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Section 1.2.1
1.
Evaporating dish Used in crystallization
To measure variable volumes of liquids from 0 to 50 ml e.g 21.2 ml, to
the nearest 0.05 cm3 per reading or 0.1 cm3 per measured volume. since
Burette
determining the volume of liquid used requires two readings to be taken
and subtracted one from the other.
To measure specific amounts (volumes) of liquids e.g (exactly 5, 10, 25
Pipette
or 50 cm3) with an uncertainty of 0.05 cm3.
Measuring To measure various volumes of liquids, accuracy depending on size and
cylinder graduation of the cylinder (rather inaccurate)
To prepare solutions with a specific volume, e.g. 250 cm3, 1000 cm3, etc.,
Volumetric flask
to the nearest 0.10 cm3.
Separating funnel To separate two immiscible liquids
To measure only approximate volumes of liquids, not to be used for
Beaker
precise quantities. It can be also used as a container.
Volumetric flask used to prepare solutions with a specific volume and to
Volumetric flask
the nearest 0.10cm3.
Separating funnel Separating funnel used to separate two immiscible liquids.
Test tube holder Test-tube holder used to hold test tubes while heating them.
Wire gauze used to allow uniform heat distribution when using a
Wire Gauze
Bunsen-burner.
Section 1.2.3
(1) 2. Rules which should be followed when using a Bunsen burner:
• Place the Bunsen burner on a porcelain tile to protect the surface of the bench.
• Make sure that the Bunsen burner is attached to a gas tap.
• Make sure that the air hole of the burner is closed.
• Hold a lighted match or splint to the muzzle of the burner and slowly open the
gas tap until the gas ignites. This will produce a very sooty, yellow flame. Keep
your face and hair away from the burner.
• Slightly open the air hole until the flame is blue at the bottom and slightly yellow
at the top.
• If a very hot flame is required, fully open the air hole and the gas tap. Be very
careful with this type of flame and never leave the Bunsen burner with a blue
flame when not in use.
Level L | 1
Chemistry L
Section 1.2.4
(2) 3. Rules that should be followed when heating a test-tube:
• Never have the test-tube more than half filled with liquid.
• Always use test-tube holder and never tongs or your hands.
• Do not hold the test-tube upright in the flame, instead have it inclined at an angle.
An upright tube is more likely to spit the liquid out when it starts to boil.
• Keep the test-tube moving as it is being heated, by moving your wrist from side
to side, to prevent bumping due to overheating.
• Remove the tube temporarily out of the flame when the liquid starts to boil
vigorously or reduce the flame, so the liquid will not spill out.
Section 1.2.6
(8) 4.[G]
i. Heat the solution in an evaporating dish directly on a flame till most of the
liquid evaporates. (do not boil dry).
ii. Transfer the evaporating dish over a steam bath. Heat gently till all the liquid
evaporates.
Section 1.2.8
(3) 5 . a. To read the volume of a liquid in a measuring cylinder:
b. To determine the volume of the liquid in the cylinder make one reading.
Section 1.2.9
(4) 6. To fill a pipette, the following steps are followed:
Level L | 2
Chemistry L
pipette. Do not blow out this liquid into the beaker or flask as the
measurement requires this liquid to be left over.
(9) 7. [G]
a. crystallization, or simple distillation if also the solvent is required.
b. filtration
(10) 8. [G]
a. Diagram 1
b. The apparatus needed are:
- funnel
- filter paper
- beaker or conical flask
9.
a.
Filter paper: A kind of porous paper which has very small holes that passes
the liquid through, as filtrate, and leaves the solid behind as residue. It is
used to separate insoluble solids from liquids or solutions.
Filtrate: The liquid that passes through the filter paper in the filtration
process.
Residue: The solid which is left behind on the filter paper in the filtration
process.
b. By filtration
c.
Level L | 3
Chemistry L
Section 1.2.12
(5) 10. a. 1 drop → 0.050 mL
? drop → 1.0 mL
(1)(1)
= 20 drops 20 drops
0.05
b. 1 drop → 0.05 mL
15 drops →mL
(15)(0.05)
= 0.75 mL
1
1. Place the burette in a burette stand and insert a filter funnel in its mouth.
2. Place some of the liquid to be measured into the burette.
3. Let out some liquid until no air is left in the section of the burette between the
valve and the tip.
4. Pour in the liquid from a beaker until the liquid is close to the 0.0 mark.
5. Remove the funnel. If you have filled the burette over the zero mark, open the
valve to allow some liquid to run out, until the bottom of the liquid,
meniscus, is tangent to the 0.0 mark. The burette is now ready to be used.
^
(7) 12.[G]
a. a volumetric flask
b. a pipette
c. a graduated burette
d. either a beaker or a conical flask (also called Erlenmeyer flask)
Level L | 4
Chemistry L
b. Around 30 sec
c. 85 – 30 = 55 sec
d. i. solid
ii. solid-liquid
iii. liquid
e. A larger mass requires more time to melt; therefore, each part of the graph
will be longer.
Section 2.2.2
(12) 2. a. 80°C
b. At 2 min
c. 7 – 2 = 5 min
d. i. liquid
ii. solid-liquid
iii. solid
e. A larger mass requires more time to freeze; therefore, each part of the graph
will be longer. Therefore, the lines will be less steep (smaller slope) and the
plateau will be longer.
Section 2.3.1
(13) 3. [G]
a. melting process
b. melting point
(14) 4. [G]
a. melting or fusion
b. evaporation or vaporization
c. freezing or solidification
d. sublimation
e. condensation
Level L | 5
Chemistry L
Section 2.3.2
(15) 5.
Section 2.4.4
(16) 6.
Section 2.2.1
(17) 7.[T]
a. liquid
b. 78°C
c. freezing
d. i. K
ii. J
iii. G
e. Brownian motion
Level L | 6
Chemistry L
(18) 1.
NO 2 Cl 2 O2 H2 NH 3 HCl
Color reddish- yellow- colorless colorless colorless colorless
brown green
Solubility high low low low high high
in water
Action on - - relights explosion - -
a glowing
splint
Effect on red bleached - - blue red
wet
litmus
paper
Level L | 7
Chemistry L
b. CH 3
c. NaNO 3
d. SiO 2
e. CH 2 O
f. CH 2 O
Section 3.4.4
(24) 7.
i. a. SO 2
b. PCl 5
c. N 2 O 5
Section 3.4.5
(25) 8. [G] Gases have no definite volume or shape. They will occupy any volume
they are placed in. Gaseous particles move easily and there is a lot of empty space
between the particles hence is easily compressed.
Liquids have a definite volume but an indefinite shape. Liquids are practically
incompressible due to the limited spacing between the particles. However, the
small spaces between the particles allow it to change shape as the particles can slide
and flow past each other.
Solids have a definite volume and a definite shape. They are practically
incompressible due to the minute spacing between the particles. The solid particles
are so tightly packed that they cannot move with respect to each other, they can
only vibrate in their position.
Level L | 8
Chemistry L
Section 3.5.3
(31) 10. [G] Given: m of oxygen = 8.0 g R.T.F: moles
m 8.0
n= = = 0.25 moles
M 32
Section 3.5.4
(27) 12. a. Given: m = 30 g R.T.F: # of moles and molecules
𝑚𝑚 30
n = 𝑀𝑀 = (4+12+2(16)
= 0.625 moles = 0.63 moles
Number of molecules = number of moles × 6.0 × 1023
= (0.623)( 6.0 × 1023) = 3.75 × 1023 = 3.8×1023
molecules
Level L | 9
Chemistry L
Level L | 10
Chemistry L
(37) 20. [G] Given: simplest formula = CH, M = 78 g/mol R.T.F: Molecular formula
Level L | 11
Chemistry L
a-c, g, h, j, l, m. exothermic
d-f, i, k, n-p. endothermic
(43) 3. [G]
a. Mass is always conserved in all chemical reactions. The sum of the masses of
all reactants is equal to the sum of the masses of all products.
b. The number of atoms is always conserved in any chemical reaction. The total
number of each type of atoms on the left (reactants) is equal to the total
number of each type of atoms on the right (products).
c. The number of molecules are not necessarily conserved in chemical reactions.
d. The number of moles are not necessarily conserved in chemical reactions.
(44) 4. [G] Given: m A = 15 g, m B = 8 g, m C = 20 g
RTF: m D
Mass is conserved in any chemical reaction. This means that the sum of the
masses of the reactants equals the sum of the masses of the products.
A+B→C+D
15 + 8 = 20 + m D
mD = 3 g
a. 4NH 3 + 7O 2 → 6H 2 O + 4NO 2
b. C 5 H 12 + 8O 2 → 6H 2 O + 5CO 2
c. 2Na + Cl 2 → 2NaCl
d. 2Na + O 2 → Na 2 O 2
e. 2Al + 3Cl 2 → 2AlCl 3
f. P 4 + 3O 2 → P 4 O 6
Level L | 12
Chemistry L
g. 2NH 3 → 3H 2 + N 2
h. C 2 H 5 OH + 3O 2 → 3H 2 O + 2CO 2
Be careful to note that O atoms are present in BOTH reactants and that there are
6H’s in C 2 H 5 OH
i. h) C 5 H 12 + 8O 2 → 6H 2 O + 5CO 2
a. N 2 H 4 + O 2 → 2H 2 O + N 2
f. Given: 16 moles of H 2 O
R.T.F: Number of moles of N 2 H 4
N2H4 + O2 → 2H 2 O + N 2
1 mol 2 mol
?? mol 16 mol
Number of moles of N 2 H 4 needed is 16 = 8 mol
2
Level L | 13
Chemistry L
m = n × M = 1 ×[(2×14) + (4×1)] = 32 g
h. Given: 3 moles of H 2
R.T.F: m of H 2
m = n × M = 3 × (1×2) = 6 g
i. N 2 H 4 + O2 → 2H 2 O + N2
32g 32g 2×18 = 36g 2×14=28g
Section 4.4.3
(48) 8.
[G] Given: m C = 36.0g RTF: 𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶2
Write the balanced equation for the reaction: C(s) + O 2 (g) → CO 2 (g)
Write the most convenient ratio: 12g 44g
Write the given and required to find 36g ?g
36×44
Solve the problem ? = 12 = 132g
(49) 9. [G]
a. 2Fe + 3Cl 2 → 2FeCl 3
b.
2Fe + 3Cl 2 → 2FeCl 3
Write the balanced equation for the reaction: 2Fe + 3Cl 2 → 2FeCl 3
Write the most convenient ratio: moles 2 moles
Write the given and required to find ? 4 moles
(3)(4)
Solve the problem ? = 2 = 6 moles
Write the balanced equation for the reaction: 2Fe + 3Cl 2 → 2FeCl 3
Write the most convenient ratio: 3(71) g 2(162.5)g
Level L | 14
Chemistry L
Write the balanced equation for the reaction: 2Fe + 3Cl 2 → 2FeCl 3
Write the most convenient ratio: 2(56)g 3(71) g
Write the given and required to find Xg 35.5g
(35.5)(2)(56)
Solve the problem X= 3(71)
= 18.7 g
(53) 10.
[G]
Write the balanced equation for the reaction: 2K(s) + Cl 2 (g) → 2KCl(s)
Write the most convenient ratio: 71 g 2 moles
Write the given and required to find 3.55 g ?
2(3.55)
Solve the problem ? = 71 = 0.100 mole
Write the balanced equation for the reaction: C 3 H 8 (g) + 5O 2 (g) → 3CO 2 (g) +
4H 2 O(g)
Write the most convenient ratio: 44 g 5(32) g
Write the given and required to find ? 80g
(44)(80)
Solve the problem ? = 5(32) = 22 g
Section 4.4.4
(47) 12. a. 2C H (g) + 7O (g) → 6H O(l) + 4CO (g)
2 6 2 2 2
Level L | 15
Chemistry L
Level L | 16
Chemistry L
Write the balanced equation for the reaction: C(s) + O 2 (g) → CO 2 (g)
Write the most convenient ratio: 24 dm3 1 mole
Write the given and required to find ?g 4.00 moles
(4.00)(24) 3
Solve the problem ?= 1
= 96.0 dm
3H 2 + N2 → 2NH 3
6g 48 dm3
12.0 g ??? dm3
Level L | 17
Chemistry L
Level L | 18
Chemistry L
Section 4.4.5
(55) 17. [G] a. Given: n = 0.200 mol of H , R.T.F: heat released =?
2
Level L | 19
Chemistry L
Section 4.4.6
19. Iron, Fe, burns to form a black solid, Fe 3 O 4 . Can a piece iron weighing 5.6g burn
completely to Fe 3 O 4 in a vessel containing 1.12 dm3 of O 2 at STP conditions?
Given: m Fe = 5.6g, 𝑽𝑽𝑶𝑶𝟐𝟐 = 1.12 dm3, STP conditions
RTP: will the iron completely react?
Since the quantities of two reactants are given then this is an excess exercise.
20. If 5.0 moles of graphite (carbon) were burnt in a vessel containing 10 moles of
oxygen gas, what is the maximum number of moles of carbon dioxide that could be
produced.
Given: n C = 5.0 moles, 𝒏𝒏𝑶𝑶𝟐𝟐 = 10 moles RTP: 𝒏𝒏𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐
Since the quantities of two reactants are given then this is an excess exercise.
Level L | 20
Chemistry L
Given: 𝒎𝒎𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶 = 4.50g, 𝑽𝑽𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝟐𝟐 = 13.44 dm3, STP conditions RTP: 𝒏𝒏𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵
Since the quantities of two reactants are given then this is an excess exercise.
Step 1: Write the balanced equation 3NO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) → 2HNO 3 (aq) +
NO(g)
Step 2: Write the given 13.44dm3 4.50 g
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒.𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
Step 3: Change into moles 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐.𝟒𝟒 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
0.600 0.250
𝟎𝟎.𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝟎𝟎.𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
Step 4: Divide by the respective 𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏
coefficient 0.200 0.25
Step5: Compare 0.200 < 0.25
Step 6: Predict excess and LR ER
limiting reagents
Step 7: Use the LR to find the required
3NO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) → 2HNO 3 (aq) + NO(g)
3 moles 1 mole
0.600 moles ? = 0.200 moles
Level L | 21
Chemistry L
Section: 5.1.2
(59) 1. [G] Given: nO = 0.10 mol, nN = 0.40 mol, V = 20 L, P
2 2 total = 0.50 atm
R.T.F: V of O 2
Volume of O 2 = volume of the container = 20 L
equal to the difference in height between the two sides of the manometer
P gas = 120 mm Hg
Figure (b) represents a closed end manometer, when there is no difference in
height between the two sides of the manometer, this means there is no gas in the
gas bulb ⇒ P gas = zero
Section 5.2.3
(62) 4. a. The total number of moles = n O + n N = 0.10 + 0.40 = 0.50 mol
2 2
Level L | 22
Chemistry L
PN2
= X N2 × Ptotal = 0.80 × 0.50 = 0.40 atm
e. 100%
0.32
d. % by mass O 2 = ×100 = 22.2% % by mass N 2 = 77.8%
0.32 + 1.12
(64) 6. a. Volume of oxygen gas = volume of nitrogen gas = volume of the container
= 6.0 dm3
Level L | 23
Chemistry L
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 (1.0)(0.082)(300.)
V= 𝑃𝑃
= 1.0
= 24.6 dm3 = 25 dm3
(66) 8. a.
• Assume 100 moles of air
• There will be 20 moles of O 2 and 80 moles of N 2 .
• total mass of 100 moles of air = mass of 20 moles of O 2 + mass of 80
moles of N 2
= (20×32) + (80×28) = 2880g
• Average molar mass of air = 2880/100 = 28.8 g/mol
(1.0)(28.8)
PM = DRT ⇒ D = 22.4 = 1.3 g/L
( )(273)
273
(1.0)(2.0)
PM = DRT ⇒ D = (0.082)(400.) = 0.061 g/L
(68) 10. [G] Given: P 1 = 120 mm Hg, V 1 = 3.0 dm3, V 2 = 2.0 dm3, n and T are constant
RTF: P 2
Since n and T are constant then PV = ct
P 1 V1 = P 2 V2
120 × 3.0 = 2.0 × P 2
P 2 = 180 mm Hg
(69) 11. [G] Given: P 1 = 120 mm Hg, V 1 = 3.00 dm3, T 1 = 25°C, V 2 = 3.00 dm3,
T 2 = 125°C
RTF: P 2
Since n and V are constant then P = ct
T
Level L | 24
Chemistry L
P1 P2
=
T1 T2
120 P2
=
298 398
P2 =160 mm Hg
Level L | 25
Chemistry L
(70) 12. [G] Given: P 1 = 120 mm Hg, V 1 = 3.00 dm3, T 1 = 25°C, P 2 = 90 mm Hg,
T 2 = 125°C
n is a constant
RTF: V 2
Since n is constant then PV = ct
T
P1V1 P2V2
=
T1 T2
(71) 13. [G] Given: V 1 = 3.0 dm3, T 1 = 25°C, T 2 = 125°C n and P are constant
RTF: V 2
Since n and P are constant then V = ct
T
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
3.0 V2
=
25+273 125+273
V2 =4.0 dm3
(72) 14.
[G]
a) Given: m He = 2.0g, t = 25°C, P 1 =120 mm Hg, m He added = 6.0 g RTF: P 2
Level L | 26
Chemistry L
P1 P 120 P
Find P 2 . = m2 ⇒ = 8.02 ⇒ P 2 = 480 = 4.8 × 102 mm Hg
m1 2 2.0
(73) 15. [G] Given: m = 1.0 kg = 1000 g, P = 760 mmHg = 1atm, t = 27°C
R.T.F: V
380
PV �760� 2.24
n= = = 0.0250 mole
RT 22.4
� 273 � (273 + 273)
16.0
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 ( )(0.080)(300)
P= 𝑉𝑉
= 32
2.0
= 6.00 atm
Level L | 27
Chemistry L
Level L | 28
Chemistry L
(76) 20. [G] Same temperature, same average molecular kinetic energy
½ Mv2 (CH 4 ) = ½ Mv2(He)
(77) 21. C
(78) 22. B
Level L | 29
Chemistry L
Memorize:
Name of cation symbol Name of anion symbol
[hydrogen] ion H+ [fluoride] ion F–
[lithium] ion Li+ [chloride] ion Cl–
[sodium] ion Na+ [bromide] ion Br–
[potassium] ion K+ [iodide] ion I–
[magnesium] ion Mg2+ [hydroxide] ion OH–
[calcium] ion Ca2+ [sulphate] ion SO 4 2–
[barium] ion Ba2+ [nitrate] ion NO 3 –
[lead (II)] ion Pb2+ [carbonate] ion CO 3 2–
[silver] ion Ag+ [dichromate] ion Cr 2 O 7 2–
[ammonium] ion NH 4 + [chromate] ion CrO 4 2–
Nitride ion N3- Oxide ion O2-
b. Method 1
n of H 2 O = m / M = 4.5 / 18 = 0.25 mol.
Energy lost = 0.25 mol × 42 kJ/mol = 10.5 kJ
Method 2
H2O heat
18 g 42 kJ
4.5 g ? 10.5 kJ = 11 kJ
Section 6.1.6
(80) 2. a. Potential energy stays the same, kinetic energy increases.
Level L | 30
Chemistry L
water is cooled, the crystals that form will be pure water. Filtering the
resulting mixture provides us with pure water crystals as residue which can
be collected and melted. To verify that the collected liquid is pure water,
determine its boiling or freezing point. If it boils at 100°C and/or freezes at
0°C then it is pure water.
Section 6.2.3
(83) 5.
Explanation
Any diatomic gas as oxygen O 2 , chlorine Cl 2 ,
Nitrogen gas? Diagram 3
fluorine F 2 or hydrogen H 2
An alloy? Diagram 5 An alloy is a solid mixture of two or more metals
Molecules of atomicity 3, two identical atoms
H 2 O? Diagram 2
(H) bonded to the same one larger atom (O)
A gas as Ne? Diagram 1 Any monoatomic gas as He, Ne, Ar, Kr or Xe
A gaseous
A mixture of 2 monoatomic gases as He, Ne, Ar,
mixture of Ne and Diagram 4
Kr or Xe
Xe?
a.
• Add excess water and stir to dissolve all the salt.
• Carry on a filtration to separate the sand as a residue on the filter paper. Place
the filter paper in an electric oven to dry the sand.
• Place the filtrate (salt in water) in an evaporating dish for crystallization to
obtain the dry salt.
b.
• Add excess alcohol to the mixture and stir
• Filter the mixture to separate the salt, and allow the salt residue to dry
• Gently and safely heat the solution to crystallize (using an electric heater
since alcohol is flammable)
Section: 6.3.2
(85) 7. Place the alcohol in a beaker on a water bath and heat the water electrically.
Level L | 31
Chemistry L
Section: 6.3.3
(86) 8. Sublimes means changes from solid to gas directly without passing through the
liquid state.
9. c, f, g
Section: 6.3.4
(87) 10.
a.
• Condenser
• Round bottom flask
• Thermometer
• Bunsen burner
• Stand
b. distillate
c. Whenever two liquids with boiling points that are close together are to be
separated.
The fractionating column is a long tube containing obstacles and cooled only by
air.
Examples:
1. To obtain a distillate quite rich in the most volatile liquid in a single attempt
2. In the fractional distillation of air to obtain relatively pure liquid oxygen and
liquid nitrogen.
Section: 6.3.6
(88) 11.
To separate two immiscible liquids like water and oil
Section: 6.4.3
(89) 12. a. Given: V = 100cm3, [salt] 3
1 old = 4.0M, V 2 = 500cm R.T.F.: [salt] new
Upon dilution the number of moles does not change
[old]Vold (4.0)(100)
[new] = = (500)
= 0.80M
Vtotal
Level L | 32
Chemistry L
(91) 14. a.
Calculations:
Find the number of moles needed: n = CV = (1.00)(1.00) = 1.00 mol
Find mass needed: m = nM = (1.0)(58.5) = 58.5 g
b. Laboratory procedure:
• 58.5 g of NaCl is weighed
• Add solid to 1.00 dm3 volumetric flask and add some distilled water to
dissolve the solid. The mixture is swirled until the salt dissolves
completely.
• Add enough water till the etched mark and shake to homogenize.
(92) 15. [G]
a. Given: n = 1.0 mol, V = 2.0 dm3 RTF: C
n 1.0
C= = = 0.50 M
V 2.0
n 0.20
V= = =2.0 M
C 0.10
Level L | 33
Chemistry L
potassium hydroxide
lead(II) sulfate
barium dichromate
lithium carbonate
(98) 19. Write the formulae of the following:
a. NH 4 NO 3
b. PbCrO 4
c. HF
d. BaSO 4
e. CaCO 3
Level L | 34
Chemistry L
(100) 20. [G] NaBr solid exists as a lattice of oppositely charged Na+ and Br- ions, in
which each ion is surrounded by six ions of the opposite charge, bonded
to them via ionic bonding.
(101) 21. [G]
If the magnitudes of the charges are different, we use the crisscross method or
we multiply by suitable subscripts to balance the charges. If the charges are
equal in magnitude, we do not multiply.
a. Al 2 S 3
b. (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4
c. Fe 2 (CO 3 ) 3
Section 6.8.3
(95) 22. Given: n of MgCl = 0.15 mol, V = 1.5 L
2 R.T.F.: [Mg2+],
-
[Cl ]
(96) 23.
[G]
Give: 𝑉𝑉𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁2 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆4 = 0.40 L, 𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁2 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆4 = 0.100 mole, 𝑉𝑉𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍2 = 1.00 L, 𝑛𝑛𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍2 = 0.100 mole
RTF: C of all ions
Level L | 35
Chemistry L
Level L | 36
Chemistry L
24. Given: V NaBr = 50.0 mL, [NaBr] = 0.20 M, 𝑽𝑽𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝟐𝟐 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝟒𝟒 = 150 mL, [Na 2 SO 4 ] =
0.10 M
R.T.F.: [Na+], [SO 4 2-], [Br-]
Find 𝒏𝒏𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵 𝒏𝒏𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵 = (0.20)(50.0) = 10 mmoles
Find 𝐧𝐧𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝟐𝟐 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝟒𝟒 𝐧𝐧𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝟐𝟐 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝟒𝟒 = (0.10)(150) = 15 mmoles
Find 𝒏𝒏𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵+ from NaBr 𝒏𝒏𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵+ = 10 mmoles
Find 𝒏𝒏𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩− 𝒏𝒏𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩− = 10 mmoles
Find 𝒏𝒏𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵+ from Na 2 SO 4 𝒏𝒏𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵+ = 30 mmoles
Find 𝒏𝒏𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐− 𝒏𝒏𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐− = 15 mole
𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒
Find V total V total = 200 mL
𝒏𝒏 + 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏+𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
Find [Na+] [Na+] = 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵 = 0.20 M
𝑽𝑽 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
Find [Br-] [Br-] = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 0.050 M
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
Find [SO 4 2-] [SO 4 2-] = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 0.075 M
Level L | 37
Chemistry L
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Chemistry L
Section 7.1.6
(103) 1. a. Protons and neutrons are very similar in mass and much heavier than
Section 7.1.9
(106) 2. [G]
a.
i. A
ii. Z
iii. X
b.
i. 12
ii. 6
iii. 6
(107) 3. [G]
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Chemistry L
4.
Atomic Particles per atom Mass
Number Protons Electrons Neutrons Number
Aluminium, Al 13 13 13 14 27
Beryllium, Be 4 4 4 5 9
Bismuth, Bi 83 83 83 126 209
Barium ion, Ba2+ 56 56 54 81 137
Chloride ion, Cl- 17 17 18 19 36
(109) 5. [G]
a. 11
b. the number of protons
6.
a. 17
b. 35
c. number of nucleons = mass number = 35
d. Number of neutrons = mass number – atomic number = 35 – 17 = 18 neutrons
e. Number of electrons in an anion = atomic number = 17
f. Number of protons = proton number = atomic number = 17
7.
a) atomic number = 17
b) mass number = 35
c) number of nucleons = mass number = 35
d) Number of neutrons = mass number – atomic number = 35 – 17 = 18 neutrons
e) Number of electrons in an anion = atomic number + | charge | = 17 + 1 = 18
f) Number of protons = proton number = atomic number = 17
8.
a) atomic number = 13
b) mass number = 27
c) number of nucleons = mass number = 27
d) Number of neutrons = mass number – atomic number = 27 – 13 = 14 neutrons
e) Number of electrons in a cation = atomic number - | charge | = 13 - 3 = 10
f) Number of protons = proton number = atomic number = 13
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Chemistry L
(110) 9. [G]
a. 4
b. the number of protons + the number of neutrons or the number of nucleons
(111) 10. [G]
a. Isotopes are defined as different atoms of the same element having the same
atomic number but different mass numbers.
b. 11𝐻𝐻 ; 21𝐻𝐻 ; 31𝐻𝐻
(112)11. [T]
a. i. electrons
ii. electrons
iiii. protons
iv. neutrons
b.
Mass Atomic Number Number Number Symbol
number number / of of of
/A Z electrons protons neutrons
X 19 20 39
19 K+
Y 19 9 19
F
9
Section 7.1.10
Given: 35
(104) 12.
17𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 and
37
17𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 , average MM = 35.5 R.T.F: % abundance of each
isotopes
35
Assume the % of 17 Cl is x
x(35)+(100-x)(37)
Average molar mass of Cl= =35.5
100
x=75%
35 37
Chlorine is 75% 17 Cl and 25% 17 Cl
75.4(35)+(24.6)(37)
Average molar mass of Cl= =35.5
100
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Chemistry L
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Chemistry L
(116) 17. A flame test can be used to distinguish between the ions of alkali metals in the
three salts.
(120) 20. D
(121) 21. [G]
a. 1 pair
b. 2 pairs
c. 3 pairs
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Chemistry L
Section 7.7.2
(123) 23. a. 2K(s) + H (g) → 2KH(s)
2
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Chemistry L
Silicon with oxygen Si(s) + O 2 (g) → SiO 2 (s) covalent Network Solid
Si(s) + 2Cl 2 (g) →
Silicon with chlorine covalent Molecular
SiCl 4 (l)
Sulfur with hydrogen H 2 (g) + S(s) → H 2 S(g) covalent Molecular
Argon with hydrogen No reaction ----- -----
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Chemistry L
e. covalent
(129)30. [T] A and B
(130) 31. [T] all the statements are correct
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Chemistry L
a. Enthalpy change of a reaction = total energy needed to break the bonds of the
reactants – total energy released when bonds of the products are formed
= 602.0 + 4(413.0) + 240.0 – 346.0 – 4(413.0) – 2(327.0) = -158.0 kJ/mol
b. i. Bonds broken = (𝑁𝑁 ≡ 𝑁𝑁) + 3(H–H) = 945 + 3(436) = 945 + 1308 = 2253 kJ
Bonds formed = 6(N–H) = 6(389) = 2334 kJ
∆H = Σ𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 − Σ𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 2253 – 2334 = - 81 kJ
Section 8.1.4
2.
a. Q = mc∆T = (nM)c∆T = (1)(12)(0.71)(2.0) = 17.04 J = 17 J
b. Q = mc∆T = (24)(0.71 x 5.0 = 85.2 J = 85 J
c. Q = mc∆T = 36 x 0.71 x (296-294) = 51.12 J = 51 J
Section 8.1.5
(131) 4. a.
H 2 (g) + Br2 (l) → 2HBr(g) ΔH = -72 kJ/mol H 2
b. 72 kJ are produced when 2 mol of HBr(g) are formed
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Chemistry L
7
Find: C 2 H 6 (g) + 2O 2 (g) → 2CO 2 (g) + 3H 2 O(g) ∆H = ?
c.
Second reaction is kept the same: C(graphite) + O 2 (g) → CO 2 (g) ΔH = −
393.5 kJ
First reaction is reversed: CO 2 (g) → C(diamond) + O 2 (g) ΔH = +
395.4 kJ
d.
Equation 1 is kept the same:
C 2 H 4 (g) + 3O 2 (g) → 2CO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O (l) ΔH = -1411 kJ
Equation 2 is reversed:
Level L | 48
Chemistry L
e.
Equation 1 is multiplied by 2:
2N 2 (g) + 2O 2 (g) → 4NO(g) ΔH = 2(-180.5 kJ)
Equation 2 is reversed and multiplied by 2:
4NH 3 (g) → 2N 2 (g) + 6H 2 (g) ΔH = 2(+91.8 kJ)
Equation 3 is multiplied by 3:
6H 2 (g) + 3O 2 (g) → 6H 2 O(g) ΔH = 3(-483.6 kJ)
Adding the three reactions we obtain: 4NH 3 (g) + 5O 2 (g) → 4NO(g) + 6H 2 O(g)
Add the three reactions: NO(g) + O(g) → NO 2 (g) ΔH = +213.5 – 247.5 – 122 = -
156 kJ
(138) 9. [T]
Any 4 from
• Measured volume of dilute barium hydroxide
• Use of suitable container (e.g. test tube / beaker / flask / plastic cup)
• Initial temperature of water
• Add known mass of solid R
• Final temperature of mixture / Calculate temperature change
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Chemistry L
And
• Bigger temperature change is bigger energy change
• Temperature increase is exothermic / temperature decrease is endothermic
process
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Chemistry L
(139) 10.[T]
a.
Initial temperature/ Final temperature/
Experiment Temperature change / °C
°C °C
1 25 19 -6
2 25 32 +7
3 25 20 -5
e. He waited too long to measure the final temperature so heat was absorbed
from the surrounding
f. i. less accurate more loss of heat to the surrounding / not enough isolation
ii. repeat experiments
compare / average
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Chemistry L
1. C, D
Section 9.1.2
(140) 2. g
(149) 3. [G] Factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction are:
• Concentration of the reactants. Increasing the concentrations of the
reactants increases the rate of the reaction.
• Temperature of the reaction. Increasing the temperature increases the rate
of the reaction.
• Surface area in the case of a solid. Increasing the surface area of the solid
increases the rate of the reaction.
• Addition of a catalyst to a reaction increases the rate of the reaction.
5. B
6. 2 and 3
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Chemistry L
b. A stronger acid is used which increases the rate of the reaction. The graph will
have a steeper start. The starting amount of CaCO 3 did not change so the graph
will have the same ending as the original.
c. Cooling the acid decreases the rate. The particles speed and energy decrease
with a drop in temperature. This decreases the number of effective collisions
which decreases the rate. The graph will have a less steep start. The starting
amount of CaCO 3 did not change so the graph will have the same ending as
the original.
e. By definition a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction therefore graph will have
a steeper start. The starting amount of CaCO 3 did not change so the graph will
have the same ending as the original.
f. Increasing the starting quantity of solid will not affect the rate. However, the
volume of gas produced will increase. The graph will have the same steepness
but will end at a higher volume of gas.
Level L | 53
Chemistry L
(144) 10.
A student carried out the following reaction to study the speed of reaction
between zinc and hydrochloric acid. Excess zinc powder was reacted with 50 cm3 of
dilute hydrochloric acid. The experiment was carried out at 25°C.
The volume of the gas was measured every minute for six minutes and the
graph below was drawn.
Using the graph below answer the questions.
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Chemistry L
a. The result at 2 minutes. This result does not fit to the graph.
b. The speed decreases or slows down until it stops.
This occurs because the hydrochloric acid is being used up or becoming
less concentrated.
(Never say the reactant is used up, you must specify which reactant)
c. Refer to the graph
d. The reaction finished after 3.7 minutes. All the hydrochloric acid was used
up.
e. As time passes, the initial concentration of hydrochloric acid decreases,
number of particles decreases, thus the frequency of collisions decreases.
f. To measure the volume of the gas produced accurately.
Level L | 55
Chemistry L
d. The time taken for the cross to disappear would be longer. The bottom side
of a larger beaker has a larger surface, so the precipitate formed spreads
out. As a result, longer time is needed for enough of the precipitate to
sediment and cover the cross.
(146) 12.a. Carbon dioxide
b. It allows the gas to escape while preventing the splashing of the acid.
c. Due to the release of a gas.
d. Refer to the graph 4
e. Refer to the graph 5
Level L | 56
Chemistry L
14. a) B
b) A
c) A
d) B
e) A
(148) 15. a. The large surface area provided by powdering, greatly increases the rate of
the reaction. So if sparked by any means, the reaction will be so fast and
exothermic that an explosion results.
b. As the number of molecules present in a constant volume increases, it
increases the possibility of collisions. When the frequency of collisions
increases, the chances of successful collisions may increase. This leads to an
increase in the reaction rate.
(150) 16. [G]
a. B
b. C
c. B
d. A
(151) 17. [G] Increasing the temperature increases the rate of a reaction because particles
of reactants move faster at higher temperature – so they collide more often
and more strongly which leads to more effective collisions. As particles
move faster, the will be more collisions between reacting particles per
second, and more collisions which have energy greater than the activation
energy.
Level L | 57
Chemistry L
19. D
(152) 20. a-b
• A: Potential Energy
• B: Reaction coordinates
• C: Reactants
• D: Products
• E: H reactants, Heat content of reactants (+525 kJ)
• F: H products, Heat content of products (+175 kJ)
• G: E af , Activation energy of the forward reaction (788 – 525 = +263 kJ)
• H: E ab , Activation energy of the backward reaction (788 – 175 = +613 kJ)
• I: Energy of the activated complex (788 kJ)
• J: ∆H, Enthalpy change (H products – H reactants = 175 - 525 = - 350 kJ)
• K: activated complex
Level L | 58
Chemistry L
(155) 23. a. To double the pressure means to either add more reactants or decrease the
volume. Either act leads to an increase in the concentration. This means the
frequency of collisions increases so the chances of successful collisions
may increase leading to an increase in the rate.
b. Doubling the number of molecules of A, increases the frequency of
collisions so the chances of successful collisions may increase leading to an
increase in the rate.
c. A decrease in the temperature decreases the average kinetic energies of the
molecules which decreases their speeds. As a result, the frequency of
effective collisions decreases which decreases the rate.
(156) 24. a.
Level L | 59
Chemistry L
c. Higher rate due to larger surface area / more collisions between reactants
(162) 30. [T]
a. Avg temperature: 19, 29, 44, 49 for each experiment
Time: 70, 53, 32, 20
b.
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Chemistry L
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