INTRODUCTION

When a liquid is placed in an open vessel, it slowly

escapes into gaseous phase eventually leaving the vessel
empty. This phenomenon of conversion of liquid phase
into the vapour or gaseous phase is known as
Vaporization or Evaporation.
For  molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located
near the surface, they have to be moving in the proper
direction, and have sufficient  kinetic energy  to overcome liquid-
phase intermolecular forces.[4] When only a small proportion of
the molecules meet these criteria, the rate of evaporation is
low. Since the kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to its
temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at higher
temperatures. As the faster-moving molecules escape, the
remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and
the temperature of the liquid decreases. This phenomenon is
also called  evaporative cooling. This is why
evaporating  sweat  cools the human body. Evaporation also
tends to proceed more quickly with higher flow rates between
the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with higher  vapor
pressure. For example, laundry on a clothes line will dry (by
evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day than on a still day.
Three key parts to evaporation are heat,  atmospheric
pressure  (determines the percent humidity), and air
movement.
On a molecular level, there is no strict boundary between
the liquid state and the vapor state. Instead, there is
a Knudsen layer, where the phase is undetermined.
Because this layer is only a few molecules thick, at a
macroscopic scale a clear phase transition interface
cannot be seen.
Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle. Solar
energy drives evaporation of water from oceans, lakes,
moisture in the soil, and other sources of water. In
hydrology, evaporation and transpiration (which involves
evaporation within plant stomata) are collectively termed
evapotranspiration. Evaporation is caused when water is
exposed to air and the liquid molecules turn into water
vapour which rises up and forms clouds.
Rate of evaporation depends upon several factors , which
are listed in the following pages.
Factors influencing rate of Evaporation :-
 Temperature of the substance :-
It is also affected by temperature. As the temperature of air is
increased, its capacity to hold moisture also increases. Any
increase in air temperature raises the temperature of liquid at
the evaporation source which means that more energy is
available to the liquid molecules for escaping from liquid to a
gaseous state. Hence evaporation is directly proportional to the
temperature of evaporating surface. Warmer the evaporating
surface, higher the rate of evaporation. 
 Air-pressure :-
Evaporation is also affected by the atmospheric pressure
exerted on the evaporating surface. Lower pressure on open
surface of the liquid results in the higher rate of evaporation.
 Relative humidity :-
The rate of evaporation is closely related with the relative
humidity of air. Since the moisture holding capacity of air at a
given temperature is limited, drier air evaporates more liquid
than moist air. In other words, higher the vapour pressure,
lower the rate of evaporation. It is a common experience that
evaporation is greater in summer and at mid-day than in winter
 and at night. Because molecules or atoms evaporates from a
liquid’s surface area allows more molecules or atoms to leave
the liquid, and evaporation occurs more quickly.
 Surface area :-
Evaporation increases with an increase in the surface area. If
the surface area is increased, then the amount is of liquid that is
exposed to air is larger. More molecules can escape with a
wider surface area. For e.g. We spread out clothes to dry. We do
that because that speeds up the process of vaporization.
 Nature of Liquids :-
The magnitude of inter-molecular forces of attraction in liquid
determines the speed of evaporation. Weaker the inter-
molecular forces of attraction larger are the extent of
evaporation. In diethyl ether rate of evaporation is greater than
that of ethyl alcohol.
 Composition of Environment :-
The rate of evaporation of liquids depends upon the flow of air
currents above the surface of the liquid. Air current flowing over
the surface of the liquid took away the molecules of the
substance in vapour state thereby preventing condensation.
 Density :-
The higher the density, the slower a liquid evaporates. 
 EXPERIMENT
AIM :- TO ANALYZE THE RATE OF
EVAPORATION OF DIFFERENT
SAMPLES OF CHEMICALS.
Requirement :-
Three same sized petri dishes , measuring cylinders, stop
watch, ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetone and water.

Procedure :-
 Clean and dry all Petri dishes and identify them as A,
B, C & D.
 Measure 10 ml. of ethanol using the measuring
cylinder in petri dish "A". Similarly measure 10 ml of
acetaldehyde, acetone and water in each of petri
dishes "B", “C” and "D". Also cover all of them.
 Remove the cover plates from all petri dishes, let the
liquids evaporate and start the stop watch.
 Let the petri dishes remain exposed for 10 minutes.
Now cover each of the petri dish and note the
volume of remaining material in them by measuring
them once again using the measuring cylinder.
Observation :-
Time taken = 10 minutes = 600 seconds

Petri Dishes Volum Volume Volume Rate

e Remainin Evaporate (V/T)
Taken g d ml/s
(V1 ml) (V2 ml) V=(V1 -----
V2) ml
A(Ethanol) 10 7 3 0.0050
B(Acetaldehyde 10 8.5 1.5 0.0025
)
C(Acetone) 10 4.5 5.5 0.0092
D(Water) 10 9 1 0.0017

Results :-
Rate of evaporation of ethanol is 0.0050 ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of acetaldehyde is 0.0025 ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of acetone is 0.0092 ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of water is 0.0017 ml/s.

Conclusion :-
The rate of evaporation of the chemicals is as
follows :-
 Acknowledgement
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere
thanks to my chemistry teachers , Mr. Pradipta Ray
and Mrs. Tumpa Ghosh of our school, Arambagh
Vivekananda Academy for their encouragement
and for all the facilities that they provided for the
completion of this project work. I take the
opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude
for their invaluable guidance, constant
encouragement , immense motivation , which has
sustained my efforts at all the stages of this project
work. I am also thankful to Mr. Prabir Kumar
Mondal (Lab Assistant) who have helped me
conduct the experiment. I also express my sincere
thanks to my father (Mr. Arup Kumar Datta) and
mother (Mrs. Sanchita Datta) who have helped me
avail all the facilities required to complete this
project.
 Aim Of The Experiment :-

TO ANALYZE THE RATE OF EVAPORATION

OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF CHEMICALS.

Submitted By : Anay Datta

Class : XII
Section : Science – A
Roll No. :
Submitted To : Mr. Pradipta Ray
Signature :
 Index
Aim Of The Experiment
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Introduction
Experiment
 Materials Required
 Procedure
 Observation
 Result
 Conclusion
 CERTIFICATE
This is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine
investigation work has been carried out to investigate
about the subject matter and the related data
collection and investigation has been completed solely,
sincerely and satisfactorily done by, Anay Datta ( XII /
Science – A ) for the academic session 2022 -23 under
the guidance of Mr. Pradipta Ray and Mrs. Tumpa
Ghosh on the topic “ To analyze the rates of
evaporation of different chemicals ”. This project is
absolutely genuine and does not contain any
plagiarised materials.

Signature (Principal) Signature (Sub.

Teacher)

Signature (Examiner)
 ARAMBAGH
VIVEKANANDA
ACADEMY
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
ON
“ ANALYZING THE RATES OF
EVAPORATION OF DIFFERENT
CHEMICALS ”

PREPARED BY
ANAY DATTA
CLASS – 12 / SCIENCE
ROLL NO. –
SESSION – 2022 -23
GUIDED BY
MR. PRADIPTA RAY
MRs. TUMPA GHOSH