type
2.2.10 holes
(10 x ½) (5)
(½) (½)
2.3
C1
D2 (½)
(½)
(½) Vm C2 2Vm (½)
D1
(6 x ½) (3)
[16]

QUESTION 3
3.1 3.1.1 V XL
XL  L
IL 2f
100 47,125
  
2.122 2    50
 47,125    150 mH  (3)
3.1.2 V 1
XC  XC 
IC 2fC
100 1
 C
3,14 2fX c
 31,847   1

2  50  31,847 
 100 F
 (3)
3.1.3
I T  I R2  I C  I L 
2
 2 2  3,142  2,122 
2
 2,245 A  (2)
3.1.4 IR   Cos 1 0,891

Cos 
IT  27,0100
2


2.245 OR
 0.891 
Ix
  Tan 1
IR
1,02
 Tan 1
2
 27,010 (2)
3.2 LC filters, Zener diodes, Tranzorps, Varistors (Any 2 × 1) (2)


3.3 3.3.1 Load

(2)

3.3.2

Load

(2)
[16]
QUESTION 4
4.1
RL 
IL VOUT
 

Vf
VIN 
RE VR 
(6)
4.2 4.2.1 Delay time

4.2.2 Rise time
4.2.3 Turn-on-time
4.2.4 Storage time
4.2.5 Fall time
4.2.6 Turn-off time
(6 × 1) (6)
4.3 4.3.1 In Class-A amplifiers the bias point corresponds to the mid-point of
the active region of the characteristic curve and is selected so
that the current flows during the whole of the input cycle. (2)
4.3.2 In Class-B amplifiers the bias point corresponds to the cut-off

region of the characteristic curve and the current flows only
during the positive half-cycles of the signal voltage. (2)
[16]

QUESTION 5
RING SHAPED
5.1 5.1.1 ELECTRODES
LIGHT
GLASS COVER
GOLD +
SELENIUM DEPOSIT V
ON METAL BASE
-
Drawing = 2 marks
Labels = 2 marks (4)
5.1.2 A voltage is generated in a semiconductor junction device  when

incident light activates the cell. (2)
5.1.3 Light intensity

OR
Solar energy (1)
5.2  Resistive
 Capacitive
 Inductive
 Photo-sensitive
 Piezo-electric (5)
5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2
Vin Vin
t
t
VO
VO


t

t 
(2 x 2) (4)
[16]

QUESTION 6
6.1
½
comparator logic ½
½ programmer
V2
analog V1
unknown
save ½ clear 
½
voltage ½
½ D/A register
½ ½
converter
½ ½
^
reference 6382257
voltage ½ 7
source display ½
Labels = 7x/½ = 3½
Drawing = 7x/½ = 3½
Correctness = 1 (8)
6.2 The cathode-ray tube (CRT) produces a sharply focused beam of electrons 
and accelerates it to a very high velocity to strike the fluorescent screen with
enough energy to light up in a small spot.  (2)
6.3 6.3.1 In a PN-junction diode, the depletion region forms part of the
dielectric.  By adjusting the reverse bias voltage  the depletion
region widens or narrows moving the electrodes further apart or
closer, certain specific values of junction capacitance can be
controlled , so that the diode can be used as a capacitor. (3)
6.3.2 When light falls on the PN-junction, electron-hole pairs are

created which increases the availability of minority carriers. The
minority carriers under reverse-bias conditions cause an
increase  in the leakage current. As the light intensity increases,
the leakage current increases  and the diode becomes more
conductive. (3)
[16]
TOTAL SECTION B: 80
GRAND TOTAL: 100

T690(E)(N17)T
(8080613)
17 November 2014 (Y-Paper)

13:00–16:00
Candidates will require drawing instruments.
This question paper consists of 7 pages, 1 formula sheet and 1 diagram sheet.

(8080613) -2- T680(E)(N17)T

TIME: 3 HOURS
MARKS: 100
paper.

places.
6. Questions must be answered in BLUE or BLACK ink.
7. Use  = 3,142.

(8080613) -3- T680(E)(N17)T
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1.1 A positive pulse on the gate of an SCR will allow the SCR to switch
on.
1.1.2 A dual-trace oscilloscope is equipped with two electron guns and

two pairs of vertical deflection plates.
1.1.3 Field-effect transistors are current-operated devices.
1.1.4 Kirchhoff's current law states that the algebraic sum of the currents
entering and leaving a point is equal to zero.
1.1.5 Pure semiconductor material is referred to as extrinsic material.
1.1.6 Capacitive transducers only operate from a DC supply.
1.1.7 Static forward voltage of a diode is the minimum forward voltage

drop for a given forward current.
1.1.8 A common-base amplifier has a 0° phase shift between input and

output.
1.1.9 The current is a maximum in a RLC parallel resonant circuit.
1.1.10 Human errors are also referred to as random errors.

(10 × 1) (10)
1.2.1 When increasing the frequency to a value above the resonant

frequency in a series circuit, the impedance …
A decreases and the circuit becomes capacitive.

B increases and the circuit becomes capacitive.
C increases and the circuit becomes inductive.

(8080613) -4- T680(E)(N17)T
1.2.2 Donor doping is achieved by adding impurity atoms, which have …

valence electrons to the silicon.
A 3
B 4
C 5
1.2.3 The transducer used to indicate direction of applied motion is a …
A Wheatstone bridge.
B linear variable differential transformer.
C strain gauge.
1.2.4 The output voltage of a four-diode full-wave rectifier is … that of a

two-diode full-wave rectifier.
A greater than
B less than
C equal to
1.2.5 The device that develops a voltage when it is exposed to light, is

referred to as a …
A photoconductive cell.
B light-emitting diode.
C photovoltaic cell.
1.2.6 The … diodes are normally used in the reverse-bias condition.
A PN-junction, Zener and varactor

B photo, Zener and varactor
C PN-junction, photo and Zener
1.2.7 In a series-resonant circuit, the following conditions exist:
A Z is a minimum, I is a maximum
B Z is a maximum, I is a maximum
C Z is a maximum, I is a minimum
1.2.8 The forbidden energy gap for a conductor is …
A small.
B large.
C non-existent.

(8080613) -5- T680(E)(N17)T
1.2.9 One section of the vertical-deflection system of an oscilloscope is

the …
A probe.
B trigger circuit.
C time-base generator.
1.2.10 The operational amplifier of which the output signal is 180° out of
phase with the input signal, is the …
A inverting amplifier.
B non-inverting amplifier.
C voltage follower.
(10 × 1) (10)
[20]
TOTAL SECTION A: 20
SECTION B
QUESTION 2
2.1 Study FIGURE 1 on the DIAGRAM SHEET (attached) and determine with the
2.1.1 The equation for loop 1 (AFEDCBA). Set up the equation by

starting at point A and proceed in the direction of loop 1. (2)
2.1.2 The equation for loop 2 (ADEFA). Set up the equation by starting at
point A and proceed in the direction of loop 2. (2)

2.2 Make use of the input waveform in FIGURE 2 on the DIAGRAM SHEET
(attached) to draw the corresponding output waveform and circuit diagram for:
2.2.1 A series positive clipper
2.2.2 A parallel positive clipper
(NOTE: Assume VF = 0 for a diode) (2 × 4) (8)

[16]

(8080613) -6- T680(E)(N17)T
QUESTION 3
3.1 A resonant series circuit consists of an inductor of 150 mH, a resistance of

4 ohms and a variable capacitor. This series circuit is connected across a
220 volt 60 Hz supply.
Calculate the:
3.1.1 Value of the capacitor at resonance
3.1.2 Voltage across the capacitor and the inductor

(2 × 4) (8)
3.2 Explain a varactor diode by drawing the following:
3.2.1 A symbol (1)
3.2.2 The characteristic curve (3)
3.2.3 A circuit diagram to show how it is used in a tuning circuit (4)

[16]
QUESTION 4
4.1 Refer to FIGURE 3 on the DIAGRAM SHEET (attached).
4.1.1 Identify the circuit. (1)
4.1.2 The following is an explanation of the operation of this circuit.

Choose the correct word from those given in brackets and write
only the word next to the question number (a–f) in the ANSWER
BOOK.
If IL decreases, then IC (a) (decreases/increases), resulting in a

(b) (rise/drop) in the voltage across RL.
The decrease also results in a (c) (decrease/increase) in IE, which

is almost equal to IC.
This (d) (decreases/increases) the voltage across RE, causing the

voltage of the emitter-to-base to (e) (decrease/increase) and so
the conductivity of the transistor (f) (decreases/increases). This
causes IL to stay at a constant level. (6)
4.2 Name THREE classes of amplification. (3)
4.3 Name SIX advantages of field-effect transistors. (6)

[16]

(8080613) -7- T680(E)(N17)T
QUESTION 5
5.1 Describe how TWO strain gauges are used in a Wheatstone bridge by
5.1.1 A labelled circuit diagram of the Wheatstone bridge showing how

the strain gauges are connected (4)
5.1.2 The basic principle of operation of a strain gauge (2)
5.1.3 TWO examples of where it is used (2)
5.2 Name the FOUR main characteristics of operational amplifiers. (4)
5.3 Show, with the aid of neat, labelled sketches, the width of the forbidden gaps
for each of the following:
5.3.1 An insulator
5.3.2 A semiconductor
(2 × 2) (4)
[16]
QUESTION 6
6.1 Draw and label block diagram of a frequency counter. (Use arrows to indicate
data flow.) (7)
6.2 Name TWO types of errors pertaining to measuring instruments and provide a
cause of each error. (4)
6.3 Illustrate a light-emitting diode (LED) by drawing the following:
6.3.1 A labelled circuit symbol (2)
6.3.2 A circuit diagram to show how it is used in an opto-coupler with a

photodiode (3)
[16]
TOTAL SECTION B: 80
GRAND TOTAL: 100

(8080613) -8- T680(E)(N17)T
FORMULA SHEET
Direct current theory:
V  I R P V I V2
P
R
P  I2 R
X L  2fL 1 Z R2  X L ~ X C 
2
XC 
2fC
VT  VR  VL ~ VC  VT R
2 2
I   cos1
Z Z
V  I R V  I  XL V  I  XC
1 VT VT
2 LC R XL
VT IT  IR  I X
2 2 I X  I L ~ IC
IC 
XC
IX IR V
  tan 1   cos 1 Z
IR IT IT
L V 1 1 R2
ZD  IT  
RC ZD 2 LC L2
IC = IRL Sin θL IT  I RLCosθ L IT  ITH  ITV

2 2
Transistors:
VCC
IC 
RL
Transducers:
 l k  A  EO
R C
a d

(8080613) -9- T680(E)(N17)T
DIAGRAM SHEET
R2 I2 R3
I1-I2
F 5Ω A 10 Ω B
R1
10 Ω
Loop 2
I1 R4
R5
10 Ω
5Ω
+
10 V
-
Loop 1
C
E D
FIGURE 1
VIN
FIGURE 2
VRE
IC = IL
RE Q1
+ + - +
+
DZ VBE -
+ -
VL
VZ RL
RB
-
-
FIGURE 3

MARKING GUIDELINE
17 NOVEMBER 2014

SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1 1.1.1 True

1.1.2 False
1.1.3 False
1.1.4 True
1.1.5 False
1.1.6 False
1.1.7 False
1.1.8 True
1.1.9 False
1.1.10 False
(10 × 1) (10)
1.2 1.2.1 C
1.2.2 C
1.2.3 B
1.2.4 B
1.2.5 C
1.2.6 B
1.2.7 A
1.2.8 C
1.2.9 A
1.2.10 A
(10 × 1) (10)
[20]
TOTAL SECTION A: 20
SECTION B
QUESTION 2
2.1 2.1.1 Loop AFEDCBA OR

0  15I1 - I 2  - 15I2  O   5I 1  I 2   10I 1  I 2   5I 2  10I 2
 15I1  15I2 - 15I2   5I 1  5I 2  10I 1  10I 2  5I 2  10I 2
 15I1  30I2 .......... .......... ...1   15I 1  30I 2
 15I 1  30I 2 .......... .......... .........(1)
(2)
2.1.2 Loop ADEFA OR

 10  15I1  I 2   10I1  10   10I 1  5I 1  I 2   10I 1  I 2 
10  15I 1  15I 2  10I 1   10   10I 1  5I 1  5I 2  10 I 1  10I 2
 25I 1  15I 2 .......... ...2   10   25I 1  15I 2
10  25I 1  15I 2 .......... .......... .......... ...(1) (2)

2.1.3 2 2 : 20  50I1 - 30I2 .......... .......... ........3

3  1 : 20  35I1 
I1  0,571 A 
Substitute I1  0,571A in 2 :
10  250,571 - 15I2
 14,275 - 15I2
- 4,275  15I2
I 2  0,285 A
  (4)
2.2 2.2.1 VOUT

 
VOUT = -(VIN – 0,6 V)
(4)
2.2.2 VOUT
 
VOUT = - (VIN – 0,6 V)
(4)
[16]

QUESTION 3
3.1 3.1.1 At resonance:

XL  XC
1
2fL  
2fC
1
C 
2    602  0,15
 46,907 F  (4)
3.1.2 Voltage :
V 220
I
R

4
 55 A 
V L  2fLI
 2    60  0,15  55 
 3110,177 V 
 VC  (4)
3.2 3.2.1

(1)
3.2.2 C(pF)
ʌ
80
60

ʌ 40
20
0 -V
-2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14
Reverse bias ʌ
ʌ
(3)

3.2.3 incoming
signal
TV channel
manual tuning


+33V
Tuning voltage

(4)
[16]

QUESTION 4
4.1 4.1.1 Constant current regulator (1)
4.1.2 (a) decreases

(b) drop
(c) decrease
(d) decreases
(e) increase
(f) increases (6)
4.2 Class A, Class B, Class C, Class AB (Any 3 × 1) (3)
4.3 Relatively unaffected by radiation

No offset voltage when used as a switch
Very high input resistance
Considerable thermal stability
Less noisy than bipolar transistors
Small-gain bandwidth (6)
[16]
QUESTION 5
5.1 5.1.1
ʌ Active R1
strain
gauge ^0 ^ Output ʌ
90
voltage
^ ^
ʌ Temperature R2
compensation
strain gauge
Source voltage ʌ
AC or DC (4)
5.1.2 The resistance of a wire is changed by expansion and contraction

due to an externally applied stress.  (2)
5.1.3 Force/pressure – aircraft wings, concrete pylons, compression

Displacement – bridges, tall buildings
Torque – cylindrical or torque bars (Any 2 × 1) (2)
5.2  High input impedance

 Low output impedance
 High voltage gain
 Wide bandwidth
 Its parameters are matched and track well with temperature changes
 Ability to handle AC and DC signals (Any 4 × 1) (4)

5.3 5.3.1
Conduction band ^
Energy
Energy gap
^ ^
Valence Band
0 ^
(2)
5.3.2
Conduction band ^
Energy
Energy gap
^ ^
Valence band
0
^
(2)
[16]
QUESTION 6
6.1 Analogue Schmitt

&
input
^
Amplifier trigger
^ ^ ^ Counter
^
^
^ ^
signal
^ ^
^ Time-base
Display
generator
Unit
^ ^
Correctness ^
Labels = 7 x ½ = 3½
arrow in right direction = 6 x ½ = 3
Correctness = ½ (7)
6.2 Gross human errors 

made in reading and/or using a measuring instrument
Systematic errors 
Instrument errors are due to the shortcomings of the instrument such as
friction in bearings, irregular spring tension and stretching of the spring. 
Environmental errors
are due to external conditions affecting the instrument such as variations in
temperature, humidity and barometric pressure and also magnetic or
electrostatic field effects. 
Random errors
caused by unknown factors (Any 2 × 2) (4)

6.3 6.3.1
anode cathode
½ mark for anode
^ ^ ½ mark for cathode
1 mark for LED symbol (2)
6.3.2



1 mark for LED symbol
1 mark for photodiode symbol
1 mark for correctness
(3)
[16]
TOTAL SECTION B: 80
GRAND TOTAL: 100

T690(E)(J25)T
AUGUST EXAMINATION
(8080613)
25 July 2014 (Y-Paper)

13:00–16:00
Candidates will require drawing instruments.

(8080613) -2- T690(E)(J25)T

TIME: 3 HOURS
MARKS: 100
paper.
5. All the sketches and diagrams must be large, clear and neat.
6. Marks will be deducted for untidy work
8. Answers must be clearly numbered.
9. Leave margins clear.
10. Questions must be answered in blue or black ink.
11. Use  = 3,142.
12. All the final answers must be approximated accurately to THREE decimal
places.

(8080613) -3- T690(E)(J25)T
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1.1 Bipolar transistors are current-operated devices.
1.1.2 In a series RLC circuit, the impedance at resonance is a maximum.
1.1.3 The output from a negative series clipper consists only of the
positive half of the input signal.
1.1.4 Standard-type oscilloscopes can measure voltage, current and

resistance.
1.1.5 The parallax error is a gross error.
1.1.6 Current can flow through a Zener diode in both directions.
1.1.7 A silicon-controlled rectifier can be switched off only by removing

the gate current.
1.1.8 An operational amplifier has a high output impedance.
1.1.9 Digital variables change continuously with time.
1.1.10 An electron has a negative charge of approximately 1,602 x 10 -19

coulombs.
(10 x 1) (10)

(8080613) -4- T690(E)(J25)T
1.2.1 In a parallel resonant circuit, the following conditions exist:
A Z is a maximum, I is a maximum
B Z is a maximum, I is a minimum
C Z is a minimum, I is a maximum
1.2.2 The maximum time taken for the diode to switch from the on-state
to the off-state is called the …
A duty cycle.
B fall time.
C reverse recovery time.
1.2.3 The number of electrons that pentavalent atoms have in their outer
shell are …
A 3
B 4
C 5
1.2.4 The following diodes are normally used in the reverse-bias

condition:
A pn-junction, Zener, varactor

B photo diode, Zener, varactor
C pn-junction, photo diode, Zener
1.2.5 A transistor has an emitter current of 22 mA and a collector current

of 21 mA. The base current is …
A 43 mA.
B 1 mA.
C 22 mA.
1.2.6 The forbidden energy gap for a semiconductor is …
A small.
B large.
C non-existent.

(8080613) -5- T690(E)(J25)T
1.2.7 The transducer used to measure the force applied to bridging

structures is a …
A wheatstone bridge.
B linear variable differential transformer.
C strain gauge.
1.2.8 The operational amplifier whose gain is always more than one is
the …
A inverting amplifier.
B non-inverting amplifier.
C voltage follower.
1.2.9 One section of the horizontal-deflection system of an oscilloscope

is the …
A probe.
B input attenuator.
C time-base generator.
1.2.10 The nearest an instrument reading will reach the true value of the
quantity being measured is called the …
A accuracy.
B precision.
C resolution.
(10 x 1) (10)
TOTAL SECTION A: 20

(8080613) -6- T690(E)(J25)T
SECTION B
QUESTION 2
2.1 Study FIGURE 1 on the attached DIAGRAM SHEET and determine, with the
2.1.1 The equation for loop 1 (ABCDA). Set up the equation by starting
at point A and proceed in the direction of loop 1 (thick arrow). (2)
2.1.2 The equation for loop 2 (CDEFABC). Set up the equation by

starting at point C and proceed in the direction of loop 2 (thick
arrow). (2)

2.2 An SCR can be controlled by making use of four different methods. The
following statements are descriptions or definitions of these methods. Name
the method that best describes the given statement.
switching.
2.2.2 This method of control is a combination of phase and cycle control.


(4 x 1) (4)
2.3 Show by means of a labelled circuit diagram how two SCRs connected to
form a SCR-diode bridge can be used for FULL-WAVE control. (4)
[16]

(8080613) -7- T690(E)(J25)T
QUESTION 3
3.1 A series circuit consists of an inductor of 0,5H, a resistance of 12 ohms and a

capacitor of 100 µF connected across a 220 volt 50 Hz supply.
Calculate the:
3.1.1 Impedance (3)

3.1.2 Current (2)
3.1.3 Voltage across R (1)
3.1.4 Voltage across L (1)
3.1.5 Voltage across C (1)
3.1.6 phase angle between the current and the supply voltage (2)
3.2 Draw neat, labelled circuit diagrams of an operational amplifier used in the
following modes:
3.2.1 Summing
3.2.2 Integrator
(2 x 3) (6)
[16]
QUESTION 4
4.2 Draw a labelled output-characteristic curve of a COMMON EMITTER

amplifier. On the curve draw a loadline and indicate where you would place
the Q-point on the load line for a class-C amplifier. (4)
4.3 The following paragraph explains the operation of a phototransistor.

Complete the paragraph by making use of the words provided in the list
below. (NOTE: A word may be used more than once.) Write only the word
next to the question number (4.3.1–4.3.5) in the ANSWER BOOK.
The light that shines on the (4.3.1) … region causes (4.3.2) … leakage
current to flow. This, in effect, is a withdrawal of (4.3.3) … from the base,
which is necessary to turn the transistor on. A(n) (4.3.4) … in the light
intensity would correspond with a(n) (4.3.5) … in base current and a larger
increase in the collector current.
holes; electrons; reverse; forward; decrease; increase; collector-base;

emitter-base
(5)
[16]

(8080613) -8- T690(E)(J25)T
QUESTION 5
5.1 Refer to FIGURE 2 on the attached DIAGRAM SHEET to answer the

questions below.
5.1.1 Identify the transducer. (1)

5.1.2 Name the parts a to d given in FIGURE 2. (2)
5.1.3 Provide a brief explanation of its operating principle. (3)
5.1.4 Name TWO areas of application. (2)
5.2 Valence electrons determine the electrical (and chemical) properties of atoms.
These properties are summarised in the following four points. Select the
correct statements from the options provided in brackets that would make the
statement true.
5.2.1 Conductors are elements with [(a) less/more] than four valence
electrons. These elements [(b) give up/tend to acquire (gain)] one
or more electrons.
5.2.2 Resistors are elements that have [(a)less/more] than four valence
electrons and [(b) give up/tend to acquire (gain)] one or more
electrons.
5.2.3 Insulators are atoms with exactly [(a) eight/four] valence electrons.
They [(b) neither lose nor gain/share] electrons.
5.2.4 Semiconductors are atoms that have exactly [(a) eight/four]

valence electrons. They [(b) neither lose nor gain/share] electrons.
(4 x 2) (8)
[16]
QUESTION 6
6.1 With reference to an oscilloscope describe the purpose of the following:
6.1.1 Deflection plates
6.1.2 Delay line

(2 x 2) (4)
6.2 Draw a labelled block diagram of a continuous-balance digital voltmeter. (Use

arrows to indicate data flow). (7)
6.3 Name FIVE characteristics of operational amplifiers. (5)

[16]
TOTAL SECTION B: 80
GRAND TOTAL: 100

(8080613) -9- T690(E)(J25)T
DIAGRAM SHEET
FIGURE 1
FIGURE 2

(8080613) -10- T690(E)(J25)T
FORMULA SHEET
Direct-current theory:
V2
V IR P V  I P
R
P  I2  R

1
X L  2fL XC  Z  R2  (X L ~ X C )2
2fC
VT R
VT  VR2  (VL ~ VC )2 I   cos1
Z Z
V IR V  I  XL V  I  XC
1 VT VT
2 LC R XL
VT
IC  IT  I R2  I X2 I X  I L ~ IC
XC
IX IR V
  tan 1   cos1 Z
IR IT IT
L V 1 1 R2
ZD  IT  fr   2
RC ZD 2 LC L
Transistors:
VCC
IC 
RL
Transducers:
 l k  A  Eo
R C
a d

MARKING GUIDELINE
AUGUST EXAMINATION
25 JULY 2014

MARKING GUIDELINE -2- T690(E)(J25)T
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1 1.1.1 True

1.1.2 False
1.1.3 True
1.1.4 False
1.1.5 True
1.1.6 True
1.1.7 False
1.1.8 False
1.1.9 False
1.1.10 True
(10 x 1) (10)
1.2 1.2.1 B
1.2.2 C
1.2.3 C
1.2.4 B
1.2.5 B
1.2.6 A
1.2.7 C
1.2.8 B
1.2.9 C
1.2.10 A
(10 x 1) (10)
[20]
TOTAL SECTION A: 20

SECTION B
QUESTION 2
2.1 2.1.1 Loop ABCDA

For loop we have:
12 = 3I1 + 3I2
(2)
2.1.2 Loop CDEFABC

12 = (2+7)(I1-I2) + 3I1  OR 12 = 2(I1 – I2) + 7 (I1 – I2) +
3I1
= 9I1 -9I2 + 3I1 12 = 2I1 – 2I2 + 7 I1 – 7I2 + 3I1
 12 = 12I1 – 9I2 12 = 12I1 –9 I2
4 = 4I1 – 3I2 ……………………… [2]  (2)
2.1.3 [1]– [2] : 16 = 7I1  OR 1× 4 : 48 = 12I 1 + 12I 2
 I1 = 2,2 A
 1 2 : 36 = 21I 2
∴ I 2 = 1,714 A
Substitute I1=2,2A in [1] Sub  2 . in equ1 :
12 = 3x2,2 + 3I2
 12 = 3I 1 + 3(1,714)
3I2 =12 - 6,6 6 ,858 = 3I 1
I2 = 1,8A ∴ I 1 = 2,286 A (4)
2.2 2.2.1 Static control 

2.2.2 Cyclotronic control 
2.2.3 Phase control 
(4)
2.2.4 Cycle control 
2.3 Load
^
SCR1 D1
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ correctness
Control
circuit
^ ^
SCR2 D2
(ONE mark for diagram and THREE marks for correctness) (4)
[16]

QUESTION 3
3.1 3.1.1 X L  2fL

 2    50  0,5
 157,080
1
XC 
2fC
1

2    50 100 10 6
 31,831
Z  R 2  (X L  X C ) 2


 12 2  157,080  31,831
2
 
 125,823 (3)

V 220
3.1.2 I   1,748A 
Z 125,823
(2)
3.1.3 VR  I  R  1,748 12  20,976V 

(1)
3.1.4 VL  I  X L  1,748 157,080  274,576V

 (1)
3.1.5 VC  I  X C  1,748  31,831  55,641V  (1)
3.1.6  VR   20,976   R
  Cos 1    Cos 1    84,523
0
OR   Cos -1
 VT   220  2
1 12
= Cos
125,847 
= 84 ,5490
(2)
3.2 3.2.1 R1 Rf
V1 R1, R2, R3 and Rf = 1 
Correct connections = 1
R2
V2
R3 VO
Correctness = 1 
V3
(3)
Copyright reserved R1 C1 Please turn over
Vin
3.2.2
R1 and C1 =1 
Correct connections 
Correctness

(3)
[16]
QUESTION 4
4.1 ^
Q1 ^ ^
^
^ T1
R1 T1
^ VOUT
VIN - VCC +
RL
R2 ^
^
^
^ Q2 ^
^ Correctness = 1 mark (7)
4.2
Placing Q point = 1 mark Drawing load line = 1 mark
½ mark each = IB, IC ,VCE and drawing c.c
IC (mA) ^
5,0
4,5 IB9=450μA
IB8=400μA
4,0
IB7=350μA
3,5
3,0 ^ IB6=300μA
2,5 IB5=250μA
2,0 IB4=200μA
^
1, IB3=150μA
5 IB2=100μA
1,
0
0,5 IB1=50μA
0  ^
5 10 15 20 25 VCE(V)

(4)

4.3 4.3.1 collector-base
4.3.2 reverse
4.3.3 electrons
4.3.4 increase
4.3.5 increase (5)
[16]
QUESTION 5
5.1
5.1.1 LVDT  (1)
5.1.2 (a) supply ^

(b) movement
^
(c) core ^ (2)
(d) output ^
5.1.3  an externally applied force varies
Positioning the magnetic core through
 windings of a transformer. The
the difference in voltage of two secondary
magnitude of this difference is an indication of the direction and
magnitude of the applied force.
(3)
5.1.4 Pressure - force measurements 

Displacement – linear motion-magnitude of movements
Position - to indicate direction of applied pressure or motion
(Any 2 x 1) (2)
5.2 5.2.1 (a) less 

(b) give up 
5.2.2 (a) more

(b) tend to acquire (gain) 
5.2.3 (a) eight

(b) neither lose nor gain 
5.2.4 (a) four 

(b) share 
(4 × 2) (8)
[16]

QUESTION 6

6.1 6.1.1 Deflection plates position the CRT spot anywhere on the screen by
simultaneous application of appropriate vertical and horizontal
voltage inputs. 
6.1.2 Delay line delays the arrival of the input waveform at the vertical
deflection plates until the TRIGGER and TIME BASE circuits have
had a chance to start the sweep of the beam.
(2 × 2) (4)
6.2 reset
analog
unknown V1 ^ 63822 5
voltage
^ ^ comparator
^
& counter display
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
V2
^
^
clock
^ D/A
^ converter
^
(7)
6.3 High input impedance 

Low output impedance
High voltage gain
Wide bandwidth
Its parameters are matched and track well with temperature changes.
Can handle both AC and DC signals (5)
[16]
TOTAL SECTION B: 80
GRAND TOTAL: 100

T690(E)(M28)T
APRIL EXAMINATION
(8080613)
28 March 2014 (Y-Paper)

13:00–16:00
Candidates need drawing instruments.

(8080613) -2- T690(E)(M28)T

TIME: 3 HOURS
MARKS: 100
paper.
7. Use  = 3,142.

places.

(8080613) -3- T690(E)(M28)T
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1.1 In a pure resistor the voltage and current is always in phase and
the phase angle () is 00.
1.1.2 Should an atom lose an electron it becomes a negative ion

because it now possesses more protons than electrons.
1.1.3 In a Class A amplifier, current flows for the entire period of the
input signal.
1.1.4 A phototransistor conducts when the base-collector junction is

exposed to light.
1.1.5 The direct-current bias point is a point on the load line which
represents the currents in a transistor and the voltage across it
when no signal is applied.
(5 x 1) (5)
1.2 The following statements are descriptions or definitions of applications of

operational amplifiers. Select from TABLE 1 below the application that
describes the given statement. Write only the letter (A–F) next to the question
A Inverter D Differentiator
B Voltage follower E Summer
C Integrator F Non-inverter
TABLE 1
1.2.1 The output is 1800 out of phase with the input.
1.2.2 The rate at which the output voltage changes is related to the
instantaneous value of the input voltage.
1.2.3 The output voltage is equal to and in phase with the input. It is
primarily used for matching a high impedance output to a low
impedance input.
1.2.4 The output voltage is in phase with the input voltage.
1.2.5 The output voltage is the sum of all the input voltages. The output
is 1800 out of phase with the input.
1.2.6 The output voltage is related to the rate at which the instantaneous
value of the input voltage changes.
(6 x 1) (6)
(8080613) -4- T690(E)(M28)T
Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question
1.3.1 The movement of charges of the same type from a high

concentration of free charge carriers to a low concentration of free
charge carriers is called …
A drift current.
B diffusion current.
C acceptor doping.
D donor doping. (1)
1.3.2 An SCR can be switched off by …
A a negative pulse on the gate.

B increasing the current to above the holding current.
C making the anode negative with respect to the cathode.
D a positive pulse on the gate. (1)
1.3.3 Synchronisation between the … is of utmost importance in

oscilloscopes.
A time-base generator and trigger circuit

B horizontal amplifier and vertical amplifier
C input signal and time-base generator
D input signal and trigger circuit (2)
1.3.4 When a series RLC circuit is operating at its resonant frequency,

then the …
A inductive reactance is greater than the capacitive reactance.

B capacitive reactance is greater than the inductive reactance.
C inductive reactance is equal to the capacitive reactance.
D difference between inductive and capacitive reactance is equal
to the resistance. (1)
1.3.5 A field effect transistor contains …
A one-PN junction.
B two-PN junctions.
C three-PN junctions.
D no-PN junction. (1)
1.3.6 The smallest change in measured value to which an instrument will

respond is called the …
A resolution.
B sensitivity.
C precision.
D accuracy. (1)

(8080613) -5- T690(E)(M28)T
1.3.7 The method used to stabilise the gain in a transistor amplifier is

called …
A amplification.
B voltage regulation.
C rectification.
D negative feedback. (1)
1.3.8 The process where a voltage is developed across a device when it

is subjected to a force is called ...
A voltage regulation.
B photoelectric effect.
C piezo-electrical effect.
D synchronisation. (1)
[20]
TOTAL SECTION A: 20
SECTION B
QUESTION 2
2.1 Refer to FIGURE 1, DIAGRAM SHEET (attached) and determine the following
with the aid of Kirchhoff's law.
2.1.1 The equation for loop 1 (ABCDA). Set up the equation by starting
2.1.2 The equation for loop 2 (APEDA). Set up the equation by starting

2.2 Draw a labelled characteristic curve of an SCR. Indicate ALL the important
points on the curve. (6)
2.3 Define the term holding current. (2)

[16]

(8080613) -6- T690(E)(M28)T
QUESTION 3
3.1 When a current of 5 A flows through a resistor connected in series with a

capacitor, a voltage of 100 V is dropped across the resistor. This circuit is
connected to a 230 V, 60 Hz supply.
Calculate the following:
3.1.1 Voltage across the capacitor (3)
3.1.2 Capacitance of the capacitor (3)
3.1.3 Phase angle between the current and the supply voltage (2)
3.2 Define the term fermi level. (2)
3.3 Show, with the aid of labelled sketches, the placing of the Fermi level in the
following materials:
3.3.1 P-type material
3.3.2 N-type material
3.3.3 Intrinsic material

(3 × 2) (6)
[16]
QUESTION 4
4.1 The following paragraph explains how a field effect transistor (FET) operates.
Choose the correct word from those given in brackets. Write only the word
next to the question number (4.1.1–4.1.4) in the ANSWER BOOK.
While bipolar transistors are 4.1.1 (current/voltage) operated, field effect

transistors are 4.1.2 (current/voltage) operated. Field effect transistors are
described as 4.1.3 (bipolar/unipolar) transistors because current is due almost
entirely to the flow of 4.1.4 (one/two) type(s) of carrier. (4)
4.2 Draw and label the following IEC symbols:
4.2.1 N-channel JFET
4.2.2 P-channel JFET
4.2.3 N-channel enhancement MOSFET

(3 × 2) (6)

(8080613) -7- T690(E)(M28)T
4.3 A transistor can be operated in three regions.
Explain each of the following regions in terms of how the junctions are biased
and whether the transistor is 'on', 'off' or 'amplifying'.
4.3.1 Cut-off
4.3.2 Active/Linear
4.3.3 Saturation
(3 × 2) (6)
[16]
QUESTION 5
5.1 Describe how a crystal can be used as a transducer by providing the

following:
5.1.3 TWO examples of where it is used (2)
5.2 State THREE points that should be considered before a transducer is

selected for a particular application. (3)
5.3 Draw a neat, labelled circuit diagram of a positive series clipper. Show the
input and output waveforms. (5)
[16]
QUESTION 6
6.1 The horizontal deflection system of an oscilloscope produces a voltage that is

converted by the time-base generator to form a saw-tooth waveform.
6.1.1 Draw the saw-tooth waveform and label ALL the parts (4)
6.1.2 Explain what happens during the sweep time (2)
6.1.3 Explain what happens during the flyback time (2)
6.2 Distinguish between dual beam and dual trace with reference to
oscilloscopes. (4)

(8080613) -8- T690(E)(M28)T
6.3 Describe a Zener diode by drawing the following:
6.3.1 A symbol (1)
6.3.2 The characteristic curve (3)

[16]
TOTAL SECTION B: 80
GRAND TOTAL: 100

(8080613) -9- T690(E)(M28)T
DIAGRAM SHEET
R2 I2 R3
I1-I2
P 5Ω
A 10Ω B
I1
R1
10Ω
R4
R5
5Ω
10Ω
Lus 2 + Lus 1
10V -
C
E D
FIGURE 1

(8080613) -10- T690(E)(M28)T
FORMULA SHEET
Direct current theory:
V  I R P V I V2
P
R
P  I2 R
X L  2fL 1 Z  R2  X L ~ X C 
2
XC 
2fC
VT  VR  VL ~ VC  VT R
2 2
I   cos1
Z Z
V  I R V  I  XL V  I  XC
1 VT VT
2 LC R XL
VT IT  I R  I X
2 2 I X  I L ~ IC
IC 
XC
IX IR V
  tan 1   cos1 Z
IR IT IT
L V 1 1 R2
ZD  IT  
RC ZD 2 LC L2
IC = IRL Sin θL IT  I RL Cosθ L IT  ITH  ITV

2 2
Transistors:
VCC
IC 
RL
Transducers:
 l k  A  EO
R C
a d

MARKING GUIDELINE
APRIL EXAMINATION
28 MARCH 2014

SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1 1.1.1 True

1.1.2 False
1.1.3 True
1.1.4 True
1.1.5 True
(5 x 1) (5)
1.2 1.2.1 A
1.2.2 C
1.2.3 B
1.2.4 F
1.2.5 E
1.2.6 D
(6 x 1) (6)
1.3 1.3.1 B (1)

1.3.2 C (1)
1.3.3 C (2)
1.3.4 C (1)
1.3.5 A (1)
1.3.6 A (1)
1.3.7 D (1)
1.3.8 C (1)
[20]
TOTAL SECTION A: 20

SECTION B
QUESTION 2
2.1 2.1.1 Loop APEDA
(2)
2.1.2
(2)
2.1.3
(4)
2.2
(6)
2.3
(2)
[16]

QUESTION 3
3.1 3.1.1
(3)
3.1.2
(3)
3.1.3
(2)
3.2
(2)
3.3
(3 x 2) (6)
[16]

QUESTION 4
4.1 4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4 (4 x 1) (4)
4.2 4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
(3 x 2) (6)
4.3 4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
(3 x 2) (6)
[16]

QUESTION 5
(Any 2 x 1)

QUESTION 6
6.1 6.1.1
(4)
6.1.2 (2)
6.1.3
(2)
6.2
(4)
6.3
(1)
6.3.1
6.3.2
(3)
[16]
TOTAL SECTION B: 80
GRAND TOTAL: 100

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EKURHULENI TECH COLLEGE.

Website: www. ekurhulenitech.co.za

Website: www.ekurhulenitech.co.za Email: info@ekurhulenitech.co.za

18 November 2016 (X-Paper)

Calculators may be used.

This question paper consists of 8 pages and 1 formula sheet.

Copyright reserved Please turn over

DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND TRAINING

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. Answer ALL the questions.

2. Read ALL the questions carefully.

4. Use only BLUE or BLACK ink.

5. ALL the final answers must be approximated accurately to THREE decimal

7. Write neatly and legibly.

Copyright reserved Please turn over

1.1.3 Current can flow through a Zener diode in both directions.

1.1.4 An electron has a negative charge of approximately 1,602 × 10-19

1.1.6 In positive temperature coefficient thermistors the resistance

1.2.1 An SCR can be switched off by …

A a negative pulse on the gate.

1.2.2 The smallest change in measured value to which an instrument will

Copyright reserved Please turn over

1.2.4 A transistor has an emitter current of 22 mA and a collector current

1.2.5 The main characteristics of an operational amplifier are:

A Very high output impedance, low input impedance, high

1.2.6 Which ONE of the following statements is WRONG?

A An inductive reactance results in a lagging phase angle.

1.2.7 Resonance can occur only in a circuit which contains …

A resistance and capacitance.

Copyright reserved Please turn over

2.1.3 The magnitude of the currents I1 and I 2 by making use of the

Copyright reserved Please turn over

Name the method that best describes the given statement:

3.1.1 This method of control is achieved by switching the control device

3.1.2 This method of control is a combination of phase control and cycle

3.1.3 This method of control is achieved by controlling the time at which

3.3.1 Crystal transducers make use of the (a) (photoelectric effect/piezo-

3.3.2 A common-emitter amplifier has a phase shift of (a) (0°/180°), a

3.3.3 The output of a series clipper is measured across the

3.3.4 A (a) (dual-beam/dual-trace) oscilloscope has two electron guns

Copyright reserved Please turn over

4.2 Briefly describe the operation of each of the following amplifiers:

4.3 Choose a description from COLUMN B that matches an item in COLUMN A.

4.3.2 MOSFET B voltage-controlled device

4.3.3 FET C current-operated device

4.4 Name TWO applications of an LED. (2)

5.1 Name the FOUR main characteristics of operational amplifiers. (4)

5.3 Define the term Fermi level. (2)

5.4 Draw neat, labelled sketches of the following bonds:

5.4.1 Covalent bond

5.4.2 Ionic bond

5.5 Give an explanation for VF in terms of diode parameters. (2)

6.1 Refer to FIGURE 2 below and answer the questions.

Applied Movable plate

6.1.1 Identify the transducer in FIGURE 2. (1)

6.1.2 Briefly explain the operating principle of the transducer in

6.1.3 Name ONE area of application. (1)

6.2 Describe how a selenium photovoltaic cell is used as a transducer by

6.2.1 A labelled sketch of the construction (4)

6.2.2 The basic principle of operation (2)

6.3 With reference to an oscilloscope describe the purpose of the following:

6.3.1 Deflection plates

6.3.2 Delay line

I C  I RL Sin L IT  I RL Cos L IT  ITH 2  ITV 2