1. What do you understand by the term ‘Driveline’ in a light vehicle?

(30-50 words)
Both two-wheelers and four-wheelers are considered light vehicles. The clutch, torque
converter, manual gearbox, automatic transmission drive shaft, and final shaft are all
parts of the driveline system. The power developed in the engine is transmitted to the
driving wheels of the vehicle by a driveline.
2. List two ways of sourcing diagnostic information / options when working with
drivelines of light vehicle. (30-40 words)
Service information
The manufacturer specifications, workplace procedures and other technical information
relating to vehicle repair and diagnosis in a workplace can be obtained from the
organization’s website or Manager’s office.
Tools and equipment
Tools and equipment are very useful to test and diagnose the fault with the vehicle or
system. So, the diagnosis and test equipment or tools are linked and, in most cases, it is
difficult to interpret the results of the test. Hence, the comparison of the test result is
being done from the service books and other source of information.
3. Define the purpose of slip joint in a propeller shaft. (25-30 words)
For rear-wheel drive vehicles, the inboard CV joint operates as a slip joint in the
drive shaft.
4. Explain the requirement of universal joints in a propeller shaft of a light vehicle?
(25-30 words)
A basic characteristic of the Cardan joint is the non-uniformity of motion transmission
through the joint. The angular-velocity ratio between input and output shafts varies
cyclically at two cycles per revolution of the input shaft. The angular velocity fluctuation
of the intermediate shaft, however, cannot be avoided Operation of universal joint is
more complicated than it appears. Its main purpose of increasing and decreasing the
speed two times in a single revolution makes its operations complicated. The steepness of
the U-joint angle determines the amount of speed that needs to be changed.
5. List two faults that you would find while conducting diagnostic test on a drive / tail
shaft of light vehicle.(30-40 words)
Axle fault
It also has a bad pinion bearing.Additionally, it has a version with significant gear tooth
backlash. Moreover, the pitch lineout run out is a flaw.A serious flaw is a cocked pinion
bearing as well. Steve Rothberg, Homer Rahnejat, and multi-body dynamics monitoring
and stimulation methods.
Drive shaft faults
Adjustments to the steering gear may be sloppy. Then, it must be modified to meet its
requirements. It can also be caused by a loose steering gear mounting, and the fix is to
tighten the steering gear nuts. Low tire pressure could be the cause of the steering
occasionally feeling difficult to turn, especially when power steering is used. The wheel
bearing may occasionally be loose and need to be changed with new ones.
6. Distinguish between single and multi-piece propeller shaft.(5-15 words)
Single propeller shaft Is used four-wheel-drive vehicles. The friction welding
adopted at the junction contributes to an improvement in the strength, quality, and
durability of the junction.
multi-piece propeller shaft used in front engine, front drive, base four-wheel-drive
vehicles and vehicles having a large gap between the engine and axles.
The critical number of revolutions can be reduced when the propeller shaft is split into
two or three segments, preventing vibration problems from developing as the shaft's total
length increases.

7. List three tools that are used in diagnostic and repair of light vehicle drivelines.(30-
50 words)
Hand tools: the basic tools like spanners, wrenches, the sockets, screwdrivers etc.
Special tools: the special tools are tools which are used for the specific job.
Precision measuring equipment: the test equipment is used for the specific
purpose of measuring and testing. These may include measuring tools like a ruler,
dial gauge and some analysing tools like engine analyser.
Dedicated test equipment: these are also similar to special tools but these are very
dedicated to a single operation in the system. These are similar to the diagnostic tools or
scan tools which are meant to diagnosing of an individual component.
Accuracy test equipment: these are free from the clutter of regular instruments
and have precise work standards
8. Why is the alignment of universal joints on a propeller shaft important?(20-25
words)
Shaft alignment is the process of aligning two or more shafts with each other to within a
tolerated margin it also eliminates the vibration during rotation and it can create a lot of
noise as well. Shaft miss alignment can be avoided by marking before removing the
propeller shaft. By the alignment of the drive shafts, the torsional vibrations and
fluctuations can be balanced. The torsional vibrations are transferred down the drive shaft
to the next U joint, where a similar speed fluctuation can be observed. The variations for
the first joint can be visible at equal and opposite angles making it easy to cancel out each
other. Cancellation is possible only when the drive shafts have two U-joints with equal
operating angles.
9. List at least three types of checks that would be performed when inspecting a
propeller shaft and its joints.(30-50 words)
 Check the alignment of the propeller shaft
 Make sure no oil leaks
 Top up the transmission oil
 Recheck all the boot clamp or bands for locks.
10. List two procedures to determine job requirement when preparing to diagnose and
repair light vehicle drive shaft.(15-20 words)
a. Service information
b. Sources of information
11. What should you do if the bearing cap turns in the hole in the yoke in a universal
joint?(25-30 words)

Remove the exposed universal joint cup from the front yoke. Re-install the drive shaft,
receiver and driver socket into vice by positioning the sockets for removal of the second
universal joint cup. Take away the second universal joint cup and close the vice

12. List two environmental hazards when working with light vehicle drive shafts.(30-50
words)
 Hot metal hazards
 Hazardous battery acid
 Hazardous hot gear oil or cleaning fluid
 Confined area hazards
13. List three personal protective equipment that should be worn while working on
drive shafts of a light vehicle.(5-10 words)
Eye and Face protection – The equipment must fit properly and be comfortable to
wear. A technician should wear all the time in order to protect the eyes from any
spillages and this should meet OSHA standard.
Examples – Safety glasses, face shields, chemical splash goggles
Respiratory protective equipment – It prevents from inhaling hazardous chemicals,
asbestos, fumes, brake dust, etc.
Examples – Air-purifying respirators, supplied air respirators
Hearing protective devices – These devices help in noise reduction and also
provide comfort while working on the noisy machinery.
Examples – Earmuffs, hearing bands, earplugs
Head protection – It is important to wear head protection equipment to prevent
any impacts and penetration of hazards while working under the vehicle.
Examples – Hard hats, safety helmets.
Skin protection – Hazards like absorption of harmful substances, chemical or
thermal burns, electrical dangers, bruises, cuts, and fractures can be prevented
by wearing skin protection PPE.
Examples – Safety gloves, heat resistance gloves, metal or leather mesh gloves.
Protective clothing – Various protective clothing is available to avoid hazards.
These provide protection against heat, chemical spills and fire sparks.
Examples – Uniforms, Overalls.
Foot protection – Foot and leg injuries are caused by slippery surfaces, electrical
hazards, penetrating materials, falling and hot substances. These are prevented
by wearing foot protection.
Examples – Safety boots, rubber boot
14. What are the hazards involved in working with rotating mechanical motion?(20-30
words)
It is important to wear protection equipment to prevent any impacts and penetration of
hazards while working under the vehicle.
 15. Given are some issues related with drive shafts, list a report of possible cause and
provide repair options for the same.(10-12 words each)
Issue Report on possible cause Recommended repair option procedure

Noise from Bad Bearings or Replace of apply the lubricant

propeller Bushings
shaft when
driving above
80 K.m. per
hour
The most common Replace of apply the lubricant
Noise when causes of noises when
turning in a
front wheel turning is a bad coil
drive vehicle spring, struts, or shocks.

Can see black Gear oil can also leak Sometimes can see oil being slung from the center of the wheel
grease drops from the wheel bearing all over the wheel rim of the vehicle. Dust will collect on the
in the drive
way and
seals or rear axle seals. wheel and turn black. If you have a four-wheel-drive car, gear
around drive oil can leak from the front axle as well
shaft in front
wheel drive
vehicle

16. State the difference between universal joint and constant velocity joints?(5-15 words
each
Universal joint
A flexible coupling known as a "U-joint" (U stands for "Universal"), sometimes known
as a "Cardan" joint after the man who created it, is frequently used on both ends of
driveshaft. A four-legged center cross with needle bearing cups on the extremities of each
leg makes up each U-joint. On one set of legs, the driveshaft is mounted to the bearing
cups. The other set of cups is secured in place by two U-bolts that are fastened to a yoke
that is mated to either the differential or the transmission.

Constant velocity joints

A CV joint—short for constant velocity—performs a U-functions joint's essentially
better. "Ball-and-groove" and "tripod" CV joints are the two fundamental types.
Most front-wheel drive cars have ball and groove CV joints as the outer joints. They are
made up of a central race, a cage assembly, and an outer housing in the shape of a cup.
Six grooves, each holding six steel balls, are machined into the outer housing and the
 middle race. Windows or slots cut into the cage assembly hold the balls in place. The
balls are positioned inside the joint so that they are always at the midpoint when the joint
bends. As a result, the cyclic speed changes that a U-joint encounters when it runs at
more than a few degrees off-center.
What are the three different types of constant velocity joints used in light vehicle?(5-
10 words)
 Birfield joint
 Double off set joint
 Tripod joint
 Lobro joint

17. What is a Birfield and Tripod joint?

Birfield joint
An inner and outer axleshaft are connected by a Birfield, which is essentially a constant-
velocity joint. An inner bearing race, six ball bearings, a bearing cage, and an exterior
steel bell that is a component of the outer (stub) axleshaft make up the Birfield joint.
Tripod joint
They are used at the inboard end of the car drive shaft. As three different yokes are
attached to the draft, it is named as tripod joint, each of the yokes having a barrelshaped
roller bearing on the ends, fit into a cup of grooves matching the yokes. This arrangement
facilitates axial plunge movement of the shaft avoiding preload of the bearings

18. Why is post repair testing / final inspection necessary after repairing light vehicle
drive shafts?(5-15 words)

Final inspection is made to ensure work is to workplace expectations and drive shaft ... post-
repair testing procedures for light vehicle drive shafts.
19. Define torque reaction of rear axle housing.(30-40 words)
By separating the final drive from driving axles, loads carried by rigid axle are
removed. This exposes the rigid rear axle to torque reaction at the rotation of the
wheel. Axle turns in the reverse direction of the wheels. Suspension helps to resist the
torque reaction.
A torque reaction against the drive shaft is also observed. Suspension helps in
resisting these forces by securely mounting the final drive on the crossmember fixed
to the body and to the open drive shafts. These forces are absorbed by the final
drive housing along with the crossmember on which the drive housing is mounted.
CV joints at both the ends of the drive shafts help in their movement in line with the
differential assembly. The drive shafts are similar to the drive shafts of the front-
wheeldrive vehicles.
20. Point out the details below that need to be followed during the repair procedure of
light vehicle drive shafts(10-15 words each)

Dismantling drive shafts

 Mark the driveshaft orientation before beginning. This will help
return the driveshaft to its original position on the differential
which can help avoid driveline vibrations once the driveshaft is
 reinstalled.
 Remove the shaft differential flange mounting bolts. These bolts
will be very tight so use good quality tools to avoid stripping.
Using a plastic hammer gently shock the driveshaft loose from
the differential flange by striking the rear yoke (U joint mount).
 The back half of the shaft will be free so make sure to hold it.
 Remove driveshaft using both hands gently, slide the driveshaft
from the transmission or transfer case.
A small amount of fluid might leak out so have a fluid catch basin
ready
 Check for the tight fittings of the drive shafts at both ends
 Check for grease contamination near CV joints and boots.
Inspecting
 Examine the drive shafts for any damages, bents or missing parts
Components of the
 Examine CV joint boots and clamps. Ensure that boots are not
drive shaft
torn, and they are not porous.
 Check the slip spline and the joints for excessive radial
movement
 Inspect the joints in all the different steering angles
Reassembling
 Before re-installing the driveshaft apply a small amount of grease
to the yoke.
 This will help lubricate the output shaft seal in the transmission or
transfer case.
 Care must be taken when reinserting the driveshaft yoke as not to
damage the seal.
 Gently guide the yoke into place over and onto the output shaft.
Once the front yoke is installed pull the driveshaft back into place
while inserting a mounting bolt by hand to avoid cross threading.
 Finish installing the mounting bolts while making sure the
alignment marks are together.
 Tighten the bolts evenly and in a cross pattern.
If any fluid was lost during the job check and refill the
transmission or transfer case after the shaft has been reinstalled.
Aligning the shaft
 Finish installing the mounting bolts while making sure the
alignment marks are together.
 Tighten the bolts evenly and in a cross pattern. If any fluid was
lost during the job check and refill the transmission or transfer
case after the shaft has been reinstalled.

21. Distinguish the different types of drive and tail shaft joint from the figures given
below:
 universal joint

Cross and yoke universal joints

CV joint components

outer and inner race of lobro joint

Double cardan joints

22. What is the reason behind the requirement of two universal joints in the
construction of propeller shaft?(20-30 words)
Universal joints fitted at each end of the propeller shaft allow it to move through an angle
while maintaining free rotation. A universal joint is a joint between two rotating shafts
that allows them to move at any angle and in all directions, like a human limb
23. What grease is used in a constant velocity joint?
molybdenum disulphate grease

24. Completing work process will involve.

All of the above
 25. To preserve the balance of a shaft it is recommended to:
a. Note which spline was aligned in the transmission

26. On front-wheel drive vehicles, drive shafts of unequal length may cause:
a. One wheel to spin

27. When are centre bearings most commonly used?

a. When vehicles have a long wheelbase.