File organisation

Serial - in the order that they were stored (chronological order)

- Typical use of a serial file would be for a bank to record transactions involving
customer accounts as it is easier and follows chronological order

Example - used for creating transaction files

Advantages
- No need to resort data when adding new records
- Small files require less processing
- New records can be easily added
- Suited to batch processing

Sequential - stores records one after another in a given order (in order of their key fields)
- Normally used when storing records in master files.

Advantages
- Simple file design
- Very efficient when most records are to be processed
- Eg. payrolls, utility bills
- Efficient if data has natural order
- Can be stored in an inexpensive device i.e. magnetic tapes

Disadvantages
- Entire file must be processed to search a single record
- Transactions must be pre sorted
- Processing is slow

Direct / random - records stored in any available position, the location of any record in the
file is determined by using a hashing algorithm on the key field of the record.

Hashing algorithm - mathematical formula used to perform a calculation on the key field of
the record

Advantages
- Used when fast access to data is required
- No need to search through all the records
- Suited to real - time processing

Sequential file access

- can searched one after another from the physical start of the file until the required
record is found (one by one)
Direct file access
- A record can be physically found in a file without physically reading other records
(directly found)

Chapter 14

•Protocol - a set of rules governing the way that

devices communicate with each other.
•A protocol suite is a collection of related protocols.
•TCP/IP is the dominant protocol suite for Internet usage.
•The TCP protocol is connection -oriented.
Function of tcp

Function of csma/cd

Functions of ip

Tasks to ensure transport layer that the incoming data is downloaded correctly
Protocols and uses
Http

Ftp
Bit torrent

How are bittorrent allow files to be shared

Circuit switching – method of transmission in which a dedicated
circuit/channel lasts
throughout the duration of the communication.
Packet switching – method of transmission where a message is broken into
packets
which can be sent along paths independently from each other.
Hop number/hopping – number in the packet header used to stop packets
which
never reach their destination from ‘clogging up’ routes.
Header (data packet) – part of a data packet containing key data such as
destination
IP address, sequence number, and so on.
Routing table – a data table that contains the information necessary to
forward a
package along the shortest or best route to allow it to reach its destination.
What is in packet switching apart from packets

Role of routers in packet switching

Packet switching

Star topology

Advantages and disadvantages of bus topology

Of star topology

Chapter 15
Chapter 16

What is interrupt

Steps carried out by interrupt handler when interrupt is received and serviced

How to manage available memory

Program vs process
Virtual machine tasks

Guest operating system vs host operating system

Uses of virtual machines

Limitations of virtual machines

Chapter 17

Uses of digital certificate

Data items in a digital certificate

How digital certificate is produced

Chapter 18

Items needed for control system

What is meant by feedback for control system

Categories of machine learning