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PROJECT
OBJECTIVES :
liquids.
Presented By :
Bhavyadeep Purswani
Class- XII B
Board Roll No. :
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<INDEX>
1. Acknowledgment
2. Certificate
3. Introduction
4. Objective of Project
5. Experiment No.1
5.l Aim
5.2 Materials Required
5.3 Procedure
5.4 Observation
5.5 Inference and conclusion
5.6 Result
5.7 Reason
6. Experiment No. 2
6.1 Aim
6.2 Materials Required
6.3 Procedure
6.4 Observation
6.5 Inference and Conclusion
6.6 Result
7. Additional Information
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8. Bibliography
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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CERTIFICATE
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INTRODUCTION
Evaporation is the process whereby atoms or molecules in a
liquid state (or solid state if the substance sublimes) gain
sufficient energy to enter the gaseous state.
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further change in either vapour pressure or density or liquid
temperature will occur.
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5. Inter-molecular forces :
The stronger the forces keeping the molecules together in
the liquid or solid state the more energy that must be input
in order to evaporate them.
7. Intermolecular Forces :
Most liquids are made up of molecules, and the levels
of mutual attraction among different molecules help explain
why some liquids evaporate faster than others.
Attractions between molecules arise because
molecules typically have regions that carry a slight negative
charge, and other regions that carry a slight positive charge.
These regions of electric charge are created because some
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atoms in the molecule are often more electronegative
(electron-attracting) than others. The oxygen atom in a
water (H2O) molecule is more electronegative than the
hydrogen atoms, for example, enabling the oxygen atom to
pull electrons away from both hydrogen atoms. As a result,
the oxygen atom in the water molecule carries a partial
negative charge, while the hydrogen atoms carry a partial
positive charge.
Water molecules share a mutual attraction-positively
charged hydrogen atoms in one water molecule attract
negatively charged oxygen atoms in nearby water
molecules. Intermolecular attractions affect the rate of
Evaporation of a liquid because strong intermolecular
attractions hold the molecules in a liquid together more
tightly. As a result, liquids with strong intermolecular
attractions evaporate more slowly than liquids with weak
intermolecular attractions. For example, because water
molecules have stronger mutual attractions than gasoline
molecules (the electric charges are more evenly distributed
in a gasoline molecules), gasoline evaporates more quickly
than water.
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APPLICATIONS
Industrial applications include many printing and coating
processes; recovering salts from solutions; and drying a
variety of materials such as lumber, paper, cloth and
chemicals.
The use of evaporation to dry or concentrate samples is a
common preparatory step for many laboratory analyses
such as spectroscopy and chromatography. Systems used
for this purpose include rotary evaporators and centrifugal
evaporators.
When clothes are hung on a laundry line, even though the
ambient temperature is below the boiling point of water,
water evaporates. This is accelerated by factors such as low
humidity, heat (from the sun), and wind. In a clothes dryer,
hot air is blown through the clothes, allowing water to
evaporate very rapidly.
The Matki/Matka, traditional Indian porous clay container
used for storing and cooling water and other liquids.
The botijo, a traditional Spanish porous clay container
designed to cool the contained water by evaporation.
Evaporative coolers, which can significantly cool a building
by simply blowing dry air over a filter saturated with water.
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Combustion Vaporization :
Pre-combustion Vaporization :
Film Deposition :
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OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
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EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Aim :
Materials Required :
China dish
Pipette
Beaker
Weighing Balance
Measuring Flask
Watch
Procedure :
OBSERVATION :
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PRECAUTIONS
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EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Aim :
Requirements :
Procedure :
1. The China dish, beaker and the boiling tube were cleaned
and dried.
2. 20 ml of Acetone was pipette out in each of the containers
and were covered immediately.
3. All the three containers were uncovered simultaneously,
and stopwatch was started.
4. The containers were left undisturbed for 15 minutes.
5. Then, the amount of liquid remaining in each container was
measured with the help of measuring flask.
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OBSERVATION TABLE
Conclusion :
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PRECAUTIONS
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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located
near the surface, be moving in the proper direction, and have
sufficient kinetic energy to overcome liquid-phase intermolecular
forces. Only a small proportion of the molecules meet these
criteria, so the rate of evaporation is limited. Since the kinetic
energy of a molecule is proportional to its temperature,
evaporation proceeds more quickly at higher temperature. As the
faster-moving molecules escape. The remaining molecules have
lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid
thus decreases. This phenomenon is also called evaporative
cooling. This is why evaporating sweat cools the human body.
Evaporation also tends to precede more quickly with higher flow
rates between the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with
higher vapour pressure. For example, laundry on a clothes line
will dry (by evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day than on a
still day. Three key parts to evaporation are heat, humidity and air
movement.
Evaporative Equilibrium :
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molecules return to the liquid, with returning molecules
becoming more frequent as the density and pressure of the vapor
increases. When the process of escape and return reaches an
equilibrium, the vapor is said to be "saturated", and no further
change in either vapor pressure and density or liquid temperature
will occur. For a system consisting of vapor and liquid of a pure
substance, this equilibrium state is directly related to the vapor
pressure of the substance, as given by the Clausius-Clapeyron
relation :
( PP 21 )=−∆ Hvap
ln
R ( 1 1
T 2 T 1)
−
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
The research was done with the help of following sources :
www.google.com
School Library
www.wikipedia.com
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