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107 views20 pagesIntegration by The Method of Residues
Uploaded by
andre123hadadCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 4
Integration By The Method Of Residues
4.1 Residues
If f @) is analytic in a neighborhood of a point z = a, then, by
Cauchy's integral theorem,
4f(2)dz=0
for any contour in that neighborhood. If, however, f(z) has an isolated
singularity at z= a and a lies in the interior of C, then the integral
{fod will, in general, be different from zero. In this case we may
é
represent f(z) by a Laurent series
< ny ©,
L@= Dbnle~ 4) ++ ay
which converges in the domain 0 <|z—a| 1 at a point z=, the residue is
Res fOr a 1 im] a le- ars}
Example 3 (Residue at a pole of higher order)
The function
2z
om (2+4)(2-1)?
has a pole of order 2 at z= 1, and we obtain residue
1 yd 2
= —_ lim = [(z-1
Res f@)= ot lim Slew Fe]
= tim 4 | @-y? —22_,
e le ¥ ail
39 soldz\z+4
= tim @#4)2=220+0) 8
zl (z+4) 25
Res f(@)= lim © =(4)
Example 4 (Partial fractions)
From
_ 724-1325 +2? 442-1
(2 42?\z-1)"
we see that
Res f@)=3, Res f@)=4 Res f(@)=0.
4.2. The Residue Theorem
Let f(z) be a function which is analytic inside a simple closed path
C and on C except for finitely many singular points a), a, ..., dy inside
C. Then
[f@ae=2ni PRes f@),
ase
é =
the integral being taken in the counterclockwise sense around C.
Example 1 (Integration by the residue theorem)
Consider the function f(z) = 4-32.
Then f (z) is analytic except at the points z= 0 and z= 1 where it has
simple poles.
Since Res f(@)= [= L. = —e =-
and Res f(@)= [= | See
Se de ani Res f(e)+ Res f@)]
PF
=2ni(-4+1)
=-6zi (CCW)
for every simple closed path C which encloses z= 0 and z= 1,
and
40 4-32
i a= Ini Res f(@)
=2ni(-4)
=- 821 (C.C.W.)
for any simple closed path C for which z = 0 lies in C and z= I lies
outside C.
If 2=0 and z= 1 both lie ouside C, then f(e) = 4722
is analytic
ganz
inside and on C. Hence, by Cauchy's integral theorem,
(ao. (c.c.w,)
IP-z
4.3 Evaluation of Real Integrals
Integrals of Rational Functions of cos @ and sin 6
We first consider integrals of the type
2
I= [R(cos 8, sin 8) dO
0
where R(cos 0, sin 9) is a real rational function of cos @ and sin@
and is finite on the interval 0 <@ < 27. Setting e'* =z, we obtain
1 io, ,-t6)- 1
cos 9 = — + ==(z+-),
acme )= 3 Eto)
ng x (eee Gl
0 == (e? -e%?)=— @--),
sm 2i fe ” 2 @ >
and we see that the integrand becomes a rational function of z, say f (2).
As 6 ranges from 0 to 27, the variable z ranges once around the unit
. - . de
circle |z | = 1 in the counterclockwise sense. Since 7 = ie!®, we have
© andthe given integral takes the form
iz
do=
dz
I= ff@—,
ge. iz
the integration being taken in the counterclockwise sense around the unit
circle.
Example 1
Let p be a fixed real number in the interval 0 1 and
The integrand f (2) = ———————— has simple poles at z =
i - pz)(z~ p)
z=p<1. Onlyz=p lies inside the unit circle C, and the residue is
1
Res f(z) = Res ——__—_——_
=P ue) z=p il ~ pz)(z— p)
1
Se a ease eee
P&P ape)
1
Res f(z)= ——--
Res fO= Foy
By the residue theorem,
a dé
| apese
2n
: 1
ee
ip?) 1-p”
(O0)
where the sum consists of the residues at its poles in the upper half-plane.
Equating the real and the imaginary parts on both sides of the above
equation, we have
Tf) cos sx de=-22 YIm(Res [f (2) e])
“[7 Ge) sin sx de = 22 Re (Res (/@ e]).(s>0)
Example 3
Show that
“ COS Sx Z -is “7 Sinsx
aod 5 dx=0 (s>0,k>0).
Sage ge Ia G )
e
Sol": Consider Tz
nsider £@) R42?
Th ae ki
en f(z) = ——____ i
10~ ne
and f(z) has only one simple pole at z= ki
in the upper half-plane. x
elt elt ke
Res f(2)=R =([2 ki
Res £@ pai P42 Ee = ,
As
is(ki)
2ki ki
Therefore,
pier ;
Jaa de= 2x Res f@
45 or
+x
Problem Set (4)
Find the residues at the singular points of the following functions.
sinz 3
Zz i .
2.
4. cotz 5. 2/(2?-1)?
Find the residues at those singular points which lie inside the circle
[z|=2.
22-3 oe ; 3246
* 23432? “24-1? * (z4+1(z? +16)
152+9 A A
Integrate “=~ 5~ counterclockwise around the following paths C.
23-92
9. |z[=1 10. |z+2+i[=3 11. 2-342i[=24
Evaluate the following integrals, where C is any simple closed path such
that all the singularities lie inside C (counterclockwise).
5z
12. dz
ira
46 Evaluate the following integrals where C is the unit circle
(counterclockwise).
dz 15. tsi Tél 16.
2
Zz
ad
1
zp _l dsin2z
4
2_ _ 2
feX 28245 gy 18, 42 + 62 ad 19. oo ee
22 -1)?z-1) “@ bes jz -3iz
Evaluate the following real integrals
= cosx de
sinx 4.
20. 21. [=———-& 22.
3 l+x* I ee tx4el
« 2 2
23. foe pal [eee 25, Jose
jax" 13x? +9
(x? +1)?
AT Chapter 5
Conformal Mapping
5.1 Conformal Mapping
Theorem 1 (Conformal mapping)
The mapping defined by an analytic function f(z) is conformal,
except at critical points, that is, points at which the derivative /‘(z) is
zero.
Example 1 Conformality of w=z” and w=e*
The mapping w=z", n = 2, 3, ..., is conformal except at z = 0,
where w’=nz""!= 0. For w=z?, in which the image curves intersect at
right angles, except at z = 0 where the angles are doubled under the
mapping, since every ray arg z = ¢ = const transforms into a ray
arg w=2c.
The mapping w=e? is conformal for all z since w'= e” is not 0 for
any z.
Example 2
The mapping w=z? is one-to-one in a sufficiently small
neighborhood of any point z#0. In a neighborhood of z= 0 it is not one-
to-one. The full z-plane is mapped onto the w-plane so that each point
w+0 is the image of two points in the z-plane. For instance, the points
z=1 and z=~1 are both mapped onto w=1, and, more generally, z; and
. . 2
~z, have the same image point w= 2).
5.2 Linear Fractional Transformations
Linear fractional transformations are mappings
az+b
w=—— ad — be #0) 1
cz+d ¢ ) o)
where a, b, c, d are complex or real numbers.
Example 1 Translations, rotations, expansions, contractions
‘These are special case of (1) of the form
w=z+b (translation)
and
w=az,
48 which is a rotation when | a| = 1, say, a=e'% (a the angle of rotation ),
an expansion for real a>1, and a contraction for 0
