Industrial Internship Report

DECLARATION
We hereby declare
that the work INDUSTRIAL INTERNSHIP REPORT
presented in this report entitled “BASICS OF
GEOTECHNICAL ON LABORATORY AND GEOTEXTILE
“BASICS OF GEOTECHNICAL LABORATORY AND GEOTEXTILE
LABORATORY”
LABORATORY” in partial fulfilment of the
A report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Awards of Degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering 7th Semester
INTERNSHIP DURATION - (From 3rd July to 28th July, 2023)
requirement for the award of the

degree of Bachelor of the
Technology in Civil Engineering,
submitted to Assam Engineering
College is an authentic record of
ours own work carried out during
period from 03 July 2023 to 28 July
2023 under the supervision of our
course coordinator N.Sorkar
at AWARMI laboratories. All the
data used in calculations is correct
to the best of my knowledge and
observed practically in the laboratory.
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
Group member name Roll no signature
Submitted by
HIGHBER MOGH CH
MARAK HIGHBER MOGH CH MARAK 202110001003
BONOMALI DOLEY C
PARTHO PRATIM GAM C BONOMALI
DOLEY 212150001029
PARTHO PRATIM GAM

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 202110001007
SCHOLAR’S INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
GARCHUK, GAROGHULI ROAD-781035
GUWAHATI-35
Submitted to:
ASSAM WATER RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE WATER

RESOURCES DEPARTMENT BASISTHA, GUWAH ATI -781029
Internship report 2023
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to, Additional Chief Engineer, AWRMI,
Basistha, Guwahati-29 for providing this opportunity to carry out this summer training
course on “Basics of Geotechnical Laboratory & Geotextile Laboratory”
Next, I express my deepest sense of gratitude to Mrs. & Mr. for their constant guidance and
encouragement. This has been a great help in carrying out the training.
We would like to express a deep sense of gratitude and thanks profusely to Mr. N. Sarkar,
Assistant River Research officer (i/c), AWRMI, Guwahati- 29. Without the wise counsel
and able guidance, it would have been impossible to complete the report in this manner.
I also express gratitude to the faculty Member, Laboratory staff & other staff member of
Assam Water Research & Management Institute, Water Research Department,
Basistha, Guwahati-29 for their intellectual support throughout the course of this work.
Finally, I would like to extend my deep gratitude towards the T&P cell of Scholars of
Institute of Technology & Management and my friends for their support in carrying out
this work successfully.
➢ Table of content
Page no
• Candidate declaration
• Acknowledgement
• Chapter1: Basics of soil formation ------------------------------- 1
• Chapter 2: Soil Phase relationship--------------------------- • Chapter 3: Soil
Exploration----------------------------------------
• Chapter 4: Laboratory Investigation----------------------------- • Chapter 5: Field
Identification------------------------------------
• Chapter 6: Moister Content---------------------------------------
• Chapter 7: Specific Gravity --------------------------------------
• Chapter 8: Atterberg’s consistency------------------------------
• Chapter 9: Grain size analysis ---------------------------------- • Chapter 10: Core
Cutter Method--------------------------------- • Chapter 11: Standard Proctor
Compaction test-----------------
• Chapter 12: Direct shear test-------------------------------------
• Chapter 13: Basics of Geotextile Laboratory------------------
• Chapter 14: Conclusion------------------------------------------
• Chapter 15: Reference--------------------------------------------
Chapter:1 BASICS OF SOIL FORMATION:

The term ‘Soil’ has different meanings in different scientific fields. civil engineer, the term
‘soil’ means, the loose unconsolidated inorganic material on the earth’s crust produced by the
disintegration of rocks, overlying hard rock with or without organic matter.
Soil is composed of particles formed from the disintegration of rocks. The void space
between the particles may be occupied by air, water or both. The soil may contain organic
matter.
Soil is formed by the process of ‘Weathering’ of rocks, that is, disintegration and
decomposition of rocks and minerals at or near the earth’s surface through the actions of
natural or mechanical and chemical agents into smaller and smaller grains. It is to be noted
that 95% of the earth’s crust consists of igneous rocks, and only the remaining 5% consists of
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks
Rock + Organic matter = Soil
Formation of soil particles takes place by two processes
a. Physical weathering
b. Chemical weathering
a) Physical weathering:
Physical weathering process are erosion of rock by wind, water, glacier and penetration of
plants roots. Disintegration of rock due to alternate freezing and thawing circle. Soil so
formed retained materials that were present the parents’ rocks. Their shape may be angular,
sub angular, sub rounded or rounded. Soil so formed does not have bond between the
particles and hence they are said to have single grained structure.
b) Chemical weathering
In this formation soil occur due to chemical action of acids and alkali present in wind, water
or glaciers. Chemical action leads to the formation of crystalline particles of small size (less
than 2 µ) known as clay minerals. The identity of these minerals is different from that of the
parents’ rock. These minerals have plate like structure with large specific surface area.
Presence of water in the soil so formed influences their engineering properties significantly.
Fig 1: Typical soil profile

RESIDUAL AND TRANSPORTED SOILS
Soils which are formed by weathering of rocks may remain in position at the place of region.
In that case these are ‘Residual Soils’. These may get transported from the place of origin by
various agencies such as wind, water, ice, gravity, etc. In this case these are termed
‘‘Transported soil’’.
The residual soil profile may be divided into three zones:
i. The upper zone in which there is a high degree of weathering and removal of material; ii.
The intermediate zone in which there is some degree of weathering in the top portion and
some deposition in the bottom portion;
iii. The partially weathered zone where there is the transition from the weathered material to
the unweathered parent rock.
Transported soils may be further subdivided, depending upon the transporting agency and the
place of deposition, as under:
i. Alluvial soils. Soils transported by rivers and streams: Sedimentary clays.

ii. Aeoline soils. Soils transported by wind: loess.
iii. Glacial soils. Soils transported by glaciers: Glacial till. iv. Lacustrine soils. Soils
deposited in lake beds: Lacustrine silts and lacustrine clays.
v. Marine soils. Soils deposited in sea beds: Marine silts and marine clays.
CHAPTER 2: SOIL PHASE RELATIONSHIP

Soil is a complex physical system. A mass of soil includes accumulated solid particles or soil
grains and the void spaces that exist between the particles. The void spaces may be partially
or completely filled with water or some other liquid. Void spaces not occupied by water or
any other liquid are filled with air or some other gas.
The volume occupied by a soil mass may generally be expected to include material in all the
three states of matter—solid, liquid and gas, soil is, in general, referred to as a “three-phase
system”. For purposes of analysis, it is convenient to represent this soil mass by a block
diagram, called ‘Phase-diagram’.
Fig 2: Representation of soil mass by three phase diagram.

When the soil voids are completely filled with water, the gaseous phase being absent, it is
said to be ‘fully saturated’ or merely ‘saturated’. When there is no water at all in the voids,
the voids will be full of air, the liquid phase being absent; the soil is said to be dry. In both
these cases, the soil system reduces to a ‘two-phase’. These are merely special cases of the
three-phase system.
(a) (b)
Fig 3: (a) Saturated soil, (b) Dry soil as two-phase system.

A number of quantities or ratios are defined which constitute the basic terminology in soil
mechanics. The use of these quantities in predicting the engineering behaviour of soil. The
general three-phase diagram for soil will help in understanding the terminology and also in
the development of more useful relationships between the various quantities.
Fig 4: Soil-phase diagram (volumes and weights of phases)

Porosity: ‘Porosity’ of a soil mass is the ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume of
the soil mass. It is denoted by the letter symbol n and is commonly expressed as a percentage:
n = Vv/ V × 100, Here Vv = Va + Vw; V = Va + Vw + Vs

Void Ratio: ‘Void ratio’ of a soil mass is defined as the ratio of the volume of voids to the
volume of solids in the soil mass. It is denoted by the letter symbol e and is generally
expressed as a decimal fraction:
e = Vv /Vv, Here Vv = Va + Vw
Degree of saturation: Degree of saturation’ of a soil mass is defined as the ratio of the
volume of water in the voids to the volume of voids. It is designated by the letter symbol S
and is commonly expressed as a percentage:
S = Vw/Vv × 100, Here Vv = Va + Vw.

Percentage air void: ‘Percent air voids’ of a soil mass is defined as the ratio of the volume of
air voids to the total volume of the soil mass. It is denoted by the letter symbol na and is
commonly expressed as a percentage:
na = Va/ V × 100
Unit Weight of Solids: ‘Unit weight of solids’ is the weight of soil solids per unit volume of
solids alone. It is also sometimes called the ‘absolute unit weight’ of a soil. It is denoted by
the letter symbol γs:
γs = Ws/Vs
Specific Gravity of Water: ‘Specific gravity of water’ is defined as the ratio of the unit
weight of water to the unit weight of water at the standard temperature (4°C). It is denoted by
the letter symbol, Gw and is given by:
Gw = γw /γ0
CHAPTER 3: SOIL EXPLORATION
The field and laboratory investigations required to obtain the necessary data for the soils for
proper design and successful construction of any structure at the site are collectively called
soil exploration.
The primary objectives of soil exploration are
1. Determination of the nature of the deposits of soil, depth and thickness of

various soil strata.
2. Location of Ground water table and obtaining soil and rock samples from the
various strata.
3. The determination of the engineering properties of the soil and rock strata that
affect the performance of the structure.
4. Determination of the in-situ properties by performing field test.
Boring is making or drilling bore holes into the ground with a view to obtaining soil or rock
samples from specified or known depths is called ‘boring’. Boring methods are widely used
for subsurface investigations to collect samples, in almost all types of soil, for visual
inspection or laboratory testing. There are several boring techniques like auger boring, rotary
drilling, wash boring.
Auger Boring
It is a simple and cost-effective boring technique which can be used for almost all types of
soil apart from gravelly soil and rocks which may be used up to 50 m depth. This technique
encounters difficulty in gravelly soil and special drilling bits are needed for rocks. Auger
boring is used to collect disturbed soil specimen.
Fig 5: Soil auger
Wash boring
Wash boring method is used to collect disturbed and undisturbed samples in almost all types
of soils except rocks. In this technique, portable, cheap, and limited equipment is used which
is an advantage of wash boring.
Fig 6: Wash boring
CHAPTER 4: LABORATORY INVESTIGATION
Importance of Laboratory Testing in Geotechnical Engineering:

Laboratory testing is an integral part of geotechnical engineering research and practice. The
qualities of the soil required for geotechnical analyses and the creation of geotechnical
models will be provided by a well-planned and carefully carried out laboratory testing
program. To get reliable results, field samples of soil and rock must be carefully collected and
well stored. The information is used to design and analyze foundations, embankments,
tunnels, slopes, and other geotechnical structures. The data obtained from laboratory tests can
also help in selecting suitable construction materials, determining the stability of slopes,
evaluating the liquefaction potential of soils, and predicting the behavior of soil under
different loading conditions. Additionally, the investigation of the causes of geotechnical
failures and the development of mitigation strategies can be done in the lab.
Purpose of Laboratory Testing:

The main purpose of laboratory testing in geotechnical engineering is to obtain
information about the physical and mechanical properties of soil samples. In subsequent
geotechnical applications, such as foundation design, slope stability analysis, and earthwork
design, this information is utilized to assess the behavior of the soil and also find out the
probable subsurface conditions like stratification, denseness or hardness of the soil strata, the
status of groundwater table etc. and to assess the likely range of safe bearing capacity for the
structure. The work is comprised of collecting soil samples, defining their physical and
engineering properties and analyzing all field and laboratory bearing capacity of the soil.
Laboratory test on soil generally should help to provide the following-
• Suitability of foundation types (shallow/deep)
• The allowable load capacity of the foundation
• Settlement predictions
• Identification and probable solution of construction problems
• Effect on adjacent property/structure

• Environmental issues and their solution Brief Description of Soil Sample:
Soil sample can be either disturbed and undisturbed. An undisturbed sample retains the
structural integrity of the ground before excavation. Disturbed samples are usually collected
after excavating a borehole into the proposed construction site. The structure of disturbed soil
is altered during sample collection and transport, which affects how it performs in testing.
For laboratory analysis of soil samples,3(three) numbers of disturbed and undisturbed

soil sample were collected from the banks of river Brahmaputra at Chandrapur Ghat,
Guwahati on the 6th July, 2023. In soil laboratory, three soil samples are tested for the
index properties and grain size distribution etc. and the visual description of the soil
samples as follows-
➢ SS-1/ DS
Light brownish in color fine to medium grain sand mixed with non-plastic silt,
traces of vegetable roots and dust mica, inorganic, cohesion less soil.
➢ SS-2/ DS
Light brownish in color fine to medium grain sand mixed with non-plastic silt,
traces of vegetable roots and dust mica, inorganic, cohesion less soil.
➢ SS-3/ DS
Light Greyish to ash in colored very fine grain sand mixed with non-plastic
silt, traces of vegetable root and clay binder, inorganic soil.
CHAPTER 5: FIELD IDENTIFICATION
Field identification of soil is the first and most important step in soil investigation
for engineering works. It is the determination of soil-type through which crucial
information about the soil properties can be obtained. It includes- ➢ Visual
examination,
➢ Dilatancy,
➢ Toughness,
➢ Dry strength, ➢ Organic content and ➢ Shine test.
Based on the size of soil particles soil can be gravel, sand, silt or clay.
Steps Involve in Field Identification of Soil:

1. Visual Examination:
In visual examination only the coarse grain soil can be seen by the naked eyes. In
visual identification we can identify the soil properties like size, angularity, texture
and grading.
2. Dilatancy (Reaction to shaking):

Take a small sample of soil in palm and add enough water to just saturated the soil
and by other hand shake the soil horizontally, striking vigorously several times.
➢ Squeeze the soil between the fingers.
➢ The appearance and disappearance of the water with shaking and squeezing
is referred to as a reaction.
➢ The reaction is known as Quick, if water appears and disappears rapidly.
➢ The reaction is known as slow, if water appears and disappears slowly.
➢ The reaction is known as no reaction, if the water condition does not appear
to change.
➢ Silt exhibits Quick reaction, whereas clay shows no reaction or slow reaction.
3. Toughness:
The same sample of the dilatancy test is used and dry for a while. Try to roll it into a 3
mm thread then find the plastic limit. Now after reaching the plastic limit, try to roll
it by using some extra pressure.
➢ If it can roll further, it implies the soil has more toughness.
➢ If we cant roll it or it crumbles then it indicates low toughness.
➢ If the thread starts to crumble below the plastic limit itself then it indicates
the medium toughness.
4. Dry Strength:
The same sample would be dried until it loses its water completely and then apply
pressure by fingers, then if it converts into powder then it implies it has low dry
strength.
➢ If it requires strength from fingers it implies it has medium-dry
strength.
➢ If it can’t be powdered with the application of strength also, it implies
it has high dry strength. 5. Organic content:
It smells like a decomposed organic matter and it increases with an increase in heating.
The colour would be dark.
Acid test: To check whether the soil has Ca or not, tested using HCL. This soil may show
extra strength due to cementing capacity.
6. Shine test:
Take a soil sample and cut with the knife, If it looks shiny it is plastic clay. If it has a dull
surface it is a low plastic clay.
CHAPTER 6: MOISTER CONTENT

The moisture content of soil also referred to as water content, is an indicator of the
amount of water present in soil. The water content of a soil is an important parameter that
controls its behaviour. It is a quantitative measure of the wetness of a soil mass. The water
content of a soil can be determined to a high degree of precision, as it involves only mass
which can be determined more accurately than volumes. To determine the water content in a
soil sample following method are used-
➢ Oven Drying Method

➢ Torsion Balance Method
➢ Pycnometer Method
➢ Sand Bath Method
➢ Alcohol Method
➢ Calcium Carbide Method
Oven Drying Method:

Oven dry method is the most accurate and simplest method for water content determination.
In this method complete drying of soil sample occur and water content in sample is calculated
accurately by a maintained temperature in the oven (105° C to 110° C) for 24 hours.
1.Apparatus used in oven drying method
❖ Non-corrodible container,
❖ Vented, thermostatically controlled drying oven that maintains temperatures between
105°C to 115°C.
❖ Balance of sufficient sensitivity (sensitive to 0.01 g), ❖ Container handling apparatus.
2. Procedures in oven drying method
➢ The procedure for the oven drying method can be listed as follows:
➢ The air-tight container along with its lid must be first weighed(W1)
➢ The specimen sample is then taken in the container, and the weight of a container
along with the lid and sample is taken, say W2
➢ Then, the container is left in the oven. The specimen is dried to a constant weight at
temperatures ranging from 105 to 110 degrees Celsius for about 16 to 24 hours:
➢ The container, along with the lid and the dried sample, are finally weighed (W3). ➢
The moisture content is then calculated using the following formula
w= [(W2-W3)/(W3-W1)] x 100
3. Observation and Calculation of Oven dry method
CHAPTER 7: SPECIFIC GRAVITY

The specific gravity of a soil is used in the phase relationship of air, water and solids in a
given volume of the soil. It is necessary to compute the void ratio of the soil. It is also used in
stake’s law in particle size analysis and in the computations of unit weight of soil. The value
of specific gravity of soils in the range of 2.65-2-80.
Apparatus used
1. Two density bottles of approximately 50 ml capacity with stoppers.

2. Digital balance of accuracy of .001g.
3. Vacuum desiccator.
4. Vacuum pump.
5. Oven.
6. Constant temperature water bath (27degree C)
7. Spatula.
Test Procedure
1. Determine and record the weight of the empty clean and dry Specific gravity bottle.
2. Put 5g of a sample of dry soil (passed through sieve No. 10) in the Specific Gravity
Bottle. Calculate and note the weight of the Specific Gravity Bottle containing the dry
soil.
3. Fill the Specific Gravity Bottle to about half to three- fourth with distilled water. For 10
minutes, soak the sample. To release the trapped air, continue applying a partial vacuum
for an additional 10 minutes. With care, turn off the vacuum and remove the vacuum line
from the Specific Gravity Bottle.
4. The Specific Gravity Bottle should be filled with distilled water (to the mark), and its
outside should be cleaned with a dry, clean cloth. Calculate the combined weight of the
Specific Gravity Bottle and its contents.
5. The Specific Gravity Bottle should be cleaned and empty. Then, completely fill it with
only distilled water. Apply a fresh, dry cloth to the Sp. Gr. BOTTLE's outside surface to
clean it. Identify the distilled water's weight and the Specific Gravity Bottle's weight.
6. Clean and empty the Specific Gravity Bottle.
Observation and calculation
Project: Extra sample (Sandy sample)
Bottle no 1 2 3
1. Wt of sp gr bottle W 16.55g 16.55g 16.55g
2. Wt of sp gr bottle 21.55g 21.55g 21.55g
and soil W1
3. W-W1 5g 5g 5g
4. Wt of sp gr bottle 92.57 92.44 92.43
and soil water W2
5. Wt of sp gr bottle 89.42 83.33 89.33
and water W3
6. W3-W2 -3.09 -3.11 -3.10
7. Sp gr 2.617 2.645 2.631
=W1-W/(W3W2)+
(W1-W)
Project: Extra sample (Clay sample)

Bottle no 1 2 3
1. Wt of sp gr bottle W 35.71g 35.71g 35.71g
2. Wt of sp gr bottle 40.71g 40.71g 40.71g
and soil W1
3. W-W1 5g 5g 5g
4. Wt of sp gr bottle 88.14 88.09 88.16
and soil water W2
5. Wt of sp gr bottle 85.06 85.06 85.06
and water W3
6. W3-W2 -3.08 -3.03 -3.1
8. Sp gr 2.604 2.538 2.63
=W1-W/(W3W2)+
(W1-W)
CHAPTER 8: ATTRTBERG’S CONSISTENCY

To differentiate between various silts and clays as well as between silt and clay, Atterberg
limits might be used. The water content at which soil changes from one state to another state
is known as Consistency limits, or Atterberg’s limit.
LIQUID LIMIT
The liquid limit is the moisture content at which the groove formed by a standard tool into the
sample of soil taken in the standard cup, closes for 12 mm on being given 25 blows in a
standard manner. At this limit, the soil possesses low shear strength.
From liquid limit test, the compression index may be estimated, which is used in settlement
analysis. If the natural moisture content of soil is higher than liquid limit, the soil can be
considered as soft and if the moisture content is lesser than liquid limit, the soil is brittle and
stiffer.
APPARATUS USED
1. Casagrande apparatus with grooving tools.

2. Balance.
3. Evaporating dishes, wash bottle etc.
4. Container to determine water content.
5. Spatula.
6. Oven.
PROCUDURE
1. From a completely mixed amount of material that passes through a 425 micron I.S
sieve, about grams of air-dried soil is to be obtained.
2. To create a consistent paste, distilled water is mixed with the soil.
3. The paste is divided into two portions and smeared into each with a few spatula
strokes in the liquid limit device's cup.
4. Trim it to a depth of 1 cm at the thickest point, and then add any extra dirt back into
the dish.
5. By using forceful strokes of the grooving tool along the diameter along the center line
of the follower, the dirt in the cup is to be separated, resulting in a clean, crisp groove
of the right size.
6. Turn the crank at a speed of two revolutions per second to raise and lower the cup
until the dirt cake's two halves come into touch along a length of about 1 cm only by
flow.
7. It is important to note how many blows are necessary to close the groove by around 1
cm.
8. In order to determine the soil's water content, a representative sample is taken.
9. At least three more times, repeat the test with various moisture concentrations for
blows between 10 and 40.
Table and observation
RUN NO 1 2 3 4
Disk no P7 T7 P6 P5
Wt of wet soil + disk 12.17 12.65 10.94 13.16
Wt of dry soil + disk 10.00 10.53 9.09 11.13
Wt of water 2.17 2.07 1.85 2.03
Wt of disk 5.05 5.39 4.22 5.45
Wt of dry soil 4.95 5.84 4.87 5.68
Moisture content 43.83 40.27 39.94 35.74
No of blows 6 11 23 37
CHAPTER 9: GRAIN SIZE DISTRIUTION

The grain size analysis to used universally in the engineering classification of soils. The
distribution of different grain size affects the engineering properties of soil. Grain size
classification is used in partially establishing the suitability criteria for road, airfield and
embankment constructions. Soil water movement can be predicted using the grain size
information.
SIEVE ANALYSIS
The grain size distribution of soils with particle sizes bigger than 75 micron (µ) can be found
through sieve analysis. The basic principle of sieve analysis involves passing the soil through
a number of standard sieves in order to calculate the cumulative percentage of finer for each
sieve or grain size. The grain size distribution curve is created by calculating the cumulative
percentage of each type of soil particle that passes through each sieve.
IS-2720 (Part 4) 1985 recommends the following two methods for sieve analysis: 1.
Wash Sieve Analysis: Applicable to all soils.
2. Dry Sieve Analysis: Applicable only to soils that do not have an applicable amount of
clay.
PRODEDURE
1. Take a sample of soil from the field and dry it in the oven.
2. Use a known mass of dried soil with all grains properly separated out.
3. Get a stack of sieves ready. Place the sieves in ascending sequence, one above the
other. First sieve is 2mm, and last sieve is 75micron. (µ)
4. Ensure that sieves are clean. Try using a brush to prod any soil particles that may be
stuck in the apertures.
5. The entire nest of sieves is horizontally shaken for 10 minutes in the sieve shaker until
the soil retained on each sieve reaches a constant value.
6. Calculate the mass of dirt retained on each sieve, including that which has been
gathered in the pan below.
Table
Soil Clay % Silt % (2µ- Sand % Gravels(>4.75mm) Soil
sample (<2µ) 75µ) (0.075mm- classification
4.75 mm) as per IS
1948
SS 1 10 68 22 ------- CI
SS 2 ----- 1 99 ------- SP
Dry Sieve: (Calculation)

Graph
Wash Sieve:(Calculation)
Graph
CHAPTER 10: CORE CUTTER METHOD

The core cutter method is a test used to determine the in-situ dry density of soil. It is only
used in fine-grained cohesive soils without stones. The test requires cylindrical core cutters
about 130 mm long and 100 mm in diameter. The bulk density of soil can be easily calculated
using this method. Once the moisture content of the soil is determined, the dry density and
void percentage can be calculated.
Objectives
Core cutter method is used for finding field density of cohesive/clayey soils placed as fill.
Apparatus Required
1. Cylindrical steel core cutter
2. Steel dolly 25 mm high and 100 mm in diameter.
3. Steel rammer.
PROCEDURE
1. Find the volume of core cutter by measuring its internal dimensions.
2. Find the weight of the core cutter (without dolly).
3. Place the dolly over the cutter and drive the cutter into the soil with the help rammer
4. Take out the cutter containing soil.
5. Remove the dolly and trim off the excess soil above the edges of the cutter.
6. Take the weight of cutter filled with soil.
7. Take some representative sample for water content determination by the oven.
8. Repeat the test at two/three locations and find the average density.
CHAPTER 11:PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST

Conduction od Proctor’s compaction test is based on the assessment of water content and dry
density relationship of a soil for a specified compactive effort. The mechanical process of
densification through reduction of air voids in the soil mass is called compaction. The amount
of mechanical energy which is applied to the soil mass is the compactive effort. There are
many methods to compact soil in the field, and some examples include tamping, kneading,
vibration and static load compaction. This test will employ the tamping or impact compaction
method using the type of equipment & methodology developed by R. R. Proctor in 1933,
hence, the test is also known as the Proctor test.
Usually, two types of test are performed: 1.
The Standard Proctor test and
2. The Modified Proctor tests.
In the Standard Proctor Test, the soil is compacted by a 2.6 kg rammer falling at a distance of
310 mm into a soil filled mould. The mould is filled with three layers of soil and each layer is
subjected to 25 blows of rammer. The Modified Proctor Test is identical to the Standard Proctor
Test except it employs a 4.89 kg rammer falling at a distance of 450 mm & uses five equals of
soil instead of three.
The bulk density in g/ml of each compacted specimen shall be calculated from the equation:
where, m1 = mass in g of mould and base; m2

= mass in g of mould, base and soil and,
Vm = Volume in ml of mould
The dry density in g/ml of each compacted specimen shall be calculated from the equation:
where, w = moisture content of soil in percent.
Objectives
This test is performed to determine the relationship between the moisture content and dry
density of a soil for a specified compactive effort.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
• Compaction mould 1000 ml capacity.
• 6 kg rammer
• Detachable base plate
• Collar 60 mm high
• IS Sieve 4.75 mm
• Oven
• Moisture cans
• Desiccator
• Weighing balance with accuracy of 1g
• Large mixing pan
• Straight edge spatula
• Graduated jars
• Mixing tools, spoons, trowels.
• Steel ruler
• Vernier callipers
• Thermostat
Procedure
The mould with base plate is cleaned and dried and weighed it to measure the nearest 1 gm.
2. Grease is applied on the mould along with base plate and collar completely.
3. About 16- 18 kg of air-dried pulverised soil is taken.
4. 4% of water is added to the soil if the soil is sandy and about 8% if the soil is clayey &
mixed it thoroughly. The soil is kept in air tight container and allowed it to mature for
about an hour.
5. About 3 kg of the processed soil is taken and divided into approximately three equal
portions.
6. One portion of the soil is put into the mould and compacted it by applying 25 number of
uniformly distributed blows.
7. The top surface of the compacted soil is scratched using spatula before filling the mould
with second layer of soil. The soil is compacted in the similar fashion as done in for the
first layer and scratched it.
8. The same procedure for third layer is also repeated.
9. The collar is removed & trimmed off the excess soil projecting above the mould using
straight edge.
10. The mould is cleaned and also the base plate from outside & weighed in to the nearest
gram.
11. The soil is removed from the top, middle and bottom of the case and the average of
water content is determined.
12. About 3% water or a fresh portion of the processed soil is added and the steps from 5
to 12 are repeated.
Observation & Result

Graph
CHAPTER 12:DIRECT SHEAR TEST

The test is carried out on either undisturbed samples or remoulded samples. To facilitate the
remoulding purpose, a soil sample may be compacted at optimum moisture content in a
compaction mould. Then specimen for the direct shear test could be obtained using the
correct cutter provided. Alternatively, sand sample can be placed in a dry state at a required
density, in the assembled shear box. A normal load is applied to the specimen and the
specimen is sheared across the pre-determined horizontal plane between the two halves of the
shear box. Measurements of shear load, shear displacement and normal displacement are
recorded. The test is repeated foe two or more identical specimens under different normal
loads. From the results, the shear strength parameters can be determined.
Objective
To determine the shear strength parameters for a given soil using the direct shear test.
Theory
The strength of a soil depends of its resistance to shearing stresses. It is made up of basically
the components; 1. Frictional – due to friction between individual particles. 2. Cohesive - due
to adhesion between the soil particles The two components are combined in Colulomb’s shear
strength equation, τf = c + σf tan ø Where τf = shearing resistance of soil at failure c =
apparent cohesion of soil σf = total normal stress on failure plane ø = angle of shearing
resistance of soil (angle of internal friction) This equation can also be written in terms of
effective stresses. τf = c’ + σ’f tan ø’
Where c’ = apparent cohesion of soil in terms of effective stresses σ'f
= effective normal stress on failure plane
ø’ = angle of shearing resistance of soil in terms of effective stresses

σ'f = σf - uf uf = pore water pressure on failure plane
Apparatus required
Loading Frame, Weights, Proving Ring, Micrometer Dial Gauge, Sample Trimmer or Core
Cutter, Stop Watch, Balance, Spatula, Straight Edge, Shear box grid plates, porous stones,
base plates, loading pad and water jacket shall conform to IS : 11229-1985
Procedure
1. Assemble the shear box
2. Compact the soil sample in mould after bringing it to optimum moisture condition 3.
Carefully transfer the sample into shear box τf = c’ + σ’f tan ø’
Where c’ = apparent cohesion of soil in terms of effective stresses σ'f
= effective normal stress on failure plane
ø’ = angle of shearing resistance of soil in terms of effective stresses
σ'f = σf - uf uf = pore water pressure on failure plane
4. Place the loading plate on top of the upper porous plate. After recording the weight of the
loading carrier place it is on the loading cap.
5. Position all dial gauges and set the readings to zero. Remove the alignment screws which
hold two halves of the shear box together

6. Tighten the remaining, two diagonally opposite screws, until there is a small gap between
upper and lower boxes to reduce the frictional force
7. Apply the desired normal load. If there is any vertical displacement, wait till the dial
gauges indicate a constant reading and then reset the dial gauge to zero
8. Check that screws have been removed and then start the motor to produce the desired
constant rate of shearing
9. Take readings of,
a) Shear load from the proving ring
b) Shear displacement (i.e. Horizontal displacement)
c) Vertical displacement at every 10 division increment in horizontal dial gauge
10. Stop the test when the shear load starts to reduce or remains constant for at least three
readings
11. Remove the soil and repeat the procedure with different normal loads at least for
another two samples
CHAPTER 14: INTRODUCTION TO GEOTEXTILE MATERIALS
Geotextiles are those fabrics used in geotechnical applications, such as road and railway
embankments, earth dikes, and coastal protection structures, designed to perform one or more
basic functions such as filtration, drainage, separation of soil layers, reinforcement, or
stabilisation. Therefore, almost every geotextile application is multi-functional. To perform
the above functions and satisfy the demanding requirements of cost and resistance for the
intended applications, geotextiles are generically made from plastic materials, mostly
polypropylene and polyester, but also polyethylene, polyamide (nylon), polyvinylidene
chloride, and fibreglass (e.g., in roadway substrates) are used. Sewing thread for geotextiles
is generally made from any of the above polymers. Using warp-knitting technology to
construct geotextiles makes it possible to provide reinforcement with easy sensor
incorporation, thus opening up new design opportunities for multi-functional geotextiles
(MFGs).
Types of Geotextile Materials
There are four main types of geotextiles:

1. Woven
2. Non-woven
3. Polyspun
4. Spunbond
1. Woven Geotextiles:
Woven geotextiles perform the functions of separation and reinforcement. They are
referred to by tensile strength and offer a very high load capacity. While woven
fabrics are relatively impermeable and won’t provide good drainage, their high
compressive strength makes them an ideal choice for roads, parking lots, etc.
2. Non-woven Geotextiles:
Non-woven geotextiles are felt-like and don’t offer much in the way of compressive,
tensile, or shear strength. But that’s ok because their main functions
are separation, filtration, and drainage. They are referred to by weight and ideal for
any hardscape project where filtration or drainage is needed. Non-woven geotextiles
can also be used for erosion control.
3. Polyspun Geotextiles:
Polyspun geotextiles are non-woven fabrics and their main function is separation.
While they are permeable and provide drainage, they will not provide any
reinforcement to a project. Polyspun geotextiles are referred to by lifespan and are
most commonly used as weed barriers.
4. Spunbond Geotextiles:
In the world of fabric manufacturing, the spunbond process is considered the fastest
manufacturing method for nonwoven fabrics. During the process, extruded filaments
are spun onto a belt and bonded by applying heated rolls. Like polyspun geotextiles,
spunbond fabrics will provide drainage but no reinforcement. They are referred to by
weight and commonly used as weed barriers or as drainage fabrics.
Function of Geotextile Materials::

Every textile product applied under the soil is a geotextile. The products are used for
reinforcement of streets, embankments, ponds, pipelines, and similar applications).
Depending on the required function, they are used in open-mesh versions, such as a woven
or, rarely, warp-knitted structure, or with a closed fabric surface, such as a non-woven. The
mode of operation of a geotextile in any application is defined by six discrete functions:
separation, filtration, drainage, reinforcement, sealing and protection. Depending on the
application the geotextile performs one or more of these functions simultaneously.
1. Separation:
Separation is defined as, “The introduction of a flexible porous textile placed between
dissimilar materials so that the integrity and the functioning of both the materials can
remain intact or be improved”. In transportation applications separation refers to the
geotextile’s role in preventing the intermixing of two adjacent soils. For example, by
separating fine subgrade soil from the aggregates of the base course, the geotextile
preserves the drainage and the strength characteristics of the aggregate material. They
are used in all classes of roads and similar civil foundation as the base of construction
on contaminated layer is the single most cause of premature failure. The use of
separator prevents pumping effect created by dynamic load and also helps the passage
of water while retaining soil particles. In theses types of geotextiles, thickness and
permeability are most important characteristic properties. Some of the applications
areas are:
• Between subgrade and stone base in unpaved and paved roads and airfields
• Between subgrade in railroads
• Between land fills and stone base courses
• Between geomembranes and sand drainage layers
• Beneath sidewalks slabs
• Beneath curb areas
• Beneath parking lots
• Beneath sport and athletic fields
1. Filtration:
It is defined as “the equilibrium geotextile-to-soil system that allows for adequate
liquid flow with limited soil loss across the plane of the geotextile over a service
lifetime compatible with the application under consideration”. In filtration, fabrics
can be either woven or non-woven, to permit the passage of water while retaining
soil particles. Porosity and permeability are the major properties of geotextiles
which involves infiltration action. Application helps the replacement of graded
aggregate filters by a geotextile warping. These applications are also suitable for
both horizontal and vertical drains.
2. Drainage (Transmissivity):
This refers to the ability of thick nonwoven geotextile whose three-dimensional
structure provides an avenue for flow of water through the plane of the geotextile.
3. Reinforcement:
This is the synergistic improvement in the total system strength created by the
introduction of a geotextile into a soil and developed primarily through the
following three mechanisms:
• Lateral restraint through interfacial friction between geotextile and
soil/aggregate.
• Forcing the potential bearing surface failure plane to develop at alternate

higher shear strength surface.
• Membrane type of support of the wheel loads.

In this method, the structural stability of the soil is greatly improved by the
tensile strength of the geosynthetic material. This concept is similar to that of
reinforcing concrete with steel. Since concrete is weak in tension, reinforcing
steel is used to strengthen it. Geosynthetic materials function in a similar
manner as the reinforcing steel by providing strength that helps to hold the
soil in place. Reinforcement provided by geotextiles or geogrids allow
embankments and roads to be built over very weak soils and allows for
steeper embankments to be built.
4. Sealing Function:
A non-woven geotextile performs this function when impregnated with asphalt or
other polymeric mixes rendering it relatively impermeable to both cross-plane and
in-plane flow.
APPLICATION OF GEOTEXTILE MATERIALS:
Civil engineering works where geotextiles are employed can be classified into the following
categories –
1. Road Works:
The basic principles of incorporating geotextiles into a soil mass are the same as
those utilized in the design of reinforced concrete by incorporating steel bars. The
fabrics are used to provide tensile strength in the earth mass in locations where shear
stress would be generated. Moreover, to allow rapid dewatering of the roadbed, the
geotextiles need to preserve its permeability without losing its separating functions.
Its filtration characteristics must not be significantly altered by the mechanical
loading.
2. Railway Works:
The development of the railway networks is being greatly boosted by the present
state of economy because of their profitability in view of increasing cost of energy
and their reliability as a result of the punctuality of trains even in the adverse
weather conditions. The woven fabrics or non-wovens are used to separate the soil
from the sub-soil without impeding the ground water circulation where ground is
unstable. Enveloping individual layers with fabric prevents the material wandering
off sideways due to shocks and vibrations from running trains.
3. River Canals and Coastal Works:

Geotextiles protect river banks from erosion due to currents or lapping. When used
in conjunction with natural or artificial enrockments, they act as a filter. For erosion
prevention, geotextile used can be either woven or nonwoven. The woven fabrics are
recommended in soils of larger particle size as they usually have larger pore size.
Nonwovens are used where soils such as clay silt are formed. Where hydrostatic
uplift is expected, these fabrics must be of sufficiently high permeability.
4. Drainage:
In civil engineering, the need for drainage has long been recognized and has
created the need for filters to prevent in-situ soil from being washed into the
drainage system. Such wash in soil causes clogging of the drains and potential
surface instability of land adjacent to the drains. The use of geotextiles to filter the
soil and a more or less single size granular material to transport water is increasingly
seen as a technically and commercially viable alternative to the conventional
systems. Geotextiles perform the filter mechanism for drainages in earth dams, in
roads and highways, in reservoirs, behind retaining walls, deep drainage trenches
and agriculture.
5. Sports field construction:
Geotextiles are widely used in the construction of Caselon playing fields and Astro
turf. Caselon playing fields are synthetic grass surfaces constructed of light
resistance polypropylene material with porous or nonporous carboxylated latex
backing pile as high as 2.0 to 2.5 cm. Astro Turf is a synthetic turf sport surface
made of nylon 6,6 pile fibre knitted into a backing of polyester yarn which provides
high strength and dimensional stability. The nylon ribbon used for this is of 55 Tex.
It is claimed that the surface can be used for 10 hr/day for about 10 years or more.
Modern Astro Turf contains polypropylene as the base material.
6. Agriculture:
It is used for mud control. For the improvement of muddy paths and trails those
used by cattle or light traffic, nonwoven fabrics are used and are folded by
overlapping to include the pipe or a mass of grit.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF GEOTEXTILES:
The characteristics of geotextiles are broadly classified as:

1. Physical properties:
a) specific gravity
b) weight
c) thickness
d) stiffness
e) density
2. Mechanical properties:
a) tenacity
b) tensile strength
c) bursting strength
d) drapability
e) compatibility
f) flexibility
g) tearing strength
h) frictional resistance
3. Hydraulic properties:
a) porosity
b) permeability
c) permittivity
d) transitivity
e) turbidity /soil retention
f) filtration length etc.
4. Degradation properties:
a) biodegradation
b) hydrolytic degradation
c) photo degradation
d) chemical degradation
e) mechanical degradation
f) other degradation occurring due to attack of rodent, termite etc.
5. Endurance properties:
a) elongation
b) abrasion resistance
c) clogging length and flow etc.
LABORATORY TESTING OF GEOTEXTILE MATERIALS:
1. Determination of Mass per unit Area: (IS14739)

This standard explains a method to determine the mass per unit area of all-natural
geotextile. The mass per unit area is calculated by weighing small square specimens
of known dimensions. Ten specimens of 100 cm2 are cut from the material in such
way that they are representative of the material to be tested. The area and weight of
the specimens are determined to an accuracy of 0.5 and 0.1 % respectively. The mass
per unit area of each specimen is calculated using the equation p= (m x 106 ) /a
Where, p=mass/unit area in g/m2
m=mass of the specimen in, g
a=the area of the specimen in mm2
The average mass per unit area is calculated.
2. Determination of Thickness: (IS13162-3)
This standard describes a method for the determination of the thickness of
geotextiles at specified pressures. The distances between a reference plate on which
the specimen rests and a parallel presser-foot applying the given pressure to the
specimen is define as the thickness of the geotextiles. A thickness tester apparatus
capable of exerting a pressure of 2kPa is used. Test specimen shall be cut from the
material from positions evenly distributed over the full width and length of the
sample. The specimen is placed between the surfaces of the reference plate and
pressure foot of the thickness tester. The presser foot is loaded gently over the
specimen by applying a pressure of 2±0.01 kPa. The gauge reading is noted after 30
seconds. Remove the pressure and the specimen. The procedure is repeated for at
least ten specimens. The average of all the readings is reported as the thickness of
the geotextile. The thickness is expressed in mm to an accuracy of 1% for geotextiles
thickness over 0.05mm and to the nearest
0.001mm for thickness not exceeding 0.05mm.
3. CBR Puncture Test: (IS13162-5)
To eliminate the high degree of variability from the Mullen Burst (3786) and Pin
Puncture (4833) test methods, Static (CBR) Puncture Strength (ASTM D 6241) was
developed to replace them. CBR stands for California Bearing Ratio, a soil strength
test that was adapted for this geotextile test. CBR Puncture is an index of puncture
resistance that measures the force required to push a flat ended plunger through a
geotextile. A 150 mm geotextile sample is secured between two steel rings. Instead
of an 8 mm diameter probe with a bevelled edge (Pin Puncture 4833); this test
utilizes a 50mm diameter, flat-ended probe (plunger) that is pushed slowly through
the geotextile. The relatively large size of the plunger provides a multidirectional
force on the geotextile and simulates big stones pressed onto a geotextile laying a
relatively soft sub-base.
4. Wide Width Tensile Test: (IS13325)

ASTM D-4595, “Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the
Wide-Width Strip Method” takes longer to complete and is a much more expensive
test. In the wide width tensile test, each specimen is gripped across their full width
and pulled slowly. Unlike the grab tensile test, the wide-width strength results are
expressed as a load per unit width. The wide-width tensile test is rarely used for
quality control applications because of the time and expense involved in testing.
However, the wide-width test provides a better measure of true tensile strength in
woven geotextiles. The test data can be presented in a stress-strain curve, from
which the modulus values can be calculated. The wide-width ultimate strength and
modulus values can be used for design with woven geotextiles. Because the
specimen being tested is not confined, as it would be in its end use, this test does not
result in a true design value for nonwoven geotextiles. This test is mainly used for
determing the project specification in projects like retaining wall and embankment
over soft soils.
5. Grab Tensile Strength Test:
The grab test is a tensile test where the central part of the specimen’s width is tested
to establish the “effective strength” of the fabric. The effective strength is the
strength of the material at a specific width when combined with the additional
strength of adjacent material.Test specimens are cut in both the machine direction
and crossmachine direction but are expected to have their results calculated
separately. Specimens are cut to 101.6 mm x 203.2 mm (4 in x 8 in), with attention
to the direction of the fabric.The specimen is loaded into the grips leaving a 75 mm
(3 in) separation between the jaw faces. ASTM D4632 calls for jaw faces that are at
least 25.4 mm x 50.8 mm (1 in x 2 in). However, it allows for each grip to include
one jaw face that is larger than the other (a modified grab test), which can be helpful
in reducing the effects of specimen/jaw face alignment.
• Used for geotextile fabrics to determine the breaking load and elongation.
• This test method measures the ultimate strength and elongation.
• In this method, the specimen is clamped between two jaws. One is stationary and the
other is movable jaw, the movable jaw moves gradually and the specimen starts to
elongate. After a certain point the specimen breaks.
6. Trapezoid tearing strength: (IS14293)

A specimen for the test is clamped in parallel jaws of a tensile testing machine, with
a specified gauge length, along the nonparallel sides of a trapezoid shape that has
been marked on a rectangular specimen with an initial cut. The machine is operated
at a constant speed so that the initial tear propagates across the specimen. Results are
expressed in N
7. Seam Test: (IS15060)

The test method determines the seam strength of geotextiles using wide-width
samples. Narrow geotextile specimens tend to neck down in gauge area when under
stress. The wider width specimen will minimize this phenomenon, leading to more
accurate test results. This test method can be used to help with seam design
engineering for the geotextiles being evaluated.
A geotextile specimen, 200 mm wide and containing a joint/seam, is gripped across
its entire width in the clamps of a tensile testing machine, operated at a prescribed
rate of extension, and subjected to a longitudinal force (perpendicular to the seam
axis) until the joint/seam of the geotextile or related product ruptures.
MODERN ENGINEERING PRACTICE AND FUTURE TREND:
Geotextile materials have become an integral part of modern engineering practice due to their
versatile applications and benefits in various civil engineering and environmental projects.
Geotextiles are synthetic, permeable fabrics that are used to improve soil characteristics,
reinforce structures, control erosion, and facilitate drainage in geotechnical and civil
engineering applications. Modern engineering practices involving geotextiles focus on
selecting the right type of geotextile material based on project-specific requirements,
considering factors like strength, permeability, durability, and interaction with the surrounding
environment. With advancements in manufacturing technologies, the development of
specialized geotextile products has expanded, allowing engineers to address complex
challenges in civil and environmental engineering more effectively.
Geotextiles are one of the fastest growing sectors of the technical textile market, which is
expected to keep growing in the future. Synthetic fibres have dominated the woven geotextile
market, but the use of natural fibres should not be ignored especially in developing countries.
Furthermore, the standardisation of certain properties and test methods will deliver more
reliable technical data and design methodology for woven geotextiles. This will eventually
lead to design of woven geotextile by ‘design by function’ route. As a result, woven
geotextiles will perform their prescribed functions more effectively during the lifetime of the
project. The combination of woven fabric mechanics and soil mechanics can effectively solve
innumerable construction and design problems. However, this requires a clear understanding
between textile professionals and civil engineers.
CONCLUSION:
Textiles are not only clothing the human body but also our mother land in order to protect her.
Extensive awareness should be created among the people about the application of geotextiles.
Geotextiles are effective tools in the hands of the civil engineer that have proved to solve a
myriad of geotechnical problems. To explore the potential of geotextile more researches are
needed in this field.
CHAPTER 14: CONCLUSION

The internship was a great experience for me. I have gained knowledge, skills and meet many
new people. Books that I have referred, videos and presentation that I have watched, research
paper I have gone through etc. helped me a lot.
I have studied about the various soil testing of the river bank and the embankment for proper
resisting the flood in Assam. We have tested various soil sample in Awarmi lab bringing from
various site. The moment I spent in laboratory provide me a lot of benefit.
During the internship period we have also learn about the use of geotextile materials in
protection of river bank. We have got various experience of this materials. I have gone
through many research journals and research paper which helped us to understand the topics.
The internship also provides us a chance to visit the site sample collection, it was a wonderful
experience.
CHAPTER 15: REFERENCE
• Soil Mechanics and Foundation, B.C Punmia

• Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering Dr. K. R. Arora.
• Barker, R. M., J. M. Duncan, K. B. Rojiani, P. S. K. Ooi, C. K. Tan, and S. G. Kim.
1991. Manuals for the Design of Bridge Foundations (NCHRP Report 343).
Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council.
• Bolduc, L. C., P. Gardoni, and J.-L. Briaud. 2008, February. “Probability of
Exceedance Estimates for Scour Depth around Bridge Piers.” Journal of Geotechnical
& Geoenvironmental Engineering 134(2).
• Briaud, J.-L., F. C. K. Ting, H. C. Chen, R. Gudavalli, S. Perugu, and G. Wei. 1999.
“SRICOS: Prediction of Scour Rate in Cohesive Soils at Bridge Piers.” Journal of
Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering 123(4): 237–46.
• Briaud J.-L., X. Zhang, and S. Moon. 2003. “Shrink Test: Water Content Method for
Shrink and Swell Predictions.” Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental
Engineering 129(7): 590–600.
• Chapuis, R. P., and T. Gatien. 1986. “An Improved Rotating Cylinder Technique for
Quantitative Measurements of the Scour Resistance of Clays.” Canadian
Geotechnology Journal 23: 83–87.

• Christian, J. T., and W. D. Carrier III. 1978. “Janbu, Bjerrum, and Kjaernsli’s Chart
Reinterpreted.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 15: 127.
• Fascicule 62. 1993. Regles techniques de conception et de calcul des foundations des
ouvrages de genie civil (Ministere de l’equipement, du logement, et des transports).
Paris, France: Publications Eyrolles.
• Keller. 2012. “Range of Application of Grouting Techniques.” Retrieved from
http://www.kellergrundbau.com/download/pdf/ en/Keller_66-01E.pdf.
• Averjanov, S. F. 1950. “About Permeability of Subsurface Soils in Case of Incomplete
Saturation.” Engineering College vol. 7.
• Kwak, K., J.-L. Briaud, Y. Cao, M.-K. Chung, B. Hunt, and S. Davis. 2002. “Pier
Scour at Woodrow Wilson Bridge and SRICOS Method.” In Proceedings of the First
International Conference on Scour of Foundations, Department of Civil Engineering,
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
• Marcuson, W. F., and A. G. Franklin. 1983. “Seismic Design, Analysis, and Remedial
Measures to Improve the Stability of Existing Earth Dams—Corps of Engineers
Approach.” In Seismic Design of Embankments and Caverns, T. R. Howard (ed.). .
New York: ASCE.
• https://www.geoengineer.org/education/laboratory-testing/compaction-test
• https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/site-investigation-soil-exploration. •
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotextile

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DECLARATION

Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering 7th Semester

INTERNSHIP DURATION - (From 3rd July to 28th July, 2023)

requirement for the award of the

Group member name Roll no signature

PARTHO PRATIM GAM

ASSAM WATER RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE WATER

Chapter:1 BASICS OF SOIL FORMATION:

Rock + Organic matter = Soil

Formation of soil particles takes place by two processes

Fig 1: Typical soil profile

The residual soil profile may be divided into three zones:

i. Alluvial soils. Soils transported by rivers and streams: Sedimentary clays.

CHAPTER 2: SOIL PHASE RELATIONSHIP

Fig 2: Representation of soil mass by three phase diagram.

Fig 3: (a) Saturated soil, (b) Dry soil as two-phase system.

Fig 4: Soil-phase diagram (volumes and weights of phases)

n = Vv/ V × 100, Here Vv = Va + Vw; V = Va + Vw + Vs

S = Vw/Vv × 100, Here Vv = Va + Vw.

The primary objectives of soil exploration are

1. Determination of the nature of the deposits of soil, depth and thickness of

Fig 5: Soil auger

Fig 6: Wash boring

CHAPTER 4: LABORATORY INVESTIGATION

Importance of Laboratory Testing in Geotechnical Engineering:

Purpose of Laboratory Testing:

• Suitability of foundation types (shallow/deep)

• The allowable load capacity of the foundation

• Identification and probable solution of construction problems

• Effect on adjacent property/structure

For laboratory analysis of soil samples,3(three) numbers of disturbed and undisturbed

Steps Involve in Field Identification of Soil:

2. Dilatancy (Reaction to shaking):

CHAPTER 6: MOISTER CONTENT

➢ Oven Drying Method

Oven Drying Method:

1.Apparatus used in oven drying method

❖ Balance of sufficient sensitivity (sensitive to 0.01 g), ❖ Container handling apparatus.

2. Procedures in oven drying method

CHAPTER 7: SPECIFIC GRAVITY

1. Two density bottles of approximately 50 ml capacity with stoppers.

Observation and calculation

Project: Extra sample (Sandy sample)

Project: Extra sample (Clay sample)

CHAPTER 8: ATTRTBERG’S CONSISTENCY

1. Casagrande apparatus with grooving tools.

Table and observation

Wt of wet soil + disk 12.17 12.65 10.94 13.16

Wt of dry soil + disk 10.00 10.53 9.09 11.13

Wt of water 2.17 2.07 1.85 2.03

Wt of disk 5.05 5.39 4.22 5.45

Wt of dry soil 4.95 5.84 4.87 5.68

Moisture content 43.83 40.27 39.94 35.74

CHAPTER 9: GRAIN SIZE DISTRIUTION

Wash Sieve Analysis: Applicable to all soils.

Dry Sieve: (Calculation)

CHAPTER 10: CORE CUTTER METHOD

1. Cylindrical steel core cutter

2. Steel dolly 25 mm high and 100 mm in diameter.

2. Find the weight of the core cutter (without dolly).

4. Take out the cutter containing soil.

6. Take the weight of cutter filled with soil.

CHAPTER 11:PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST