CONTENTS

❖ Introduction

❖ Factors effecting rate of evaporation

❖ Objective of the project

❖ Experiment 1

❖ Experiment 2

❖ Experiment 3

❖ Bibliography
When a liquid is placed in an open vessel, it slowly escapes into gas phase,
eventually leaving the vessel empty. This phenomenon is known as
Vaporization or evaporation.
Evaporation of liquids can be explained in terms of kinetic molecular model.
Although there are strong intermolecular attractive forces which hold
molecules of a liquid together, the molecules having sufficient kinetic energy
can escape into gas phase if such molecules happen to come near the
surface. In a sample of liquid all the molecules do not have same kinetic
energy. There is a small fraction of molecules which have enough kinetic energy to
overcome the attractive forces and escape into gas phase. Figure 1 shows
typical energy distribution for molecules of a liquid. If E corresponds to the
minimum kinetic energy required to overcome attractive forces and escape, then the
shaded area in the graph represents the molecules which have enough energy to
overcome the attractive forces and can undergo evaporation.

Energy distribution at different temperatures.

Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason that the molecules which
undergo evaporation are high energy molecules, therefore the kinetic energy
of the molecules which left behind is less. Since there manning molecules
have lower average kinetic energy therefore, temperature must be lower. If the
temperature is kept constant the remaining liquid will have the same distribution
of molecular kinetic energies and the energy molecules will keep on escaping
from the liquid into the gas phase. If the liquid is taken in an open vessel,
evaporation will continue until whole of the liquid evaporates.

Various factors that change the rate of evaporation are:

1. Nature of liquid.
The magnitude of intermolecular forces of attraction in the liquid determines
to a large extent the speed of evaporation; weaker are the intermolecular
forces of attraction larger is the extent of vaporization. For example, diethyl
ether evaporates more readily than propyl alcohol.
2. Temperature.

The rate of evaporation varies directly with temperature. Increasing the

temperature also increases the fraction of molecules having sufficient kinetic
energy to escape from the surface. This results in increased rate of
evaporation.

3. Surface of the liquid.

Molecules that escape the surface of liquid constitute evaporation. Therefore,
larger surface area contributes in accelerating evaporation.

4. The composition of the environment.

The rate of evaporation depends upon the flow of air currents over the
surface of the liquid. Air current flowing over the surface of the liquid carries
away the molecules of the substance in the vapour state, there by preventing
condensation and favouring evaporation.
 OBJECTIVE
In this project, we shall investigate various factors that have already been
discussed such as nature of liquid, surface area of liquid and temperature
and find their correlation with the rate of evaporation of different liquids. We
shall do the following experiments:
1. To compare the rates of evaporation of water, acetone and diethyl
ether.
2. To study the effect of surface area on the rate of evaporation of diethyl ether.
3. To study the effect of air current on the rate of evaporation.
AIM: To compare the rates of evaporation of water, acetone and diethylether.

REQUIREMENTS: Three weighing bottles; 10 ml pipettes, stop watch,

weighing balance.
PROCEDURE:
1. Clean and dry three weighing bottles. Identify them as A, B and C.
2. Pipette out 10 ml of water to bottler A with stopper.
3. Pipette out 10 ml of acetone to bottler B with stopper.
4. Pipette out 10 ml of diethyl ether to bottler C with stopper.
5. Weigh each of the bottles and record their weights.
6. Remove the stoppers from all the three bottles and start the stopwatch.
7. Let the bottle remain exposed for 30 minutes. Now cover each of the bottle and
weigh them again.
OBSERVATION:

Weighing Liquid taken Initial mass of Final mass of Rate of

bottle bottle + liquid bottle +liquid evaporation
mark (W1) after 30 minutes. W1 – W2 /30 m
(W2)
A Water 10 g 9g 0.03 g/min

B Acetone 8g 6g 0.06 g/min

C Diethyl ether 7g 4g 0.1 g/min

CONCLUSION:

The rates of evaporation of the given three liquids is in the order:

Diethyl ether > Acetone > Water
AIM: To study the effect of surface area on the rate of evaporation of diethyl
ether.
REQUIREMENT: Three petridishes of diameter 2.5 cm, 5 cm and 10 cm;
with covers,10 ml pipette and stop watch.

PROCEDURE:
1. Clean and dry the petridishes and mark them as A, B and C.

2. Pipette out 10 ml of diethyl ether in each of the petridishes A, B and C

and cover the immediately.

3. Uncover all the three petridishes simultaneously and start the stopwatch.

4. Note the time when diethyl ether evaporates completely from each
petridish.
OBSERVATION:
Diameter of Petridish Time taken for complete

Petridish mark evapouration

A 2.5 cm. 11 min 10 sec.

B 5.0 cm. 2 min 45 sec.
C 10 cm. 50 sec.

CONCLUSION:

It will be observed that maximum evaporation occurs in petridish with largest

diameter followed by smaller and then smallest petridish. It is, therefore,
concluded that rate of evaporation increases with increase in surface area.
AIM: To study the effect of air current on the rate of evaporation.

REQUIREMENTS: Two petridishes of same size, acetone, 10 ml pipette,

and stop watch.

PROCEDURE:
1. Pour 10 ml of acetone in each of the two petridishes of the same size.

2. Keep one dish in a place where there is no fan and the other under a fan.

3. Start the stop watch.

4. Note the time when acetone evaporates completely from each petridish

OBSERVATION:
Pertidish mark Conditions Time taken for complete
evapouration
A Without fan 4 min 46 sec
B With fan 2 min11 sec

CONCLUSION:
The observations clearly indicate that liquid under the fan evaporates faster.
This shows that the rate of evaporation increases with the flow of air current
on the surface of the liquid.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
❖ Comprehensive lab manual