Chemistry

Investigatory
Project

 Name of School:
Kendriya Vidyalaya No.1.

 Submitted To:
Ms.Narinder Kaur
  Submitted By:
Name: Mansi Uppal
Class: XII ‘A’.
Roll no: 07
 Group Members:
I. Name: Mandeep Kaur
Class: XII ‘A’.
II. Name: Rimpy
Class: XII’A’.

 Index:
S.NO. Title Page No.
1. Certificate 4.
2. Acknowledgement 5.
3. Introduction 6-8
4. 9-18
Contents-
 Aim
 Mat.req
 Chem.Req
 Theory
 Procedure
 result
5. Conclusion 18-19
6. References 20

 Certificate:
This is to certify that this bonafide project work in the subject of
chemistry has been done by Mansi, Mandeep and Rimpy of class XII
science in the academic year 2012-2013 submitted to Ms.Narinder
Kaur.

 Acknowledgement:
 I hereby acknowledge my deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to the
following personalities whose immense help, genius guidance,
encouragement, necessary suggestions, initiations, enthusiasm and inspiration
made this work a master art and a joint enterprise.

Mr.Somdutt- (Principal)
Ms.Narinder Kaur- (PGT Chemistry)
Mr.Yashpal-(Lab assistant)
And finally thanks to our parents and almighty god.

 Introduction
Our body needs important nutrients to support its healthy
condition that is why it is imperative that our food
consumption should include healthy foods that contain good
amount of nutrients sufficient enough to supply our body
with its required daily nutrition. Nutrients like
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, etc. are
play vital and specific role to develop and sustain body.

This project deals with finding out various constituents

and compositions of fruits. Analyzing the type of nutrient
present in a food item helps plan a balanced diet. A
balanced diet can be prepared according to the energy
requirement which varies depending on age, sex, size,
metabolic rate and activity level.

Following is a brief note on the nutrients:

 Minerals:
Dietary minerals are the chemical elements required by living organisms, other
than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen that are present in
nearly all organic molecules.

 Calcium, a common electrolyte, but also needed structurally (for muscle

and digestive system health, bone strength, some forms neutralize acidity)
may help clear toxins, provides signaling ions for nerve and membrane functions.
 Magnesium, required for processing ATP and related reactions (builds
bone, causes strong peristalsis, increases flexibility, increases alkalinity)

 
 Phosphorus, required component of bones; essential
For energy processing prevent anemia.
 CONTENTS
Aim
Materials Required
Chemicals Required
Theory
Procedure
Result
References
 Aim of the Experiment
To detect the presence of minerals in fruit
Juices.

 Materials Required:
 Fruit juices
 Test tubes
 Beakers
 Conical Flask
 Tripod Stand
 Wire Gauze
  Bunsen Burner

 Chemicals Required:
 Potassium Hydroxide(koh)
 Potassium pyroantimonate
 2,4,6 trinitrophenol(Picric acid)
 Ammonium hydroxide
 Ammonium oxalate
 Ammonium phosphate
 Concentrated nitric acid
 Potassium sulphocyanide
 Dilute hydrochloric acid
  Carbon disulphide
 Ammonium molybdate

 Theory:
The presence of minerals in any food is detected by
performing tests with the given food sample. The fruits
are tested
For these nutrients with the help of tests such as calcium
magnesium, iron tests.

 Procedure-Tests, Observations And Inference

The fruits and vegetables whose juices are to be tested are cut into small
pieces. The juices are extracted by using a juicer. The juices are filtered with the
help of a filter paper. The filtrate is taken out and subjected to various tests
for carbohydrates proteins, fats and minerals. Then tests are carried out in
following manner:

 Tests for Minerals:

Test Observations Inference
 Test For calcium  Appearance of the This confirms the
2 ml of the sample is white ppt is presence of the calcium
taken and amm. observed in apple in apple.
Chloride and amm.
juice
Hydroxides are added.
The above soln is
filtrate and to the
filtrate 2 ml of the of
amm. Oxalate soln is
added.
Test for Magnesium  Appearance of white  Presence of
2 ml of the sample is ppt is observed in test magnesium is
taken and amm. for orange, tomato and confirmed in orange,
Hydroxide soln. is potato. tomato and potato.
While it is absent in
added. Scratch the
radish, apple and
sides of the test tube grapes.
with a glass rod.
 Test for Iron Appearance of blood  This confirms the
2 ml of the sample is red color ppt is presence of iron in
taken and to it 1 drop apples.
 of conc. Nitric acid is obtained in the case
added, heated and of apple.
cooled. Add 2-3 drops
of potassium
sulphocyanide soln.
Test for Phosphorous Appearance of The presence of
Take 2 ml of the yellow ppt is phosphorous is
juice and to it, add 1 obtained in tomato, confirmed in tomato,
drop of conc. Nitric potato and grapes. potato and grapes.
acid. Boil the While it is absent in
soln.and add amm. radish, orange and
Molybdate. apple.
Test for Potassium Appearance of The presence of
Take 2 ml of the yellow ppt is potassium is
juice and add to it 2 obtained in case of confirmed in apple.
ml picric acid soln. apples.
Test for Sodium  A white crystallized The presence of the
Take 2 ml of the ppt indicates the sodium is confirmed
soln.and add 2 ml of presence of sodium in in apple.
potassium hydroxide apple juice.
soln.boil and cool
and add pot
pyroantimonate
soln. and scratch the
sides of the test
tubes.
 Result:
After performing the test for minerals,
following can be concluded about their
presence in different fruits:
Apple contains:
Sodium ion
Potassium ion
Iron ion
Calcium ion

 Conclusion:
After analyzing the fruits it can be well concluded that all of
them contain one or the other compounds vital for body
functioning. It is observed that carbohydrate is a predominant
constituent while fats are not present in most of the tested
items. It is a natural merit, as living organism requires
carbohydrate the most common for generating energy.
Among minerals presence of calcium is considerable as its
present in all the selected food items. Iron, magnesium and
phosphorous are also present sufficiently.

Many other minerals form constituents of vegetables and

fruits, but in trace quantities as body require them
veryless.The results throw a light on significance of
vegetables and fruits as their constituents are vital compounds
and nutrients. The deficiency of thesenutrients can lead to
various metabolic disorder. So, besides cereals, milk and its
products and non-vegetarian food items, vegetable and fruits
must be included in a daily balanced diet of all.

More effort is required to make everyone realizes their

significance for a healthy, disease-free, long lifestyle.

 References:
  NCERT Chemistry Textbook for Class XII-
Part II
 www.wikipedia.com.