The FIFA Club World Cup is an international men's association football competition

organised by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the

sport's global governing body. The competition was first contested in 2000 as the
FIFA Club World Championship. It was not held from 2001 to 2004 due to a
combination of factors in the cancelled 2001 tournament, most importantly the
collapse of FIFA's marketing partner International Sport and Leisure (ISL), but
since 2005 it has been held every year, and has been hosted by Brazil, Japan, the
United Arab Emirates, Morocco and Qatar. Views differ as to the cup's prestige: it
struggles to attract interest in most of Europe, and is the object of heated debate
in South America.[1][2]

The first FIFA Club World Championship took place in Brazil in 2000, during which
year it ran in parallel with the Intercontinental Cup, a competition played by the
winners of the UEFA Champions League and the Copa Libertadores, with the champions
of each tournament both recognised (in 2017) by FIFA as club world champions. In
2005, the Intercontinental Cup was merged with the FIFA Club World Championship,
and in 2006, the tournament was renamed as the FIFA Club World Cup. The winner of
the Club World Cup receives the FIFA Club World Cup trophy and a FIFA World
Champions certificate.

The current format of the tournament involves seven teams competing for the title
at venues within the host nation over a period of about two weeks; the winners of
that year's AFC Champions League (Asia), CAF Champions League (Africa), CONCACAF
Champions Cup (North, Central America and Caribbean), CONMEBOL Libertadores (South
America), OFC Champions League (Oceania) and UEFA Champions League (Europe), along
with the host nation's national champions, participate in a straight knock-out
tournament. The host nation's national champions contest a play-off against the
Oceania champions, from which the winner joins the champions of Asia, Africa and
North America in the quarter-finals. The quarter-final winners go on to face the
European and South American champions, who enter at the semi-final stage, for a
place in the final.

Real Madrid hold the record for most titles, having won the competition on five
occasions. Corinthians' inaugural victory remains the best result from a host
nation's national league champions. Teams from Spain have won the tournament eight
times, the most for any nation. The current world champions are Real Madrid, who
defeated Al-Hilal 5–3 in the 2022 final.

History
See also: Football World Championship, Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy, Copa Rio
(international tournament), Small Club World Cup, Tournoi de Paris,
Intercontinental Cup (football), International Soccer League, Copa Interamericana,
and List of world champion football clubs
Origin
A nighttime view of the Las Vegas strip
Las Vegas, Nevada saw the birth of the competition during FIFA's executive
committee in December 1993
The first club tournament to be billed as the Football World Championship was held
in 1887, in which FA Cup winners Aston Villa beat Scottish Cup winners Hibernian,
the winners of the only national competitions at the time. The first time when the
champions of two European leagues met was in what was nicknamed the 1895 World
Championship, when English champions Sunderland beat Scottish champions Heart of
Midlothian 5–3.[3] Ironically, the Sunderland lineup in the 1895 World Championship
consisted entirely of Scottish players – Scottish players who moved to England to
play professionally in those days were known as the Scotch Professors.[3][4]

The first attempt at creating a global club football tournament, according to FIFA,
was in 1909, 21 years before the first FIFA World Cup.[5] The Sir Thomas Lipton
Trophy was held in Italy in 1909 and 1911, and contested by English, Italian,
German and Swiss clubs.[6] English amateur team West Auckland won on both
occasions.[7] The idea that FIFA should organise international club competitions
dates from the beginning of the 1950s.[8] In 1951, FIFA President Jules Rimet was
asked about FIFA's involvement in Copa Rio, the competition created by the
Brazilian FA with a view to being a Club World Cup (a "club version" of the FIFA
World Cup), and Rimet stated that it was not under FIFA's jurisdiction since it was
organised and sponsored by the Brazilian FA.[9] FIFA board officials Stanley Rous
and Ottorino Barassi participated personally, albeit not as FIFA assignees, in the
organisation of Copa Rio in 1951. Brazilian side Palmeiras beat Italian side
Juventus in Maracanã Stadium with over 200 thousand spectators, being considered by
many the first Club World Cup Champion.[10] Rous' role was the negotiations with
European clubs, whereas Barassi did the same and also helped form the framework of
the competition. The Italian press regarded the competition as an "impressive
project" that "was greeted so enthusiastically by FIFA officials Stanley Rous and
Jules Rimet to the extent of almost giving it an official FIFA stamp."[11] Because
of the difficulty the Brazilian FA found in bringing European clubs to the
competition, the O Estado de S. Paulo newspaper suggested that there should be FIFA
involvement in the programming of international club competitions saying that,
"ideally, international tournaments, here or abroad, should be played with a
schedule set by FIFA".[12] Still in the 1950s, the Pequeña Copa del Mundo (Spanish
for Small World Cup) was a tournament held in Venezuela between 1952 and 1957, with
some other club tournaments held in Caracas from 1958 onwards also often referred
to by the name of the original 1952–1957 tournament.[13] It was usually played by
four participants, half from Europe and half from South America.[13]

Obstacles to creation
We want to win the title, not so much for ourselves but to prevent Racing from
being champions.

—Jock Stein, Celtic Football Club's manager, 1965–1978, commenting before the play-
off match of the 1967 Intercontinental Cup known as The Battle of Montevideo;
Evening Times, 3 November 1967.[14]
The Dutch team AFC Ajax claimed a victory without any problems and this match was
no more difficult than a banal encounter at the European Cup.

—A Dutch newspaper journalist from Amsterdam, commenting on the quality of the

competition and Ajax's opponent after the 1972 Intercontinental Cup; De Telegraaf,
30 September 1972.[15]
The indifference of the fans is the only explanation for our financial failure [at
the Intercontinental Cup]. It would be much better if we had gotten a friendly
similar to the one we would do in Tel Aviv, on 11 January, for US$255,000.

—Dettmar Cramer, Bayern Munich's manager, 1975–1977, commenting on the low

relevance, prestige and rewards of the Intercontinental Cup after his team's
victory in 1976; Jornal do Brasil, 22 December 1976.[16]
The Tournoi de Paris was a competition initially meant to bring together the top
teams from Europe and South America; it was first played in 1957 when Vasco da
Gama, the Rio de Janeiro champions, beat European champions Real Madrid 4–3 in the
final at the Parc des Princes. The victory was hailed in France and Brazil as a
"best of Europe X best of South American" club match as it was Real Madrid's first
intercontinental competition as European champions (the Madrid team played the 1956
Pequeña Copa del Mundo, but confirmed their participation in the Venezuelan
tournament before becoming European champions).[17] In 1958, Real Madrid declined
to participate in the Paris competition claiming that the final of the 1957/58
European Cup was just 5 days after the Paris Tournoi.[18] On 8 October 1958, the
Brazilian FA President João Havelange announced, at a UEFA meeting he attended as
an invitee, the decision to create the Copa Libertadores and the Intercontinental
Cup, the latter being a UEFA/CONMEBOL-endorsed "best club of the world" contest
between the champion clubs of both confederations.
Real Madrid won the first Intercontinental Cup in 1960,[19][20] and titled
themselves world champions until FIFA stepped in and objected, citing that the
competition did not include any other champions from the other confederations; FIFA
stated that they can only claim to be intercontinental champions of a competition
played between two continental organisations in which no other continents had the
opportunity to participate.[21] FIFA stated that they would prohibit the 1961
edition to be played out unless the organisers regarded the competition as a
friendly or a private match between two organisations.[22] The same year the
Intercontinental Cup was first played, 1960, FIFA authorised the International
Soccer League, created (along the lines of the 1950s Copa Rio) with a view to
creating a Club World Cup, with ratification from Sir Stanley Rous, who then had
become FIFA President.[23]

The Intercontinental Cup attracted the interest of other continents.[24] The North
and Central America confederation, CONCACAF, was created in 1961 in order to, among
other reasons, try to include its clubs in the Copa Libertadores and, by extension,
the Intercontinental Cup.[25] However, their entry into both competitions was
rejected. Subsequently, the CONCACAF Champions' Cup began in 1962.[26]

Due to the brutality of the Argentine and Uruguayan clubs at the Intercontinental
Cup, FIFA was asked several times during the late 1960s to assess penalties and
regulate the tournament.[27] However, FIFA refused each request.[28] The first of
these requests was made in 1967, after a play-off match labelled The Battle of
Montevideo.[29] The Scottish Football Association, via President Willie Allan,
wanted FIFA to recognise the competition in order to enforce football regulation;
FIFA responded that it could not regulate a competition it did not organise.[14]
Allan's crusade also suffered after CONMEBOL, with the backing of its President
Teofilo Salinas and the Argentine Football Association (Asociación del Fútbol
Argentino; AFA), refused to allow FIFA to have any hand in the competition stating:
[30]

The CSF is the entity in charge of controlling, in South America, the organisation
of the tournament between the champions of Europe and [South] America, a
competition FIFA considers a friendly. We do not think it's appropriate that FIFA
has to meddle in the matter.

Stanley Rous can be considered a "founding father" of the road for a club world
cup. As a referee, he participated in the 1930 Coupe des Nations. As a football
official, he endorsed and supported Copa Rio and the International Soccer League.
As FIFA president, he was the first FIFA official to propose the expansion of the
Intercontinental Cup into an all-confederations Club World Cup under FIFA auspices,
a proposal he put forward in 1967 and that would turn into the FIFA Club World Cup
in 2000
René Courte, FIFA's General Sub-Secretary, wrote in 1967 an article shortly
afterwards stating that FIFA viewed the Intercontinental Cup as a "European-South
American friendly match".[31] This was confirmed by FIFA President Sir Stanley
Rous. With the Asian and North American club competitions in place in 1967, FIFA
opened the idea of supervising the Intercontinental Cup if it included those
confederations, with Stanley Rous saying that CONCACAF and the Asian Football
Confederation had requested in 1967 participation of their champions in the
Intercontinental Cup; the proposal was met with a negative response from UEFA and
CONMEBOL. The 1968 and 1969 Intercontinental Cups finished in similarly violent
fashion, with Manchester United manager Matt Busby insisting that "the Argentineans
should be banned from all competitive football. FIFA should really step in."[32] In
1970, the FIFA Executive Committee proposed the creation of a multicontinental Club
World Cup, not limited to Europe and South America but including also the other
confederations; the idea did not go forward due to UEFA resistance.
In 1973, French newspaper L'Equipe, who helped bring about the birth of the
European Cup,[33] volunteered to sponsor a Club World Cup contested by the
champions of Europe, South America, North America and Africa, the only continental
club tournaments in existence at the time; the competition was to potentially take
place in Paris between September and October 1974, with an eventual final to be
held at the Parc des Princes. The extreme negativity of the Europeans prevented
this from happening.[34] The same newspaper tried once again in 1975 to create a
Club World Cup, in which participants would have been the four semi-finalists of
the European Cup, both finalists of the Copa Libertadores, as well as the African
and Asian champions; once more, the proposal was to no avail.[35] UEFA, via its
president, Artemio Franchi, declined once again and the proposal failed.[36] The
idea for a multicontinental, FIFA-endorsed Club World Cup was also endorsed by João
Havelange in his campaigning for FIFA presidency in 1974. The Mexican clubs América
and Pumas UNAM, and the Mexican Football Association, demanded participation in the
Intercontinental Cup (either as the American-continent representantives in the
Intercontinental Cup or as part of a UEFA-CONMEBOL-CONCACAF new Intercontinental
Cup) after winning the 1977/1978 and 1980/1981 editions of the Interamerican Cup
against the South American champions; the request was unsuccessful.

With the Intercontinental Cup in danger of being dissolved,[37] West Nally, a

British marketing company, was hired by UEFA and CONMEBOL to find a viable solution
in 1980;[38][39][40] Toyota Motor Corporation, via West Nally, took the competition
under its wing and rebranded it as the Toyota Cup, a one-off match played in Japan.
[41][42] Toyota invested over US$700,000 in the 1980 edition to take place in
Tokyo's National Olympic Stadium, with over US$200,000 awarded to each participant.
[43] The Toyota Cup, with its new format, was received with scepticism, as the
sport was unfamiliar in the Far East.[44][45] However, the financial incentive was
welcomed, as European and South American clubs were suffering financial
difficulties.[46] To protect themselves against the possibility of European
withdrawals, Toyota, UEFA and every European Cup participant signed annual
contracts requiring the eventual winners of the European Cup to participate at the
Intercontinental Cup, as a condition UEFA stipulated to the clubs' participation in
the European Cup, or risk facing an international lawsuit from UEFA and Toyota.[47]
In 1983, the English Football Association tried organising a Club World Cup to be
played in 1985 and sponsored by West Nally, only to be denied by UEFA.[48]

Inauguration (2000–2001)
Manchester United see this as an opportunity to compete for the ultimate honour of
being the very first world club champions.

—Martin Edwards, Manchester United's chairman, 1980–2002, commenting on the FIFA

Club World Championship; British Broadcasting Corporation News, 30 June 1999.[49]
The framework of the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship was laid years in advance.
[50] According to Sepp Blatter, the idea of the tournament was presented to the
executive committee in December 1993 in Las Vegas, United States by Silvio
Berlusconi, AC Milan's president.[51] Since every confederation had, by then, a
stable, continental championship, FIFA felt it was prudent and relevant to have a
Club World Championship tournament. Initially, there were nine candidates to host
the competition: China, Brazil, Mexico, Paraguay, Saudi Arabia, Tahiti, Turkey, the
United States and Uruguay; of the nine, only Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Brazil and
Uruguay confirmed their interest to FIFA. On 7 June 1999, FIFA selected Brazil to
host the competition,[52] which was initially scheduled to take place in 1999.[53]
Manchester United legend Bobby Charlton, a pillar of England's victorious campaign
in the 1966 FIFA World Cup, stated that the Club World Championship provided "a
fantastic chance of becoming the first genuine world champions."[54] The
competition gave away US$28 million in prize money and its TV rights, worth US$40
million, were sold to 15 broadcasters across five continents.[55] The final draw of
the first Club World Championship was done on 14 October 1999 at the Copacabana
Palace Hotel in Rio de Janeiro.[56]

There they were claiming that the English weren't interested in the world
championship, yet the BBC sent 60 people to cover the tournament. This shows that
it was the most important competition that they have taken part in in their
history. They came here thinking they were going to win easily but they didn't
count on the strength of Vasco. No Manchester player would get a place in the Vasco
team at the moment. The Brazilians are the best players in the world, the Europeans
do not even come close.

—Eurico Miranda, Vasco da Gama's vice-president, 1986–2000, commenting on the

importance given to the tournament by the British news media, the level of European
club football as well as Brazil's after his side's 3–1 win over Manchester United;
Independent Online, 11 January 2000.[57]
The inaugural competition was planned to be contested in 1999 by the continental
club winners of 1998, the Intercontinental Cup winners and the host nation's
national club champions, but it was postponed by one year. When it was rescheduled,
the competition had eight new participants from the continental champions of 1999:
Brazilian clubs Corinthians and Vasco da Gama, English side Manchester United,
Mexican club Necaxa, Moroccan club Raja Casablanca, Spanish side Real Madrid, Saudi
club Al-Nassr, and Australian club South Melbourne.[58] The first goal of the
competition was scored by Real Madrid's Nicolas Anelka against Al-Nassr; Real
Madrid went on to win the match 3–1.[59] The final was an all-Brazilian affair, as
well as the only one which saw one side have home advantage.[60] Vasco da Gama
could not take advantage of its local support, being beaten by Corinthians 4–3 on
penalties after a 0–0 draw in 90 minutes and extra time.[61][62]

The second edition of the competition was planned for Spain in 2001, and would have
featured 12 clubs.[63] The draw was performed at A Coruña on 6 March 2001.[64]
However, it was cancelled on 18 May, due to a combination of factors, most
importantly the collapse of FIFA's marketing partner International Sport and
Leisure.[65] The participants of the cancelled edition received US$750,000 each in
compensation; the Real Federación Española de Fútbol (RFEF) also received US$1
million from FIFA.[66] Another attempt to stage the competition in 2003, in which
17 countries were looking to be the host nation, also failed to happen.[67][68]
FIFA agreed with UEFA, CONMEBOL and Toyota to merge the Intercontinental Cup and
Club World Championship into one event.[69] The final Intercontinental Cup, played
by representatives clubs of most developed continents in the football world, was in
2004, with a relaunched Club World Championship held in Japan in December 2005.[70]
All the winning teams of the Intercontinental Cup were regarded by worldwide mass
media and football's community as de facto "world champions"[71][72][73] until 2017
when FIFA officially (de jure) recognised all of them as official club world
champions in equal status to the FIFA Club World Cup winners.[74][75]

Knock-out tournaments (2005–present)

A group of association football players, who played for FC Barcelona at the time of
the photo, lifting their coach after winning their second FIFA Club World Cup.
Pep Guardiola is hoisted in the air after Barcelona won the 2011 FIFA Club World
Cup, beating Santos 4–0 in the final.
The 2005 version was shorter than the previous World Championship, reducing the
problem of scheduling the tournament around the different club seasons across each
continent. It contained just the six reigning continental champions, with the
CONMEBOL and UEFA representatives receiving byes to the semi-finals. A new trophy
was introduced replacing the Intercontinental trophy, the Toyota trophy and the
trophy of 2000. The draw for the 2005 edition of the competition took place in
Tokyo on 30 July 2005 at The Westin Tokyo.[76] The 2005 edition saw São Paulo
pushed to the limit by Saudi side Al-Ittihad to reach the final.[77] In the final,
one goal from Mineiro was enough to dispatch English club Liverpool;[78] Mineiro
became the first player to score in a Club World Cup final.[79]
Internacional defeated defending World and South American champions São Paulo in
the 2006 Copa Libertadores Finals in order to qualify for the 2006 tournament.[80]
At the semi-finals, Internacional beat Egyptian side Al Ahly in order to meet
Barcelona in the final.[81] A late goal from Adriano Gabiru kept the trophy in
Brazil.[82][83] It was in 2007 when Brazilian hegemony was finally broken: AC Milan
won a close match against Japan's Urawa Red Diamonds, who were pushed by over
67,000 fans at Yokohama's International Stadium, and won 1–0 to reach the final.
[84] In the final, Milan crushed Boca Juniors 4–2, in a match that saw the first
player sent off in a Club World Cup final: Milan's Kakha Kaladze from Georgia in
the 77th minute.[85] Eleven minutes later, Boca Junior's Pablo Ledesma would join
Kaladze as he too was sent off.[86] The following year, Manchester United would
emulate Milan by beating their semi-final opponents, Japan's Gamba Osaka, 5–3.[87]
They saw off Ecuadorian club LDU Quito 1–0 to become world champions in 2008.[88]
[89]

Corinthians won their second world title after defeating Chelsea 1–0 in the final,
capping off a year which saw them undefeated in international matches with just
four goals conceded.
United Arab Emirates successfully applied for the right to host the FIFA Club World
Cup in 2009 and 2010.[90] Barcelona dethroned World and European champions
Manchester United in the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final to qualify for the 2009
Club World Cup.[91] Barcelona beat Mexican club Atlante in the semi-finals 3–1 and
met Estudiantes in the final.[92] After a very close encounter which saw the need
for extra-time, Lionel Messi scored from a header to snatch victory for Barcelona
and complete an unprecedented sextuple.[93][94][95][96][97] The 2010 edition saw
the first non-European and non-South American side to reach the final: TP Mazembe
from the Democratic Republic of Congo defeated Brazil's Internacional 2–0 in the
semi-final to face Internazionale, who beat South Korean club Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma
3–0 to reach the final.[98][99] Internazionale went on to beat Mazembe with the
same scoreline to complete their quintuple.[100][101]

The FIFA Club World Cup returned to Japan for the 2011 and 2012 edition.[102] In
2011, Barcelona comfortably won their semi-final match 4–0 against Qatari club Al
Sadd.[103] In the final, Barcelona would repeat their performance against Santos;
this is, to date, the largest winning margin in the final of the competition.[104]
Messi also became the first player to score in two different Club World Cup finals.
[105] The 2012 edition saw Europe's dominance come to an end as Corinthians,
boasting over 30,000 travelling fans which was dubbed the "Invasão da Fiel",
travelled to Japan to join Barcelona in being two-time winners of the competition.
[106][107] In the semi-finals, Al-Ahly managed to keep the scoreline close as
Corinthians' Paolo Guerrero scored to send the Timão into their second final.[108]
Guerrero would once again come through for Corinthians as the Timão saw off English
side Chelsea 1–0 in order to bring the trophy back to Brazil.[61][109]

Zinedine Zidane during a press conference at the 2017 FIFA Club World Cup. Real
Madrid became the first team to retain the trophy having also won the 2016 FIFA
Club World Cup.
2013 and 2014 had the Club World Cup moving to Morocco. The first edition saw a
Cinderella run of host team Raja Casablanca, who had to start in the play-off round
and became the second African team to reach the final, after defeating Brazil's
Atlético Mineiro in the semi-final.[110] Like Mazembe, Raja also lost to the
European champion, this time a 2–0 defeat to Bayern Munich.[111] 2014 again had a
decision between South America and Europe, and Real Madrid beat San Lorenzo 2–0.
[112]

The 2015 and 2016 editions once again saw Japan as hosts for the 7th and 8th time
respectively in the 12th and 13th editions of the FIFA Club World Cup. The 2015
edition saw a final between River Plate and FC Barcelona. FC Barcelona lifted their
third FIFA Club World Cup, with Suarez scoring two goals and Lionel Messi scoring
one goal in the Final. One notable thing that occurred in the 2015 tournament was
that Sanfrecce Hiroshima made it to third place, the farthest ever achieved by a
Japanese club. This record would not last though, as the 2016 edition saw J1 League
winners Kashima Antlers making it to the Final (outscoring rivals 7–1), against
Real Madrid. A Gaku Shibasaki inspired Kashima attempted to win their first FIFA
Club World Cup (a feat never done by any club outside of Europe and South America),
but were denied by Real Madrid, who won 4–2 in extra time, thanks to a hat-trick by
Cristiano Ronaldo.[113]

The UAE returned to host the event in 2017 and 2018.[114][115] 2017 involved the
likes of Real Madrid becoming the first team in Club World Cup history to return to
the tournament to defend their title. Real Madrid became the first team to
successfully defend their title after defeating Grêmio in the Final, all while
eliminating Al Jazira in the Semi-Finals. Al-Ain was the first Emirati team to
reach the Club World Cup final,[116] as well as the second Asian team to reach the
final in the 2018 edition. Real Madrid defeated Al-Ain 4–1 in the final, to win
their fourth title in the competition and to become the first team ever to win it
three years in a row and four times in total in the tournament's history. Thus,
Real Madrid extended their international titles to seven after winning the 2018
edition (counting their three Intercontinental Cup titles and four Club World Cup
titles).[n 1]

On 3 June 2019, FIFA selected Qatar as the host of both the 2019 and 2020 events.
[118][119] Gonzalo Belloso, the Deputy Secretary General and development director
of CONMEBOL, previously said that the 2019 and 2020 editions will be held in Japan.
[120] The 2019 edition saw Liverpool defeat Flamengo to win the competition for the
first time.[121] In the 2020 edition, Bayern Munich beat Tigres UANL 1–0,
completing their sextuple.[122] The 2021 tournament was won by Chelsea, who
defeated Palmeiras 2–1 after extra time for their first title.[123]

Planned expansion
In late 2016, FIFA President Gianni Infantino suggested an expansion of the Club
World Cup to 32 teams beginning in 2019 and the reschedule to June to be more
balanced and more attractive to broadcasters and sponsors.[124] In late 2017, FIFA
discussed proposals to expand the competition to 24 teams and have it be played
every four years by 2021, replacing the FIFA Confederations Cup.[125]

The new tournament with 24 teams was supposed to start in 2021 and would have
included all UEFA Champions League winners, UEFA Champions League runners-up, UEFA
Europa League winners, and Copa Libertadores winners from the four seasons up to
and including the year of the event, with the remainder qualifying from the other
four confederations.[126][127] Along with a new UEFA Nations League competition,
revenues of $25 billion would be expected during the period from 2021 to 2033.[128]
The first tournament would have been played in China; however, the tournament was
cancelled[129] due to scheduling issues caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.[130]

On 16 December 2022, FIFA announced an expanded tournament that would have 32 teams
and start in June 2025.[129][131][132] The International Federation of Professional
Footballers and World Leagues Forum both immediately criticized the proposal.[129]
On 23 June 2023, FIFA confirmed that the United States will host the 2025
tournament as a prelude to the 2026 FIFA World Cup.[133] The 32 teams will be
divided into 8 groups of 4 teams with the top 2 teams in each group qualifying to
the knockout stage. The FIFA Council also unanimously approved the concept of an
annual club competition from 2024, in response to the fact that the FIFA Club World
Cup will be held for the last time in its current guise in 2023.[134]