TOPIC

Rate of Evaporation of Different Liquids

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL EXAMINATION 2019-20

SUBMITTED BY: VISHAL

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA AFS MAKARPURA

VADODARA
 INDEX
I. CERTIFICATE
II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
III. OBJECTIVE
IV. THEORY
V. MATERIALS RECQUIRED
VI. PROCEDURE
VII. OBSERVATION
VIII. CONCLUSION
IX. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Vishal a bonified student of
kendriya vidyalaya, makarpura, vadodara Class 12
has successfully completed his chemistry project on
“Rate of evaporation of different liquids” during
the year 2019-20 as per CBSE guidelines for the
Practical Examination 2019.

MR.NARESH PAL External Examiner

(subject teacher)

Principal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel proud to present my investigatory project in

chemistry onthe “Rate of Evaporation of Different
Liquids”.This project would not have been feasible
without the properrigorous guidance of my chemistry
teacher whoguided me throughout this project in every
possible way. Aninvestigatory project involves various
difficult lab experiments,which have to obtain the
observations and conclude the reportson a meaningful
note. These experiments are very critical andin the case
of failure may result in disastrous consequences.

Thereby, I would like to thanks both my chemistry

teacher and lab assistant for guiding me on a systematic
basisand ensuring that in completed all my experiments
with ease.Rigorous hard work has put in this project to
ensure that itproves to be the best. I hope that it proves
to be the best. I hope thatthis project will prove to be a
breeding ground for the nextgeneration of students and
will guide them in every possibleway.
 Rate of Evaporation of Different Liquids

Objective of Project

 In this project, we shall investigate various factors

such as nature of liquid, surfaceof liquid and
temperature and find their correlation with the rate
of evaporation of different liquids.
 Introduction
 When liquid is placed in an open vessel. It slowly escapes into
gaseous phase eventually leavingthe vessel empty. This
phenomenon is known as vaporization or evaporation.
Evaporation of liquids can be explained in the terms of kinetic
molecular model although there are strongmolecular attractive
forces which hold molecules together. The molecules having
sufficient kineticenergy can escape into gaseous phase. If such
molecules happen to come near the surface in asample of liquid
all the molecules do not have same kinetic energy. There is a
small fraction of molecules which have enough kinetic energy to
overcome the attractive forces and escapes intogaseous
phase.Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason that
the molecules which undergoevaporation have high kinetic
energy therefore the kinetic energy of the molecules which are
leftbehind is less.Since the remaining molecules which are left
have lower average kinetic energy. Thereforetemperature is kept
constant the remaining liquid will have same distribution of the
molecularkinetic energy and high molecular energy will kept one
escaping from liquid into gaseous phase of the liquid is taken in an
open vessel evaporation will continue until whole of the liquid
evaporates.

 Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle. Solar energy

drives evaporation of water from oceans, lakes, moisture in the
soil, and other sources of water. Inhydrology, evaporation and
transpiration (which involves evaporation within plantstomata)
are collectively termed evapotranspiration. Evaporation is caused
whenwater is exposed to air and the liquid molecules turn into
water vapor which rises upand forms clouds.
 THEORY

Factors influencing rate ofEvaporation:-

1. Concentration of the substance evaporating in the air.
If the air Already has a high concentration of the substance
evaporating, then the givensubstance will evaporate more slowly.
2.Concentration of other substances in the air.
If the air is alreadysaturated with other substances, it can have a lower
capacity forth substanceevaporating.

3. Temperature of the substance.

If the substance is hotter, then evaporation willbe faster.

4.Flow rate of air.

This is in part related to the concentration points above. If fresh air is
moving over the substance all the time, then the concentration of
thesubstance in the air is less likely to go up with time, thus
encouraging fasterevaporation. In addition, molecules in motion have
more energy than those at rest,and so the stronger the flow of air, the
greater the evaporating power of the airmolecules.

5.Inter-molecular forces.
The stronger the forces keeping the molecules together in the liquid or
solid state the more energy that must be input in order toevaporate
them.

6. Surface area and temperature.

The rate of evaporation of liquids variesdirectly with temperature. With
the increase in the temperature, fraction of molecules having sufficient
kinetic energy to escape out from the surface alsoincreases. Thus with
the increase in temperature rate of evaporation
alsoincreases.Molecules that escape the surface of the liquids
constitute the evaporation.Therefore larger surface area contributes
accelerating evaporation.

7. Nature of Liquids.
The magnitude of inter-molecular forces of attraction inliquid
determines the speed of evaporation. Weaker the inter-molecular
forces of attraction larger are the extent of evaporation. In diethyl
ether rate of evaporationis greater than that of ethyl alcohol.

8. Composition of Environment.
The rate of evaporation of liquids dependsupon the flow of air currents
above the surface of the liquid. Air current flowingover the surface of
the liquid took away the molecules of the substance in vapourstate
thereby preventing condensation.

9. Density.
The higher the density, the slower a liquid evaporates. In the US, the
National Weather Service measures the actual rate of evaporation from
astandardized "pan" open water surface outdoors, at various locations
nationwide. Others do likewise around the world. The US data is
collected and compiled intoan annual evaporation map. The
measurements range from under 30 to over the120 inches (3,000 mm)
per year.

10. Pressure
In an area of less pressure, evaporation happens faster becausethere is
less exertion on the surface keeping the molecules from launching
themselves.
 MATERIALS RECQUIRED

APPARATUS:
1. Three petridishes of diameter 10 cm with
covers
2. 10 ml pipette
3. Stop watch

CHEMICALS:
1. Acetone
2. Ethanol
3. Acetaldehyde
 PROCEDURE

1. Clean and dry the petridishes and mark them as

A, B, C.
2. Pipette out 10 ml of acetone to petridish A and
cover it.
3. Pipette out 10 ml of ethanol in petridish B and
cover it.
4. Pipette out 10 ml of acetaldehyde in petridish C
and cover it.
5. Uncover all the three petridishes
simultaneously and start the stop-watch.
6. Note the respective time when the liquids
evaporate completely from each petridish.
 OBSERVATION

Petri dishes Liquid Taken Volume Vol. Rate(V/T)

Marked (V1)ml. remaining Evaporated ml./s
(V2)ml. V=V1-V2
A 10 2 8 8/600=0.0133

B 10 3 7 7/600=0.0116
C 10 4 6 6/600=0.010

Liquids (ml) Temperatures (in Degree Celsius )

25⁰ 27⁰ 29⁰ 31⁰
1. Acetone 9.5 9.3 9.0 8.8
2. ethanol 9.5 9.3 9.2 9.0
3. Acetaldehyde 9.7 9.4 9.2 8.9
 CONCLUSION

This experiment clearly establishes the relation

between the rate of evaporation of different
liquids and the factors on which it depends.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 WWW.WIKIPEDIA.ORG
 WWW.CHEMWORLD.COM
 WWW.QUORA.COM
 WWW.ICBSE.COM