PHYSICAL REVIEW D 68, 125001 共2003兲

Solvable models of domain walls in NÄ1 supergravity

Minoru Eto* and Norisuke Sakai†
Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Oh-okayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
共Received 3 August 2003; published 8 December 2003兲
A class of exactly solvable models of domain walls is worked out in D⫽4 N⫽1 supergravity. We develop
a method to embed globally supersymmetric theories with exact BPS domain wall solutions into supergravity,
by introducing a gravitationally deformed superpotential. The gravitational deformation is natural in the spirit
of maintaining the Kähler invariance. The solutions of the warp factor and the Killing spinor are also obtained.
We find that three distinct behaviors of warp factors arise depending on the value of a constant term in the
superpotential: exponentially decreasing in both sides of the wall, flat in one side and decreasing in the other,
and increasing in one side and decreasing in the other. Only the first possibility gives the localized massless
graviton zero mode. Models with multiwalls and models with runaway vacua are also discussed.

DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.68.125001 PACS number共s兲: 11.27.⫹d, 04.65.⫹e, 11.25.⫺w, 11.30.Pb

I. INTRODUCTION global SUSY models 共the limit of the vanishing gravitational

The domain wall has been an interesting subject in many
areas of physics, such as particle physics, cosmology, and the
condensed matter physics. In particle physics, the recently
developed brane-world models 关1–3兴 give new motivation to
study domain walls. On the other hand, supersymmetry
共SUSY兲 has been most useful in building unified models
beyond the standard model 关4兴 and helping to construct do-
main walls. Configurations preserving part of SUSY are
called Bogomol’nyi-Prasad-Sommerfield 共BPS兲 configura-
tions 关5,6兴, which automatically give solutions of equations
of motion with a minimum energy for the given boundary
conditions.
Exact solutions are useful to understand solitons such as
domain walls. There have been a number of works to obtain
exact solutions in models with global SUSY. In N⫽1 SUSY
models, exact solutions for a single wall are abundantly
available 关7兴, and also for two-wall solutions with a moduli
parameter in a model with two chiral scalar fields 关8,9兴. The
interesting dynamics of multiwalls in this model are also
discussed 关10,11兴. Even in N⫽2 SUSY models 共with eight
SUSYs兲, an exact single wall solution 关12,13兴 as well as
exact multiwall solutions have been constructed 关12兴. Exact
solutions of domain-wall junctions have also been found for
N⫽1 models 关14,15兴 and for N⫽2 models 关16兴.
On the other hand, it has been difficult to obtain exact
solutions in supergravity 共SUGRA兲, because of the highly
nonlinear nature of gravity. Many attempts revealed useful
qualitative features of domain walls in SUGRA theories in
four and five dimensions 关17–30兴. Recently, exact domain
wall solutions in SUGRA with a smooth limit of weak grav-
ity have been found in several models: a periodic model in
N⫽1 SUGRA in four dimensions 关27兴, and T * CP n models
in N⫽2 SUGRA in five dimensions 关29,30兴. Interestingly,
the scalar field configurations in all these SUGRA solutions
are found to be exactly the same as the known solution in
coupling兲.
The purpose of this paper is to propose a general method
to find exact solutions of domain wall in SUGRA models.
Inspired by the exact solutions in the above models
关27,29,30兴, we find conditions to preserve the scalar field
configurations of the exact solutions in global SUSY models
when they are embedded into SUGRA. Namely, we require
that the scalar field configurations be unchanged when we
find the distortion of the spacetime together with the back
reaction by solving the nonlinear field equations of SUGRA
with matter. Thus we obtain the necessary gravitational de-
formations to the superpotential.
In general the SUSY vacua in global SUSY theories
change when the theory is coupled to SUGRA due to gravi-
tational effects. This is one of the reasons which prevent us
from obtaining the exact domain wall solutions. Therefore
our main strategy is that we require gravitational deforma-
tions of the superpotential when it is embedded into SUGRA
so that the SUSY vacua remain unchanged. As a result, we
find that the modified superpotential gives us precisely the
same equation for the scalar field as the one in the global
SUSY theory. Therefore we obtain the solution for the scalar
field configuration which is identical to the global SUSY
theory. Once we obtain the exact domain wall solutions, we
can also find the distortion of the spacetime by solving the
equations for the spacetime metric. We can also obtain the
Killing spinor corresponding to the conserved SUSY.
In Sec. II we briefly review domain walls in SUGRA and
discuss the deformation of the superpotential which main-
tains the wall configuration identical to the global SUSY
case. A number of interesting models with exact BPS solu-
tions are described in Sec. III. The zero modes and the warp
factor are discussed in Sec. IV. Section V is devoted to con-
cluding remarks.
II. DOMAIN WALLS IN NÄ1 SUGRA
A. Notations

*Electronic address: meto@th.phys.titech.ac.jp We consider n chiral multiplets ( ␾ i , ␹ ␣i ) coupled to the

␣
†
Electronic address: nsakai@th.phys.titech.ac.jp gravity multiplet (e m a , ␺ m ) with the Kähler potential

0556-2821/2003/68共12兲/125001共10兲/$20.00 68 125001-1 ©2003 The American Physical Society

M. ETO AND N. SAKAI PHYSICAL REVIEW D 68, 125001 共2003兲

K( ␾ , ␾ * ) and the superpotential P lc( ␾ ) in four dimensions. ds 2 ⫽e 2A(y) ␩ ␮ ␯ dx ␮ dx ␯ ⫹dy 2 共 ␮ , ␯ ⫽0,1,3 兲 .

In order to distinguish the superpotential in the SUGRA
theories from that in the global SUSY theories, we denote the
superpotential in the local SUSY 共SUGRA兲 as P lc and the
superpotential in the global SUSY theories as P gl . The local
Lorentz vector indices are denoted by letters with the under-
line as a, and the vector indices transforming under general
coordinate transformations are denoted by Latin letters as
m,n⫽0,1,2,3. The left共right兲-handed spinor indices are de-
noted by undotted 共dotted兲 Greek letters as ␣ ( ␣˙ ). We follow
Ref. 关31兴 about other notations for the spinor algebra. The
bosonic part of the Lagrangian of the N⫽1 SUGRA coupled
with the chiral multiplets is given by 关31兴
The BPS equations can be derived by demanding that the
bosonic configuration should satisfy ␦ ␨ ␺ m ⫽ ␦ ␨ ␹ ⫽0 for the
Killing spinors ␨ (y) in Eq. 共5兲 关18兴. From the condition
␦ ␨ ␺ ␮ ⫽0 we obtain the BPS equation for the warp factor
2 /2)K
Ȧ⫽⫺i ␬ 2 e ⫺i ␪ e ( ␬ P lc , 共6兲
where a dot denotes a derivative with respect to the extra
coordinate y. From the condition ␦ ␨ ␺ 2 ⫽0 we obtain the BPS
equations for the phase ␪ and the modulus 兩 ␨ ␣ 兩 of the Killing
spinor:

e ⫺1
L⫽⫺
1
R⫺K i j g
*
mn
⳵ m ␾ ⳵ n ␾ * ⫺V lc ,
i j
共1兲
␪˙ ⫽⫺ ␬ 2 Im 冋兺
i
册
␾˙ i ⳵ i K , 共7兲
2␬ 2

Ȧ
where the gravitational coupling ␬ is the inverse of the four- 兩 ␨˙ ␣ 兩 ⫽ 兩␨ 兩. 共8兲
2 ␣
dimensional Planck mass M Pl , g mn is the metric of the
spacetime, and e is the determinant of the vierbein e m a . The From the remaining condition ␦ ␨ ␹ i ⫽0 we obtain the BPS
scalar potential in the SUGRA theory is denoted by V lc and equations for the scalar fields:
is given in terms of the covariant derivative D i P lc in the
2
target space of the superpotential P lc in SUGRA ␾˙ i ⫽⫺ie i ␪ e ( ␬ /2)K K i j * D j P lc* . 共9兲
*
␬2K * ⫺3 ␬ 兩 P lc兩 兲 ,
V lc⫽e 共 K * D i P lcD j P lc
ij 2 2
共2兲 Equations 共6兲, 共7兲, 共8兲 and 共9兲 are the full set of our BPS
*
equations.
D i P lc共 ␾ 兲 ⫽ ⳵ i P lc共 ␾ 兲 ⫹ ␬ 2 P lc共 ␾ 兲 ⳵ i K 共 ␾ , ␾ * 兲 . 共3兲 Notice that we can recover results of the global SUSY 关7兴
if we take the gravitational coupling ␬ to zero and identify
The SUGRA Lagrangian is invariant under the SUGRA the superpotential P lc in SUGRA with the superpotential P gl
transformation. SUSY vacua and BPS solutions can be ob- in SUSY.
tained by examining SUGRA transformations. Since we are
interested in classical solutions, fermionic fields should van-
B. Deformation of superpotential
ish. Therefore we need to consider SUGRA transformations
of fermions which read Recently, we found the exact BPS solution in N⫽1
SUGRA sine-Gordon model 关27兴 by allowing a modification
2 /2)K
␦ ␨ ␺ m ⫽2 ␬ ⫺1 Dm ␨ ⫹i ␬ e ( ␬ P lc␴ m¯␨ , of the superpotential. The gravitational deformation for the
superpotential is originally introduced in order to keep the
periodicity of the model with the aid of the Kähler transfor-
␦ ␨ ␹ i ⫽i 冑2 ␴ m¯␨ ⳵ m ␾ i ⫺ 冑2e ( ␬
2 /2)K
*␨ ,
K i j * D j P lc 共4兲 mation. In this paper we extend the gravitational modifica-
*
tion of the superpotential to other models in order to obtain
where we drop terms which include the fermionic fields and exact BPS solutions in SUGRA theories even in models
␨ is a local SUSY transformation parameter. The spacetime without particular symmetry, such as the periodicity in sine-
covariant derivative is given by Gordon model.
i␬2 We first note that SUSY theories are always invariant un-
Dm ␨ ⫽ ⳵ m ␨ ⫹ ␨␻ m ⫹
2 兺i Im关 ⳵ i K ⳵ m ␾ i 兴 ␨ , der the following Kähler transformations

K 共 ␾ , ␾ * 兲 →K 共 ␾ , ␾ * 兲 ⫹F 共 ␾ 兲 ⫹F * 共 ␾ * 兲 ,
where ␻ m denotes the spin connection.
It is well known that a stable solitonic state can be ob- P gl共 ␾ 兲 → P gl共 ␾ 兲 , 共10兲
tained, if part of SUSY 共or SUGRA兲 is preserved and the
BPS energy bound is saturated 关7,18兴. The domain wall so- where F( ␾ ) is a holomorphic function of ␾ i . Moreover, we
lutions interpolating two isolated SUSY vacua typically pre- also note that no physical difference arises if we add a con-
serve two out of four SUSY 共or SUGRA兲 and are called 21 stant a in the superpotential P gl in global SUSY theories
BPS states. Let us parametrize the conserved directions of
SUGRA transformations as P̃ gl⬅ P gl⫹a. 共11兲

␨ 共 y 兲 ⫽e i ␪ (y) ␴ 2¯␨ 共 y 兲 . 共5兲 On the other hand, the Kähler transformations in SUGRA
theories should accompany the transformations of superpo-
In addition we make the warped metric ansatz tential

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SOLVABLE MODELS OF DOMAIN WALLS IN N⫽1 . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW D 68, 125001 共2003兲

K 共 ␾ , ␾ * 兲 →K 共 ␾ , ␾ * 兲 ⫹F 共 ␾ 兲 ⫹F * 共 ␾ * 兲 , superpotential, since only a combination of Kähler potential

and the superpotential has an invariant meaning in N⫽1
P lc共 ␾ 兲 →e ⫺ ␬
2 F( ␾ )
P lc共 ␾ 兲 , 共12兲 SUGRA in four dimensions 关31兴. Although scalar fields in
SUGRA are generically a nonlinear sigma model in this
and the Weyl transformations of fermions 关31兴: sense, we choose here to give gravitational deformations to
the superpotential rather than to the Kähler potential.
2 /2) Im[F( ␾ )] 2 /2) Im[F( ␾ )]
␹ i →e (i ␬ ␹ i, ␺ m →e ⫺(i ␬ ␺m . Notice that this deformed superpotential P lc reduces to the
global SUSY superpotential P gl when we turn off the gravi-
We observe that an additive constant a in Eq. 共11兲 does have tational coupling ␬ . As we will see shortly, this special
a physical implication when coupled to gravity in SUGRA, choice of the superpotential in Eq. 共13兲 allows us to obtain
in contrast to the global SUSY theories. exact BPS solutions in N⫽1 SUGRA.
Since the superpotential of the global SUSY theories does The covariant derivative 共3兲 in target space acting on the
not transform under the Kähler transformations, we need to gravitationally deformed superpotential 共13兲 becomes

冋 冉 冊册
make a gravitational deformation of the superpotential if we
wish to make the superpotential to be invariant under the 2 /2)K̃ 1
Kähler transformations in SUGRA when it is embedded into D i P lc⫽e ⫺( ␬ ⳵ i P gl⫹ ␬ 2 P̃ gl⳵ i K⫺ K̃ 共14兲
2
SUGRA theories. Then the embedded theories are assured to
have a smooth limit of vanishing gravitational coupling, and and the scalar potential 共12兲 is of the form:

冋 再 冉 冊冎
their vacua as well as solutions are likely to be preserved.
2 (K⫺Re[K̃]) 1
Now let us define a new holomorphic function K̃ from V lc⫽e ␬ K i j * ⳵ i P gl⫹ ␬ 2 P̃ gl⳵ i K⫺ K̃
Kähler potential by replacing ␾ * with ␾ in K: 2

K̃ 共 ␾ 兲 ⬅K 共 ␾ , ␾ * → ␾ 兲 . 再 * ⫹ ␬ 2 P̃ *gl ⳵ j
⫻ ⳵ j P gl
* * 冉 1
K⫺ K̃ *
2 冊冎 册
⫺3 ␬ 2 兩 P̃ gl兩 2 .

This new function transforms as K̃→K̃⫹2F under the 共15兲

Kähler transformation 共12兲 of SUGRA. Then, we will choose
the SUGRA superpotential P lc from the global SUSY super- Notice that the covariant derivative 共14兲 is covariant and the
potential with a gravitational deformation as scalar potential 共15兲 is invariant under the SUGRA Kähler
transformation 共12兲, as a consequence of covariance 共invari-
P lc共 ␾ 兲 ⫽e ⫺( ␬
2 /2)K̃( ␾ )
共 P gl共 ␾ 兲 ⫹a 兲 ⫽e ⫺( ␬
2 /2)K̃( ␾ )
P̃ gl共 ␾ 兲 , ance兲 under the globally SUSY Kähler transformation 共10兲.
共13兲 For simplicity, we concentrate on the model with the
minimal Kähler potential K⫽ 兺 i 兩 ␾ i 兩 2 in what follows. Then,
where we take into account of the possibility of adding a the covariant derivative 共14兲 and the scalar potential 共15兲
constant a in P gl which is physically meaningful only when become
coupled to SUGRA. As for the Kähler potential K we choose
2 /2)⌺ i2
the same Kähler potential as the global SUSY. With this D i P lc⫽e ⫺( ␬ i␾ 关 ⳵ i P gl⫺2i ␬ 2 Im关 ␾ i 兴 P̃ gl兴 , 共16兲
gravitational deformation, the corrected superpotential P lc
automatically obeys the transformation law 共12兲 of the
SUGRA theory, as a consequence of the globally SUSY
Kähler transformation 共10兲. We shall show in the Appendix
V lc⫽e ⫺2 ␬
2 ⌺ Im ␾ i 2
i 关 兴
冋兺 i
兩 ⳵ i P gl

that the above gravitational deformation is the unique possi-

bility if we require that the BPS equations for matter scalars
in the SUGRA theories should be identical to those in the
⫺2i ␬ 2 Im关 ␾ i 兴 P̃ gl兩 2 ⫺3 ␬ 2 兩 P̃ gl兩 2 . 册 共17兲

global SUSY theories assuming three conditions: minimal
kinetic term 共or nonlinear sigma model that can be trans-
formed to minimal kinetic term兲, only single scalar field has
nontrivial configuration in BPS solutions, and is real.
One can shift the gravitational deformation of the super-
potential to that of the Kähler potential by making another
Kähler transformation 共12兲 with F⫽⫺ 21 K̃. It is interesting to
recall that the SUGRA theories in five dimensions requires a
gravitational deformation of target space manifolds of hyper-
multiplets from hyper-Kähler to quaternionic Kähler mani-
folds 关36兴. To find out the necessary gravitational deforma-
tions with a smooth limit of the vanishing gravitational
coupling has been a challenge for some time
关29,30,19,26,28,37,38兴. In this respect, it is quite natural that
a coupling to SUGRA in four dimensions also accompanies
gravitational deformations of the Kähler potential or/and the
The gravitationally deformed superpotential and scalar po-
tential takes a simpler form if we restrict ourselves to a sec-
tion of the bosonic fields space where all scalar fields ␾ i take
only real values 共real section兲. This is often the case when we
consider models whose vacua are distributed on the real axes
in the complex fields space, and BPS domain walls which
interpolate these vacua. In fact, we will deal with such mod-
els in the following section. For that real section of field
space, the scalar potential reduces to
V lc⫽ 兺i 共 ⳵ i P gl兲 2 ⫺3 ␬ 2共 P gl⫹a 兲 2 . 共18兲
Here we assume that couplings in the superpotential are real
parameters and ␾ i ⫽ ␾ i * . Then, the superpotential is essen-
tially a real function of the real field ␾ i . Notice that this type

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M. ETO AND N. SAKAI PHYSICAL REVIEW D 68, 125001 共2003兲

of the scalar potential often arises in a restricted section of III. EXACTLY SOLVABLE EXAMPLES
field space of the D dimensional SUGRA 关25,32,33兴 and A. Double well model
ensures stable AdS vacua, if the superpotential has at least a
stationary point 关34,35兴. The first term in Eq. 共18兲 corre- To obtain a stable BPS domain wall in the global SUSY
sponds to the term which comes from the F term in global model, there must be at least two isolated SUSY vacua. As-
SUSY, whereas the second term expresses a gravitational suming the minimal kinetic term, one of the simplest super-
correction. The first term vanishes at SUSY vacua and gen- potentials which give such vacua in global SUSY theories is
erally the second term is nonvanishing. Therefore, the the ␾ 3 type:
vacuum becomes AdS 共or flat if a happens to cancel with the
⫺ P gl( 具 ␾ 典 ) spacetime, since the second term gives a nega- g
P gl⫽⌳ 2 ␾ ⫺ ␾ 3 , 共23兲
tive cosmological constant兲. 3
One of the most important points is that the locations of
the SUSY vacua for the superpotential P lc given in Eq. 共13兲 where g,⌳ are both real positive coupling constants. The
are not changed from the global SUSY model with superpo- SUSY vacua are given as stationary points of the superpo-
tential P gl . The SUSY vacua are determined from the tential:

冉 冊 冉 冊
‘‘F-term’’ condition in SUGRA 关31兴:
⌳ ⌳ 2 ⌳3 2 ⌳3
D i P lc⫽0. 具␾典⫽ ,⫺ , 具 P gl典 ⫽ ,⫺ , 共24兲
冑g 冑g 3 冑g 3 冑g

Because of Eq. 共16兲 and our choice of the superpotential P lc
in Eq. 共13兲 with the minimal Kähler potential, this condition
agrees exactly with that of global SUSY for the real section
of the field space. Hence, the SUGRA theory with our gravi-
tationally deformed superpotential have the SUSY vacua that
are precisely identical to the SUSY vacua of the global
SUSY theory at the stationary points of P gl .
The BPS equation 共7兲 for the phase ␪ (y) of Killing spinor
defined in Eq. 共5兲 implies that the phase should be indepen-
dent of y for the BPS solution with real scalar field configu-
rations. The reality of scalar fields is consistent with the BPS
equation for matter fields 共9兲 only if ␪ ⫽⫾ ␲ /2⫹2n ␲ ,
n苸Z:
␾˙ ⫽e i( ␪ ⫺ ␲ /2) ⳵ i P gl共 ␾ 兲 ,
which is exactly identical to the BPS equation in global
SUSY theories with the globally SUSY superpotential P gl .
We will refer the case of ␪ ⫽ ␲ /2⫹2n ␲ ( ␪ ⫽⫺ ␲ /2⫹2n ␲ )
as the BPS 共anti-BPS兲 solutions. Therefore, we can automati-
cally obtain exact BPS solutions in SUGRA, if we choose
the superpotential according to Eq. 共13兲. The warp factor and
the Killing spinor are also obtained from the other BPS equa-
tions 共6兲 and 共8兲
Ȧ⫽ ␬ 2 e ⫺i( ␪ ⫹ ␲ /2) P gl ,
␨ ␣ ⫽e (i/2)( ␪ ⫹ ␲ /2) e A/2 冉冊⑀1
⑀2
, 共21兲
where ⑀ 1(2) represents a constant Grassmann parameter cor-
responding to the two conserved SUSY directions.
Notice that the energy density of the BPS domain wall
obtained here is precisely identical to the one in the global
SUSY model which is given by the topological charge 关7兴
Z⫽2 兩 ⌬ P gl兩 .
We shall illustrate this point for concrete examples in the
following sections.
whose vacuum energy density vanishes as a consequence of
SUSY. The BPS domain wall which interpolates these two
vacua is the solution of the BPS equation 共19兲:
⌳
␾ 共 y 兲 ⫽e i( ␪ ⫺ ␲ /2) tanh ⌳冑g 共 y⫺y 0 兲 , 共25兲
冑g
where ␪ ⫽⫾ ␲ /2 and y 0 is a collective coordinate which cor-
responds to the wall position. The energy density of the BPS
wall solution is given by the topological charge in Eq. 共22兲
8 ⌳3
E⫽Z⬅2 兩 ⌬ P gl兩 ⫽ . 共26兲
3 冑g
共19兲
This global SUSY model has been studied by coupling to
SUGRA without any gravitational deformations of the super-
potential 关18兴. It may be instructive to compare two SUGRA
theories: one with our gravitationally deformed superpoten-
tial P lc given by the prescription 共13兲 and the other with the
superpotential P gl 共23兲 without gravitational deformations in-
serted in place of the P lc in the SUGRA Lagrangian 共1兲 and
共2兲. For the latter choice, the SUSY vacuum condition
D ␾ P lc⫽0 in the SUGRA theory gives two isolated SUSY
vacua:
共20兲
具 ␾ 典 ⫽ 共 冑⫺ ␣ ⫹ 冑␣ 2 ⫹ ␤ ,⫺ 冑⫺ ␣ ⫹ 冑␣ 2 ⫹ ␤ 兲 ,
where ␣ (g,⌳; ␬ )⬅3(g⫺ ␬ 2 ⌳ 2 )/2g ␬ 2 and ␤ (g,⌳; ␬ )
⬅3⌳ 2 /g ␬ 2 . These reduce to Eq. 共24兲 when we turn off the
gravitational coupling ␬ . However, it is generally difficult to
obtain an exact BPS solution, since these vacua have a non-
trivial dependence on the gravitational coupling ␬ . The wall
configuration has been studied numerically and it is reason-
ably compelling that the wall solution should exist 关18兴, al-
though an explicit demonstration of the solution was diffi-
共22兲 cult.
On the contrary, according to our prescription of gravita-
tional deformations in Eq. 共13兲 we should choose the super-
potential in SUGRA as

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SOLVABLE MODELS OF DOMAIN WALLS IN N⫽1 . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW D 68, 125001 共2003兲

FIG. 1. The scalar potential V lc 共solid line兲 and the global SUSY superpotential P gl 共broken line兲 as a function of Re关 ␾ 兴 . Parameters are
taken to be ␬ ⫽0.3,g⫽1 and ⌳⫽1. From left to right, a is (0,⫺2/3,⫺1), corresponding to IR-IR, IR-flat, and IR-UV behaviors.

P lc⫽e ⫺( ␬
2 /2) ␾ 2
冉 g
⌳ 2 ␾ ⫺ ␾ 3 ⫹a .
3 冊 tential, it was shown that the energy density of the BPS
domain wall in SUGRA generally differs from that of the
global SUSY by a factor arising from the Kähler potential
The BPS equations 共6兲, 共7兲, 共8兲 and 共9兲 in SUGRA with this 关18兴
modified superpotential give the same vacua as Eq. 共24兲 and
precisely the same exact BPS solution in Eq. 共25兲 which E⫽2 兩 e ( ␬
2 /2)K
” Z.
兩 ⌬ P lc兩兩 ⫽
interpolates these two vacua. The vacuum energy densities in
these two SUSY vacua no longer vanish but are negative
In our model, this factor from the Kähler potential is ab-

冉
V v ac ⫽⫺3 ␬ 2 ⑀ 共 y 兲
2 ⌳
3 冑g
⫹a
3

冊 2

.
Therefore the BPS domain wall in Eq. 共25兲 interpolates two
AdS vacua with decreasing warp factor asymptotically to
both infinities, if 兩 a 兩 ⬍ 32 (⌳ 3 / 冑g). This is a phenomenologi-
cally desirable situation corresponding to IR fixed points in
both infinities with respect to AdS-CFT correspondence
关39兴. If a⫽⫺ 23 (⌳ 3 / 冑g)„⫹ 32 (⌳ 3 / 冑g)…, positive 共negative兲
sorbed in the gravitationally deformed superpotential in Eq.
共13兲, so that the energy density in SUGRA is precisely the
same as that in global SUSY.
B. Sine-Gordon model
In Ref. 关27兴 we found the exact BPS solution for the
modified sine-Gordon model with the superpotential given
here except the possible additive constant a. Here we also
add a possibility of this additive constant in superpotential:

冉 冊
asymptotic infinity is flat space, whereas the other infinity is
AdS space and the warp factor is exponentially decreasing. If 2 /2) ␾ 2 ⌳3 g
a⬍⫺ 23 (⌳ 3 / 冑g) 关 a⬎ 32 (⌳ 3 / 冑g) 兴 , both asymptotic infinities P lc⫽e ⫺( ␬ sin ␾ ⫹a .
g2 ⌳
are AdS spaces, but the warp factor is exponentially increas-
ing at positive 共negative兲 asymptotic infinity and is exponen-
tially decreasing at negative 共positive兲 asymptotic infinity. The SUSY vacua are periodically distributed on the real axis
We can also obtain exact BPS solutions for the warp fac- in the complex ␾ plane:
tor from Eq. 共20兲

A⫽⫺ ␬ ay⫹2
冋 2⌳ 2
冉 log cosh ⌳ 冑g 共 y⫺y 0 兲
具␾典⫽
⌳ ␲
g 2 冉
⫹n ␲ 冊 共 n苸Z兲 .
3g

冊册
The BPS solution which interpolates any two adjacent vacua
tanh2 ⌳ 冑g 共 y⫺y 0 兲 is of the form
⫹ .
4

The scalar potential and the global SUSY superpotential with

the parameters a⫽(0,⫺2/3,⫺1)⌳ 3 / 冑g are shown in Fig. 1.
␾⫽
⌳
g 冋 再
共 ⫺1 兲 n 2 tan⫺1 e ⫾⌳(y⫺y 0 ) ⫺
␲
2
⫹n ␲ , 冎 册
冋 册
In Fig. 2 the profiles of the warp factor are shown. The
Killing spinor ␨ ␣ is obtained by plugging this warp factor ⌳2
into Eqs. 共21兲. A⫽⫺ ␬ 2 ay⫹ log cosh ⌳ 共 y⫺y 0 兲 .
Notice that the energy density of the BPS domain wall is g2
just the same as that of the global SUSY model in Eq. 共26兲.
In the case of no gravitational deformations for the superpo- More details about this model are given in Ref. 关27兴.

FIG. 2. The warp factor e A as

a function of y. Parameters are
taken to be ␬ ⫽0.3,g⫽1 and ⌳
⫽1. From left to right, a is (0,
⫺2/3,⫺1), corresponding to IR-
IR, IR-flat, and IR-UV behaviors.

125001-5
M. ETO AND N. SAKAI PHYSICAL REVIEW D 68, 125001 共2003兲

C. Two walls model A⫽⫺ ␬ 2 ay

冋 册
An interesting global SUSY model in four dimensions has
been found which allows two domain walls as an exact BPS ␬ 2 ⌳ ␾2 2 tanh2 ⌳ ␾ 共 y⫺y ␾ 兲
⫺ log cosh ⌳ ␾ 共 y⫺y ␾ 兲 ⫹
solution 关8,9兴. The model consists of two chiral superfields 冑g ␾ 3 6
⌽ and X whose lowest components are denoted by ␾ and ␹ ,
respectively.
Let us consider the minimal kinetic term given by the
minimal Kähler potential: K⫽ 兩 ␾ 兩 2 ⫹ 兩 ␹ 兩 2 . The simplest
⫺ 冋
␬ 2 ⌳ ␹2 2
冑g ␹ 3
log cosh ⌳ ␹ 共 y⫺y ␹ 兲 ⫹
tanh2 ⌳ ␹ 共 y⫺y ␹ 兲
6 册.

共trivial兲 model admitting two walls in global SUSY consists Next we turn our attention to the more interesting model.
of two decoupled double-well model: In Refs. 关8,9兴, an integral of motion was constructed for a
global SUSY model with two chiral scalar fields with the
g␾ 3 g␹
P gl⫽⌳ ␾2 ␾ ⫺ ␾ ⫹⌳ ␹2 ␹ ⫺ ␹ 3 , 共27兲 superpotential
3 3
m2 ␭
where all the couplings ⌳ ␾ ,⌳ ␹ ,g ␾ ,g ␹ are assumed to be P gl⫽ ␾ ⫺ ␾ 3 ⫺ ␣␾ ␹ 2 ,
␭ 3
real positive. This superpotential gives four isolated SUSY
vacua: where all the coupling constants are real and positive. This
model has the following four isolated SUSY vacua:

冉冊冉 ␾
␹
⫽
⫾⌳ ␾ / 冑g ␾
⫾⌳ ␹ / 冑g ␹
冊冉
,
⫾⌳ ␾ / 冑g ␾
⫿⌳ ␹ / 冑g ␹
冊 .
冉 冊 冉 冊冉
␾
␹
⫽
⫾m/␭
0
,
0
⫾m/ 冑␣ ␭
冊 .

Since ␾ and ␹ are decoupled, the exact BPS solution is a The BPS equations for matter fields can be cast into dimen-
superposition of that of each double-well model: sionless forms:

⌳␾ df dh 2
␾⫽⑀␾ tanh ⌳ ␾ 共 y⫺y ␾ 兲 , 共28兲 ⫽1⫺ f 2 ⫺h 2 , ⫽⫺ f h, 共30兲
冑g ␾ d 共 my 兲 d 共 my 兲 ␳

where f ,h are dimensionless fields defined as f ⬅(␭/m) ␾

⌳␹
␹⫽⑀␹ tanh ⌳ ␹ 共 y⫺y ␹ 兲 ,
冑g ␹
where ⑀ ␾ ( ␹ ) is ⫾1. This solution has two collective coordi-
nates: the center of the mass y cm ⫽(y ␾ ⫹y ␹ )/2 and the rela-
tive distance between the two walls R⫽ 兩 y ␾ ⫺y ␹ 兩 .
In general, this superposition principle does not hold in
gravity theory. Namely, the superposition of the individual
solutions is not a solution. That is because two scalar fields
␾ , ␹ are coupled via gravity even if these are decoupled in
the superpotential. So the superposition of the solutions of
the individual models does not satisfy the equations of mo-
tion when they are coupled to gravity theory. We can see this
gravitational interaction in the BPS equation 共9兲 if we use the
superpotential 共27兲 of the global SUSY model 共without the
gravitational deformations兲 inserted into the SUGRA super-
potential P lc . Two fields are coupled through the Kähler po-
tential. It is then difficult to obtain the exact BPS solutions
for two walls in SUGRA.
If we choose the superpotential according to our prescrip-
tion 共13兲,
and h⬅( 冑␣ ␭/m) ␹ , ␳ is defined as ␳ ⬅␭/ ␣ . By taking the
共29兲 ratio of Eqs. 共30兲 to eliminate the u⫽my dependence, we
can integrate once to obtain an implicit solution giving a
relation between f and h
␳
f 2 ⫽1⫺ h 2 ⫺Ch ␳ ,
␳ ⫺2
where C is an integration constant which corresponds to a
collective coordinate related with the relative distance be-
tween two walls. Supplemented by one of the above Eqs.
共30兲, one can explicitly obtain the complete solution.
For the special case where ␳ ⫽4 these BPS equations 共30兲
are explicitly solvable. To clarify the physical meaning of the
relative distance between walls, it is more convenient to con-
vert the integration constant C into the following parameter
关9兴 t⬅1/冑C⫹1. The exact BPS two wall solution is given
with a center of position y 0 and another moduli parameter t
by
m sinh m 共 y⫺y 0 兲
␾⫽ , 共31兲
␭ cosh m 共 y⫺y 0 兲 ⫹t

P lc⫽e ⫺( ␬
2 /2)( ␾ 2 ⫹ ␹ 2 )
冋 ⌳ ␾2 ␾ ⫺
g␾ 3
3
g␹
␾ ⫹⌳ ␹2 ␹ ⫺ ␹ 3 ⫹a ,
3 册 ␹ ⫽⫾
m
2␭
冑 t
cosh m 共 y⫺y 0 兲 ⫹t
, 共32兲

two fields behave as if they are effectively decoupled even in where the moduli parameter t can take values 0⬍t⬍⬁ cor-
the presence of gravity. Then we obtain the exact solution for responding to ⬁⬎C⬎⫺1. For 1⬍t, we can convert it to t
scalar fields identical to Eqs. 共28兲 and 共29兲. The BPS solution ⫽cosh s which can be interpreted as the m times distance
of the warp factor is of the form: between walls. We obtain

125001-6
SOLVABLE MODELS OF DOMAIN WALLS IN N⫽1 . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW D 68, 125001 共2003兲

where ⌳,g are real positive parameters. The Kähler metric of

this model is a product of holomorphic and antiholomorphic
part, which is called holomorphically factorizable and can be
transformed into a linear sigma model by a holomorphic rep-
arametrization of field 关15兴

⌳ g
␾⫽ tanh ␸ .
FIG. 3. Two walls solution for the scalar fields and the warp g ⌳
factor is shown. The parameters are taken to be ␬ ⫽0.3,m⫽1,␭
⫽1 and a⫽0. We take s⫽10.
In terms of ␸ , the model reduces to a linear sigma model

冉 冊
K⫽ 兩 ␸ 兩 2 with the superpotential P gl⫽(⌳ 3 /g 2 )tanh(g/⌳)␸. In
m u⫺s u⫹s the linear sigma model, the SUSY vacua occur as stationary
␾⫽ tanh ⫹tanh ,
2␭ 2 2 points of the superpotential which is given at ␸ ⫽⫾⬁ in this
particular model. These vacua at infinity of field space are

␹ ⫽⫾
m
2␭
冑冉 1
2
1⫺tanh
u⫺s
2
tanh
u⫹s
2
, 冊 often called ‘‘runaway vacua’’ and are sometimes discarded.
However, these vacua should be taken into account in order
to preserve the number of possible SUSY vacua under the
u⬅m 共 y⫺y 0 兲 , holomorphic change of field variables 关15兴. These runaway
vacua are brought to a finite point in field space of ␾ in the
and interpret the moduli parameter to be the distance be- nonlinear sigma model 共33兲, which realizes these SUSY
tween two walls. vacua as singular points of the Kähler metric:

冏 冏
As we have seen, these solutions remain to be BPS solu-
2
tions for the SUGRA theories, if we choose the superpoten- ⌳2
tial: K ␾␾ * ⫽ .
⌳ 2 ⫺g 2 ␾ 2

P lc⫽e ⫺( ␬
2 /2)( ␾ 2 ⫹ ␹ 2 )
冉 m2
␭
␭
␾ ⫺ ␾ 3 ⫺ ␣␾ ␹ 2 ⫹a .
3 冊 Then the SUSY vacua are

Plugging Eqs. 共31兲 and 共32兲 into Eq. 共20兲, we obtain the
warp factor explicitly:
具␾典⫽ 冉 ⌳
g
,⫺
⌳
g 冊
. 共34兲

A⫽⫺ ␬ 2 冋 a
m
m2
冉
u⫹ 2 2 log共 cosh u⫹t 兲
3␭
Assuming ␾ ⫽ ␾ * , the BPS equation in this global SUSY
model reduces to

⫹
t
⫹
t 2 ⫺1
cosh u⫹t 2 共 cosh u⫹t 兲 2 冊册 , ␾˙ ⫽K ␾␾ * ⳵ ␾ * P *
gl ⫽
⌳2
g 冉 g2
1⫺ 2 ␾ 2
⌳
冊 2

, 共35兲

where an integration constant is suppressed. The scalar fields and its solution is exactly solvable:

冉 冊
profile and the warp factor are shown in Fig. 3 for a⫽0. The
case of a⫽0 gives an interesting example for a flat bulk 2g g
between two walls where graviton is confined resulting in a ␾ ␾ 1⫹
flat wave function. 1 ⌳ ⌳
y⫺y 0 ⫽ ⫹log . 共36兲
In the multi-wall solutions with moduli, it is interesting to 4⌳ g2 2 g
1⫺ 2 ␾ 1⫺ ␾
explore dynamics of walls. It have been revealed that there is
⌳ ⌳
a bound state of walls if one introduces winding number into
the model considered here 关10兴, and nonlinear sigma model
of moduli fields have also been worked out 关11兴. It is an Let us couple this model with SUGRA, according to the
interesting future problem to examine such dynamical issues prescription 共13兲:

冉 冊 冉 冊
of multiwalls in SUGRA models.
2 /2)K̃ ⌳2 ⌳2 g 2
P lc⫽e ⫺( ␬ ␾ ⫹a , K̃⫽ tanh⫺1 ␾ .
D. Runaway vacuum model g g2 ⌳
We have previously studied N⫽1 SUSY nonlinear sigma
models to obtain BPS walls and junction solutions 关15兴. Let The SUSY vacua can be obtained by demanding the SUSY
us consider simplest of these models invariance in Eq. 共4兲. More explicitly, the SUSY vacua are
given by Eqs. 共9兲 and 共14兲 as

K⫽
⌳2
g2
冏 tanh⫺1
g 2
⌳
冏
␾ , P gl⫽
⌳2
g
␾, 共33兲
0⫽e ( ␬
2 /2)K
K ␾␾ * D ␾ * P lc
*, 共37兲

125001-7
M. ETO AND N. SAKAI PHYSICAL REVIEW D 68, 125001 共2003兲

* ⫽e ⫺( ␬
2 /2)K̃
* We also find from Eq. 共20兲 that the warp factor A has a

冋 册
D ␾ * P lc
maximum only at the point where the superpotential P gl van-

⌳ 2 2i ␬ 2 ⌳ 冉 ⌳2
g
␾ * ⫹a Im tanh⫺1 冊 冋
g␾
⌳ 册 ishes along the wall trajectory. Only such a wall can have the
localized graviton zero mode around the wall.

冉 冊
⫻ ⫹
g g 2␾ *2
g 2 1⫺
⌳2
Equation 共37兲 reduces to 0⫽K ␾␾ * ⌳ 2 /g for real field con-
figurations ␾ ⫽ ␾ * . Therefore the SUSY vacua are un-
changed from Eq. 共34兲 given as the zero of the inverse
Kähler metric K ␾␾ * . Moreover, the BPS equation 共35兲 is
also unchanged, so the BPS solution is given in Eq. 共36兲. The
BPS equation for the warp factor 共20兲 can also be integrated
to give an expression in terms of the scalar field ␾
. If the additive constant in the global SUSY superpotential
P gl 共13兲 vanishes a⫽0, the warp factor A(y) in all the above
examples are Z 2 symmetric under the reflection y⫺y 0 →
⫺(y⫺y 0 ) around the center of the wall. Therefore the gravi-
ton zero mode wave function is normalizable and we obtain
a localized graviton zero mode around the wall.
On the contrary, we have Z 2 asymmetric warp factors
around the wall, if we have non-vanishing additive constant
a. It is interesting to remember that the constant term in the
superpotential has no physical effects in global SUSY mod-
els. In SUGRA theories, however, the constant term a pro-

冋 冊册
duces a dramatic change. The BPS equation for the matter in
Eq. 共19兲 is identical to that of the global SUSY, even if we
⌳2

冉
A⫽⫺ ␬ 2 ay⫹ . add a constant term with the superpotential P gl . On the other
g2 hand the BPS equation for the warp factor 共20兲 is affected by
2g 2
1⫺ ␾ 2
the additive constant a by controlling the SUSY vacuum en-
⌳2
ergy density. There is a critical value of the constant a be-
Together with Eq. 共36兲, it implicitly gives A as a function yond which the graviton zero mode ceases to be normaliz-
of y. able: a⫽⫺ 具 P gl典 . At this critical value of the constant a, the
energy density of one side of asymptotic region 共vacuum兲
vanishes and the metric in this asymptotic infinity reduces to
IV. ZERO MODE WAVE FUNCTION
the flat metric. Thus we find three different asymptotic be-
In this section we study the behavior of the warp factor haviors of warp factors 关29兴 in the context of AdS-CFT cor-
e 2A(y) . It is well known that the warp factor is closely related respondence 关39兴: IR-IR 共exponentially decreasing in both
to the zero mode wave function of the graviton in the infinities兲, IR-flat 共exponentially decreasing in one side and
Kaluza-Klein modes expansion. The mode equation for the flat in the other兲, and IR-UV 共exponentially decreasing in
graviton can be written as a Schrödinger type equation one side and increasing in the other兲.
关40– 43兴:
V. CONCLUSION
䊐 D⫺1 h ␮TT␯ ⫽ 关 ⫺ ⳵ z2 ⫹V 共 z 兲兴 h ␮TT␯ ,
We proposed a prescription for a gravitational deforma-

V共 z 兲⫽ 冉 D⫺2 dA
2 dz 冊 2
⫹
D⫺2 d A
2 dz 2
,
2 tion of the superpotential 共or Kähler potential兲 in embedding
global SUSY models into SUGRA theories. This is natural
from the viewpoint of the Kähler transformation and gives us
exact BPS solutions in SUGRA theories from exact solutions
where D denotes the spacetime dimension, z is the conformal
in global SUSY models, provided scalar field configurations
flat coordinate defined by dy⫽e A dz and h ␮TT␯ is the trans- are real. Thanks to the gravitational deformations of the su-
verse traceless part of the fluctuation defined by ␦ g ␮ ␯ perpotential, the SUSY vacua in SUGRA theories are iden-
⫽e ⫺[(D⫺6)/2]A h ␮TT␯ . The zero mode wave function of the tical to those in the global SUSY models. The domain wall
above Schrödinger equation is given by h ␮TT␯ ⫽e [(D⫺2)/2]A(z) , solutions which interpolate these vacua are also identical to
which implies that the graviton zero mode wave function is those of the SUSY models.
identical to the warp factor: ␦ g ␮ ␯ ⫽e2A(y) . Hence, the behav- The spacetime distortion by the domain wall represented
ior of the warp factor is directly related to the normalizability by the warp factor can be also obtained by solving the BPS
of the graviton zero mode which is very important for phe- equation for the warp factor, which is independent of the
nomenology. BPS equation for the matter scalar fields. The Killing spinor
Next we derive a general property of the warp factor for is also obtained in terms of the warp factor.
our model. Using Eqs. 共19兲 and 共20兲, we find A constant term in the superpotential in global SUSY
theories has no physical effects. However, this constant term
Ä⫽⫺ ␬ 2 兺i 共 ␾˙ i 兲 2 . gives physical effects when coupled to gravity. Naturally our
gravitationally deformed superpotential in SUGRA theories
has this freedom of choosing an additive constant. This con-
This implies that the warp factor has at most one stationary stant term has no effect on the scalar field configurations, but
共maximum兲 point. The physical reason behind this fact has significant effects on the warp factor. Namely, the
should be that matter scalar fields produce only positive en- asymptotic behavior of the warp factor is different as the
ergy density. constant term crosses a critical value. At the same time, the

125001-8
SOLVABLE MODELS OF DOMAIN WALLS IN N⫽1 . . .
graviton zero mode on the domain wall is localized for
smaller values of the constant, whereas it becomes non-
normalizable if the constant is outside of the critical value.
In global SUSY theory there are many models which have
exact soliton solutions, such as domain wall junction 关14 –
16兴. A good progress has been made to study domain wall
junction in chiral scalar fields coupled to SUGRA 关44兴, al-
though no explicit solution has been obtained so far. It is an
intriguing problem to extend our prescription for such mod-
els and to give exact solutions for the soliton. This is a re-
maining future problem.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Nobuhito Maru and Tsuyoshi Sakata for a col-
laboration from which this study has started. One of the au-
thors 共M.E.兲 would like to thank M. Naganuma for useful
discussions. This work is supported in part by Grant-in-Aid
for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Cul-
ture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan, No.13640269.
One of the authors 共M.E.兲 gratefully acknowledges support
from the Iwanami Fujukai Foundation.
APPENDIX: UNIQUENESS OF THE SUPERPOTENTIAL
Here we shall show that our prescription of gravitationally
deformed superpotential is the only possibility to obtain BPS
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125001-9
PHYSICAL REVIEW D 68, 125001 共2003兲
solution for matter scalar in SUGRA theories which are iden-
tical to that in global SUSY theories.
The BPS equation in SUGRA theories comes from requir-
ing the vanishing SUGRA transformations in Eq. 共4兲. To
make this BPS equation for the matter scalar identical to the
BPS equation in global SUSY theories, the only possibility is
2 /2)K
⳵ j P gl⫽e ( ␬ D j P lc . 共A1兲
For simplicity, we assume that only one scalar field has non-
trivial field configurations in BPS solution, and the kinetic
term is minimal:
K共 ␾ , ␾ * 兲⫽ ␾ *␾ .
Moreover we assume a real field configuration for the BPS
solution. Then the condition 共A1兲 reduces to
d P gl共 ␾ 兲 d ␬ 2 ␾ 2 /2
⫽ 共e P lc共 ␾ 兲兲 .
d␾ d␾
We obtain the general solution with an integration constant a
2 ␾ 2 /2
e␬ P lc共 ␾ 兲 ⫽ P gl共 ␾ 兲 ⫹a.
The assumed reality of field configuration requires that the
integration constant a should be real.
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