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1. NAME OF THE BOOK:

Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America and Future of Global Jihad

2. NAME OF THE AUTHOR:

Bruce Riedel

3. YEAR OF PUBLICATION:
2011

4. PUBLISHER NAME:
Brookings Institute Press

5. COUNTRY IN WHICH BOOK IS PUBLISHED:

Washington D. C, United Sates of America.

6. THEME OF THE BOOK: This book is masterpiece of events that

happened during course of 30 years career of author in CIA
particularly regarding Middle East and south Asia. The book explores
the contentious relationship between US and Pakistan since its
independence. And, it presents the fair picture of how Pakistan’s
history and US responses have contributed to current struggle with
terrorism. The book manifests the events that paved the way for
terrorism which author has misinterpreted as global jihad. Moreover,
the author has tried to create linkages between different terrorist
outfits and local religious parties. Author has termed it syndicate of
terrorism whose roots are either in Pakistan or controlled by elements
in Pakistan. It seems the book is more about the role of Pakistan and
ISI in creating terrorism than understanding the concept of
misinterpreted global jihad. In last chapters of book, author has
forecasted gloomy picture of Pakistan’s future and possible options
available for America to counter threats arising because of Pakistan.
And the only viable option which author speaks of is the engagement
with Pakistan

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7. DETAILS OF CHAPTERS:
a. No of Chapters:
7
b. Brief of each Chapter:-
(1) Understanding Pakistan
The first chapter discusses broad picture of Pakistan’s
political history. The author has nicely explained the reasons
behind separation of subcontinent, vision of Jinnah, initial
problems and economic issues faced by Pakistan. Besides
that, author provides his analysis about the foreign policy of
Pakistan; why Pakistan tilted towards US and capitalist block
and joined CEATO and SENTO; and why Pakistan became
disappointed with US policies when US failed to support
Pakistan in time of need. In addition to this, author has
discussed the stories of friendship and betrayals during cold
war. How ISI helped CIA to defeat Red army in Afghanistan
that resulted in disintegration of USSR. The following
important events and points are discussed in this chapter.

Jinnah’s vision and personality

Author asserts that, it is fair to say that Jinnah changed the
map of South Asia and that without him there would be no
Pakistan. He has quoted Jinnah that” Jinnah’s great concern
was that a united India would treat its Muslims as second-
class citizens, persecuted by the Hindu majority.
Pakistan as birthplace of global jihad and key to end Al-
Qaeda
As per author, Pakistan is the birthplace of global Islamic
jihad and now its epicenter and the most dangerous country
in the world. Author alleges that by 2009 the Taliban and its
al Qaeda ally had established a secure safe haven across the
border in Pakistan the militants were now headquartered in
Pakistan who were threatening the stability and peace in
Afghanistan.

9/11 and Al Qaeda

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In this very chapter, author has described the event of 9/11
which was carried out by AL-QAEDA and its affiliates.
According to author, it was work of terrorist syndicate which
included Afghan Taliban, the new Pakistani Taliban, Lashkar-
e-Tayyiba, the group that attacked Mumbai in November
2008, and a host of other terrorists.
Rise of TTA
Furthermore, author has briefly explained how they were to
lose won afghan war when US turned its attention towards
Iraq which helped TTA to take the ground again.
Nuclear Pakistan at verge of being failed state
Moreover, writer asserts that Pakistan being nuclear and
second most populated Muslim state seemed poised to
become a jihadist enclave and a failed state because of
political instability and presence of terrorist outfits.
US support to dictatorship
The author has tried to answer the question why US has
supported military dictators in Pakistan and how it aided foes
to democracy in region and very enemies are fighting against
US and
Kashmir imbroglio and operations initiated by Pakistan
Operation Gibraltar
He has discussed Ayub khan’s devised a plot code-named
Operation Gibraltar to infiltrate Indian-held Kashmir with
teams of Pakistanis who would foment an uprising that would
then require Pakistani intervention.
Operation grand slam
In a second maneuver, Operation Grand Slam, a Pakistani-
armored column would strike into India to cut off Kashmir and
win the war. The plan misfired completely. There was no
insurgency but a Second Indo-Pakistani War. In 1965 India
and Pakistan fought an enormous tank battle
Debacle of Bengal and Operation searchlight
Operation Searchlight was a deliberate attempt to decapitate
the intellectual elite of East Pakistan. Close to 3 million
people were reputedly killed and 400,000 Bangladeshi
women raped by the Pakistani army

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US Pakistan relations; Pakistan financial and military
needs vs. US interest to use pakistan as bulwark against
communist expansion in region
Given its enormous challenges after independence, Pakistan
was eager for American help, hoping in particular to secure a
half billion dollars. During cold war, Eisenhower
administration focused on making Pakistan a bulwark against
communism in South Asia. Pakistan officially became
America’s “most allied ally” and its full partner in waging the
global cold war.
Era of intelligence cooperation
The centerpiece of the new clandestine intelligence
relationship was a airbase outside of Peshawar constructed
in 1958. This top-secret base housed U.S. Air Force 6937
Communications Group, which included two important
facilities: a listening post for the National Security Agency to
monitor communications in the Soviet Union and China, and
a base for the secret photo reconnaissance aircraft, the U2,
to be flown over Russia. Both facilities were crucial to
collecting intelligence on communism in the late 1950s and
early 1960s and put Pakistan on the front line of the cold war.
The

(2)The Zia’s jihad

According to author, he was General Muhammad Zia ul-Haq
who had shown a map of Afghanistan to CIA director William
casey, bearing a red triangle with one vertex pointing to the
Indian Ocean, just 300 miles from the Afghan-Pakistani border.
In words of author, “Without Zia, there would have been no
Afghan war, and no Afghan victory.”
a)Pakistan as front state for jihad against USSR and rise of
terrorist organizaions
He writes that it was Pakistan who hosted the mujahedeen from
whole Muslim world, particularly in Peshawar, where they were
trained to fight against USSR. As per author, these very
mujahedeen joined fundamentalist groups who later joined the

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terrorist outfits who spread terrorism from middle east to New
York.
Wrong assessment of ISI and CIA; USA and Pakistan both
responsible for whole mess
According to author as director of CIA, they only wanted
mujahedeen to push soviet out of Afghanistan, they never
assessed that it would become haven for the terrorists operating
worldwide.
Role of ISI in Zia’s Jihad
Second part of this chapter discusses about the role of ISI in
Zia’s jihad. As per author, Zia can also rightly be called the
grandfather of global Islamic jihad. Zia devoted special attention
to the ISI, beginning in 1979 by handpicking its new director, a
Pashtun who knew the Afghan world well: Akhtar Abdur
Rahman, better known as General Akhtar.
Personality of General Akhter; spymaster
“A cold, reserved personality, almost inscrutable, always
secretive,” according to his subordinates, Akhtar hated publicity
and the press, avoided being photographed, and was difficult to
fathom even among his most senior lieutenants—but he was a
gifted intelligence officer. He developed close working ties to
many of the Afghan mujahedin leaders, especially fellow
Pashtuns, and organized them into political parties to give more
legitimacy to their struggle. Akhtar also built strong ISI links to
the CIA and Saudis. Akhtar vastly expanded the size and
strength of the service. By one estimate, its staff jumped from
2,000 in 1978 to 40,000 in 1988 with a billion-dollar budget.
Zia’s Islamization
enormous growth in maderssahs was the first manifestation of
Zia’a Islamization. Between 1971 and 1988 their numbers
multiplied from 900 to 8,000 official religious schools and
another 25,000 unregistered ones.
General Zia-ul-haq; founder of Sipah-e-sahiba
As per author, with the support of Zia and the ISI, militant anti-
Shia Sunni groups like the Sipah-e-Sohaba Pakistan (the Army
of the Prophet’s Companions) blossomed and carried out
attacks on Shia mosques and religious festivities to intimidate
the Shia community into quiescence.

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KSA and CIA funded jihad; ISI trained them
Besides that, afghan jihad was funded by the KSA and CIA,
however, ISI and SSG trained mujahedeen with tactics of
guerilla warfare. ISI camps had trained at least 80,000 to 90,000
Afghans in ten-day or three-month courses. Among the trainees
in 1985 was a young Afghan from Kandahar named Muhammad
Omar who would later found the Taliban
Role of USSR-KGB in destabilizing pakistan.
Soviet Union and its Afghan communist allies sought to destabilize
Pakistan. The Soviet intelligence service, the Committee for State
Security (KGB), and its Afghan client, the Government Information
Agency (KHAD), paid agents to plant bombs in the refugee camps,
assassinate mujahedin leaders, and attack the ISI training facilities.
KGB and Ojhri explosion
As per author, ojhri explosion was operation carried out by KGB who
exploded the weapons which were to be used by the mjahideen.

Abdullah azam;
he was resident of west bank, palatine. He is famous for
establishment of several extremist organizations around the
Muslim world. He became friend with Osama-bin-laden during
stay in KSA. After that, he joined international Islamic
university where he met zia-ul-haq and came under influence
of zia’s jihad. From there, he started actively participating in
camps of mujahedeen where he gave lectures and motivated
masses to fight against infidel forces. In 1984 he wrote a book
crucial to the expansion of jihad, The Defense of Muslim
Territories, in which he argued that every Muslim had an
obligation to join the Afghan struggle, the most important
jihadist cause of the time In 1984. He wrote a book crucial to
the expansion of jihad, The Defense of Muslim Territories, in
which he argued that every Muslim had an obligation to join the
Afghan struggle. Some were trained in the ISI camps, some
joined various mujahedin factions, and some worked with bin
Laden.
He established the Markaz-ud-Dawa-wal-Irshad (MDI), or
Center for Proselytization and Preaching. A military wing of
MDI named Lashkare- Tayyiba, or the Army of the Pure,

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became the most violent and effective terrorist group fighting
India
(3) Omar’s jihad

New era of global jihad after zia’s death; ISI, Kashmir and
Lashkar-e-Tayabba

Author has totally blamed pakistan and Pakistani based jihadi

outfits responsible for mess in Kashmir. There is alliance
between extremists and jihadi elements in Kashmir who cause
problems in Kashmir. Hafez Saeed’s Lashkar-e-Tayyiba set up
its infrastructure inside Kashmir, while its camps in Afghanistan
and Pakistan trained hundreds of militants.

JKLF and ISI’s concern; creation of Hizb-ul-mujahideen

As per author, great concern for the ISI was to prevent creation
of a separate state in Kashmir that would include both the
Pakistani and Indian-controlled sections of Kashmir, which was
precisely the JKLF’s goal. Therefore, Kashmiri insurgents were
split into unruly factions by ISI which were found very difficult to
control. As many as 180 groups had sprouted up to fight the
Indians. By setting up an umbrella group, Hizbul Mujahedeen,
to unite the pro- Pakistan elements, the ISI gradually isolated
the JKLF, cut off its aid, and took control.
Indian operation in response of insurgency; Pakistan’s
military mobilization
To suppress the insurgency in Kashmir, India mobilized its
army and started massive operation. I became problematic at
the level that both nations were at the brink of war. Pakistan
mobilized its 4lac in Indian border and whole air force.
Al-Qaida attacks on us embassies in tanazania and Kenya:
ISI
Al Qaeda attacked the American embassies in Tanzania and
Kenya in August 1998, and Clinton responded with a cruise
missile strike intended for bin Laden. Instead, a team of ISI
officers was killed along with several Kashmiri fighters they
were training.

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(4)Osama’s jihad

This chapter discusses era and policies of President Clinton

and President Bush and their relation with Pakistan. This was
very time when terrorism was gaining roots around the globe
in shape of Al-Qaeda. Therefore, there is deep discussion on
how terrorism strengthened its root in Pakistan and muslim
world. What were the relationship between Pakistan and
Taliban, post 9/11 relationship between Pakistan and USA
and the bottlenecks in way of Pakistan and US relations.

Pakistan love affairs with Taliban

As per author, Pakistan was firm supporter of Taliban’s
government in Afghanistan. He has given references of
general Mehmood who was inflexible in case of Taliban rather
supported openly.
9/11; US message to Pakistan:
On September 11, 2001,the message was prepared at state
department for Pakistan after world trade attack. Mahmud was
told either Pakistan cooperated with the United States against
al Qaeda or the Taliban, or it would be bombed mercilessly
back into the Stone Age
Era of Cooperation
Pakistan started cooperation with America with soe
preconditions. Pakistan would allow U.S. aircraft to fly over its
territory to strike targets in Afghanistan, as long as they did
not fly from India; the United States could also use Pakistani
airbases for emergency landings . On the other hand,
Musharraf insisted, India must have no role in the Afghan war
or in the government that would follow the Taliban, and while
Pakistan would assist in capturing al Qaeda operatives who
fled into Pakistan, Pakistani citizens, meaning LeT and other
Punjabi groups would be off limits in any move to counter
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Why Musharaf joined war on terror?
Otherwise Pakistan would be isolated as the terrorists’ friend.
India would be the major beneficiary and Pakistan’s nuclear
arsenal would be at risk. Musharaf once said, Pakistan would
temporarily sacrifice its terror pawns if necessary to save its
nuclear arsenal.” The ultimate question that confronted me
was whether it was in our national interest to destroy
ourselves for the Taliban. Were they worth committing suicide
over? The answer was a resounding no”
Role of ISI in dismantling Al-Qaeda network
Security services of Pakistan assisted CIA in attacking the al
Qaeda presence in the country’s major cities. First to be
captured was Abu Zubaydah, found on March 28, 2002, in a
safe house belonging to Lashkar-e-Tayyiba in Faisalabad. On
March 1, 2003, mastermind of the 9/11 attacks, Khalid Sheikh
Muhammad was caught in Rawalpindi.
Mumbai attack
According to Bruce Riedel by targeting the legislature of the
world’s largest democracy, the terrorists were deliberately
seeking to provoke India to strike back. India was quick to
allege connections between the ISI and the five. A former
head of ISI, Javad Ashraf Qazi, later admitted JeM was
responsible.
BUSH AND MUSH
This was personal relation between general musharaf and
President Bush. When musharaf met with bush, presseller
amendment was the major thaw in relations. However,
Sanctions were ended and aid relations reopened
Osama wanted US attack on Afghanistan.
The 9/11 attacks forced the United States to intervene directly
in Afghanistan’s civil war on the side of the Northern Alliance.
This is precisely what bin Laden wanted: to re-create the
struggle he had fought against the Soviet Union in the same
place and with the same result, the enemy ground down in a
quagmire, but now with the United States as the adversary.
This was, bin Laden’s son later confirmed, “my father’s dream
to bring the Americans to Afghanistan.
Taliban’s training by Al-Qaeda
Al Qaeda also assisted the Taliban as it regrouped in
Pakistan. In conversations with journalists, Taliban fighters

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have remarked that scores of al Qaeda “Arabs” helped them
learn the techniques of insurgency in the years between 2003
and 2008. They were especially important in teaching the
Taliban how to make bombs, including the improvised
explosive devices that would be their most effective means of
killing NATO soldiers.
Role of ISI in reviving strength of Taliban
ISI restarted training talibans when kayani was in office.
Interviews in 2010 with former and active Taliban
commanders indicate that in 2004–06 the ISI was actively
encouraging a Taliban revival and assisting their war effort
after two years of training Taliban on a large scale in Quetta
and other locations. This was when Kayani took over the ISI.
Some ISI camps had 2,000–4,000 recruits at a time, and one
commander estimated that 80 percent of his fighters had
attended such a camp. Several said ISI officers were
members of the Quetta shura and even participated in Taliban
attacks inside Pakistan
Lashkar – e- Tayaba and ISI

As per author, LeT is primarily a Punjabi group. it recruits from

the same families and neighborhoods as the Pakistani army
and ISI. Therefore it is hard to distinguish official ISI support
for LeT from informal connections.

Liaison of all groups at operational level

These all the groups are not under a single umbrella but they
have liason at operational level. These complex syndicates of
terror are not under al Qaeda’s control or direction, nor are all
of its parts committed to bin Laden’s jihadist vision of a global
struggle. The Afghan Taliban, for example, are much more
focused on freeing Afghanistan of foreign forces, and LeT on
re-creating a Mughal empire in South Asia. But they are
working together on the operational level more and more.

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(5) Global jihad
Kerry lugar bill to end Romance and divorce relationship
the Kerry-Lugar-Obama legislation was designed to bring
constancy and consistency to U.S.-Pakistani relations and end
the cycle of romance and divorce repeating itself for the past
fifty years or more. The bill promised to triple economic aid to
Pakistan to $1.5 billion a year and maintain that level for ten
years, regardless of political changes in Pakistan.

Mumbai Explodes
Ten terrorists of the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Tayyiba (LeT)
organization had perpetrated one of the most significant acts
of international terrorism since 9/11.
Mohammad Ajmal Amir Qasab
In July 2009 the lone survivor of the terrorist team,
Mohammad Ajmal Amir Qasab, surprised prosecutors in his
Mumbai trial by confessing in open court that he and his nine
comrades had been recruited by LeT; had been trained at LeT
camps in Pakistan on commando tactics; had been equipped
by LeT with AK-56 automatic assault rifles, hand grenades,
global positioning systems (GPS), cell phones, and other
equipment; and were dispatched by senior members of the
LeT from Karachi, Pakistan, in a small boat with orders to
hijack an Indian boat at sea to take them into Mumbai.

David Coleman Headley

Headley pleaded guilty in March 2010 to conspiracy to commit
murder on the basis of his role in the Mumbai attack. Headley
Daood Sayed Gilani was born in Washington, D.C in 1960.
His half-brother is a spokesman for Prime Minister Gillani’s
office. In 2002, according to his guilty plea, he joined Lashkar-
e-Tayyiba on a visit to Pakistan. Over the next three years he
traveled to Pakistan five times for training in weapons
handling, surveillance, and other terrorist skills. He surveyed
through GPS and became mastermind behind the attack. After
his confession and sentencing to life in prison, Headley was
interviewed by the Indians. he confessed to them that the ISI
was also deeply involved in the plot, providing naval
commando training and the boat etc.

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Five components or faces of global Islamic jihad

The global Islamic jihad now has at least five faces or
components that are important to understand if one is to
appreciate its strength and its threat: (1) al Qaeda’s old core
senior leadership in Pakistan; (2) al Qaeda’s allies in Pakistan
and Afghanistan; (3) its franchises in the other parts of the
ummah; (4) its cells and sympathizers in the Islamic diaspora
in Europe, North America, Australia, and elsewhere; and (5)
the idea of global jihad itself. Each play a vital role in
perpetuating jihad
Element:1 Al-Qaeda leadership
the center of the old core are Osama bin Laden and Ayman
Zawahiri, known in the intelligence community as High-Value
Targets Number One and Number Two. The voices of these
two are
occasionally heard on tape and a photograph released, but in
truth, no one knows where they are. The best bet is Pakistan.
Qaeda has never identified a number three in its chain of
command, so it is difficult to be certain.
Element:2 Syndicate of terror
The many groups that make up the Pakistani syndicate of
terror have neither a single leader nor a single goal. Some are
truly dedicated to global jihad, others to more local
grievances. Taliban militants in Pakistan have developed
closer ties to al Qaeda, while the Afghan Taliban appear to be
holding to Afghan-centered goals. Some groups in Pakistan
like Lashkar-e-Janghvi and Sipah-e-Sohaba are more focused
on sectarian warfare against Shia and Christians than on
other goals. Lashkar-e-Tayyiba pursues it own dream of
restoring the Mughal Caliphate even as it seeks to kill
Crusaders and Jews in Mumbai, Pune, and other Indian cities.
Author said”Some groups in Pakistan like Lashkar-e-Janghvi
and Sipah-e-Sohaba are more focused on sectarian warfare
against Shia and Christians than on other goals. Lashkar-e-
Tayyiba pursues it own dream of restoring the Mughal
Caliphate even as it seeks to kill Crusaders and Jews in
Mumbai, Pune, and other Indian cities.

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Possible human resource target and nursery of Al-Qaeda
Al qaeda can also attract 80,000-strong Pakistani diaspora in
the United Kingdom and large communities in many European
countries and throughout the Persian Gulf for both recruits
and funds. About three-quarters of the Pakistanis in Britain are
Kashmiris and thus even more susceptible to jihadist
recruitment, given the violence and alienation in their
homeland.
Saleem Shehzad
He was the son of vice air marshal of pakistan airforce.
Shahzad said he was inspired
to take on the mission after reading Abdallah Azzam’s In
Defense of Muslim Land. He was involved in manhattan’s time
square attack whicj could not be materialized and caught
when he was trying to escape dubai. It reflects The network of
terror is obviously attracting some
of the best and brightest in the country and the diaspora.
Element 3; al qaeda franchises in whole muslim world
The third element of today’s global jihad, the al Qaeda
franchises in the rest of the Islamic world, proclaim loyalty to
Osama bin Laden and are considered to be responsible for
operations in their part of the ummah. local franchise gets
broad strategic direction from al Qaeda’core but is almost fully
autonomous in terms of operational activity and planning.
Each also creates its own propaganda outlet.
Element 4; cells and sympathizers in the Islamic diaspora
in Europe, North America, Australia, and elsewhere
The Muslim diaspora in North America, Europe, and Australia
contains jihadist cells that occasionally have contact with al
Qaeda’s core or that simply espouse its ideology and
narrative. This is the fourth face of moden global jihad.Thus
even if only 1 percent of the nonviolent communities in the
United Kingdom or France are al Qaeda or Lashkar-e-Tayyiba
sympathizers and potential terrorists, this amounts to a
massive counter terrorism challenge.
Internet; aid to self radicalization
Intenet is the tool which al- qaeda better understands. They
spot the people of fundamentalist aptitude, train them and
launch them in different parts of world.

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(6 )Thinking the Unthinkable; Implications of a Jihadist State in

Pakistan
Author has endeavored to describe what a jihadist country
might look like, the implications of its creation, and two
terrifying yet possible scenarios: a repeat of 9/11 and of
Mumbai, both staged from Pakistan.
Relationship between dictatorship and jihad
In this part of chapter, author has described how dictatorship
in Pakistan has been instrumental in promoting jihadism. As
per him, it was the general Zia who patronized the jihadi
outfits in Pakistan. Author alleged that there are sympathizers
of terrorists in ranks of Pakistan army and ISI.
What Pakistan may look like after possible Islamist coup?
Author has portrayed outlook of post Islamist coup Pakistan.
First, the current civilian government would be swept out of
office, and the army would accommodate the new Islamist
leadership. A new government might be composed of
representatives of the Pakistani Taliban movement, LeT, and
possibly the Islamist political parties that have contested
power in the past, such as the Jamaat-i-Islam. Second, It
might also set up a new military force to act as a
counterweight to the regular army, as the Revolutionary
Guards do in Iran. The ISI would undergo special cleansing to
eliminate threats to the regime. Third, undergo special
cleansing to eliminate threats to the regime. A Pakistani
emirate would welcome Osama bin Laden and Ayman
Zawahiri from their hiding places of the past decade. Fourth,
Free of any significant constraints on their activities from the
Pakistani authorities, al Qaeda, LeT, and a host of other
terrorist groups would have much more room to operate,
particularly if they have access to Pakistan’s embassies from
which to stage terrorist operations abroad. Fifth, The fifth of
Pakistanis who are Shia would be extremely uneasy with a
Sunni militant regime as well, and communal violence would
probably intensify, causing turbulence in Islamabad’s ties with
Tehran. Sixth, Once the jihadists in Islamabad cut NATO off
from Karachi, the point of arrival for more than half of its
supplies, the alliance would have to depend on supply routes
via Iran or the Central Asian states and Russia. Seventh,

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Pakistan’s relations with Iran would probably deteriorate. Shia
jihadist Iran and Sunni jihadist Pakistan would become
enemies. Eighth, jihadist Pakistan would be particularly bad
news for India, which would have little choice but to build up
both its nuclear and conventional forces. Any chance for a
peace agreement in Kashmir would be dead. Ninth, The
impact on Israel would also be huge. Pakistan has a long
history of support for the Palestinian cause, but mostly at the
rhetorical level. An Islamic state would become a more
practical supporter of groups like Hamas, providing them with
money and arms. Pakistani embassies could become safe
havens for terrorists having an eye on Zionist as well as
Crusader target. Pakistan may also provide bombs.

American Options: Bad and Worse

As per author, America has no option but to help democratic
governments. Therefore, he has analyzed different options
with a lot of repercussions. First, Military options would be
unappealing at best and counterproductive at worst. Naval
blockade to coerce behavioral change would mean imposing
humanitarian suffering on the greater population. It would also
prompt terrorist reprisals in and outside of South Asia.
Second, The Pakistanis would, of course, use their nuclear
weapons to defend themselves. While they do not have
delivery systems capable of reaching America, they could
certainly destroy cities in Afghanistan, India, and, if smuggled
out ahead of time by terrorists, perhaps in the United States. A
win in such a conflict would be Pyrrhic indeed. In short, a
jihadist, nuclear-armed Pakistan is a scenario that must be
avoided at all costs. That means working with the Pakistan of
today to try to improve its very spotty record on terrorism and
proliferation.

(7)Helping Pakistan
In this chapter, author has devised strategies to pull pakistan
out from the crisis by telling modus operandi. First, strategy is
to bridge the “trust deficit” existed between two countries,
arising from decades. Therefore, This chapter, to a large
extent, is based on what author has heard Pakistanis say

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about what they think of America and what they would like
America to do to help their country in its deadly struggle with
global Islamic extremism. Pakistan is engulfed with
multifaceted grave problems including water crisis, unchecked
population growth, rapid urbanization, poverty, energy crisis
and unemployment. Thus, author has tried to explain these
problems in Pakistan and how America can help Pakistan to
curb these issues. As per author, these issues are
manipulated by terrorist outfits and quoted an example; In
March 2010 Hafez Saeed, the founder and leader of Lashkar-
e-Tayyiba, accused India of stealing water from Pakistan in
Kashmir, insisting, “If India continues with her water terrorism,
Pakistan must keep open the option of using force”
Rebuilding Trust
The first objective of American policy toward Pakistan must be
to try to reverse its deep distrust of America. Author has given
reports of several surveys showing distrust and hatred against
American policies. I-e Kerry- lugar bill was seen with
suspicion, though, it was meant at strengthening democracy in
pakistan.
Engagement, Red Lines, and Verification
The only way to change Pakistani behavior is to engage
Pakistan. The United States has tried unilateral and
multilateral sanctions and isolation; they did not work. It has
tried congressionally imposed ultimatums and conditions
based aid; they did not work either. Military operations are
another option, but they are not likely to work and would
certainly be costly.
Principles of engagement suggested by author are:
The United States must be careful not to build a relationship
with an individual. U.S. policy should support the democratic
process, not an individual leader or party—it should help the
civilian leadership gain authority and strength, not undermine
it.
Besides that, America and Pakistan are not always going to
agree. That is how states interact; they have different interests
and agendas. Washington and Islamabad should work on
narrowing their differences but should not expect them all to
be resolved.

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ISI’ double game;
Suspicions linger about ties between the ISI and the Afghan
Taliban. ISI representatives are said to attend meetings of
Mullah Omar’s Quetta shura, still “playing a double game of
astonishing magnitude.
Lashkar-e-Tayyiba
As per author, The second red line is Lashkar-e-Tayyiba,
which still operates with impunity in Pakistan. Therefore, he
has suggested that Instead of imposing sanctions on all of
Pakistan, Washington could specifically target ISI officers, up
to and including the director general, if it had evidence of
continued support for terror.

Developing Capability
According to author, Pakistan’s ability to fight the global jihad
is severely hampered by weak capacities both in the military
and in the economic arenas. For a half-century or more, the
Pakistani military has been structured and armed for one
overriding mission: war with India. Consequently, Pakistan
has devoted little attention to developing the strategies,
tactics, and equipment for fighting counterinsurgency and
counterterrorism. Therefore, pakistan needs are focused on
helicopters, including gun Ships like the Apache and utility and
cargo helos like the Black Hawk and Huey. Pakistan also
needs its own drones, equipped with intelligence-collection
and weapons systems.
Building Peace in South Asia
According to author, peace in south Asia is detrimental for
rooting out the terrorism in the region. The reason behind
military’s influence in south Asia is the conflicts of the region
which gave ample excuse to interfere in political matters. To
effectively promote and encourage border stabilization, the
United states should play role of mediator to resolve issues
amicably.

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8. ANALYSIS:
a. Analysis of Author
Bruce Riedel is a senior fellow in Foreign Policy and the Saban
Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution. A former
CIA officer, Riedel was a senior adviser to four U.S. presidents on
Middle East and South Asian issues. Riedel is a graduate of Brown
(B.A.), Harvard (M.A.), and the Royal College of Defense Studies in
London. He has taught at Georgetown University’s School of Foreign
Service and Johns Hopkins University’s School for Advanced
International Studies, and he has been a guest lecturer at Dartmouth,
Harvard, Brown, and other universities. Riedel is a recipient of the
Intelligence Medal of Merit and the Distinguished Intelligence Career
Medal.  He retired in 2006 after 30 years of service at the Central
Intelligence Agency, including postings overseas. He was a senior
advisor on South Asia and the Middle East to the last four presidents
of the United States in the staff of the National Security Council at the
White House. In January 2009, President Barack Obama asked him
to chair a review of American policy towards Afghanistan and
Pakistan, the results of which the president announced in a speech
on March 27, 2009.

Being a former CIA officer and a senior advisor to four presidents

on Middle East and South Asian issues, Riedel is an authority on
the very subject on which book is written. He has an extraordinary
insight on the affairs of South Asia, Afghanistan imbroglio.
Therefore, he has logically written the book with the logic, facts,
arguments and narrations of various important personalities. No one
can write a better book than Bruce Riedel on this very subject.
Besides that, he is the member of Brookings institute in which
multitude of renowned experts on south Asian and afghan problem
are working for years. Therefore, author’s competency and expertise
has multiplied multifold.R iedel,has served in CIA as an analyst and
counter-terrorism expert Agency for 29 years until his retirement in
2006, therefore, his views are worth to be analyzed and gone
through thoroughly to understand the real background of the genesis
of terrorism.

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b. Analysis of the Book

 The book provides insight understanding of the ambivalent
nature of the relationship between Pakistan and the United
States.
 Riedel has been candid in accepting the highly negative role
of the US in the domestic political context of Pakista
“America endorsed every Pakistani military dictator.
 Riedel cannot forget that while this menace was brewing, the
guys associated with the phenomenon were called the
‘moral equivalents of America’s forefathers’, by no less a
person than President Ronald Reagan.
 Riedel is quite right in pointing out that Kashmir problem is
important in Pakistan’s strategic calculus.
 Author has failed to describe the causes behind terrorism.
His whole book is on the political aspect of terrorism; soft
side is not touched.
 It is reflection of Indian narrative.
 Global jihad, the word itself, is misinterpreted, symbolizes
the propaganda
 It is the continuity of propogada machinery being used
against Pakistan.
 Author has failed to hold USA responsible for mess in
Afghanistan. It is the continuity of blame game against
Pakistan.
 Rather than condemning inefficiency and incompetency of
American intelligence agency, analysts and forces, blaming
Pakistan for all the crisis shows that author has not written
book rationally.
 Author has failed to differentiate between the freedom
fighters and terrorists. The mujahideens fighting in Kashmir
are morally correct and have obligation to fight against
foreign aggression. This very right is given by the UN charter

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of rights. Mixing it with terrorism is the disgrace of sacrifices
of thousands of innocent people.
 It seems author has influence of any Indian writer or scholar
as his whole books is Indian centered blame game against
Pakistan.
 Author has included Mumbai attack on every chapter and
blamed Pakistan on every point. However, he has also
confessed that there is no particular evidence
 Author has not left any stone unturned in an attempt to
malign ISI. Author has termed ISI as the root cause of all the
problems faced by world particularly terrorism.

 Bruce Riedel has wrongly forecasted future of Pakistan he

has written In the chapter “thinking the unthinkable”, the
possibility of a nuclear Pakistan falling in the hands of radical
mullahs or a jihadi faction of the army. It is the manifestation
of USA propaganda against nuclear technology of Pakistan
 He has showed gloomy picture of Pakistan in last chapter
which is superficial and away from reality. Pakistan is more
peaceful, stable than ever before.

9. LESSONS LEARNT FOR INT COMMUNITY

a. As an intelligence agency, it is indispensible to have forward
planning in shape of risk assessment and post assessment
operations. Otherwise, all efforts end with the mess like created in
Afghanistan.
b. It is high time for intelligence community particularly, and pakistan
as a whole state, to establish concrete mechanism to counter
propogada for building soft image internationally. Pakistan needs
to formulate superior narrative to counter the propaganda.
c. Appropriate management of agents is essential for any operation.
d. Countering the Terrorists and HIAs’ Propaganda: Intelligence
agencies must cater the positive image of enemies within and
without

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e. Educational institutes should undergo adequate monitoring so as
to know and analyze the possible rising trend of extremism and
fundamentalism. I-e; faisal shehzad
f. Self help than dependence on any country is the panacea of
Pakistani problems. There will be no betrayals if we achieve
economic security. Therefore, intelligence community has to
ensure economic security at any cost for sovereignty of state.

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