I n ves ti gat ory Project

SS Rutvij Reddy / Chemistry / xx.xx.202x

Rate of Evaporation of Different Liquids
 INDEX

☣ Introduction

☣ Abstract
☣ Factors Influencing Rate of evaporation

☣ Applications

☣ Theory

☣ Experiment No.1

☣ Experiment No.2

☣ Experiment No.3

☣ Experiment No.4

☣ Bibliography

INTRODUCTION
  Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gas phase When a liquid is
placed in an open vessel, it slowly escapes into gaseous phase eventually leaving the vessel empty. This phenomenon is
known as vaporization or evaporation. Evaporation of liquids can be explained in the terms of kinetic molecular model
although there are strong molecular attractive forces which hold molecules together.
 The molecules having sufficient kinetic energy can escape into gaseous phase. If such molecules happen to come near the
surface in a sample of liquid all the molecules do not have same kinetic energy. On average, only a fraction of the molecules
in a liquid have enough heat energy to escape from the liquid. The evaporation will continue until an equilibrium is reached
when the evaporation of the liquid is equal to its condensation.
 In an enclosed environment, a liquid will evaporate until the surrounding air is saturated. Evaporation is an essential part of
the water cycle. The sun (solar energy) drives evaporation of water from oceans, lakes, moisture in the soil, and other sources
of water. In hydrology, evaporation and transpiration (which involves evaporation within plant stomata) are collectively
termed evapotranspiration.
 Evaporation of water occurs when the surface of the liquid is exposed, allowing molecules to escape and form water vapor;
this vapor can then rise up and form clouds. With sufficient energy, the liquid will turn into vapor.

ABSTRACT

In this project, we shall investigate various factors such as nature of liquid, surface of liquid and temperature and find their correlation
with the rate of evaporation of different liquids.

FACTORS INFLUENCING RATE OF EVAPORATION

1. Concentration of the substance evaporating in the air:

 If the air already has a high concentration of the substance evaporating, then the given substance will evaporate more slowly.

2. Concentration of other substances in the air:

 If the air is already saturated with other substances, it can have a lower capacity forth substance evaporating.

3. Temperature of the substance:

 If the substance is hotter, then evaporation will be faster.

4. Flow rate of air:

 This is in part related to the concentration points above. If fresh air is moving over the substance all the time, then the
concentration of the substance in the air is less likely to go up with time, thus encouraging faster evaporation.
 In addition, molecules in motion have more energy than those at rest, and so the stronger the flow of air, the greater the
evaporating power of the air molecules.

5. Inter-molecular forces:

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  The stronger the forces keeping the molecules together in the liquid or solid state the more energy that must be input in order
to evaporate them.

6. Surface area and temperature:

 The rate of evaporation of liquids varies directly with temperature. With the increase in the temperature, fraction of
molecules having sufficient kinetic energy to escape out from the surface also increases.
 Thus, with the increase in temperature rate of evaporation also increases.
 Molecules that escape the surface of the liquids constitute the evaporation. Therefore, larger surface area contributes
accelerating evaporation.

7. Nature of Liquids:
 The magnitude of inter-molecular forces of attraction in liquid determines the speed of evaporation. Weaker the inter-
molecular forces of attraction larger are the extent of evaporation. In diethyl ether rate of evaporation is greater than that of
ethyl alcohol.

8. Composition of Environment:
 The rate of evaporation of liquids depends upon the flow of air currents above the surface of the liquid. Air current flowing
over the surface of the liquid took away the molecules of the substance in vapor state thereby preventing condensation.

9. Density:
 The higher the density, the slower a liquid evaporates. In the US, the National Weather Service measures the actual rate of
evaporation from a standardized "pan" open water surface outdoors, at various locations nationwide.
 Others do likewise around the world. The US data is collected and compiled into an annual evaporation map. The
measurements range from under 30 to over the120 inches (3,000 mm) per year.

10. Pressure:
 In an area of less pressure, evaporation happens faster because there is less exertion on the surface keeping the molecules
from launching themselves

APPLICATIONS

 Industrial applications include many printing and coating processes; recovering salts from solutions; and drying a variety of
materials such as lumber, paper, cloth and chemicals.
 The use of evaporation to dry or concentrate samples is a common preparatory step for many laboratory analyses such as
spectroscopy and chromatography. Systems used for this purpose include rotary evaporators and centrifugal evaporators.
 When clothes are hung on a laundry line, even though the ambient temperature is below the boiling point of water, water
evaporates. This is accelerated by factors such as low humidity, heat (from the sun), and wind. In a clothes dryer, hot air is
blown through the clothes, allowing water to evaporate very rapidly.
 The Matki/Matka, a traditional Indian porous clay container used for storing and cooling water and other liquids.
 The botijo, a traditional Spanish porous clay container designed to cool the contained water by evaporation.

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  Evaporative coolers, which can significantly cool a building by simply blowing dry air over a filter saturated with water.

Combustion vaporization
 Fuel droplets vaporize as they receive heat by mixing with the hot gases in the combustion chamber.
 Heat (energy) can also be received by radiation from any hot refractory wall of the combustion chamber.

Pre-combustion vaporization
 Internal combustion engines rely upon the vaporization of the fuel in the cylinders to form a fuel/air mixture in order to burn
well.
 The chemically correct air/fuel mixture for total burning of gasoline has been determined to be 15 parts air to one part
gasoline or 15/1 by weight.
 Changing this to a volume ratio yields 8000 parts air to one part gasoline or 8,000/1 by volume.

Film deposition
 Thin films may be deposited by evaporating a substance and condensing it onto a substrate, or by dissolving the substance in
a solvent, spreading the resulting solution thinly over a substrate, and evaporating the solvent.
 The Hertz–Knudsen equation is often used to estimate the rate of evaporation in these instances.

THEORY

 For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near the surface, be moving in the proper direction, and have
sufficient kinetic energy to overcome liquid -phase intermolecular forces. Only a small proportion of the molecules meet
these criteria, so the rate of evaporation is limited.
 Since the kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to its temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at higher
temperatures. As the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and the
temperature of the liquid thus decreases. This phenomenon is also called evaporative cooling.
 This is why evaporating sweat cools the human body. Evaporation also tends to proceed more quickly with higher flow rates
between the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with higher vapor pressure.
 For example, laundry on a clothes line will dry (by evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day than on a still day. Three key
parts to evaporation are heat, humidity and air movement.

EXPERIMENT NO.1
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Aim:
To compare the rates of evaporation of acetone, benzene and chloroform.

Requirement:
Three same size Petri dishes of diameter 10 cm, 10 ml. pipettes, stop watch, acetone benzene and chloroform.

Procedure:
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and identify them as A, B and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. acetone in Petri dish "A" with stopper similarly pipette out 10 ml of benzene and chloroform in each of
Petri "B" and "C".
3. Remove the cover plates from all Petri dishes and start the stop watch.
4. Let the Petri dishes remain exposed for 10 minutes. Now cover each of the Petri dish and note the volume of remaining
material in them.

Observation:

Results:
1. Rate of evaporation of Acetone is ___ ml/s.
2. Rate of evaporation of Benzene is ___ml/s.
3. Rate of evaporation of Chloroform is ___ ml/s.

Conclusion:
The intermolecular forces of acetone, benzene and chloroform are in order. Chloroform > Benzene > Acetone.

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DEXPERIMENT NO.2

Aim:
To study the effect of surface area on the rate of evaporation of diethyl ether.

Requirement:
Three Petri dishes of diameter 2.5 cm, 5 cm, 7.5 cm. with cover 10 ml. of pipette and stop watch.

Procedure:
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and mark them as A, B and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. diethyl ether in each of the Petri dishes A, B and C and cover them immediately.
3. Uncover all three Petri dishes and start the stop watch.
4. Note the remaining volume after 10 min. vaporization of diethyl ether from each Petri dish

Observation:

Results:
The order of evaporation of acetone in three Petri dishes as

Conclusion:
Larger the surface area more is evaporation.

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EXPERIMENT NO.3

Aim:
To study the effect of temperature on the rate of evaporation of acetone.

Requirement:
Two Petri dishes of 5 cm. diameter each stop watch, 10 ml. pipette, thermometer and thermostat.

Procedure:
1. Wash and Clean, dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A, B.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. of acetone to each of Petri dishes A and B and cover them.
3. Put one Petri dish at room temperature and to the other heat for same time.
4. Note the reading.

Observation:

Results:
The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as given
 At Room Temperature ____
 On Heating ____

Conclusion:
Observation clearly shows that the evaporation increases with temperature.

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EXPERIMENT NO.4

Aim:
To study the effect of air current on the rate of evaporation of acetone.

Requirement:
Two Petri dishes acetone.

Procedure:
1. Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A and B.
2. Keep one dish where no air current and other under a fast air current.
3. Note the reading.

Observation:
• Initial Volume 10 ml. of Acetone.

Results:
The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as given
 with fan___
 Without Fan___

Conclusion:
The rate of evaporation of liquid increases with the increase in rate of flow of air current.

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BIBLIOGRAPGHY
 www.google.com
 en.wikipedia.org
 www.seminarsonly.com
 www.allprojectreports.com
 www.chemistryprojects.com
 www.dictionary.com
 www.sciencing.com
 Comprehensive practical book

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