Name m.

talha and talha alyas

Roll no 8319 and 8301

Topic Pakistan and U.S.A

relationship

Department international
relationship

Submitted To sir Hafiz Ayan-ul-

Qasmi
 Pakistan–United States relations.

United States relations refers to the bilateral

relationship between pakistan and the united states . On 20
October 1947, two months and six days after Pakistan's
independence , the United States established relations with
Pakistan, making it amongst the first nations to establish
relations with the new state. Pakistan allied itself with the
U.S. during the cold war era against the soviet union , and
was an integral player in the CETO and [[SEAT which Pakistan
and USA are currently I’m a trade war as China, Pakistan’s
closest ally is in a trade war. When asked to choose between
China and USA Pakistan chose China. News as of November
2018.worsening of relations following the election of the left-
oriented Pakistan Peoples Party under Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto,
relations quickly improved and deepened during Operation
Cyclone in the 1980s, which was directed against Soviet
expansion in central Asia and South Asia by funding and
training Muslim mujahideen in Afghanistan to combat the
Soviet Union. Relations once again soured after the collapse of
the sovie union, when the United States approved sanctions
against Pakistan by passing the Pressler amendment, which
was enacted against Pakistan for its nuclear weapons
program, which was initiated after the war with India in 1971
and accelerated after India detonated a nuclear bomb in 1974.
Pakistan once again assumed an important role in American
geopolitical interests in the region following the attacks
of September 11th, 2001, and the subsequent War on Terror.
Relations were strengthened as the United States named
Pakistan a major non-NATO ally in 2002—which allowed for
the release of over $25 billion of aid to Pakistan. American
recovery efforts following the 2005 Kashmir earthquake were
widely appreciated by the Pakistani public.
Relations began to strain as both sides began to criticize one
another's strategy in the War on Terror, with the United
States government frequently accusing Pakistan of harboring
members of the Afghan Taliban and Quetta Shura, while
Pakistan has alleged that the United States has done little to
control security in eastern Afghanistan, where Pakistan's
most-wanted terrorist, Mullah Fazlullah is believed to be
hiding. Furthermore, as a result of the Raymond Allen Davis
incident in Lahore, the secret U.S. operation in Abbottabad
which resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden, followed by
the Salala incident, relations between the two countries
became increasingly strained in recent years with high levels
of mistrust. Public opinion in Pakistan frequently ranks the
U.S. one of its least favored countries, and vice versa.In 2015,
according to Gallup's annual World Affairs survey, only 15% of
Americans had a favorable view of Pakistan.
The United States today engages in extensive economic,
social, and scientific assistance as well as vital military
relations with Pakistan,while Pakistan continues to occupy a
strategic position in the United States' interests in Central and
South Asia. The United States is the second-largest supplier
of military equipment to Pakistan after China, and is one of
Pakistan's largest donors of foreign assistance.

1947–1958: Relations Between the United

States and the Newly-Independent State.

Prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan meeting President Harry

Truman.
Following Pakistan's independence from the British Indian
Empire, the nascent state struggled to position itself as a non-
aligned member of the international community. Pakistan's
pro-communist forces commanded considerable support
in East Pakistan, while in West Pakistan, the pro-
Soviet Pakistan Socialist Party remained largely marginalized.
The capitalist and pro-American Pakistan Muslim
League dominated much of West Pakistan's political
landscape, particularly in the prosperous region of Punjab,
while its base of support in East Pakistan was far more
modest.
Prime Minister Ali Khan, however, attempted to establish
friendly relations with both the Soviet Union and the United
States in hopes that Pakistan could benefit from an alliance
with both superpowers. Both the Military of
Pakistan and Foreign Service of Pakistan raised doubts as to
whether the Soviets had the political will and capacity to
provide military, technical, and economic aid to a similar
degree that Soviets had begun to offer to Pakistan's socialist
neighbor, India. Pakistan nevertheless requested military aid
from the USSR, which was predictably rebuffed as the Soviet
Union had previously oriented itself to India. The
government's overtures to the Soviet Union were not
favorably regarded by Pakistan's conservative middle classes,
who regarded the USSR as an atheist and socialist ally of
India.
In 1950, the United States extended an overture to Pakistan by
inviting Prime Minister Khan for an official state visit. As the
USSR had rebuffed capitalist Pakistan and aligned itself with
Pakistan's rivals, the country's policy crafters found that
maintaining friendly relations with both superpowers was
impossible. Prime Minister Khan accepted the American
invitation and paid an official 23-day state visit to the United
States beginning on May 3, 1950. The event was highly
politicized in Pakistan, and outraged the country's leftists, and
was seen as the seminal event that leads to warm diplomatic
ties for several decades. However, it is alleged that during PM
Khan's first visit to the US, president Truman requested
Pakistan's premier to let the CIA formulate a base in Pakistan,
strictly to keep an eye on the activities of Soviet Union—a
request which was not granted by Khan.
Throughout the period between 1950 and 1953, several major
Pakistan political and military figures paid visits to the United
States. During this time, Army commander Ayub Khan paid
visits to the United States – a figure who would later institute
a strongly pro-American military dictatorship. Foreign
Minister Sir Zafrullah Khan, Foreign Secretary Ikram-Ullah
Khan, Finance Minister Ghulam Muhammad, and Defense
Secretary Sikander Mirza all paid official state.

U.S. Vice President Alben W. Barkley explains the 1948 version

of the Vice President's seal to Prime Minister Ali Khan of
Pakistan and his wife
Defense ties between the two countries strengthened almost
immediately following Khan's visit to the United States.
Personal goodwill towards Pakistan was evident even when
Liaqat Ali Khan was assassinated in 1951. Under the
government of Khawaja Nazimuddin, Pakistani and American
officials developed positive attitudes towards one another.
Such personal goodwill was evident when Secretary of
State John Foster Dulles, while arguing for wheat aid to
Pakistan in 1953, told the sub-committee on Agriculture and
Forestry during hearings that, "the [p]eople of Pakistan had a
splendid military tradition," and that in Karachi he had been
met by a guard of honour which was the "finest" he had ever
seen".Close ties between the countries were further
consolidated by a mutual defense treaty signed in May 1954,
after which hundreds of Pakistani military officers began to
regularly train in the United States. A U.S. Military Assistance
Advisory Group (MAAG) was also established in Rawalpindi,
then capital of Pakistan. Pakistani officers were not only
trained in military tactics, but also taught leadership,
management, and economic theory.
In 1956, President Dwight Eisenhower requested permission
from Pakistan's new Prime Minister, Huseyn Suhravardie, to
lease the Peshawar Air Station (PAS), which was to be used in
intelligence gathering of Soviet intercontinental ballistic
missiles. The request was granted, and soon the United States
built an airstrip, command and control station at the site
before initiating operations.The base was regarded as top-
secret, and even the high-ranking Pakistani public officials
such as Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, were refused entry to the facility.
American interest in Pakistan as an ally against the spread of
Communism primarily was focused towards maintaining
excellent ties with Pakistan's military establishment. Prime
Minister Huseyn Suhravardie paid several official visits to the
United States – typically with his Army commander, Ayub
Khan, at his side. After the military coup d'état in 1958, Ayub
Khan argued that left wing activists could seize power in
Pakistan, thereby jeopardizing American interests in the
region. He successfully convinced American officials that the
Pakistani military was the strongest, and most capable
institution to govern the country.

1958–1971: Relations During the Military

Dictatorships of Ayub Khan and Yahya Khan.

Ayub Khan standing in a motorcade with American

President John F. Kennedy.

President Lyndon B. Johnson meets with President Ayub Khan

in Karachi, Pakistan
During the dictatorship of Ayub Khan, Pakistan enjoyed a
close relationship with the United States. Ayub Khan was
strongly pro-American, and on a visit the United States in
1954, before Khan was head of state, he famously told
American Brigadier-General Henry A. Byroade I didn’t come
here to look at barracks. Our army can be your army if you
want us. But let’s make a decision. His view of the United
States had remained positive by the time he seized power. In
fact, during the 1960s, Pakistan's population was generally
pro-American and held a similarly positive view of the United
States.
In 1960, Ayub Khan granted permission for the United States
to fly its first spy missions to the Soviet Union from the
Peshawar Air Base, which had been recently upgraded with
American funds. In May 1960, the U-2 incident took place, in
which pilot Gary Powers was captured by the USSR.
The CIA notified Ayub Khan of the incident while he was
in London for a state visit – he reportedly shrugged his
shoulders and stated that he had expected such an incident
would eventually happen.
In 1961, Khan paid his first visit to the United States as head of
state. American goodwill towards Khan was evident by an
elaborate state dinner held at Mount Vernon, and a ticker
tape parade for Khan in New York City.
American military aide was concentrated in West-Pakistan,
with economic benefits were controlled by, and almost
exclusively used by, West Pakistan. East Pakistani anger
towards an absence of economic development was directed
towards the United States, as well as West Pakistan. The East-
Pakistan parliament passed a resolution denouncing the 1954
military pact with the United States.

President Ayub Khan and Jaqueline Kennedy with Sardar,

a Seal brown horse gifted by Khan to Jackie Kennedy, 1962.
Economic aid to Pakistan was further increased by the United
States through the consortium companies. West Pakistan's
high rate of economic growth during this time period brought
wide regard to Pakistan as a model of successful
implementation of capitalism in a developing country in 1964,
GDP growth was 9.38%.
In 1965, Pakistan, under the leadership of Ayub Khan,
launched the so-called Operation Gibraltar against India,
which escalated to a declaration of war. The war with India
had a high economic cost for Pakistan, which lost $500 million
in aid from the United States. Economic growth that year was
a mere 0.88%. The economy rapidly rebounded with a GDP
growth of 2.32% in 1966, and 9.79% in 1969. However, given
the huge economic cost of the war without any clear victory
(or loss), Khan surrendered his Presidential powers to Army
Commander General Yahya Khan (no relation) in 1969.
Despite the loss of a crucial ally, Pakistan, and its new leader,
were perceived in the United States as an integral bulwark
against Communism, and so Pakistan's close relations with the
United States were maintained.

Pakistan's role in U.S.-China relations.

President Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger took advantage
of Pakistan's close relationship with People Republic of
China to initiate secret contacts that resulted in Henry
Kissinger’s secret visit to China in July 1971 after visiting
Pakistan. These contacts resulted in the 1972 Nixon visit to
China, and the subsequent normalizing of relations between
the United States and the People's Republic of China.

1971: Relations during war.

President of Pakistan Yahya Khan with United States President

Richard Nixon, 1970.
At the onset of hostilities between India and Pakistan,
President Nixon urged Yahya Khan to restrain Pakistani
forces, in order to prevent escalation of war, and to safeguard
Pakistan's interests – Nixon feared that an Indian invasion of
West Pakistan would lead to socialist India's domination of
the subcontinent, thereby strengthening the position of
the Soviet Union. Khan feared that an independent
Bangladesh would lead to the disintegration of West Pakistan.
However, Indian military support for Bengali guerrillas and a
massive flood of Bengali refugees into India led to the
escalation of hostilities and declared war between India and
Pakistan.
The United States secretly encouraged the shipment of
military equipment from the Shah's Iran, Turkey, and Jordan
to Pakistan, and reimbursed those countries for their
shipments, despite Congressional objections. The United
States, however, also threatened to cut-off aid to pressure
Pakistan to end hostilities, but did not wish for India to
dominate the new political landscape in South Asia either.
Near the end of the war, the Nixon Administration recognized
Pakistan's imminent defeat, but sent the USS Enterprise, as
well as the Task Force-74 of the United States Seventh
Fleet into the Indian Ocean – which was regarded as a
warning to India to resist escalating attacks against West
Pakistan. As it was the height of the Vietnam War, the United
States show of force was seen as a sign of support for the
beleaguered West Pakistan Armed Forces
Declassified CIA intelligence documents stated that India
intended to dismember Pakistan and destroy its armed forces,
a possible loss of U.S. ally in the Cold war that the United
States cannot afford to lose. Nixon termed India a Soviet
stooge before ordering the Enterprise to lead the Task Force-
74. In an assessment completed by the United States, India
was seen as being able to summarily defeat Pakistan, were
India to receive the full backing of Soviet Union. Nixon sent a
message to Soviet Union urging Russians to stop backing
India. In Nixons words In the strongest possible terms to
restrain India with which have great influence and for whose
actions you must share responsibility.

In 1972, Zulfi Bhutto gifted a carved ivory set of chess to

the United States President Gerald Ford.
As a result of the 1970s election, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a
charismatic democratic socialist, became President (1971–
1974) and later Prime minister in 1974. This period is seen as a
quiet cold war with the Pakistan who administered under
democratic socialists led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. His socialist
ideas favored the communist ideas but never actually allied
with communism. Under Bhutto, Pakistan would focus
on Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, building closer ties
with Soviet bloc and the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, Bhutto
tried to maintain a balance with the United States, but such
attempts were rebuffed by the United States. Bhutto opposed
the ultra leftism concepts but was a strong proponent of left-
wing politics, which the U.S. had opposed in Pakistan from the
very start.
Although, Richard Nixon enjoyed firmly strong relations with
Bhutto and was a close friend of Bhutto, the graph of relation
significantly went down under the Presidency of Jimmy
Carter Carter, an anti-socialist, tightened the embargo placed
on Pakistan and placed a pressure through the United States
Ambassador to Pakistan, Brigadier-General Henry
Byroade. The socialist orientation, and Bhutto's proposed left-
wing theories, had badly upset the United States, further
clinging the bell tolls in the United States as fearing Pakistan's
loss as an ally in the Cold war. The leftists and Bhutto's policy
towards Soviet Union was seen sympathetic and had built a
bridge for the Soviet Union to have gain access in Pakistan's
warm water ports, that something both the United States and
the Soviet Union had lacked.
During the course of 1976 presidential election, Carter was
elected as U.S. President, and his very inaugural speech Carter
announced the determination to seek the ban of nuclear
weapons. With Carter's election, Bhutto lost all links to United
States administration he had through President Nixon. Bhutto
had to face the embargo and pressure from the American
President who was totally against the political objectives
which Bhutto had set forth for his upcoming future plans.
Carter indirectly announced his opposition to Bhutto, his
ambition and the elections. Responding to President Carter,
Bhutto launched a more actively aggressive and serious
diplomatic offensive on the United States and the Western
world over the nuclear issues. Bhutto's demagogic act on
nuclear issues put the United States, particularly Carter who
found it extremely difficult to counter Bhutto, on Defensive
position at the United Nations. While India and the Soviet
Union were pushed aside when Bhutto attacked Indian
nuclear programme as labeling latter's program based on
the nuclear proliferation. Writing to the world and Western
leaders, Bhutto made it clear and maintained to the United
States:
Pakistan was exposed to a kind of nuclear threat and
blackmail unparalleled elsewhere If the world's community
failed to provide political insurance to Pakistan and other
countries against the nuclear blackmail, these countries would
be a constraint to launch atomic bomb programs of their own
ssurances provided by the United Nations were not Enough
Although Carter placed an embargo on Pakistan, Bhutto under
the technical guidance and diplomatic though Foreign
minister Aziz Ahmed, succeeded to bought sensitive
equipment, common metal materials, and electronic
components, marked as common items hide the true nature of
the intentions, greatly enhance the atomic bomb project
though a complete failure for Carter's embargo. Bhutto tried
to resolve the issue, but Carter intentionally sabotages the
talks. In a thesis written by historian Abdul Ghafoor Buhgari,
Carter keenly sabotaged Bhutto credibility, but did not wanted
to favor his execution as Carter made a call to General Zia-ul-
Haq to stop the act. Therefore, senior leadership of Pakistan
Peoples Party reached out to different country's ambassadors
and high commissioners but did not meet with the U.S.
ambassador, as the leadership knew the "noble" part played
by Carter and his administration.When Carter administration
discovered Bhutto's act, the programme was reached to a
well-advanced level, and furthermore, had disastrous effect
on SALT I Treaty which was soon collapse, a failure of
President Carter to stop the atomic proliferation and arm race
between the Soviet Union and the United States heightened.

Bhutto meeting with Nixon in 1972.

In 1974, with India carried out the test of nuclear weapons
near the Pakistan's eastern border, codename Smiling
Buddha, Bhutto sought the United States to impose economic
sanctions in India. Though it was unsuccessful approach, in a
meeting of Pakistan's Ambassador to the United States with
Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, Kissinger told Pakistan's
ambassador to Washington that the test is a fait accompli and
that Pakistan would have to learn to live with it although he
was aware this is a little rough on the Pakistanis.] In the
1970s, the ties were further severed with Bhutto as Bhutto
had continued to administer the research on weapons, and in
1976, in a meeting with Bhutto and Kissinger, Kissinger had
told Bhutto, that if you do not cancel, modify or postpone the
Reprocessing Plant Agreement, we will make a horrible
example from you. The meeting was ended by Bhutto as he
had replied For my country's sake, for the sake of people of
Pakistan I did not succumb to that black-mailing and threats.
After the meeting Bhutto intensified
his nationalization and industrialization policies as well as
aggressively taking steps to spur scientific research on atomic
weapons and the atomic bomb project. Bhutto authorized the
construction of Chagai weapon-testing laboratories, whilst the
United States opposed the action and predicted that it will
lead to a massive and destructive war between India and
Pakistan in the future. The atomic bomb project became fully
mature in 1978, and a first cold test was conducted in 1983.
Bhutto called upon Organization of Islamic Conference in
order to bring Muslim world together but after months, the
pro-United States Muslim nations and the United States itself
took the promised step and Bhutto was declared as the
corrupted one, and, as a result, Bhutto was hanged in 1979.
Military dictatorship (1977–1988)
In 1979, a group of Pakistani students burned the American
embassy in Islamabad to the ground killing two Americans as
a reaction to Grand Mosque Seizure, citing the U.S.
involvement.

Crile and Charlie Wilson meeting with ISI officers, c. The 1980s.
After the removal and death of Bhutto, the Pakistan's ties
with the United States were better and improved. On
December 24, 1979, the Soviet 40th Army crossed borders,
rolling into Afghanistan, President Carter issued his doctrine.
The silent features offers the creation of the Rapid
Deployment Force (RDF), increasing the deployment of United
States Naval Forces Central Command (NAVCENT), a collective
security framework in the region and a commitment to the
defence of Pakistan by transfer of significant amount of
weapons and Monetarism.
Following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, ISI and CIA ran
multibillion-dollar worth Operation Cyclone to thwart the
communist regime as well as defeating Soviets in Afghanistan.
Throughout the military regime of General Zia-ul-Haq, the ties
and relations were promoted at its maximum point, and the
United States had given billion dollars of economic and
military aid to Pakistan. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in
December 1979 highlighted the common interest of Pakistan
and the United States in opposing the Soviet Union. In 1981,
Pakistan and the United States agreed on a $3.2 billion
military and economic assistance program aimed at helping
Pakistan deal with the heightened threat to security in the
region and its economic development needs. With US
assistance, in the largest covert operation in history, Pakistan
armed and supplied anti-Soviet fighters in Afghanistan.
In the 1980s, Pakistan agreed to pay $658 million for 28 F-
16 fighter jets from the United States; however, the US
congress froze the deal, citing objections to Pakistan's nuclear
ambitions. Under the terms of the American cancellation, the
US kept both the money and the planes, leading to angry
claims of theft by Pakistanis.

Initially, Carter offered Pakistan $325 million in aid over three

years; Zia rejected this as peanuts. Carter also signed the
finding in 1980 that allowed less than $50 million a year to go
to the Mujahideen. All attempts were rebuffed, Zia shrewdly
played his cards knowing that Carter was on his way out and
he may get a better deal from the incoming Reagan.
After Ronald Reagan came to office defeating Carter for the
US Presidency in 1980 all this changed, due to President
Reagan's new priorities and the unlikely and remarkably
effective effort by Congressman Charles Wilson aided
by Joanne Herring, and CIA Afghan Desk Chief Gust
Avrakotos to increase the funding for Operation Cyclone. Aid
to the Afghan resistance, and to Pakistan, increased
substantially, finally reaching $1 billion. The United States,
faced with a rival superpower looking as if it were to create
another Communist bloc, now engaged Zia in fighting a US-
aided war by proxy in Afghanistan against the Soviets.
The Reagan administration and Reagan himself supported
Pakistan's military regime, American officials visited the
country on a routine basis. The U.S. political influence in
Pakistan effectively curbed down the liberals, socialists,
communists and democracy advocates in the country in 1983,
instead advising Zia to hold the non-partisans elections in
1985. General Akhtar Abdur Rahman of ISI and William
Casey of CIA worked together in harmony, and in an
atmosphere of mutual trust. The ISI officer Mohammad Yusuf
stated it was a great blow to the Jehad when Casey died
calling Casey shaheed a former CIA director is actually a
martyr of The U.S. intelligence community also helped Zia to
expand the idea of The Establishment in the national politics
of Pakistan, approving the sale of F-16 Fighting Falcon,
nuclear technology, naval warships, intelligence training and
efforts.

Relations after the Cold war: 1988–1999.

After the restoration of democracy after the disastrous and
mysterious death of Zia and U.S. Ambassador in an aviation
crash, relations deteriorated quickly with upcoming prime
ministers Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif. The United States
took a tough stand on Pakistan's nuclear development,
passing the Pressler amendment, while significantly improving
the relations with India. Both Benazir and Nawaz Sharif also
asked the United States to take steps to stop the Indian
nuclear program, feeling that United States was not doing
enough to address what Pakistan saw as an existential threat.
Pakistan found itself in a state of extremely high insecurity as
tensions mounted with India and Afghanistan's infighting
continued. Pakistan's alliance with the U.S. was strained due
to factors such as its support for the Taliban and public
distancing of the Pakistani government from the U.S.
Rift in relations.
In 1992 US Ambassador Nicholas Platt advised Pakistan's
leaders that if Pakistan continued to support terrorists in India
or Indian-administered territory the Secretary of State may
find himself required by law to place Pakistan on the state
sponsors of terrorism list. When the US decided to respond to
the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Africa by firing
missiles at an al-Qaeda camp in Taliban-controlled
Afghanistan, five Pakistani ISI agents present at the camp
were killed.

Cold war legacies and trade sanctions.

CENTO and SEATO.
Pakistan was a leading member of the Central Treaty
Organization (CENTO) and the Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization (SEATO) from its adoption in 1954–55 and allied
itself with the United States during the most of the Cold war.
In 1971–72, Pakistan ended its alliance with the United States
after the East-Pakistan war in which East Pakistan successfully
seceded with the aid of India. The promise of economic aid
from the United States was instrumental in creating these
agreements. At the time the pact was adopted, Pakistan's
relationship with the United States was the friendliest in Asia.
During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the United States
refused to provide any military support to as against its
pledged. This generated widespread anti-American feelings
and emotions in Pakistan that the United States was no longer
a reliable ally. According to C. Christine Fair, the U.S. cut off
arms supplies because Pakistan started the war with India by
using regular military personnel disguised as mujahideen.
According to Fair, in 1971 "the Pakistanis were angry at the
U.S. again, for not bailing them out from another war they
started against India.

Alliance with United States.

Prior to the September 11 attacks in 2001, Pakistan and Saudi
Arabia were key supporters of the Taliban in Afghanistan, as
part of their "strategic depth" objective vis-a-vis India, Iran,
and Russia.[citation needed]
After 9/11, Pakistan, led by General Pervez Musharraf,
reversed course as they were under pressure from the United
States and joined the War on Terror as a U.S. ally. Having
failed to convince the Taliban to hand over bin Laden and
other members of Al Qaeda, Pakistan provided the U.S. a
number of military airports and bases for its attack on
Afghanistan, along with other logistical support. Since 2001,
Pakistan has arrested over five hundred Al-Qaeda members
and handed them over to the United States senior U.S. officers
have been lavish in their praise of Pakistani efforts in public
while expressing their concern that not enough was being
done in private. However, General Musharraf was strongly
supported by the Bush administration.

Pakistan Prime minister Shaukat Aziz shakes hands with

President George Walker Bush.
In return for their support, Pakistan had sanctions lifted and
has received about $10 billion in U.S. aid since 2001, primarily
military. In June 2004, President George W. Bush designated
Pakistan as a major non-NATO ally, making it eligible, among
other things, to purchase advanced American military
technology.
Pakistan has lost thousands of lives since joining the U.S. war
on terror in the form of both soldiers and civilians and was
going through a critical period, however many areas of
Pakistan are becoming terror free. Suicide bombs were
commonplace in Pakistan, whereas they were unheard of prior
to 9/11. The Taliban have been resurgent in recent years in
both Afghanistan and Pakistan. Hundreds of thousands of
refugees have been created internally in Pakistan, as they
have been forced to flee their homes as a result of fighting
between Pakistani forces and the Taliban in the regions
bordering Afghanistan and further in Swat.
A key campaign argument of US President Barack Obama was
that the US had made the mistake of putting all our eggs in
one basket in the form of General Musharraf. Musharraf was
eventually forced out of office under the threat of
impeachment, after years of political protests by lawyers,
civilians and other political parties in Pakistan. With Obama
coming into office, the U.S. is expected to triple non-military
aid to Pakistan to $1.5 billion per year over 10 years, and to
tie military aid to progress in the fight against militants. The
purpose of the aid is to help strengthen the relatively new
democratic government led by President Zardari and to help
strengthen civil institutions and the general economy in
Pakistan and to put in place an aid program that is broader in
scope than just supporting Pakistan's military.

Aid from the United States since 9/11

Pakistan is a major non-NATO ally as part of the War on
Terrorism, and a leading recipient of U.S. aid. Between 2002–
2013, Pakistan received $25 billion in economic and military
aid and sales of military equipment. The equipment included
eighteen new F-16 aircraft, eight P-3C Orion maritime patrol
aircraft, 6,000 TOW anti-tank missiles, 500 AMRAM air-to-air
missiles, 6 C-130 transport aircraft 20 Cobra attack
helicopters, and a Perry-class missile frigate. About half of the
aid package was disbursed during the Bush administration
and other half during the Obama administration. The aid
during the Obama administration was more economic than
military.