NARAYANA SCHOOL HOWRAH

AISSCE: 2022-2023

CHEMISTRY
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

ROLL NO : 12680770
NAME : ARGHA NASKAR
CLASS : XII
SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY
 TEACHER’S CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ARGHA NASKAR of Class

XII, Roll No.:12680770 has successfully completed
the Chemistry activities under the supervision in
partial fulfilment of the Chemistry Practical
Examination conducted by AISSCE during the
academic year 2023-2024.

PRINCIPAL

Lecturer, Chemistry

Signature of External

Examiner Name:

Examiner Number:
 TABLE OF CONTENTS [ T O C ]

SER DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

01 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1

02 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT 2

03 INTRODUCTION 2

04 THEORY INVOLVED 4

05 USES OF SOLUTIONS 10

06 PROCEDURE 13

07 OBSERVATION 14

08 OBSERVATION TABLE 15

09 CONCLUSIONS 16

10 RESULT 17

11 BIBLIOGRAPHY 17
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Despite any efforts and hard work, this activity file would
not have been possible without the kind of support and
help of many individuals.

I would like to thank to my school for providing me with

the facilities required for doing my activities.

I am highly indebted to out Chemistry Teacher,

For his invaluable guidance which has sustained in all the

stages of this activity work.

I would like to extend my appreciation and gratitude

towards my parents without whom this activity could not
have been completed on time.

Compiled by

(Sign. of the student)

 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
To Determine the Rate of Evaporation of different
liquids and then Compare it with respect to
different factors and density.

INTRODUCTION
When a liquid is placed in an open vessel, it slowly
escapes into gaseous phase eventually leaving the
vessel empty. This phenomenon is known as
vaporization or evaporation. Evaporation of liquids
can be explained in the terms of kinetic molecular
model although there are strong molecular
attractive forces which hold molecules together.
The molecules having sufficient kinetic energy can
escape into gaseous phase. If such molecules
happen to come near the surface in a sample of
liquid all the molecules do not have same kinetic
energy.
There is a small fraction of molecules which have
enough kinetic energy to overcome the attractive
forces and escapes into gaseous phase. 3 4
Chemistry project Evaporation causes cooling.
This is due to the reason that the molecules which
undergo evaporation have high Kinetic energy
therefore the kinetic energy of the molecules
which are left behind is less. Since the remaining
molecules which are left have lower average
kinetic energy. Therefore temperature is kept
constant the remaining liquid will have same
distribution of the molecular kinetic energy and
high molecular energy will kept one escaping from
liquid into gaseous phase of the liquid is taken in
an open vessel evaporation will continue until
whole of the liquid evaporates.
Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle.
Solar energy drives evaporation of water from
oceans, lakes, moisture in the soil, and other
sources of water. In hydrology, evaporation and
transpiration (which involves evaporation within
plant stomata) are collectively termed
evapotranspiration. Evaporation is caused when
water is exposed to air and the liquid molecules
turn into water vapour which rises up and forms
clouds.
 THEORY INVOLVED

1. RATE OF EVAPORATION
A liquid’s surface area and temperature affect its rate of
evaporation. Evaporation rate also depends upon the
type of liquids, since liquids are made up of different
molecules and differ in the amount of abstraction that
exists between the molecules.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RATE OF EVAPORATION

a. Temperature: It is also affected by temperature. As the

temperature of air is increased, its capacity to hold
moisture also increases. Any increase in air
temperature raises the temperature of liquid at the
evaporation source which means that more energy is
available to the liquid molecules for escaping from
liquid to a gaseous state. Hence evaporation is directly
proportional to the temperature of evaporating
surface. Warmer the evaporating surface, higher the
rate of evaporation.

b. Air-pressure: Evaporation is also affected by

the atmospheric pressure exerted on the evaporating
surface. Lower pressure on open surface of the liquid
results in the higher rate of evaporation.

c. Relative humidity: The rate of evaporation is closely

related with the relative humidity of air. Since the
moisture holding capacity of air at a given temperature
is limited, drier air evaporates more liquid than moist
air. In other words, higher the vapour pressure, lower
the rate of evaporation. It is a common experience that
evaporation is greater in summer and at mid-day than
in winter and at night.
2. SURFACE AREA AND TEMPERATURE

Because molecules or atoms evaporates from a liquid’s

surface area allows more molecules or atoms to leave the
liquid, and evaporation occurs more quickly. For
example-same amount of water will evaporate faster if
spilled on a table than it is left in the cup. Higher
temperature also increases the rate of evaporation. At
higher temperature molecules or atoms have a higher
average speed. And more particles are able to break free
on liquid’s surface.

3. INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

Most liquids are made up of mutual attraction among

different molecules help explain why some liquids
evaporates faster than others. Attractions between
molecules arise because molecules typically have regions
that carry a slight positive charge. These regions of
electric charges are created because some tons in a
molecule are often more electronegative than the
hydrogen atoms. Intermolecular attractions affect the
rate of evaporation of a liquid because strong
intermolecular attraction hold the molecules in a liquid
more tightly. As a result, liquids with strong
intermolecular attractions evaporate more slowly than
those with strong intermolecular forces this is the reason
why gasoline evaporates faster than water. The stronger
the forces keeping the molecules together in the liquid
state the more energy that must be input in order to
evaporate them.
 USES OF SOLUTIONS
❖ USES OF ACETONE:
An important industrial use of acetone
involves its reaction with phenol for the
manufacture of Bishenol A. Bishenol A
is an important component of many polymers such
as Polycarbonates, polyurethanes, and epoxy resins.
Acetone is also used extensively for the safe
transporting and storing of acetylene. Vessels
containing a porous material are first filled with
acetone followed by acetylene, which dissolve into
acetone. One liter of acetone can dissolve around
250 liters of acetylene. Acetone is often the primary
component in nail polish remover. Acetonitrile, an
organic solvent, is used as well, Acetone is also used
as a superglue remover. It can be used for thinning
and cleaning fiberglass resins and epoxies. It is a
strong solvent for most plastics and synthetic fibers.
Acetone can also dissolve many plastics, including
those used in consumer targeted Nalgene bottles.
Acetone is also used as a drying Nalgene bottles.
Acetone is also used as a drying agent, due to the
readiness with which it binds to water, and its
volatility. Acetone can also be used on hair. It can be
used a rinse before shampooing to remove build up,
Oil and hard water minerals.
❖ USES OF WATER:

From biological standpoint, water has many

distinct properties that are critical for the
proliferation of life that set it apart from
other substances. It carries out this role by allowing
organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately
allow replication. All known forms of life depend on
water. Water is vital both as a solvent in many ways
and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun’s
energy to split off water’s hydrogen from oxygen.
Hydrogen is then combined with CO2 in the process.
Water is also central to acid base neutrality and
enzyme function.
❖ USES OF ACETALDEHYDE:
It is flammable liquid with a fruity smell.
Acetaldehyde occurs naturally in ripe fruit,
coffee and fresh bread and is produced by
plants as a part of their normal metabolism.
It is popularity known as the chemical that
causes hangovers. In the chemical industry,
acetaldehyde is used as an intermediate in the
production of acetic acid, certain esters, and a
number of other chemicals. In the liver, the enzyme
alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol into
acetaldehyde, which is then further converted into
acetic acid by alcohol dehydrogenase. The last step
of alcohol fermentation in bacteria, plants and yeast
involve the conversion of pyruvate into acetaldehyde
by enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase, followed by the
conversion of acetaldehyde into ethanol. The latter
reaction is again catalyzed by an alcohol
dehydrogenase, now operating the opposite
direction.
❖ USES OF ETHANOL:

The largest single use of ethanol is a motor

fuel and fuel additive. Ethanol may also be
utilized as a rocket fuel and is currently
used in lightweight rocket powered racing
aircraft. Ethanol combustion in an internal
combustion engine yield many of the products of
incomplete combustion produces by gasoline and
significantly larger amounts of formaldehyde and
related species such as acetaldehyde. Ethanol fuels
flue less, real flame fireplaces. Ethanol is kept in a
burner containing a wick such as glass wool, a safety
shield to reduce the chances of accidents and an
extinguisher such as a plate or shutter to cut off
oxygen. It provides almost the same visual benefits
of a real flame log or coal fire without the need to
vent the fumes via a flue as ethanol produces very
little hazardous carbon monoxide and a little or no
noticeable scent. It does emit carbon dioxide and
requires oxygen. Therefore, external ventilation of
the room containing the fire is needed to ensure safe
operation. Ethanol is an important industrial
ingredient and has widespread use as a base chemical
for other organic compounds. These include ethyl
halides, ethyl esters and butadiene.
 PROCEDURE

1. KEEPING THE TEMPERATURE SAME

i. Take three beakers of equal volume and
label them as A, B, C, D. Pour 10ml of each
liquid in these beakers.
ii. Find their respective masses using
(density=mass/volume).
iii. Keep the beakers at similar conditions for
30mins after recording their masses.
iv. After half an hour note the masses of these
beakers and calculate the loss in mass of
them.
2. BEAKERS OF DIFFERENT SURFACE AREA
Put 10ml of different liquids in beakers of
different surface areas.

3. HEATING THE BEAKERS

Heat the beakers to different temperatures and
note their volumes.
 OBSERVATION

Density of water =1 g/cc

Density of acetone =0.791 g/cc
Density of acetaldehyde =0.78 g/cc
Density of ethanol =0.789 g/cc

Now as we have taken 10ml of all substances,

therefore their respective masses will be:

Mass of 10ml water =10gm

Mass of 10ml acetone =7.9gm
Mass of 10ml acetaldehyde =7.8gm
Mass of 10ml ethanol =7.79 gm

After keeping the beakers at room temperature for

half an hour we find the remaining masses to be:

Mass of remaining water = 9.9 gm

Mass of remaining acetone =7.5gm
Mass of remaining acetaldehyde =7.4gm
Mass of remaining ethanol =7.6 gm
 OBSERVATION TABLE

Variation of volume liquids evaporate in different

surface area.

Variation of rate of evaporation of liquids at different

temperatures.
 CONCLUSION

1. From the observation we conclude that loss in

mass is directly proportional to the rate of
evaporation i.e., higher is the loss in the mass
higher is the rate of evaporation.

2. From the observation it is clearly seen that, rate

of evaporation is directly proportional to the
surface area i.e., more the surface area more is the
rate of evaporation.

3. The rate of evaporation also depends upon the

temperature, more is the energy of the molecules,
more is the rate of evaporation.

4. More is the density, less will be the rate of

evaporation.
 RESULT

This experiment clearly establishes the relation

between different liquids and the factors on
which it depends.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

References taken from Class XII NCERT Books.

WEBSITES

• www.encyclopedia.com

• www.wikipedia.org

• https://chem.libretexts.org