Abstract 

Brain injuries are a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and accurately diagnosing
and treating them is often challenging. Traditional methods of diagnosis can be invasive, time-
consuming, and expensive, presenting a significant problem for healthcare professionals. In
response to this challenge, we are working on an AI-powered brain injury detecting device that
has the potential to revolutionize the diagnosis and treatment of brain injuries. This device will
use advanced algorithms to analyze brain activity and detect signs of injury quickly and non-
invasively. Our device can improve patient outcomes and help healthcare professionals provide
better care for individuals with brain injuries by providing accurate and efficient diagnoses.

Introduction 
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of mortality and disability in those under 45
worldwide. Professionals in public health and rehabilitation are very concerned about brain
damage since it is linked to both short-term and long-term problems.

The words "acquired brain damage" and "head injury" are general terminology that includes a
wide range of lesions to the brain, skull, scalp, and blood vessels in the head. Damage to the
brain brought on by neurodegenerative conditions like Multiple Sclerosis (MS) or Parkinson's
Disease is not considered an acquired brain injury. Traumatic brain damage from an external
cause and non-traumatic brain injury from an internal or exterior source are the two main
categories for acquired brain injuries.

Head trauma (head injury) causes traumatic brain injury (TBI), which is brain damage. Road
traffic accidents, assaults, falls, and mishaps at home or work are just a few potential reasons. A
traumatic brain injury may have a broad range of repercussions that vary depending on the kind,
location, and degree of the damage.

Light head injury, minor head injury, and mild traumatic brain injury are often used to describe
concussions (mTBI). Whatever the name, a head injury causes the brain to rock back and forth
within the skull, mildly damaging tissue. Falls, car accidents, violent attacks, and sports injuries
often cause a concussion. Although most minor head injuries do not permanently harm the
brain, they may sometimes interfere with brain function for at least a few weeks.

A stroke is a medical emergency in which there is a disruption in the blood flow to a portion of
the brain, resulting in brain damage. There are two different stroke types: Hemorrhagic stroke
occurs when a weak blood artery ruptures allowing blood to pour into the brain, whereas
ischemic stroke is caused by a blood clot blocking a blood vessel.

A brain aneurysm is a bulge, like a blister, in the wall of a frail blood vessel in the brain. Many
factors may weaken a blood vessel. A portion of the blood vessel wall may bulge into an
aneurysm when the wall is weak because the pressure the blood travels through it might
weaken it.
An electroencephalography (EEG) pattern known as "burst suppression" is characterized by
bursts of intense electrical activity in the brain that alternate with periods of complete inactivity.
This pattern is seen in people whose brains are not working, like when under general
anesthesia, in a coma, or because they are too cold. For the treatment of brain injury, timely
diagnosis and treatment. 

The history of diagnosing brain injuries can be traced back to ancient times when Hippocrates
described the signs of head injury in the fifth century BC. But it was when modern medicine
came along that doctors could diagnose and treat brain injuries more accurately. In the 19th
century, advances in medical technology, such as the development of the stethoscope and
ophthalmoscope, allowed physicians better to understand the symptoms and effects of brain
injuries. 

The introduction of X-ray imaging in the early 20th century allowed doctors to detect skull
fractures and other types of brain injuries that were not visible on the surface. In the 1970s,
computed tomography (CT) scans were developed, providing physicians with a more detailed
view of the brain and allowing for the detection of a more comprehensive range of brain injuries,
such as bleeding and swelling. In the 1980s, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was
developed, which made it possible to see even more details about the brain and how it work. 

Biomarkers and AI-powered devices are now better at finding brain injuries than they used to
be. These technologies can help identify subtle brain function and structure changes that may
indicate an injury, even when other diagnostic tools do not reveal any abnormalities. 

In this tech era, approaches to diagnosing brain injury are changing. No one wants to spend
hours and go through harmful traditions in diagnosing brain injury, but is there any other option?
We’re working on a revolutionary AI-powered device that will diagnose brain injuries with
unmatched accuracy and efficiency. This cutting-edge technology will be developed with the
latest advancements in artificial intelligence and neuroscience, making it a game-changer in the
field of brain injury diagnosis. With the ability to analyze complex brain data in real time, our
device will identify and localize brain injuries with unprecedented precision. Its user-friendly
interface will allow healthcare professionals to quickly and easily access detailed reports,
enabling faster and more accurate treatment decisions. Our AI device will be set to transform
the way we will diagnose and treat brain injuries, providing patients with the best possible
outcomes. Our device will be just a 2-minute solution to diagnose brain injury. The purpose
behind the development of such a device is to make brain screening and monitoring more
accessible and fast for patients with different brain injuries. Our goal is to fast the health
system's diagnosis of brain conditions like seizures, strokes, and concussions. Our device will
shorten the time span of hours to minutes. This will save patients' lives and reduce healthcare
providers’ treatment costs. 

Problem Statement 
Brain injuries, whether they are caused by an accident or something else, are the leading cause
of death and disability around the world, especially among people under 45. Even though
medical technology has improved, diagnosing and treating brain injuries can still be hard.
Traditional methods of diagnosis can be time-consuming, expensive, and often involve invasive
procedures. This presents a significant problem for healthcare professionals, who must
accurately and efficiently diagnose brain injuries to provide the best possible patient outcomes.
In response to this problem, we're making an AI-powered device that could change how we
diagnose and treat brain injuries, making them easier to spot, treat, and diagnose.

Literature Review
In this section, we’ve reviewed past work to detect brain injuries. 

Year  Research Work

2015 The paper studied the use of electrophysiological methods, specifically quantitative
electroencephalography (qEEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs), for detecting
neurological dysfunctions such as mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). The study found
that while qEEG measurements have limited diagnostic utility for mTBI, discriminant
functions show promise. Conversely, ERPs offer utility in mTBI detection, and newer
analysis methods should be incorporated. The study also noted that high specificity
in qEEG evaluations of TBI might not be maintained in real-world clinical practice.
Still, qEEG may be useful as a longitudinal measure of treatment response if test-
retest reliability is acceptable 1.

2016 The study proposed an automatic early diagnosis system for traumatic brain injury
(TBI) in emergencies. The system was based on advanced EEG signal processing
and machine learning techniques, providing fast and reliable assessments of
possible brain injury. The algorithm removed artifacts and noise automatically,
enabling a quick diagnosis based on supervised machine learning. The system had
shown good generalization performance in evaluations. It provided effective decision
support for early treatment 2. 

2017 The study investigated the use of resting state functional network connectivity
(rsFNC) and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) for detecting mild
traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in 50 patients and age-sex matched controls. A linear
support vector machine was used for classification, achieving maximum accuracy of
84.1% for rsFNC and 75.5% for dMRI. A significant increase in rsFNC between
certain networks was observed in mTBI patients, suggesting the importance of
including common and unique information for classification. The study suggests
rsFNC can yield viable biomarkers that outperform dMRI and points to connectivity to
the cerebellum as an important region for detecting mTBI 3.

2017 This study presented BrainScope, a web portal for interactive visualization and
exploration of high-dimensional spatial and temporal brain transcriptomics data from
the Allen Atlases of the adult and developing human brain. BrainScope uses dual t-
SNE methodology to enable the linked, all-in-one visualization of genes and samples
across the whole brain, genome, and developmental stages. BrainScope also
showed that spatial sample densities in t-SNE scatter plots coincide with anatomical
regions. Densities in t-SNE scatter plots of genes represent gene co-expression
modules significantly enriched for biological functions 4. 

2018 The study developed advanced micro-engineered platforms for versatile and novel
 device technologies, including an electrohydrodynamic lithography method for
patterning conductive polymers and a miniaturized platform for point-of-care
diagnostics using surface-enhanced Raman scattering. The study delivered a
prognostic tool for long-term outcomes using MEDTech to analyze clinical blood
plasma 5.

2019 This study discusses the potential effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) tools in
cognitive assessment and rehabilitation for individuals with traumatic brain injury
(TBI). It reviewed studies from 2010 to 2017 on the topic and found evidence to
support using VR as an assessment and rehabilitation tool for TBI patients. TBI can
cause various cognitive and behavioral impairments, and rehabilitation programs are
crucial for recovery. The study suggested that VR can potentially improve functional
outcomes and quality of life for TBI patients 6.

2020 The study showed the development of a method for detecting traumatic brain injury
(TBI) using chemical biomarkers released by the brain immediately after a head
injury occurs. The technique, which used a spectroscopic technique called surface-
enhanced Raman scattering, could pinpoint when patients needed urgent medical
attention, saving time in delivering vital treatment and avoiding unnecessary tests
where no injury had occurred. The test needed to be extremely sensitive, rapid, and
specific, and the method offered a low-cost but highly accurate way of assessing TBI
7.

2020 This study suggested that NIRS could be a useful tool in detecting intracranial
hematoma in TBI patients, particularly those with a GCS of 15 and requiring clinical
observation. The high sensitivity of NIRS could help in detecting intracranial
hematomas. In contrast, a negative NIRS could help rule out the possibility of
hematoma and reduce the need for further imaging. NIRS couldn’t report the size
and location of the bleeding, so it may not be sufficient as a standalone diagnostic
tool. Nonetheless, the NIRS could be a useful addition to the diagnostic toolbox in
resource-limited settings, where it helped in reducing the number of referrals to
higher-level healthcare facilities and saved costs and time 8.

2021 The study aimed to develop a deep learning method for the segmentation of brain
tumors using a convolutional neural network (CNN). The study used a feature-
reduction-based method to locate the tumor and spot it in a dataset of Harvard
Medical School. The CNN architecture was designed to detect brain tumors in seven
brain diseases, including Glioma, Meningioma, Alzheimer's, Alzheimer's plus, Pick,
Sarcoma, and Huntington. The study presented the results based on the probability
of tumor location in magnetic resonance images and found that the presented
method had high accuracy, sensitivity, and dice index regarding other investigations
9. 

2022 A new AI-enabled optical fiber sensor device was developed that can measure
multiple key biomarkers of traumatic brain injury simultaneously. The device had
shown promising results in tests on animal brain tissues, indicating high potential for
future diagnostic trials in humans. The device could help hospitals to monitor TBI
more effectively by combining the ability to monitor multiple biomarkers at once with
machine learning algorithms that use previous data to predict biomarker
concentrations based on obtained data in real-time 10.