Int J Consumer Studies - 2021 - Gilal - Consumer e Waste Disposal Behaviour A Systematic Review and Research Agenda

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Received: 26 May 2021 Revised: 14 November 2021 Accepted: 15 November 2021
DOI: 10.1111/ijcs.12767
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SPECIAL ISSUE
Consumer e-waste disposal behaviour: A systematic review

and research agenda
Faheem Gul Gilal1 | Syed Mir Muhammad Shah1 | Sultan Adeel1 |

Rukhsana Gul Gilal1 | Naeem Gul Gilal2
1
Department of Business Administration,
Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan Abstract
2
School of Management, Huazhong E-waste is the world's fastest-growing waste stream, and it contains toxic chemicals
University of Science and Technology,
Wuhan, China
that are harmful to human health. Research has shown that the vast majority of con-
sumers are unwilling to dispose of e-waste, preferring to keep obsolete products at
Correspondence
Faheem Gul Gilal, Department of Business
home rather than returning them to manufacturers for recycling. Despite the evident
Administration, Sukkur IBA University, importance of this area of research, there is yet to be a systematic assessment of e-
Sukkur 65200, Sindh, Pakistan.
Email: faheemgulgilal@yahoo.com
waste disposal behaviour that summarises the relationships among constructs in the
forms of antecedents, decisions, and consequences from the perspective of consumer
behaviour. With this knowledge gap in mind, the current paper's goal is to provide a
comprehensive examination of available studies on consumer e-waste disposal be-
haviour. In particular, the purpose is to promote e-waste disposal behaviour by look-
ing at how such behaviour has been utilised as a construct in the literature and what
theories, contexts, characteristics, and methodological approaches have been used to
strengthen this behaviour. Towards this aim, we used VOSviewer to examine N = 43
research publications on e-waste disposal behaviour published in Scopus-indexed
journals between 2000 and 2021, noting discrepancies, identifying major research
gaps, and developing comprehensive research agendas (provided in the form of test-
able propositions).
KEYWORDS
consumer behaviour, environmental management, e-waste disposal behaviour, e-waste
management
1 | I NTRO D U C TI O N stream (Abinaya et al., 2021; Gilal, Zhang, Gilal, et al., 2019). The

rapid increase of e-
waste has been fuelled by exponential ad-
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE, hereafter), often vances in information and communication technology (Shobande
known as e-waste, has increased dramatically as a result of exponen- & Ogbeifun, 2021), the growing diversity of electronic devices
tial technological advancements (Fan et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2016), (Phulwani et al., 2021), the speed of invention and technological ad-
resulting in unprecedented pollution around the world (Kiddee vances (Berman & Dalzell-Payne, 2018), increasing population and
et al., 2013). Laptops, toasters, electric pressure cookers, grinders, urbanisation (Tansel, 2017), the downward trend in pricing (Wang
cellular phones, DVD players, refrigerators, air conditioners, tele- et al., 2019), and improper management (Adeola, 2018).
visions, camcorders, and washing machines are among the most The global generation of e-waste has been calculated in several
commonly discarded electrical and electronic items (de Oliveira studies. As a result, according to Robinson (2009), 20,000–25,000
Neto, 2019; Wang, Ren, et al., 2019; Wang, Huo, et al., 2019). E- kilotonnes of e-
waste were generated globally in 2005. Breivik
waste is widely regarded as the world's fastest-
growing waste et al. (2014) and Schwarzer et al. (2005), who reported that 35,000
Int J Consum Stud. 2022;46:1785–1803. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ijcs© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd 1785 |
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14706431, 2022, 5, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijcs.12767 by Sindh Agricultural University, Wiley Online Library on [26/10/2022]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
1786 GILAL et al.
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kilotonnes of e-waste were generated globally in the same year, behaviour has yet to be performed, necessitating further research.
support this viewpoint. The United Nations estimates that global e- In light of this, we intend to compile a review of the literature on
waste production is increasing at a rate of roughly 40 million tonnes customers’ intentions for e-waste disposal. Specifically, this review
per year. According to Kandil (2013), global e-
waste generation has two goals. The first and most significant purpose is to promote
surged from 40 million to 48.9 million tonnes in 2012 and has since e-waste disposal behaviour by looking at how the construct has
risen to 65.4 million tonnes per year in 2017. It is also predicted that been employed in the literature, as well as what theories, contexts,
China, India, Pakistan, and Jordan are expected to witness a 650% characteristics, and methodological approaches have been used to
increase in e-waste from abandoned outmoded personal computers strengthen such behaviour. Second, we aim to aggregate the find-
and other IT-related products by 2022 (Hamdan & Saidan, 2020), as ings, identify key research gaps, and offer detailed future agendas (in
well as a 25–4 0 times increase in e-waste from discarded mobile the form of testable propositions) so that consumer researchers may
phones (Kumar, 2017; Sajid et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2019). China better understand customer e-waste disposal behaviour.
has become the second-
largest e-
waste producer globally, just Collectively, we have arranged this review paper into six sec-
after the United States (Wang et al., 2019), due to insufficient or tions based on the recommendations established by Paul and Criado
improper management. Recently, Ismail and Hanafiah (2020), Nithya (2020) and Paul, Lim, et al. (2021), Paul, Merchant, et al. (2021) for
et al. (2021) and Dutta and Goel (2017) indicated that countries in writing a classic literature review. The notion of e-waste, as well
the Asian, European, and American continents would be the leading as the goal of the review and research questions, is explained in
countries in terms of e-waste output by 2050. section 2. In section 3, the review method is detailed in terms of
Consumer unwillingness to dispose of e-waste is one factor in this how the papers were obtained, identified, and analysed. section 4
tremendous e-waste generation. Academic research has noted that reviews the literature on consumer e-waste disposal behaviour in
~75% of outdated products are kept at home instead of being returned terms of antecedents, decisions, and downstream, as well as theo-
to the manufacturer by consumers (Gilal, Zhang, Gilal, et al., 2019). ries, contexts, and approaches that scholars have utilised to address
Likewise, Borthakur and Govind (2017) indicated that Indian consum- e-waste issues. section 5 analyses inconsistencies, identifies import-
ers store their e-waste for up to 14 years. Pakistan is also confronted ant research gaps, and creates detailed study agendas for novel re-
with a similar problem. Because e-waste contains hazardous com- search. Finally, section 6 wraps up the reviews and summarises the
pounds such as heavy metals and flame retardants, which can harm most important takeaways.
public health and local environmental quality if not properly handled,
such alarming findings call for more attention from policymakers
and researchers in order to adequately address this serious problem 2 | BA S I C CO N C E P T, PU R P OS E , A N D
(Bovea et al., 2018; Ismail & Hanafiah, 2020; Mairizal et al., 2021). R E S E A RC H QU E S TI O N S
Despite the risks that e-waste poses to human and environmental
health, most customers are still hesitant to discard outmoded prod- This review begins by explaining the fundamental concept of con-
ucts (Borthakur & Singh, 2021). Therefore, one solution to this prob- sumer e-waste disposal behaviour so that we may fully comprehend
lem is to encourage people to return old products to manufacturers the underlying construct and support our theme-based review. Later
for recycling. The notion of capturing customers’ e-waste disposal in this article, we examine consumer e-waste disposal studies in
behaviour has recently piqued the interest of consumer scholars depth by analysing the six major questions:
(Deng et al., 2017; Fan et al., 2021; Jayaraman et al., 2019; Kochan
et al., 2016; Rodrigues et al., 2020; Sajid et al., 2019). Extrinsic
variables such as recycling convenience (Nixon et al., 2009), mon- 2.1 | Consumer e-waste disposal behaviour and
etary rewards for recycling (Wang et al., 2011), past e-waste recy- its causes
cling experience (Saphores et al., 2012), and subjective norms have
been used to capture consumers’ disposal behaviours in a previous Electronic or electrical waste refers to any electrical or electronic ap-
study (Dixit & Badgaiyan, 2016). Similarly, other researchers have pliance that has been retired from use or has reached the end of its use-
stressed the significance of intrinsic motives in capturing e-waste ful life (e-waste, hereafter). Consumer e-waste disposal behaviour has
disposal behaviour (Gilal, Zhang, Gilal, et al., 2019; Gilal, Zhang, Paul, been studied extensively all around the world, including preferences,
et al., 2019; Otto et al., 2018; Razali et al., 2020). For instance, Gilal, intentions, and attitudes (Arain et al., 2020; Bai et al., 2018; Echegaray
Zhang, Gilal, et al. (2019) documented that customers may be more & Hansstein, 2017; Gilal, Zhang, Gilal, et al., 2019; Islam et al., 2020;
ready to return outmoded products to producers for recycling if the Kumar, 2019; Nguyen et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2016). These stud-
intrinsically driven WoM messages express care for them and make ies suggest that motivation is important in determining consumer e-
them feel acknowledged and capable of performing well. waste disposal behaviour and that external factors such as perceived
Despite the long-
standing interest in understanding custom- monetary or financial benefits (Wang et al., 2011), recycling conveni-
ers’ intentions for the disposal of e-waste, there have been limited ence (Kumar, 2019), past behaviour (Saphores et al., 2012), perceived
attempts to bring together and integrate the literature on the sub- behavioural control, and subjective norms can help explain con-
ject. As a result, an in-depth analysis of customers’ e-waste disposal sumer behaviour. In addition to this, researchers examine customers’
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willingness to pay (WTP) for the disposal of e-waste products (a widely • Research Question #2: Each year, how many research articles on
used construct to measure consumer e-waste disposal behaviour). e-waste disposal behaviour are published by researchers?
Saphores et al. (2006), Nnorom et al. (2009), Wang et al. (2011), Song • Research Question #3: Which countries have studied consumer e-
et al. (2012), Wang et al. (2019), Cai et al. (2020), Miner et al. (2020), waste behaviour?
and Nguyen et al. (2020) are a few examples. Consumers’ WTP for • Research Question #4: What theoretical lenses have been em-
the disposal of electrical and electronic equipment, on the other hand, ployed by researchers to analyse and quantify consumer e-waste
may not be as high as their WTP for electricity and other necessary disposal behaviour?
expenditures, as well as food items (Saphores et al., 2006). Consumer • Research Question #5: What methodological approaches have re-
behaviour and readiness to pay for e-waste recycling have raised con- searchers used to analyse consumer e-waste disposal behaviour
cerns in the current corpus of study (Ravi, 2012). The various methods (e.g. design procedures, sampling frame, statistical data analysis
of e-waste disposal have a direct impact on the time and location of tools, and so on)?
e-waste recycling. • Research Question #6: How has the construct of consumer e-
The numerous factors that increase e-waste creation and delay waste disposal behaviour been used to address the issues related
its disposal are discussed in the available studies. To begin with, the to e-waste disposal?
rapid development of electronic devices around the world encour-
ages consumers to frequently switch working products, resulting in These study themes helped us to synthesise consumer e-waste
increased e-waste output (Babbitt et al., 2009). Second, many people disposal behaviour studies, allowing us to acquire a more in-depth
are unaware of the toxicity level of e-waste and the threat it poses understanding of the construct.
to the Earth's health; this threat can become severe if improper e-
waste disposal practices continue (Nnorom et al., 2009). Third, in-
stead of returning these end-of-life products to manufacturers or 3 | R E V I E W M E TH O D
recycling centres, people frequently store them at home, potentially
resulting in massive e-waste production (Bovea et al., 2018). For Systematic reviews, according to Paul and Criado (2020), can be ap-
instance, Saphores et al. (2009) evaluated the amount of e-waste proached in a variety of ways, including theory-based reviews (e.g.
stored in basements and attics in the United States. Fourth, con- Bölen et al., 2021; Gilal, Zhang, Paul, et al., 2019; Gilal, Paul, Gilal,
sumers do not fix out-of-warranty gadgets for two main reasons: et al., 2021a, 2021b; Tanrikulu, 2021), theme-
based reviews (e.g.
the high expense of repair and the cheaper cost of purchasing new Chakma et al., 2021; Gilal, Channa, et al., 2021; Hassan et al., 2021;
equipment (Svensson-Hoglund et al., 2020). Finally, second-hand Mishra et al., 2021; Södergren, 2021), framework-based reviews (e.g.
devices are disliked by consumers because they perceive them as Paul, 2020; Paul & Mas, 2020; Paul et al. 2020; Sharma et al., 2021),
unsanitary and low-quality equipment (Kumar, 2017). As a result, reviews aiming for theory development (e.g. Paul and Feliciano-
according to Jofre and Morioka (2005), good management and laws Cesteri, 2021; Paul, 2015, 2018, 2019a, 2019b), hybrid reviews (e.g.
can induce e-waste disposal behaviour. Nonetheless, these rules dif- Mamun et al., 2020), bibliometric analysis (e.g. Bhukya et al., 2021; Paul
fer from country to country, and as a result, consumer behaviour dif- & Bhukya, 2021; Ruggeri et al., 2019), and meta-analysis (e.g. Barari
fers as well. Residents of the United States, Japan, and the European et al., 2021; Paydas Turan, 2021; Rana & Paul, 2020). In light of the
Union, for example, have identical e-waste disposal duties; however, aforementioned new classifications of systematic literature reviews
e-waste recycling standards differ between these countries (Xavier (Rowley and Paul, 2021; Paul & Criado, 2020; Paul et al., 2021), we
et al., 2021). For customers to desire to dispose of e-products is apply a conventional theme-based review technique in this research to
crucial, regardless of the current e-waste recycling infrastructure gain a better understanding of consumer e-waste disposal behaviour.
(Saphores et al., 2006). Furthermore, the success of e-waste man- This review used the Paul et al. (2021) scientific procedures and ra-
agement is determined by consumer disposal behaviour and under- tionales for systematic literature reviews (SPAR-4-SLR) method, which
standing of the unstable nature of e-products. Thus, education is consists of three main stages and six sub-stages that flow in a logical
essential because many consumers are unaware of the importance order. The three stages of this procedure are assembling (identifi-
of safe e-waste disposal (Borthakur & Govind, 2017). cation and acquisition), arranging (organisation and purification of
literature), and assessing (evaluation and reporting of literature that
has been synthesised). The complete procedure is outlined below,
2.2 | Research questions with Figure 1 illustrating each step in detail.
We evaluated six key questions that assisted us in integrating con-

sumer e-waste disposal research and determining the causes and 3.1 | Assembling: identification and
downstream implications of consumer e-waste disposal behaviour. acquisition of literature
• Research Question #1: Which journals publish research articles on In the identification and acquisition stages, this article employed
consumer e-waste disposal behaviour? the following considerations for the search and download of the
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Stage 1: Source Identification

Records identified through database searching 1. Domain: (Journal Articles on Consumer E-waste Disposal Behavior [EWDB])
2. Research Questions: (Six Questions)
3. Source Types: (Peer-reviewed Journals)
Assembling
4. Source Quality: (Scopus)

5. Search Mechanism: (Science Direct, Emerald, Wiley, Google Scholar, etc.)
6. Search Period: (2000 – 2001)
7. Search Keywords: (E-waste, Consumer E-waste Disposal Behavior, etc.)
Stage 2: Articles Acquisition 8. Total Number of Articles Returned from the Search: (n = 171)
Records downloaded from various databases
(n = 171)
Stage 3: Organization of Articles 1. Organizing Codes: (Antecedents, outcomes, mediators, & moderators of EWDB)
- Organizing Codes 2. Organizing Framework: (6W Framework)
- Organizing Framework
Arranging
1. Duplicated Articles (n = 39)

2. Unpublished Articles: (n = 5)
3. Not Listed in Scopus: (n = 20)
Stage 4: Purification of Articles 4. Editorial Papers: (n = 15)
- Articles Excluded (n = 128) 5. Conference Papers: (n = 10)
- Articles Included (n = 43) 6. Book Chapters: (n = 8)
7. Non-empirical Papers: (n = 10)
8. Not Written in English Language: (n = 5)
9. Not based on the EWDB: (n = 16)
Stage 5: Evaluation of Articles

- Analysis Method
- Agenda for Future Research
1. Articles Analysis Method: (Employed 6W Framework to Evaluate the Articles)
2. Future Research Agendas: (Provided Testable Propositions)
Assessing
3. Reporting: (Developed Figures and Tables)

4. Limitations: (Acknowledge Limitations)
5. Support: (Acknowledge Support)
Stage 6: Reporting Outcomes

- Reporting
- Limitations
- Acknowledging Support
F I G U R E 1 “Overview of the scientific procedures and rationales for systematic literature reviews (SPAR-4-SLR)”
research papers: (a) domain, (b) research questions, (c) search type, “e-waste electrical and electronics”, OR “e-waste management” in
(d) source quality, (e) search mechanism, (f) search period, (g) search the title, abstract, or keywords in order to get the most relevant
keywords, and a total number of articles returned from the search. download. Finally, due to the nature of the topic, this review in-
Khatoon and Rehman (2021); Hungara and Nobre (2021), Södergren cluded journals on both social sciences and non-social sciences. We
(2021), and Gilal, Zhang, Paul, et al. (2019) have also used similar also restricted the scope of the search to journals that were listed in
criteria for their systematic review papers. Based on the criteria Scopus. Based on the parameters given above, we initially collected
proposed by Paul et al. (2021) for developing classic systematic 171 peer-reviewed documents from the aforementioned databases.
literature reviews, we only considered peer-reviewed journal pub-
lications. Various databases, such as Science Direct, Emerald, Wiley
Online Library, Taylor & Francis Online, and Google Scholar were 3.2 | Arranging: organisation and
used as search techniques for literature acquisition. Following that, purification of literature
we focused our search on research published between 2000 and
2021. Next, we looked for words and terms such as “e-waste”, OR We used the following considerations for filtering downloaded pub-
“consumer e-waste disposal behaviour”, OR “end-of-life items”, OR lications on consumer e-waste disposal behaviour in the organisation
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and purification stages of arranging literature: (a) organising codes, (b) Journal of Environmental Management (N = 4) each had four publica-
organising framework, (c) article kinds omitted, and (d) article types tions. Similarly, the journals Waste Management and Research (N = 3),
included, as recommended by Paul et al. (2021). In terms of organis- Environmental Science and Pollution Research (N = 2), and Global
ing codes, we focused on studies that used consumer e-waste dis- Journal of Environmental Science and Management (N = 2) have all pub-
posal behaviour as either an independent, dependent, mediating, or lished significant amounts of research on consumer e-waste disposal
moderating variable. Similarly, we structured the literature using the behaviour. The remaining seven journals (Environment, Development,
“5W1H” approach proposed by Paul et al. (2021). During the initial and Sustainability; Environment and Behavior; The International
purification stage of the literature arrangement, the first and third au- Journal of Logistics Management; Journal of Environmental Planning
thors omitted N = 39 duplicated papers, N = 5 unpublished papers, and Management; Journal of Consumer Behavior; Environmental
and N = 20 non-Scopus-listed journal articles from the analysis. As a Management; and the Social Science Journal) each published a single
result, N = 107 articles were kept for detailed examination in the next research article on consumer e-waste disposal behaviour, splitting
step. During the second purification step of literature organisation, the research output equally.
we removed editorial papers (N = 15), conference papers (N = 10),
book chapters (N = 8), non-empirical papers (N = 15), and non-English
language articles (N = 5). Similarly, N = 16 research papers that were 4.2 | Publication trends
not mainly based on consumer e-waste disposal behaviour were also
removed. Thus, based on the purification criteria proposed by Paul The publication pattern of the selected research articles (see
et al. (2021), we identified N = 43 research publications that appeared Figure 3) demonstrates that these studies have been published
in Scopus-indexed journals between 2000 and 2021. at an increasing pace since 2016. For example, the years with the
most publications are 2016 (N = 4), 2017 (N = 4), 2018 (N = 4), 2019
(N = 9), 2020 (N = 10), and 2021 (N = 4). There were no research pa-
3.3 | Assessing: evaluation and pers published in the years 2007, 2008, or 2010. This suggests that
reporting of literature the research topic is new and drawing academic interest in the last
decade as technology and the e-waste problem grow at a rapid pace.
In the evaluation and reporting stages of reviewing the literature, we
employed the following criteria for detailed analysis and assessment of
N = 43 retained publications on consumer e-waste disposal behaviour: 4.3 | Countries studied
(a) analysis method, (b) agenda proposal method, (c) reporting conven-
tions, (d) acknowledging limitations, and (e) sources of support, as rec- Upon further evaluation of the 43 research articles, we revealed that the
ommended by Paul et al. (2021). In terms of the analysis method and majority of the consumer e-waste disposal behaviour studies were con-
future research agendas, we used the “5W1H” protocol to thoroughly ducted in China (N = 12), the United States of America (N = 4), Nigeria
examine existing consumer e-waste studies and give state-of-the-art (N = 3), Australia (N = 2), Brazil (N = 2), Hong Kong (N = 2), Japan
insights and stimulating goals to boost e-waste disposal research. This (N = 2), Malaysia (N = 2), Spain (N = 2), and Vietn am (N = 2), while
is accomplished through reporting on what is already known and what the remaining ten countries examined were Iran (N = 1), Bangladesh
needs to be investigated further, as well as generating and designing (N = 1), India (N = 1), Indonesia (N = 1), Jordan (N = 1), Pakistan (N = 1),
reader-friendly figures and tables. Finally, we acknowledge the institu- Poland (N = 1), Romania (N = 1), UAE (N = 1), and the UK (N = 1). In
tions’ and others’ limits and assistance. addition, as shown in Figure 4, 42 of the 43 research articles included
in our analysis drew their subjects from a single country, whereas only
one study drew subjects from two countries (the United Kingdom and
4 | R E FLEC TI O N S O N CO N S U M E R India). Given the relevance of consumer e-waste disposal behaviour,
E-W A S TE more cross-cultural studies are needed to have a better understanding
of the factors that influence e-waste disposal.
4.1 | Publication outlets
We also looked at the distribution of consumer e-waste research in 4.4 | Theories applied in e-waste disposal research
academic journals. Figure 2 lists the names of journals, authors, and
years of articles about consumer e-waste disposal behaviour that In a similar vein, we looked at the theories used by consumer re-
have been published in Social Science Citation Indexed and Scopus- searchers in e-waste disposal behaviour research. As indicated in
indexed journals over time. According to our analysis, 15 journals Table 1, the theory of planned behaviour (N = 9, 20.93%) was uti-
published 43 papers between 2000 and 2021. The majority of re- lised in the majority of research publications on e-waste disposal,
search articles on e-waste disposal were published in the Journal of followed by the theory of reasoned action (N = 2, 4.65%). Likewise,
Cleaner Production (N = 12) and Waste Management (N = 5). Likewise, in consumer e-
waste disposal behaviour research, behavioural
Resources, Conservation & Recycling (N = 4), Sustainability (N = 4), and reasoning theory, goal-framing theory, Kohlberg's stage of moral
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Journal of Cleaner Production 12
Waste Management 5
Resources, Conservation & Recycling 4
Sustainability 4
Journal of Environmental Management 4
Waste Management & Research 3
Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2
Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management 2
Environment, Development, and Sustainability 1
Environment and Behavior 1
The International Journal of Logistics Management 1
Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 1
Journal of Consumer Behavior 1
Environmental Management 1
The Social Science Journal 1
F I G U R E 2 Journals publishing consumer e-waste disposal behaviour research
F I G U R E 3 Historical trends of
consumer e-waste disposal behaviour
publication (2000–2021) [Colour figure
can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
development theory, the stimulus–organism–response model, the 53.48%) did not apply any theoretical lenses or frameworks in their
system simulation model, the technology acceptance model, the research. Given the significance of consumer e-waste research, new
utility maximisation model, basic psychological needs theory, and psychological theories are required to gain a better understanding
norm-activation theory were all used once, accounting for an equal of e-waste disposal behaviour. In the section on future study direc-
share of the research output. Following a closer examination, we tions, we discuss how e-waste academics may employ new psychol-
discovered that the vast majority of e-waste researchers (N = 23, ogy theories to better understand e-waste disposal behaviour.
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F I G U R E 4 Distribution of consumer e-waste behaviour studies across countries
TA B L E 1 Theories applied in consumer

No. of
e-waste disposal research
S. no. Theories/models articles Percentage
1 Theory of planned behaviour 9 20.93

2 Theory of reasoned action 2 4.65
3 Behavioural reasoning theory 1 2.33
4 Goal-framing theory 1 2.33
5 Kohlberg's stage of moral development 1 2.33
theory
6 Stimulus-organism-response-model 1 2.33
7 System simulation model 1 2.33
8 Technology acceptance model 1 2.33
9 Utility maximization model 1 2.33
10 Basic psychological needs theory 1 2.33
11 Norm-activation theory 1 2.33
12 No theory is used/applied 23 53.48
Total 43 100.00
F I G U R E 5 Research design
methodologies
4.5 | Research design methodologies accounting for 67.44% of all published e-waste research between
2000 and 2021. Case study (N = 10, 23.26%) and mixed-method
Further analysis of e-waste research found that the field survey designs (N = 3, 6.98%) have also been used in e-waste disposal
(N = 29) is by far the most often utilised research design approach, research by consumer researchers, as indicated in Figure 5.
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Conversely, experimental design has only been used in one study than 250 (N = 9). Similarly, as shown in Figure 7, considerable studies
(N = 1, 2.33%), while many modern research designs techniques, utilised sample sizes of 750–1000 (7 studies) or larger than 1000
such as eye-tracking designs, observational studies, and correctional (7 studies). A sample size of 500–750 participants was employed in
designs, have surprisingly been missed by e-waste experts. In light only four studies (N = 4).
of the aforementioned deficiencies, we have underlined in the fu-
ture research section how the above-mentioned design strategies
could be leveraged to better understand consumer e-waste disposal 4.7 | Data analysis techniques
behaviour.
In terms of statistical analysis methods, we discovered that structural
equation modelling (N = 13) is the most commonly used data analysis
4.6 | Sampling method and sample size method in consumer e-waste disposal research, accounting for 30.23%
of all published studies. Likewise, Table 2 shows that descriptive analy-
Further analysis of e-waste research revealed that simple random sis (N = 9) was the second most popular data analysis technique, fol-
sampling (N = 24) is the most commonly used probability sampling lowed by logistic regression (N = 5), linear regression (N = 3), t-test/
technique in e-waste research, followed by stratified random sam- ANOVA (N = 2), probit regression (N = 2), the contingent valuation
pling (N = 3) and cluster sampling (N = 1), accounting for 55.81%, method (N = 2), correlation analysis (N = 2), conjoint analysis (N = 2),
6.98%, and 2.33% of all published e-waste research between 2000 multiple correspondence analysis (N = 1), hierarchical moderated re-
and 2021, respectively. As shown in Figure 6, the most widely used gression (N = 1), and logit regression (N = 1). Based on the analysis, we
non-probability sampling technique in e-waste research is purposive observe that many key data analysis approaches, such as mediation
sampling (N = 7), followed by convenience sampling (N = 4), snowball analysis, multi-group modelling, and moderated mediation, have been
sampling (N = 3), and quota sampling (N = 1). Furthermore, the ma- oddly disregarded by e-waste experts. In light of the aforementioned
jority of studies utilised sample sizes of 250–500 (N = 16) or fewer deficiencies, we have highlighted in the “Future Research” section how
F I G U R E 6 Sampling methods
F I G U R E 7 Sampling size
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TA B L E 2 Data analysis techniques employed in e-waste research

5 | G O I N G FO RWA R D : FU T U R E
No. of R E S E A RC H AG E N DA
S. no. Data analysis techniques articles Percentage
1 Structural equation 13 30.23 We have developed propositions and suggestions for future study
modelling based on our extensive in-depth analysis of 43 research articles,
2 Descriptive analysis 9 20.93 which may help, guide, and encourage e-waste researchers to con-
3 Logistic regression 5 11.63 duct more research. For a complete future agenda on e-waste dis-
4 Linear regression 3 6.98 posal behaviour, see Figure 8.
5 t-tests/ANOVA 2 4.65 E-waste researchers all around the world employ consumer e-
6 Probit regression 2 4.65 waste disposal behaviour as a dependent variable (Islam et al., 2021;
7 Contingent valuation 2 4.65 Miner et al., 2020; Nduneseokwu et al., 2017; Tan et al., 2018; Wang
method et al., 2019). They all offer a range of explanations for why consumers
8 Correlation analysis 2 4.65 develop an interest in e-waste disposal—in other words, what con-
9 Conjoint analysis 2 4.65 tributes to its development. To the authors’ knowledge, no study has
10 Multiple correspondence 1 2.33

employed consumer e-waste disposal behaviour as an independent
analysis variable to investigate the downstream impacts of such behaviour.
11 Hierarchical moderated 1 2.33 In light of this knowledge vacuum, we anticipate that consumer e-
regression waste disposal behaviour may have an impact on environmental
12 Logit regression 1 2.33 variables and downstream consumer psychological responses, with
Total 43 100.00 significant implications for practitioners and government agencies.
As a result, future studies should look at whether consumers who
are strongly driven to dispose of e-waste are more likely to be loyal
the above-mentioned data analysis methodologies could be applied to to green producers (Lin et al., 2017) and purchase green products
better understand consumer e-waste disposal behaviour. (Felix et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021). Similarly, future research will
benefit from looking into the relationship between customers’ e-
waste disposal behaviour and their willingness to pay a premium for
4.8 | E-waste construct employed in literature to environmentally friendly products (Katt & Meixner, 2020; Kautish
explain consumer disposal behaviour et al., 2019). Finally, it would be extremely beneficial to investigate
how and whether consumers’ environmental concern is influenced
According to the thorough analysis, all 43 studies (N = 43) only look by their intention to dispose of e-waste. As a result, we propose the
at consumer e-waste disposal behaviour (behavioural component) following:
as a dependent variable (Aboelmaged, 2021; Arain et al., 2020; P1: Consumers’ e-waste disposal behaviour will have independent
Bai et al., 2018; Borthakur & Govind, 2019; Bovea et al., 2018; Cai impacts on their downstream psychological responses (e.g. green prod-
et al., 2020; Chi et al., 2014; Delcea et al., 2020; Deng et al., 2017; uct loyalty, green purchase intention, and passion for the environment).
Dhir et al., 2021; Echegaray & Hansstein, 2017; Gilal, Zhang, Gilal, Similarly, our findings indicate that only a few studies have
et al., 2019; Hamdan & Saidan, 2020; Islam et al., 2020, 2021; Jafari looked into moderating variables to better predict consumer e-
et al., 2017; Jayaraman et al., 2019; Kochan et al., 2016; Kumar, 2019; waste disposal behaviour (Dhir et al., 2021; Jayaraman et al., 2019;
Lau et al., 2013; Mahmud et al., 2020; Miner et al., 2020; Mishima Kumar, 2019; Nduneseokwu et al., 2017). However, no research
& Nishimura, 2016; Nduneseokwu et al., 2017; Nguyen et al., 2019; has been done to examine whether variables related to individual
Nguyen et al., 2021; Nnorom et al., 2009; Nowakowski, 2016; variations such as education, age, gender, culture, and generational
Pérez-
Belis et al., 2015; Qu et al., 2019; Ramzan et al., 2019; cohorts (e.g. Generation Z, Y, and X customers) influence the down-
Rodrigues et al., 2020; Saphores et al., 2006; Saphores et al., 2009; stream effects of consumer e-waste disposal behaviour. As a result,
Shaharudin et al., 2020; Simiari et al., 2020; Siringo et al., 2020; Song a growing number of studies have revealed that customers’ age,
et al., 2012; Tan et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2016; gender, educational background, and generational cohort can all
Wang et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2019). One of these studies (N = 1), have a substantial impact on their behavioural responses. For ex-
however, created and validated a new scale for assessing e-waste ample, Gilal, Gilal, Tariq et al. (2020) discovered that Generation Z
disposal behaviour (Wang et al., 2018). As shown in Tables 3 and customers are more likely to watch T20 World due to patriotism,
4, no study has employed consumer e-waste disposal behaviour as and Generation X customers are more likely to watch T20 World
an independent, mediating, or moderating variable. In light of the because of player interest. Gilal et al., 2021a) and Gilal, Gilal, Channa,
aforementioned gaps, we have proposed in the section on future et al. (2020) also found that gender has a substantial impact on a cus-
research how the consumer e-waste construct could be used as an tomer's passion for a designer's apparel brands. They observed that
independent, mediating, and moderating variable in future studies to female customers need intrinsic motivation to build a passion for
improve consumer e-waste disposal behaviour. apparel brands, whereas male customers need identified motivation
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TA B L E 3 Antecedents of e-waste disposal behaviour
S. no. Independent variables Author and year of publication
1 Environmental awareness/knowledge Wang et al. (2016); Echegaray and Hansstein (2017); Nduneseokwu

et al. (2017); Kumar (2019); Thi Thu Nguyen et al. (2019);
Nnorom et al. (2009); Saphores et al. (2009); Bai et al. (2018); Tan
et al. (2018); Borthakur and Govind (2019); Arain et al. (2020);
Nguyen et al. (2021); Wang et al. (2018); Kochan et al. (2016);
Siringo et al. (2020); Mahmud et al. (2020)
2 Costs of recycling Wang et al. (2016); Thi Thu Nguyen et al. (2019) et al. (2019); Wang,
Ren, et al. (2019); Wang, Huo, et al. (2019)
3 Attitude Wang et al. (2016); Echegaray and Hansstein (2017); Nduneseokwu
et al. (2017); Kumar (2019); Thi Thu Nguyen et al. (2019); Wang,
Ren, et al. (2019); Wang, Huo, et al. (2019); Aboelmaged (2021);
Nnorom et al. (2009); Bai et al. (2018); Tan et al. (2018); Delcea
et al. (2020); Saphores et al. (2006); Wang et al. (2018); Kochan
et al. (2016); Siringo et al. (2020); Dhir et al. (2021); Wang
et al. (2011); Zhang et al. (2019); Cai et al. (2020)
4 Subjective norms Wang et al. (2016); Echegaray and Hansstein (2017); Nduneseokwu
et al. (2017); Kumar (2019); Wang, Ren, et al. (2019); Wang, Huo,
et al. (2019); Shaharudin et al. (2020); Aboelmaged (2021); Delcea
et al. (2020); Kochan et al. (2016)
5 Recycling convenience Wang et al. (2016); Kumar (2019); Shaharudin et al. (2020); Lau
et al. (2013); Chi et al. (2014); Pérez-Belis et al. (2015); Mishima
and Nishimura (2016); Jafari et al. (2017); Bai et al. (2018); Delcea
et al. (2020); Kochan et al. (2016); Siringo et al. (2020); Wang
et al. (2011); Mahmud et al. (2020)
6 Perceived behavioural control Echegaray and Hansstein (2017); Nduneseokwu et al. (2017);
Kumar (2019); Wang, Ren, et al. (2019); Wang, Huo, et al. (2019);
Aboelmaged (2021); Wang et al. (2018)
7 Environmental responsibility Kumar (2019); Bai et al. (2018); Delcea et al. (2020); Wang
et al. (2018); Mahmud et al. (2020)
8 Social pressure/influence Thi Thu Nguyen et al. (2019); Delcea et al. (2020); Zhang et al. (2019)
9 Laws and regulations Thi Thu Nguyen et al. (2019); Bai et al. (2018); Ramzan et al. (2019);
Delcea et al. (2020); Nguyen et al. (2021); Wang et al. (2011); Cai
et al. (2020)
10 Past recycling experience Thi Thu Nguyen et al. (2019); Nguyen et al. (2021)
11 Perceived financial/economic benefits Shaharudin et al. (2020); Mishima and Nishimura (2016); Bai
et al. (2018); Saphores et al. (2006); Wang et al. (2011)
12 Recycling habits Aboelmaged (2021); Bai et al. (2018); Wang et al. (2011)
13 Demographic variables (e.g., Education and Islam et al. (2021); Song et al. (2012); Pérez-Belis et al. (2015); Jafari
income, family size) et al. (2017); Bovea et al. (2018); Qu et al. (2019); Borthakur and
Govind (2019); Ramzan et al. (2019); Hamdan and Saidan (2020);
Islam et al. (2020); Miner et al. (2020); Saphores et al. (2006);
Wang et al. (2011)
14 Environmental concern Nnorom et al. (2009); Saphores et al. (2006); Jayaraman et al. (2019);
Dhir et al. (2021)
15 Moral consideration Saphores et al. (2009)
16 Household disposal strategies Chi et al. (2014); Nowakowski (2016)
17 Environmental contribution/preference Mishima and Nishimura (2016); Qu et al. (2019)
18 E-waste concern Jafari et al. (2017)
19 Purchase of new products Borthakur and Govind (2019)
20 Self-efficacy Delcea et al. (2020)
21 Social media influence Delcea et al. (2020)
22 Personal norms Wang et al. (2018); Dhir et al. (2021)
23 Word of mouth Gilal, Zhang, Gilal, et al. (2019)
24 Service quality of recycling platform Zhang et al. (2019); Cai et al. (2020)
25 Others Deng et al. (2017); Rodrigues et al. (2020)
GILAL et al.
TA B L E 4 Consumer e-waste disposal behaviour construct used in the literature
No. of Mediating Moderating

S. no Variables articles Independent variables variables variables References
1 Dependent variable 42 Various Independents variables are provided in the Nnorom et al. (2009); Wang et al. (2011); Chi
next Table 3 et al. (2014); Wang et al. (2016); Echegaray and
Hansstein (2017); Bai et al. (2018); Tan et al. (2018);
Jayaraman et al. (2019); Qu et al. (2019); Dhir
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et al. (2021); Aboelmaged (2021); Islam et al. (2021);

Lau et al. (2013); Pérez-Belis et al. (2015); Bovea
et al. (2018); Rodrigues et al. (2020); Arain
et al. (2020); Kumar (2019); Wang, Ren, et al. (2019);
Wang, Huo, et al. (2019); Nduneseokwu et al. (2017);
Thi Thu Nguyen et al. (2019); Miner et al. (2020);
Delcea et al. (2020); Saphores et al. (2009); Song
et al. (2012); Deng et al. (2017); Islam et al. (2020);
Mishima and Nishimura (2016); Nowakowski (2016);
Mahmud et al. (2020); Ramzan et al. (2019); Cai
et al. (2020); Siringo et al. (2020); Nguyen et al. (2021);
Jafari et al. (2017); Simiari et al. (2020); Saphores
et al. (2006); Kochan et al. (2016); Borthakur and
Govind (2019);Gilal, Zhang, Gilal, et al. (2019);
Hamdan and Saidan (2020); Shaharudin et al. (2020)
2 Scale development 1 Attitude, Subjective Norms, Perceived Behavioural Intentions N/A Wang et al. (2018)
Control, Awareness of Consequences,
Ascription of Responsibility, Personal Norm,
Information Publicity, Recycling Intention,
Recycling Attitude
3 Independent variable 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A
4 Mediating variable 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A
5 Moderating variable 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A
6 Other 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A
a Total 43
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1796 GILAL et al.
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F I G U R E 8 Proposed plan for the consumer e-waste disposal behaviour research
to develop such a passion. Building on these findings, it would be e-waste disposal behaviour (Bai et al., 2018; Delcea et al., 2020;
very interesting to investigate whether the downstream effects of Dhir et al., 2021; Saphores et al., 2012; Nguyen et al., 2019; Wang
consumer e-waste disposal behaviour vary by age, gender, culture, et al., 2011, 2016). We suggest, however, that consumer behaviour
and generational cohort. As a result, one avenue for future study in cannot always be predicted by concentrating just on extrinsic fac-
this area is to see if the effect of e-waste disposal intention on down- tors (Gilal, Zhang, Gilal, et al., 2019; Gilal, Zhang, Paul, et al., 2019).
stream consumer psychological responses (e.g. green loyalty and As such, consumers may be more willing to recycle e-waste if expe-
green purchases) differs for male versus female consumers, or for riential marketing programmes (e.g. green CSR programmes, green
young versus older customers. Based on this, we propose that future WoM messages) demonstrate care for the customers and provide
scholarship should look into whether the relationship between con- feelings of intimacy (i.e. satisfaction with relatedness), acknowledge
sumer e-waste disposal behaviour and downstream consequences and appreciate them (i.e. satisfaction with autonomous need), or
changes considerably under the influence of the moderators men- make them feel more competent, confident, and capable of per-
tioned above. Therefore, we propose: forming fruitfully (i.e. satisfaction with competence). In light of this,
P2: Individual differences in education, age, gender, culture, and one path for future research is to look into the impact of marketing
generational cohorts will significantly moderate the relationship be- appeals that support intrinsic motivating elements such as related-
tween consumer e-waste disposal behaviour and downstream psycho- ness, competence, and autonomy on consumer e-waste disposal be-
logical responses (e.g. green product loyalty, second-hand purchases, haviour (Gilal, Zhang, Paul, et al., 2019). Future research could also
and passion for the environment). benefit from looking into the impact of green CSR programmes on
In addition to this, our review of e-waste research revealed that consumer e-waste disposal behaviour (Gilal et al., 2021a, 2021b;
the vast majority of e-
waste scholarship has mostly focused on Gilal, Gilal, et al., 2021). Finally, it would be extremely beneficial to
extrinsic factors (e.g. environmental, societal, attitude, subjective investigate how social influence (parental, sibling, etc) improves e-
standards, perceived behavioural control) in analysing consumer waste disposal behaviour (Gilal et al., 2018). It would be particularly
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GILAL et al. 1797
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interesting to see if someone's passion for e-waste disposal can be moderate the influence of green innovation on willingness to pay a
passed on to others (e.g. parents, siblings, and so on). As a result, we higher price for green products (Fang & Zhang, 2021). As a result, we
hypothesise the following: propose the following:
P3: Managerially controllable marketing stimuli (such as green CSR P5: Consumers’ e-waste disposal behaviour will have a positive me-
initiatives, green advertisement appeals, and green experiences) will diating function on their downstream psychological responses (e.g. green
have a substantial impact on consumer e-waste disposal behaviour. loyalty, environmental passion, and so on).
Furthermore, according to our evaluation of e-waste research, no In a similar line, our detailed investigation of e-waste studies re-
study has used moderated mediation to explain consumer e-waste vealed that no study has hypothesised consumers’ e-waste disposal
disposal behaviour, according to our review of e-waste research. As behaviour as a key boundary condition (i.e. moderating variable) for
a result, studying boundary conditions in order to strengthen con- the positive effect of independent variables (social influence, green
sumer e-waste disposal behaviour is critical. Particularly, we believe CSR programs, etc) on consumers’ downstream psychological re-
that the relationship between managerially controllable marketing sponses (e.g. green loyalty, green purchase intention). Therefore,
stimuli (i.e. independent variables) and consumer e-waste disposal there are a few promising avenues for future research into the mod-
behaviour significantly changes under the potential influence of erating impact of consumer e-waste disposal behaviour that are
theoretically driven moderators such as environmental concerns, worth mentioning. One research goal is to see if a teacher's environ-
environmental responsibility, environmental awareness, and mon- mental passion is more likely to be transmitted to their student when
etary benefits. Thus, future research should look at whether envi- the student's disposal behaviour is high versus low (Gilal, Channa,
ronmental concerns and environmental responsibility increase or et al., 2019; Gilal, Zhang, Gilal, et al., 2019; Ramzan et al., 2021). The
diminish the impact of green appeals on consumer e-waste disposal second line of inquiry is to see if consumer disposal behaviour con-
behaviour (Gilal, Gilal, Channa, et al., 2020). Similarly, another intrigu- tributes to the strengthening or weakening of the link between pos-
ing research topic for the future is to see if environmental aware- itive WoM messages received and positive WoM messages provided
ness interacts with (moderates) enterprises’ green CSR initiatives to by celebrity endorsers (Gilal, Zhang, Gilal, et al., 2019; Gilal, Zhang,
improve e-waste disposal behaviour. It would also be interesting to Paul, et al., 2019; King et al., 2014). Similarly, it would be critical to
determine whether monetary incentives help or hinder the influence look into the impact of green product experiences on customers’ in-
of a company's green experience programmes on consumer e-waste tentions to use green products when they have high (vs. low) disposal
disposal behaviour (Gao et al., 2021). Finally, future studies should behaviour (Arruda Filho, 2021). Also, it would be incredibly valuable
look into how and whether religiosity affects the relationship be- to investigate the impact of companies’ green CSR activities on con-
tween social impact and consumer intentions to dispose of e-waste sumers’ inclinations to engage in green events when their disposal
(Hwang, 2018). As a result, we hypothesise the following: behaviour is high versus low (Wong et al., 2021). Finally, e-waste
P4: Managerially controllable marketing cues (independent vari- research could benefit from evaluating the impact of green appeals
ables) will interact considerably with theoretical moderators (e.g. envi- on customers’ intentions to embrace green technology when their
ronmental concerns, environmental responsibility, and environmental e-waste disposal behaviour is high versus low (Khan et al., 2021). We
awareness) to capture consumer e-waste disposal behaviour. propose the following in light of the aforementioned future agendas:
Our detailed analysis suggests that only five empirical articles P6: Customer e-waste disposal behaviour will moderate the impact
have studied the impact of independent variables on consumer of managerially controllable marketing stimuli (i.e. independent variables
e-waste disposal behaviour through the mediation of income/ed- such as social influence, green CSR programs, etc) on their downstream
ucation (Wang et al., 2019), intention (Delcea et al., 2020; Wang psychological responses (e.g. green product loyalty, green purchase in-
et al., 2018), perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use (Zhang tention, and passion for the environment).
et al., 2019), and perceived behaviour control (Zhang et al., 2019), According to our comprehensive review of e-waste research,
However, to our surprise, no research has been done on the media- the vast majority of consumer e-waste disposal behaviour studies
tion of consumer e-waste disposal behaviour. As a result, it would be have failed to employ any useful theoretical lenses in their analysis
extremely valuable to learn how and whether e-waste disposal be- (Arain et al., 2020; Bai et al., 2018; Borthakur & Govind, 2019; Bovea
haviour aids (mediates) the link between independent variables and et al., 2018; Chi et al., 2014; Delcea et al., 2020; Deng et al., 2017;
downstream psychological responses. Thus, one line of inquiry for Hamdan & Saidan, 2020; Islam et al., 2020; Jafari et al., 2017;
future research in this area is to see if consumer intention to dispose Lau et al., 2013; Miner et al., 2020; Mishima & Nishimura, 2016;
of e-waste mediates the relationship between autonomy-supportive Nguyen et al., 2021; Nowakowski, 2016; Pérez-Belis et al., 2015;
green WoM messages and green satisfaction (Chen, 2013), green Qu et al., 2019; Ramzan et al., 2019; Rodrigues et al., 2020; Song
purchase intention (Mansoor & Paul, 2021; Sharma, 2021), and et al., 2012; Tan et al., 2018). Similarly, 20 of the 43 studies used
green loyalty (Gelderman et al., 2021). Similarly, it would be very theoretical lenses, with the majority (nine studies) relying on the
interesting to determine whether consumer e-waste behaviour me- theory of planned behaviour (Aboelmaged, 2021; Echegaray &
diates the influence of green ambivalence on consumers’ passion for Hansstein, 2017; Islam et al., 2021; Kumar, 2019; Shaharudin
the environment (Gunden et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2021). Finally, it et al., 2020; Thi Thu Nguyen et al. 2019; Wang et al., 2016; Wang
would be fascinating to see if customer disposal behaviour helps to et al., 2019) and the theory of reasoned action (see Kochan
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1798 GILAL et al.
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et al., 2016; Saphores et al., 2006). Although these studies have nostalgic vs. non-nostalgic) appeals on consumer e-waste disposal
provided some preliminary insight into the theories employed by behaviour (Gilal, Gilal, et al., 2021). We recommend the following in
consumer e-waste researchers, the theories stated above are mostly view of the aforementioned agendas:
extrinsic in nature and do not predict consumer behaviour in the P8: The usefulness of consumer e-waste disposal scholarship will be
setting of intrinsic motivation (Gilal et al., 2021a, 2021b). Therefore, increased by employing recorded electroencephalogram, eye-tracking,
we believe that applying contemporary theories to e-waste disposal galvanic skin reaction, experimental, and observational designs to better
behaviour will promote consumer e-waste scholarship by focusing understand how to strengthen e-waste disposal behaviour.
on not just extrinsic but also intrinsic motivation. In this regard, In our review of e-waste research, we discovered that structural
basic psychological needs theory (BPNT) is a well-known motiva- equation modelling was used in 13 out of 43 papers, descriptive
tional theory that provides a framework for predicting consumer analysis was used in nine studies, logistic regression was used in
intrinsic motivation, which could aid e-waste scholarship in cap- five studies, and ANOVA/t-test, probit regression, the contingent
turing and maintaining consumer e-waste disposal for a long time. valuation method, correlation analysis, conjoint analysis, multiple
One research goal under the theoretical framework of BPNT is to correspondence analysis, hierarchical moderated regression, and
investigate the impact of customer autonomy, competence, and re- logit regression were used in the remaining studies. Although these
latedness needs fulfilment on consumer e-waste disposal behaviour. studies have provided some preliminary insight into data analysis
Similarly, another well-known theory of human motivation is organ- methodologies utilised in consumer e-waste research, other im-
ismic integration theory, which divides consumer behaviour into four portant analyses such as mediation, multi-group modelling, and
types of motivational regulations: external motivation, introjected moderated meditational analysis methodologies should also be ap-
motivation, recognised motivation, and integrated motivation (Gilal plied to better understand consumer e-waste disposal behaviour.
et al., 2021a). E-waste researchers may find it useful to investigate Therefore, one interesting issue that should be addressed utilis-
the impact of the aforementioned motive types on e-waste disposal ing the multi-group modelling analysis technique is to examine if
behaviour. This will aid practitioners in gaining a better understand- the effect of green appeals on environmental enthusiasm is more
ing of what motivates customers to dispose of e-waste. In view of crucial for male (vs. female) customers and generational X, Y, or Z
the aforementioned future research goals, we suggest the following: customers (De Silva, 2021; Gilal et al., 2021a). Similarly, another
P7: Consumer e-
waste scholarship will derive increased benefit question that should be investigated using moderated moderated-
from employing motivational theories to strengthen e-waste disposal mediation analysis is whether a person's environmental passion can
behaviour. be transferred to their sibling when both siblings live in the same
In our assessment of e-waste research, we discovered that 29 house (vs. when they are separated) and when they consist of a
out of 43 papers used a field survey, ten used a case study meth- brother and a sister (vs. when they are both sisters or both both-
odology, and just three used a mixed-method approach. To our sur- ers). In light of the above-discussed agendas, we recommend the
prise, none of the studies applied modern methodological tools to following:
address consumer e-waste disposal concerns (for example, recorded P9: Consumer e-waste disposal research will benefit from using me-
electroencephalogram (EEG), eye-
tracking, observational studies, diational, moderational, and conditional processes analysis to better un-
and galvanic skin reaction). Various interesting future research agen- derstand how to strengthen e-waste disposal behaviour.
das may be developed as a result of the aforementioned methodol- Following a closer examination of the sample frame and scales
ogy gaps. One avenue for future study is to use an EEG experimental used in e-
waste research, we discovered that probability sam-
design to investigate cognitive and emotional changes in brain ac- pling was utilised in 28 out of 43 studies, and random sampling
tivity as measured by neurophysiological indices while viewing tele- was used by the vast majority of e-waste researchers (24 studies).
vision commercials about the negative impact of e-waste on human Nonetheless, in order to generalise the results of future e-waste re-
health (Lin et al., 2018; Telpaz et al., 2015). In a similar line, another search, we recommend using the probability sampling method with
study that should be carried out using an eye-tracking design is to sample sizes ranging from 800 to 1000. Similarly, our analysis of e-
determine how much time people spend on print media advertising waste studies revealed that e-waste researchers only used one scale
activities related to e-waste. By doing this, scholars will be able to for e-waste recycling, with only one dimension (Wang et al., 2018).
extract parameters of interest and create and visualise a variety of To the authors’ knowledge, however, there is no multi-dimensional
heat maps and gaze plots from raw eye-tracking data, which practi- scale that assesses consumer e-waste disposal behaviour. Therefore,
tioners and policymakers may utilise to better understand consum- we recommend e-waste researchers develop and validate a multi-
ers’ attitudes and behaviours regarding e-waste disposal (Bartels dimensional scale that can be applied across different countries in
et al., 2018; Sielicka-Różyńska et al., 2021). It is also important to order to completely comprehend consumer behaviour regarding the
look at how consumers buy, consume, and discard e-waste during disposal of e-waste. In view of the aforementioned agendas, we sug-
COVID-19 crises using observational design (Gordon-Wilson, 2021; gest the following:
Mehrolia et al., 2021; Rayburn et al., 2021). Finally, employing an P10: Consumer e-waste disposal research will benefit from the de-
experimental approach, e-
waste scholarship could benefit from velopment and validation of e-waste disposal scales, as well as the use of
evaluating the effect of emotional versus rational commercial (e.g., a non-probability sampling frame to generalise results.
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According to our review of e-w aste research, we discovered DATA AVA I L A B I L I T Y S TAT E M E N T
that extensive research has been undertaken in China (14 stud- The data that support the findings of this study are available on re-
ies) to explore consumer e-w aste disposal behaviour. Despite the quest from the corresponding author.
fact that China generates a substantial amount of e-w aste, the
nations that actually receive the majority of it, such as Pakistan, ORCID
India, Brazil, and other third-world countries, are not well stud- Faheem Gul Gilal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7635-7642
ied. As a result, we advise analysing consumer e-w aste disposal Rukhsana Gul Gilal https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7475-3097
habits in these countries. In addition, we discovered that 42 of
the 43 published research publications used a single country as REFERENCES
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Consumer e-­waste disposal behaviour: A systematic review

Faheem Gul Gilal1 | Syed Mir Muhammad Shah1 | Sultan Adeel1 |

1 | I NTRO D U C TI O N stream (Abinaya et al., 2021; Gilal, Zhang, Gilal, et al., 2019). The

We evaluated six key questions that assisted us in integrating con-

Stage 1: Source Identification

4. Source Quality: (Scopus)

1. Duplicated Articles (n = 39)

Stage 5: Evaluation of Articles

3. Reporting: (Developed Figures and Tables)

Stage 6: Reporting Outcomes

Journal of Cleaner Production 12

Resources, Conservation & Recycling 4

Journal of Environmental Management 4

Waste Management & Research 3

Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2

Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management 2

Environment, Development, and Sustainability 1

Environment and Behavior 1

The International Journal of Logistics Management 1

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 1

Journal of Consumer Behavior 1

The Social Science Journal 1

F I G U R E 2 Journals publishing consumer e-­waste disposal behaviour research

F I G U R E 4 Distribution of consumer e-­waste behaviour studies across countries

TA B L E 1 Theories applied in consumer

1 Theory of planned behaviour 9 20.93

TA B L E 2 Data analysis techniques employed in e-­waste research

10 Multiple correspondence 1 2.33

TA B L E 3 Antecedents of e-­waste disposal behaviour

S. no. Independent variables Author and year of publication

1 Environmental awareness/knowledge Wang et al. (2016); Echegaray and Hansstein (2017); Nduneseokwu

TA B L E 4 Consumer e-­waste disposal behaviour construct used in the literature

No. of Mediating Moderating

et al. (2021); Aboelmaged (2021); Islam et al. (2021);

F I G U R E 8 Proposed plan for the consumer e-­waste disposal behaviour research

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Consumer e-waste disposal behaviour: A systematic review

F I G U R E 2 Journals publishing consumer e-waste disposal behaviour research

F I G U R E 4 Distribution of consumer e-waste behaviour studies across countries

TA B L E 2 Data analysis techniques employed in e-waste research

TA B L E 3 Antecedents of e-waste disposal behaviour

TA B L E 4 Consumer e-waste disposal behaviour construct used in the literature

F I G U R E 8 Proposed plan for the consumer e-waste disposal behaviour research