Professional Documents
Culture Documents
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16904-w
Received: 9 July 2021 / Accepted: 1 October 2021 / Published online: 14 October 2021
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021
Abstract
This paper presents the progress made by India and China in the field of waste management and its disposal since l996 to
2020. To access it, bibliometric analysis has been carried out using SCOPUS linked SCImago electronic database. Different
bibliometric indicators such as documents, citable documents, external and self-citations, and external and self-citations
per document along with their annual corresponding growth (ACG) have been calculated in order to explore the progresses
made in both the countries. China has contributed 16.3% and India 4.3% to the total documents produced worldwide during
1996–2020 in waste management with the average ACG of 26.42% and 15.37%, respectively, during the same time span.
Also, the average ACG for self-citations of published research documents is more than that of external citations for both the
countries. In addition to that, the average self-citation magnitude reported for China (28,475) is more than that of India (5223),
whereas this trend reverses in the case of average external citation per document with values 16.9 and 28.94, respectively.
Moreover, the waste management practices being followed in both countries have also been compared and also presented so
that it could be beneficial for the country which is relatively not good in the same.
Keywords Municipal solid waste management · Bibliometric evaluation · Total publication · Citable documents · Annual
corresponding growth · India and China
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in terms of population and relatively; there is lots of works have made efforts on the basis of SCImago electronic data-
to be done on the recycling, treatment, and management of base to compare their waste management policies through
solid wastes (Yuan et al. 2006). However, also developing bibliometric assessments. It has been observed that many
nations are trying to improve the situation in terms of waste improvements are required in the field of waste manage-
management as it can be seen in their research outcomes ment for both the countries, especially for India. Therefore,
(Yang et al. 2012). Indian policy-makers are suggested to take necessary steps
In order to prevent these problems of solid waste and for the effective waste management. Thus, the objective of
also for their better management, rigorous research is being this research paper is to access the growth of research out-
carried out across the world. Bibliometric studies can help put of India and China in the field of waste management
any nation to understand the requirement of funding and and disposal on the basis of data available on the SCImago
framing new policies in any particular area of science or electronic database. This study will help the policy-makers
technology. It will also make aware about the total publica- of both countries (including other countries) to adopt the
tion count, citations of research, international collaborative sustainable approaches of solid waste management in the
works, rank of a country in the continent/world in a par- near future.
ticular discipline, etc. (Srivastav et al. 2019; MacLeod and
Urquiola 2021). In this regard, an important bibliometric
evaluation of waste management practices and disposal has
Methodology
been carried out in the present study. Therefore, this study
is focused on the bibliometric assessment of the research
The present study is compiled on the basis of data available
publications of India and China in the subject of waste man-
on the official website of SCImago linked with SCOPUS
agement and disposal as it can give an exact overview of
through the link https://www.scimagojr.com (SCImago
the research activities being carried in the above discipline
2018). This database is freely available for analysis which
in both the countries. Moreover, bibliometric evaluation of
covers a wide variety of topics in different subject areas at
research publication could be a growth indicator of economy
world and country level.
and science of a nation (Meoand Al-Saadi 2007; Srivastav
To download the information, Environmental Science was
et al. 2019), because quantity and quality of a subject can be
selected out of 27 different main subjects available. Fur-
easily accessed by bibliometric studies of year-wise research
thermore, waste management and disposal (WMnD) was
production (Sweileh et al. 2018). Moreover, it also provides
selected as sub-field out of 12 different sub-fields. For this
ample information along with blueprint of growth (negative
paper, publications in journals, book series, conferences,
or positive) of a particular subject (Glynn et al. 2010; Li
proceedings, and trade journals from China and India were
et al. 2011). Wambu and Ho (2016) stated that such type of
collected and downloaded from the year 1996 to 2020. Fur-
studies could help the decision-makers of a nation to develop
thermore, the downloaded publications were mainly ana-
policy in the related discipline. Furthermore, it may also
lyzed on the bases of some important bibliometric indicators
be an indication of progression of research of a particular
like total published documents, citable documents, citations
subject or paper or journal or organization (Huang and Zhao,
(external/self), and citations (external/self) per document
2008). There are many types of bibliometric parameters
along with their ACG%. As evident from the literatures,
reported in the research such as publication by a country,
policy change and development in China is frequent as com-
discipline, title of the study, keywords, number of research
pared to India. Furthermore, funding to the research projects
institutions, universities, funding, and access of the papers
and international collaboration is also more in China than
(Yang et al. 2012; Srivastav et al. 2019). In Asia, research
India. Such types of information about both have been col-
outcomes of many nations are not comparable to the other
lected from the various reputed publication platforms like
developed nations due to lack of finance or low GDP, unem-
Elsevier, Google scholar, and Springer nature.
ployability, less resources required for research, etc. How-
ever, Japan, Turkey, Singapore, and South Korea are doing
exceptionally good in research because of good financial sta-
tus and will power. India and China are among the two fast- Results analysis
est growing countries of the Asian continent, and they are
also trying to improve their position in the research activities This section presents the results and findings of the biblio-
(Srivastav et al. 2019). India and China are among the fastest metric analysis carried out in relation to waste management
growing economies of the world. Furthermore, these are the and disposal (WMnD). To carry out this bibliometric study,
most populous countries of Asian region. However, many the data is taken from SCImago website from the year 1996
differences have been observed time to time in their edu- to 2020 of all the countries of the world. The worldwide
cation and research qualities. In the present paper, authors research scenario in waste management is evaluated through
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Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2021) 28:66485–66495 66487
this study with special focus to most populated Asian coun- in 2018, while India contributed just 0.69% in the same year
tries, namely China and India. (World Bank 2021). In addition, Chinese researcher density
Figure 1 presents the total number of published docu- in year 2018 was 4,026 corresponding to 253 in the case of
ments in the area of WMnD along with the number of cit- India (Watal and Raghavan 2019). Along with that it may
able documents during 1996–2020. In this field, in total, be attributed to the largest population of China and its dis-
367,895 research documents are published at world level. tinction of being Asia’s largest generator of municipal solid
Out of these 367,895 documents, 360,583 articles have been waste (MSW) (Zhu et al. 2021).
cited in one or other related research endeavors worldwide. The year-wise research data on published documents and
Taking the scenario of Asia in general and China and India citable documents on WMnD globally is plotted in Fig. 2.
in particular, it can be seen that out of the total publications There is an exponential growth in the number of research
of Asia (n = 114,599) in WMnD (1996–2020), the contri- documents published as well as citable documents over the
bution of China is 50.8% (n = 58,315) and that of India is years from 1996 to 2020. This trend is due to the rise in
just 13.9% (n = 15,999). This deviation may be due to more world’s population and urbanization rate over the years.
researcher’s density, financial support, research facilities, Owing to rural–urban migration and changes in consumption
and number of SCOPUS indexed journals. For example, pattern, huge volumes of waste are generated, thus accelerat-
27.6%, publications are published in the top 10 journals ing the research in this domain (Zhu et al. 2021).
globally by Chinese researchers, while India’s contribution The publication performance of top 20 countries in
is just 15.8% (Kuhad and Kumar 2020). Furthermore, China WMnD is evaluated in terms of total research articles pro-
spent 2.19% of its GDP in research and development (R&D) duced and total citable documents produced in Fig. 3 and
compared with the rest of the world (RoW). The USA has
published highest number of research articles (n = 60,082)
followed by China (n = 58,315) and India (n = 15,999) dur-
ing the same duration. There are a number of factors that
define the scientific publication performance of a country in
WMnD, for example, its population, area, per capita waste
generation, number of research organizations, number of
journals, and percentage of GDP invested in R&D (Khaju-
ria and Morioka 2008). The year-wise publication growth of
China and India is also depicted in inset view of Fig. 3. The
publication growth of these two countries is more or less
similar up to year 2008. After that, the deviation is drastic
suggesting exponential growth in the number of published
documents from 1996 to 2020. With n = 10,517 total pub-
Fig. 1 Total publications, World, Asia, China, and India during 1996 lications in the year 2020, China has witnessed an increase
to 2020 in WMnD of 27.5% in total publications from the year 2019, while the
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growth scenario of India in 2020 shows 51.6% increase with of published documents always lie above the self-citations
n = 2269 publications from the previous year. The research with a progressive increase over the years and a maximum
output of any country also depends on the availability of value of 30,866 external citations in the year 2009. After
research facilities and resources, government policy and this, the number of external citations tends to decrease till
plans to promote research initiatives, and effective means 2020, whereas China has more number of self-citations as
or methods for international collaborations and technology compared to the external citations. It achieved the maxi-
transfer (Panat 2014). China tops the world with maximum mum of 67,098 self-citations in the year 2018 followed by a
number of researchers and stands at second position in fund- rapid fall till 2020.There are a number of factors that deter-
ing research (Cao 2020), thus contributing to the accelerat- mine the number of citations for any research document, for
ing research trend. example, quality of work done in the corresponding research
The external citations and self-citations of published area, interest level in the corresponding field, type of journal,
research documents in WM&D are plotted year-wise for ranking of journal, and whether open access or not (Ber-
India and China in Fig. 4. For India, the external citations nius 2010). External citations are means to give credit to
Fig. 4 Citations (external/self)
of China and India in the disci-
pline of WMnD
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Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2021) 28:66485–66495 66491
◂Fig. 7 An integrated solid waste management framework (% compo- waste processing is essential to safeguard the interests of
sitions of wastes are adopted from Pujara et al. 2019) task force involved and to promote the goal of sustainable
development.
(− 5.78%) is clearly visible for India, whereas China shows The other waste processing techniques adopted in India
a positive ACG with 10.53% and 12.84%, respectively. include composting, vermi-composting, refuse-derived
fuel (RDF), incineration, pyrolysis, biomethanation, recy-
cling, sanitary landfilling, waste-to-wealth, and waste-to-
Discussion energy (Singh 2020). There are many factors that decide
which technology is to be used, for example, quantity and
Waste management practices followed in India kind of waste, availability of funds and resources, capac-
ity of the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), and availability of
Amid rapid urbanization, increase in population, industriali- land. Figure 7 gives a framework for MSW management
zation, and change in the lifestyle of people, it is expected under integrated solid waste management which is nor-
that the volume of the waste generated in urban India will mally being followed in India.
increase to 4,50,132 TPD by 2031 and 11,95,000 TPD by To put focus on sanitation and waste management,
2050 (CPCB, Annual Report, 2018–19). To accommodate the Government of India has launched Swachh Bharat
this huge amount of generated waste, there is an urgent need Mission-Urban (SBM-U). The Ministry of Housing and
for waste management to recover potential resource and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) has taken innovative measures
energy from waste. The Government of India has imposed to accelerate the universal sanitation coverage and to sci-
waste-to-energy (WtE) policy that aims to generate clean entifically manage the MSW. The Swachh Survekshan is
and reliable energy with the treatment and processing of one of the initiatives taken under SBM-U at MoHUA that
waste through the adoption of environment friendly WtE inculcates the spirit of healthy competition among the dif-
technologies. It has been reported that 1460 MW of energy ferent Municipal Corporations (MCs) and ULBs on the
can be obtained from MSW (EAI 2019). subject of cleanliness and sanitation. There are number of
This section highlights the practices of managing the useful measures taken under this program which aim to
municipal solid waste (MSW) that are followed in India. strengthen the structure of waste management in India. As
MSW consists of biodegradable waste (50%), reusable an instance, the Greater Chennai Corporation has set up a
organic matter (20%), and inorganic materials (30%) (Plan- trading platform “Madras Waste Exchange” for MSW to
ning Commission of India, 2014). It has been reported that ensure that the recycled products are put to good use. It is
only 12–14% of MSW is treated in India, while the rest of India’s first waste exchange for MSW. With this, Chennai
the waste is dumped in open and in landfills. The direct has become the first city to attain zero waste status, thus
disposal of waste in landfills without any prior treatment bringing circular economy concept in waste management.
poses severe environmental impacts such as emission of Another major success story under SBM-U is setting up
toxic volatile organic compounds, greenhouse gases, and of a solid waste management plant in Chhattisgarh with a
contamination of soil and groundwater due to seepage capacity of managing 700 tons of waste per day. Another
and rotten odors (Fernandez-Gonzalez et al. 2017; Patil initiative under SBM-U is taken by Jugsalai Nagar Pari-
et al. 2017). The growth of pathogenic microbes in the shad, Jamshedpur, to convert waste tea leaves into nutri-
decomposed organic waste leads to infections and chronic tional compost. This reduces the amount of garbage sent
diseases to the waste collectors, rag pickers, and people to landfills, and organic matter is reused. Table 1 summa-
living nearby (Fan et al. 2018). Direct combustion of MSW rizes the progress of the top performing states in Swachh
is another common practice followed in India, except in Survekshan, 2019.
few metro-cities which generates number of CO2 equiva- Table 1 summarizes the performance of top position
lents (1 tonne of MSW generates ~ 1060 kg of CO2 equiv- holding states/UTs of India in Swachh Survekshan (2019).
alents) (Botello-Alvareza et al. 2018; Rana et al. 2019; Under SBM, a total of 84,475 wards are functioning across
Rathore et al. 2019). This has several health impacts such India for the management of municipal solid waste. It is
as respiratory problems; irritation in the eyes, skin, and clear from the table that all the wards in Madhya Pradesh,
nose; gastrointestinal problems; and allergies. A study has Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Gujarat, and Delhi have achieved
been conducted by Jayakrishnan et al. (2013) to check the 100% door-to-door collection. In waste segregation,
health of waste workers associated with Kolkata Munici- Chhattisgarh excels with all the wards with 100% waste
pal Corporation and Mumbai Municipal Corporation, and segregation. In the end, the performance in terms of waste
the findings suggest that around 71% workers from Kol- processing capability suggests Chhattisgarh at the top with
kata and 25% workers from Mumbai suffer from respira- 90% and Delhi at the bottom with 54% waste processing
tory problems. Thus, the use of cleaner technologies for capability.
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Table 1 Performance of top position holding states/UTs of India in Swachh Survekshan (2019) (Data source: Singh 2020; Swach Survekshan
2019)
States/UTs Area (km2) Population Total wards Wards with 100% door- Wards with 100% Waste process-
(million) to-door collection source segregation ing capability
(%)
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Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2021) 28:66485–66495 66493
Source: Jin et al. 2021; Reprinted from Jin, C., Sun, S., Yang, D., Sheng, W., Ma, Y., He, W. and Li, G., 2021. Anaerobic digestion: An alterna-
tive resource treatment option for food waste in China. Science of The Total Environment, p.146397 with permission from Elsevier
Conclusion
The research progress made in the fastest growing coun- Author contribution AT: Ideation and drafting of the manuscript.
ID: Review and value addition.
tries of Asia continent, namely China and India, in the field ALS: Critical review and revision.
WMnD during last 25 years is discussed. In this regard,
bibliometric analysis using important parameters such as Data availability The basic data of total publication along with their
documents, citable documents, external citations, self-cita- citation dynamics considered in present study are freely available at
tions, external citations per document, and self-citations per https://www.scimagojr.com.
document are studied in detail along with their ACG%. It
is observed that, in Asia, 50.8% of publications are from Declarations
China followed by India (13.9%) in the subject of WMnD.
Ethical approval Not applicable.
The overall publication growth of World and China fol-
lowed exponential trend, whereas India showed some devia- Consent to participate Not applicable.
tions. Out of the top 20 countries presented, the USA is on
the top with 16.3% share followed by China (15.8%) and Consent to publish Not applicable.
India (4.3%) in the total worldwide publications in waste Competing Interests The authors declare that they do not have any
management. After year 2008, count of external citations personal or financial conflict of interests.
is observed less in China in the comparison of self-citing
practices, whereas the same practice is found vice versa in
the case of India where external citations are more in prac-
tice. However, India is relatively lagging with China in the
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