A Sustainable E-Waste Management and Recycling Trade for Bangladesh in Green IT

Nishat Sultana Supty Iffat Jahan Shorna Sinthia Sarkar Ananya

Department of
Computer Science and
Engineering
East West University
Dhaka, Bangladesh
2018-2-60-
126@std.ewubd.edu
Department of
Computer Science and
Engineering
East West University
Dhaka, Bangladesh
2018-2-60-
076@std.ewubd.edu
Department of
Computer Science and
Engineering
East West University
Dhaka, Bangladesh
2018-3-60-
101@std.ewubd.edu
Abstract—This paper aims to show the
importance of e-waste management techniques
for environmental sustainability, proposing a
policy framework for improving e-waste
management in Bangladesh and investigating
people's e-waste management awareness levels in
Bangladesh. E-waste, or garbage created by
electrical and electronic equipment, is one of the
world's fastest-growing waste categories,
expanding at a rate of 3–5 percent each year. A
5–10% annual rise in the quantity of used
electrical and electronic equipment that is
disposed of responsibly might produce
environmental concerns that are harmful to
human health, marine life, groundwater pollution,
and soil fertility. Our main focus is to make a
better concept for an e-waste recycling system
that is both sustainable and energy-efficient.
Current e-waste management procedures in
Bangladesh have a variety of problems, including
difficulties in inventorying, unsanitary
circumstances of informal recycling, insufficient
regulation and policy, limited awareness, and
corporate reluctance to address crucial concerns.
The study examines the policy and its
shortcomings, as well as the accompanying
concerns and options for addressing this rising
problem. Therefore, this paper suggests that e-
waste policy development may necessitate a more
personalized approach in which, it should be
addressed as part of a major national strategy that
incorporates green economy assessment and
strategic environmental assessment as part of
national policy planning. This study presents a
detailed picture of electrical and electronic waste
generation in Bangladesh, as well as recent
sustainable E-waste management systems and
recycling trade. A collection of sustainable E-
waste management systems has been proposed,
along with the obstacles that may arise during the
implementation of these approaches.
Keywords—E-waste, Sustainability, Recycling
Trade, Bangladesh, E-Waste management.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW
Bangladesh has a rapidly growing economy and a
growing market for domestic and international
consumers of electric, electronic, and home
appliances, among other things. These are
utilized and reused in a variety of ways and
dimensions. In the semiformal and informal
sectors, equipment is generally repaired and
repurposed. The rising amount of trash generated
by manufacturing and supply processes presents
a significant concern for many emerging
countries, especially in Asia. The purpose of this
article is to provide a review of the problems and
concerns that Bangladesh has in recycling its e-
waste in a sustainable way. In recent years,
equipment reuse or recycling, as well as
dumping, have caused a problem. These
electronic wastes create environmental and health
risks to both living and nonliving organisms in a
variety of ways. Currently, there is a lack of
public awareness and also an information gap on
e-waste risks in the country. To begin with,
measuring the entire amount of e-waste has been
required for a long time in order to comprehend
the current state of e-waste estimation. To make a
rough estimate, ten years were taken into
account. Bangladesh's urban population was 18%
of the overall population in 1981.
The key problem in Bangladesh is increasing
public awareness of the environmental, social,
and economic aspects of e-waste among
consumers, producers, institutions, politicians,
and lawmakers. A significant amount of e-waste
has been moved from Western countries to Asian
countries for disposal in recent years. It appears
that the recycling sector in Western nations is
becoming commercially unviable due to
increased labor costs and a lack of input
materials to run the facility at full capacity. Not
only are the people of Bangladesh unconcerned
about the dangers of e-waste, but there is also a
lack of awareness among the government and
commercial sector. Bangladesh utilizes around
3.2 million tons of electronic items each year,
according to the Bangladesh Electronic
Machinery Marketing Association (BEMMA).
According to several surveys, the huge majority
of e-waste is transferred to China and India.
Pakistan, Bangladesh, Ghana, Nigeria, and
Kenya have also been highlighted as hotspots for
e-waste. 75 to 80 percent of the 20 million to 50
million metric tons of e-waste produced each
year is estimated to be exported to developing
countries, mostly in Asia and Africa, for
"recycling" and disposal. There is currently no
specific regulation or policy for e-waste
management and recycling, and no established
facility for hazard-free e-waste recycling. The
informal sector in Dhaka and Chittagong recycles
the majority of these electrical devices.
Bangladesh generates roughly 2.8 million metric
tons of e-waste each year, according to an ESDO
survey. In the previous 21 years, mobile phones
have only created 10,504 metric tons of harmful
e-waste. Every year, over 15% of child laborers
in Bangladesh die as a result of e-waste
recycling, and over 83 percent are exposed to
harmful chemicals and become sick, forcing
them to live with long-term diseases. Around
50,000 youngsters are active in the informal e-
waste collecting and recycling process, with
around 40% of them working in shipbreaking
yards. [12]
Though the number of such wastes may not be
particularly significant at this point, proactive
steps must be taken to contain it before it reaches
unmanageable proportions. Because of the rising
size of the waste stream, the existing method of
disposal, the possibility for material recycling and
reuse, and the fact that these materials include
recognized dangerous compounds with major
health consequences.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The Environment and Social Development
Organization (ESDO) has started research based
on Dhaka and Chittagong to analyze the trend of
using electronic devices or gadgets, what risks are
caused by this e-waste and what are the existing
disposal techniques.[11] Moreover, this study
attempted to determine the level of knowledge
about this e-waste and the best path ahead to
decrease environmental concerns.
The goal of this study is to better understand
electronic trash or e-waste and its worldwide
impact on health and the environment and its
recycling trade for Bangladesh. Also from this
study, we will find,
i. How to manage e-waste in a sustainable
way
ii. What are the procedures for University
Departments to recycle electronic scrap
and equipment?
iii. What services do we offer in sustainable e-
waste management and recycling?
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
2 To develop a proper model for an e-waste
recycling system that brings sustainability and
energy efficiency.
3 To reduce investment and operational costs
and improve efficiency and increase
sustainability using a natural renewable power
source.
4 To inform and aware the users about the
dangers of e-waste and digital systems.
5 To help businesses and organizations in
getting rid of obsolete electronics and
safeguard the environment
1.4 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
The primary question and goal of this study were
to examine the characteristics of electronic trash
or e-waste and its management in a sustainable
way. The study's main aim and purpose were to
establish whether there was a need to regulate,
minimize, and properly dispose of outmoded or
undesired electronic gadgets. The Environment
and Social Development Organization (ESDO)
performed a survey in Dhaka, Bangladesh's
capital, from September 2009 to June 2010 based
on the volume of e-waste generated by six items,
each with at least four target categories Except for
the mobile set, each group had ten
members. Television, computer, cellphone, CFL
bulb, medical and dental equipment are the six
categories. Importers, sellers, repairers, and
customers of each product were the target groups.
[11]
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the project dictates the electronic
system's capabilities, which were created to
conform to a specific mechanism that is confined
to security and safety procedures.
2. RELATED WORKS
The worldwide trade of e-waste between countries
for treatment, disposal, or recycling is known as
the global waste trade. A World Bank report, A
Global Review of Solid Waste Disposal, details
the amount of solid waste produced in each
nation. While just 20% of e-waste is collected and
recycled properly, according to the ITU, many
businesses are unaware that used electronic items,
such as office equipment and company phones,
can be delivered to a recycling agency rather than
a landfill. Governments and local governments
around the world have significant hurdles in
collecting, treating, recycling, and disposing of
this rapidly rising waste stream in a manner that is
healthy for the environment and human health.
Many articles highlight the global relationships
between developed and developing countries, as
well as national and regional analysis.
For six research publications, we've created a
table with some approaches, techniques, datasets,
advantages, disadvantages, Results, Research
Gaps, and Remarks.
Advantages In this paper, This paper help The adaption This paper This study The
public us to know and potential helps to assists in disassembly
recognition of about analyzing application of know the understandi and sorting
the need for the policy current previous, ng the of e-waste is
waste constraints for techniques for current and previous mostly sold
minimization effective e- recycling e- in future and present to dealers,
through reuse, waste waste structures of approaches who
recycling, and management throughout the e-waste of e-waste subsequently
source with examples world to a management disposal in ship it to
reduction has and specific system in Bangalore. China.
to be improvement example in Bangladesh. As a result,
promoted, strategies for Pakistan are the Vietnam's
which results sustainable e- study's benefits. economy is
in a decrease waste. growing
of e-waste to The emphasis every day..
be disposed of. will be on the
feasibility of the
methods and the
expenses
associated with
them, as well as
environmental
sustainability.
Dis- This paper This paper has It focuses solely This paper This report As a result of
-advantages shows e-waste only shown the on the recycling shows that in demonstrate the
recycling in analysis of e- of PCBs and Bangladesh, s that there exporting,
Korea but waste lithium-ion there is no are no Vietnam's e-
didn’t show management in batteries, with proper effective waste
any sustainable Delhi and Pakistan as a systems for methods for recycling
management Jalandhar city prospective recycling e- recycling e- industry is
and trade of India. implementation wastes waste in more reliant
system. site. indeed. Bangalore. on Chinese
consumers.
Results To create an The current e- This article Because of This article E-waste is
incentive to waste problem primarily its lack of evaluates generated in
remove e- in India, as well focuses on the management current e- Vietnam
waste from as the procedures and squander through the
storage and difficulties in employed by scalability, managemen illicit and
increase recycling and the government Bangladesh's t tactics in legal
recycling disposal, have a and private current Bangalore disposal of
among significant sector in recycling and offers end-user and
consumers impact on Pakistan to system can new e- imported
who have environmental extract be justified squander new and
access to sustainability. important as managemen secondhand
inexpensive This work metals. ineffective. t solutions products.
storage, the illustrated the for various
EPR program illegal or Bangalore
with increased improper areas.
recycling rates treatment of e-
is required. waste with
unauthorized
transboundary
movement in
the developing
nations
 resulting in a reduction in the amount of e-waste
that needs to be disposed of. R. S. Mor, K. S. that
Research gap Only show the From this paper They didn't No proper For Couldn’t find
process of we couldn’t show us any information Bangalore, any trade
recycling the e- find any trade form of is mentioned they didn't system by
waste. There system but just recycling goods as a strong create a the country
are lack of showing the exchange in this structure for schematic of own as they
information statement and paper. e-waste the also export e-
about analysis of e- recycled recycling wastes.
sustainable e- waste process. process.
waste management
management
Remarks This paper This paper They propose Though this This report This paper
depict the concludes that an effective paper analyzes the shows the
process of e-waste is strategy in this mentioned current state structure of
minimization hazardous to research that that there is of e-waste e-waste
and recycling human health should be no proper practices management
of e-waste and the adopted in systems for among in Vietnam
prior to final environment Pakistan to e-waste Bangalore's which is a
disposal, and needs improve E- recycling, numerous very
including proper waste recycling. but this paper stakeholders challenging
economic treatment to require a , issue in the
incentive for achieve mass emphasizing whole world.
collectors and environmental information the lack of a
technical sustainability. about the comprehens
development. trade system ive system.
for e-waste
recycle in
Bangladesh.
Table: 1

We found extremely efficient approaches in the
study paper [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]. In Korea,
they employ the EPR system and MSW streams as
a method. We learn about assessment methods for
e-waste recycling in studies by R. S. Mor, K. S.
Sangwan, S. Singh, A. Singh, and M. Kharub in
order to improve strategies for sustainable e-
waste. The hydrometallurgical process is a viable
mobile recycling technology in Pakistan. In
Bangladesh, e-waste is sold to local hawkers and
then sent to recycling companies to be recycled
and exported abroad. After it has been collected
and the next steps of the disposal process have
been performed in Bangalore, India, E-waste can
be classed as recyclable or non-recyclable. Open
copper wire burning and plastic recycling with
traditional extruders are examples of high-
temperature operations, are used in Vietnam. In
Korea, public awareness of the importance of
waste minimization through reuse, recycling, and
waste minimization through reuse, recycling, and
resulting in a reduction in the amount of e-waste
needs to be disposed of. R. S. Mor, K. S.
Sangwan, S. Sing, and M. Kharub's studies assist
us to understand how to analyze policy
restrictions for effective e-waste management.
As well as examples and improvement plans for
long-term e-waste management. The advantages
in Pakistan are the adaptation and potential
implementation of existing e-waste recycling
methods from around the world to a specific
example in Pakistan. The emphasis will be on the
feasibility of the methods and the expenses
associated with them, as well as environmental
sustainability. This study aids in understanding
the previous, existing, and future structures of
Bangladesh's e-waste management system. This
study in Bangalore helps to understand the prior
and current approaches of e-waste disposal in
Bangalore. E-waste dismantling and sorting
operations are primarily supplied to dealers in
Vietnam before being transferred to China. As a
result, Vietnam's economy is growing every day.
Although this research work is quite useful, it
does have certain flaws, and those flaws are as
follows: Only the procedure of recycling e-waste
is shown in Korea. There is a scarcity of
information on how to manage e-waste in a
sustainable manner. We couldn't locate any trade
system in research by R. S. Mor, K. S. Sangwan,
S. Singh, A. Singh, and M. Kharub from this
publication, therefore we're only showing the
statement and analysis of e-waste management.
They didn't show us any type of recycling goods
exchange in Pakistan in this study. In Bangladesh,
there is no indication of a significant system for
the recycling of e-waste. This paper indicates that
in Bangalore, there are no practical techniques for
recycling e-waste. E-waste dismantling and
sorting operations are primarily supplied to
dealers in Vietnam before being transferred to
China. As a result, Vietnam's economy is growing
at a rapid pace. We will also construct a
sustainable E-Waste Management and Recycling
Trade for Bangladesh in Green IT to fill this
research gap.
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 DATA COLLECTION METHODS
The first step in using any technique or
methodology is to define the study area's
geographical limits. Bangladesh was included in
the research area. Electronic waste administration
processes in Bangladesh are insufficient; they are
both widespread and lacking in technology. In
contrast, several advanced E-waste management
methods are used in various developed countries
such as the United States, Australia, and European
Union countries, which may be a better answer for
E-waste management in Bangladesh. This section
discusses the strategies that may be possible for
Bangladesh, as well as the obstacles that may
arise in implementing these advanced techniques.
Recycling and reusing E-waste is widely practiced
in both government and non-government
organizations in terms of practicality and
administration. Recycling is also an important
aspect of environmental protection. Because of its
lack of control and scalability, Bangladesh's
current recycling system can be described as
ineffective [1]. However, comparable issues have
arisen in the past. Similar issues have been
overcome by developed countries' rapid
development of IT sectors and subsequent E-
waste recycling systems. Following are some tips
for adopting a sustainable and legal E-waste
recycling system based on a thorough examination
of a stated E-waste recycling system. This E-
waste recycling solution can also be suggested as
an addition to the existing municipal solid waste
management system due to its low installation
cost [14].
Along with recycling, E-waste should be made
available for reuse by making them accessible to
consumers and developing the necessary
infrastructure[14]. As a result of this operation,
the recycling system will be separated into various
cells across Bangladesh's many city corporations.
The initial stage of the E-waste recycling system
will be run by the city corporation of the
concerned metropolitan.. Workers from the city
corporation will collect E-waste from homes and
workplaces and transfer it to the processing plants,
whilst in rural regions, the local cleaning authority
(Thana accumulators) will collect the E-waste and
deliver it to the nearest city corporation.
Furthermore, the district-level cleaning staff
would adhere to the requirements for collecting
electrical waste and sorting it into categories such
as circuits, computer chips, cables, and so on. The
divisional recycling factory will then receive the
parts of various electric apparatus. Laborers in the
municipal recycling factory will disconnect the
component from the supply chain of dissimilar
parts and recycle it separately. The recycled
quantities are transferred to the constructors after
a proper recycling procedure. Assembling
Corporation produces electric new items in a
unique way, such as converting CRT televisions
into low-cost TV sets, video game displays, and
so on. Actions involving refurbishment carry non-
functional waste microelectronics back to a
working state. Furthermore, the district-level
cleaning staff would adhere to the requirements
for collecting electrical waste and sorting it into
categories such as circuits, computer chips,
cables, and so on. The divisional recycling factory
will then receive the parts of various electric
apparatus. Laborers in the municipal recycling
factory will disconnect the component from the
supply chain of dissimilar parts and recycle it
separately. The recycled quantities are transferred
to the constructors after a proper recycling
procedure. Assembling Corporation produces
electric new items in a unique way, such as
converting CRT televisions into low-cost TV sets,
video game displays, and so on. Actions involving
refurbishment carry non-functional waste
microelectronics back to a working state. The
whole capacity of materials generated by
discarded devices was spurred into new
manufacturing circles. The customer receives new
merchandise [15]. Figure:1 depicts a proposed
concept for sustainable-term E-waste recycling
[16].
I.DISMANTLING AND SEPARATING DAMAGED
AND WASTED COMPONENTS
Electronic waste recycling is a continuous and
post-consumer process. Electronic waste recycling
legislation in various nations' root-level waste
management has encouraged both producers and
consumers to repurpose used electronics [16]. The
WEEE recycling process is mostly composed of
two mechanisms:
(1) Using the creative design, reduce the amount
of discarded waste that needs to be overhauled.
(2) Recovering precious metals used in electrical
components. This method is useful because the
metal may be sold in return for money, providing
immediate economic benefit [17].
Given the different business models based on the
profit earned from the disassembly of electronic
waste parts, the Maharashtra (West India) WEEE
recycling method may be proposed in line with
Bangladesh's facilities and infrastructure. The
flow diagram in Fig:1 depicts the process [18].
From Fig:2, it is observed that After removing the
electronics, the separated pieces can be divided
into six sections for further processing. The
shredding process is controlled by a four-shaft
shredder mechanism. The iron-rich bits are
removed from the conveyor belt using magnetic
separation, while the non-magnetic metal parts are
separated using fingerpicking. Finally, the plastic
pieces that are left behind can be processed for
retail. Complex parts, such as printed circuit
boards (PCBs) that are enriched with expensive
metals, are subjected to hydrometallurgical
processing to remove the metal. As part of basic
washing, the fine metal layer is washed away with
acid, making cylinder washing environmentally
benign [19].
Fig.1: A general flow sheet for the recycling
operation and trade.
In this method, glass slurry is produced, which
can be recycled. In the case of CRTs, direct glass
to glass recycling is not desirable, thus the
recycling can be done by the manufacturer after
disassembling and categorizing the various
sections of the CRT, as well as removing the
phosphorous from the top of the glass. The
company expects to recover 99.9% of hazardous
components like mercury using its reprocessing
capacity.
Furthermore, hazardous wastes such as electron
guns and related technologies are returned to
official management units for safe disposal under
the contamination authority's regulations [18]. An
ideal electric waste recycling plant combines
dismantling and metal recapture technologies to
increase the cost-effective processing of enormous
amounts of electric trash. Furthermore, because it
extends the lives of a device, repurposing obsolete
technology is another option. Electric waste
disposal used to entail deconstructing the
apparatus into various elements like as power
supplies, metal frames, circuit boards, and plastics
by manual handling in many sophisticated
countries, but it is increasingly being mechanized
utilizing shredding machinery. The capacity to
recognize and store working as well as repairable
components, such as RAM, transistors, and chips,
is one of the advantages of this method. The
disadvantage is that manual work is inexpensive
in countries with the lowest fitness and safety
standards.
Fig.2: An integrated model for recovering
precious metals (gold and silver) from electronic
waste has been presented.
of commercial enterprises have begun to
capitalize on the Material Recovery Facility
(MRF) concept. Material recovery facilities often
utilize slicing, eddy current, magnetic separation,
and screening to extract economically valuable
non-ferrous and ferrous resources[20].
Hydrometallurgical metal recovery is the most
realistic option given Bangladesh's infrastructure.
E-waste production is expanding at the same rate
as municipal solid trash production (MSW). As a
result, improving the solid waste management
system to handle excess electronic waste is no
longer necessary. Hydrometallurgical is becoming
increasingly popular in developing countries, with
both government and private enterprises showing
interest because of its broad marketing potential
[20].
III. ENERGY GENERATION FROM E-WASTE THAT
HAS BEEN RECYCLED

II. TRACKING BACK SILVER OR GOLD FROM E- The scarcity of fossil fuels, our fundamental
WASTE source of energy, is a constant danger to our
civilization. As a result, finding a significant
The research presented in this paper proposes a
source of energy is in everyone's best interests. In
tactical model for recovering silver or gold from
the last several decades, innovation and research
electronic waste using hydrometallurgical,
have accelerated in order to minimize our reliance
chemical, bio-sorption, or bio-metallurgical
on fossil fuels. Despite our best efforts, we have
methods. The process begins with the separation
yet to discover a viable energy source that can
of silver or gold-containing electronic waste,
replace fossil fuels. Waste, on the other hand, has
which is subsequently subjected to a
showed promise as a source of energy. Electric
hydrometallurgical process that uses cyanide as a
wastes and plastic, which have a high calorific
bleaching agent. We are left with silver cyanide or
value during combustion, can be a good source of
gold cyanide after this operation. They are then
energy if appropriately treated. Electronic chips,
exposed to a bio metallurgical technique that uses
which contain a significant amount of volatile
low-cost, readily available biomass.
compounds (about 83.44 percent), can be a
Within an hour, the silver or gold cyanide bonds
significant source of energy if used in an
with the biomass in this process. Gold or silver
environmentally acceptable manner. [21]. The
cyanide can be obtained at the end of the process
Catalytic De-polymerization Process Technology
by sorption and elution with a suitable solvent.
(CDPT), which may possibly produce 40 MJ/kg
The mass that has been recovered can
energy from the plastic in E-waste, is the most
subsequently be used as an input for the new
viable of the different technologies. This
electronic circuit [20]. Figure 2 shows a detailed
technology could be the key to energy
strategy for recovering expensive metals like
empowerment in Bangladesh, which lacks
silver and gold, which are extensively used in
abundant oil resources [22]; [23].
electronics. To carefully remove gold and silver
from electronic waste, the leaching procedure is
efficient and effective. Silver and gold leaching
from electronic circuits is a well-established and
organized material recovery technology that is
frequently combined with solid waste
management systems. Aside from that, a number

Figure 3: Expected energy savings from
reclaiming materials from E-products[24]
According to Cui and Forssberg, reprocessed
electric waste can provide significantly more
energy than non-processed waste [24]. For
example, obtaining 1 kilogram of aluminum is
1/10 the cost of mining it from its ore. Aluminum
can be created by re-melting in the process of
manufacturing energy from electronic plastic,
which uses significantly less energy than a
technique like digging bauxite [25].Figure 3
depicts the materials and energy savings
associated with them [24]. Furthermore,
Anastasiadou et al. and Lancellotti et al. have
demonstrated that recovering metal-enriched ash
is highly difficult; consequently, burning the ash
and recovering the thermal energy is a
significantly more cost-effective choice [26];[27].
E-waste reprocessing, likewise, can provide a
three-fold benefit: waste management, restitution
of important precious metals, and energy
production. Figure 3 shows the percentage of
energy saved when metals are repositioned from
recycled materials versus metals resurrected from
new sources. The term "90% energy savings"
refers to the prospect of recapturing aluminum
with 90 percent better efficiency. These figures
are calculated per unit for each of the materials.
According to the referenced source, this
information is available in the United States.
IV.E-WASTE INCINERATION
Incineration is the process of eliminating waste by
burning it. Although the presence of different
dangerous substances in E-waste makes
incineration difficult to implement, the risk can be
mitigated with suitable protection and attentive
maintenance. The incineration approach can be
used to recover heat or energy from E-waste with
success. The existing technology and
infrastructure state does not allow for totally
environmentally friendly E-waste incineration. As
a result, burning E-waste has the potential to
pollute the environment by releasing lead,
mercury, and cadmium into the atmosphere. These
hazardous metals can harm the neurological
system permanently, cause breathing issues, and
cause birth deformities. In the face of such
insurmountable hurdles, electronic waste
incineration is only recommended as a last resort.
If accepted, it should be kept to a bare minimum
and handled with extreme caution. Because the
toxins released as a result of this process are
extremely harmful to one's health. Guiyu, China's
E-waste capital, faced a humanitarian crisis after
the town saw a high rate of miscarriages due to
high levels of Blead in children's blood. Economic
value, operating time, and consumer behavior
should all be considered while evaluating the
effectiveness of the suggested technology. The
economic value, operation time, and
environmental qualities are all evaluated in Figure
1. We discovered several output products with
differing economic worth for various ways of E-
waste recycling in the literature. As a result, the
economic value of all E-waste handling cannot be
measured on the same scale. The data was,
however, sufficient to determine the effectiveness.
V.E-WASTE TRADE
The rules of Bangladesh make it illegal to trade e-
waste, as well as its disposal and treatment.
Bangladesh is a signatory to the Basel
Convention, which prohibits hazardous waste
from being transported over international borders.
However, in order to trade recycled products in
the manner described above, we must first go
through the legal process and then trade legally.
Used laptops, monitors, mobile phones, and other
electrical devices are being dumped in
Bangladesh. For adequate action, the complete
trade chain of this e-waste shipment must be
studied. Bangladesh must develop specialized
policies and regulations to address e-waste issues.
Policies or laws relating to e-waste management
should be grouped together. Frequently, many
plans or policies operate independently of one
another. Bangladesh lacks adequate policies and
the capacity to address e-waste issues. The
following steps are suggested:
1. A public awareness campaign should involve
both traditional and modern media (newspapers,
television) (web, blogs, and social networks).
Both policymakers and the general public should
be addressed in the campaign.
2. Understanding the existing and future
implications of e-waste in the country requires
baseline and action studies. More study is needed
to determine the existing state of affairs and
forecast future trends.
3. Policy advocacy: The country is working on a
solid waste management policy. However, no e-
waste policy appears to be in the works.
Bangladesh requires an all-encompassing e-waste
policy. A fact-based campaign aimed at
policymakers, as well as efforts to sensitize
lawmakers, should be part of the policy advocacy
strategies.
4. Pilot projects: The government should conduct
pilot projects based on the research findings to
build ecologically and socially beneficial e-waste
recycling methods across the country.
However, it symbolizes the recommended
Sustainable E-Waste Management and Recycling
Trade for Bangladesh in Green IT, based on the
preceding discussion. It was built by evaluating
factors including economic value, operating time,
and consumer behavior. The environmental
impact of any E waste management system was
also a major consideration.
3.2 RESEARCH ETHICS
There is a rising worry in Bangladesh about the
development of e-waste and its subsequent
processing and disposal. E-waste, as well as the
reuse and recycling of it, can pose serious
environmental and health risks. In Bangladesh,
there is currently a dearth of knowledge regarding
the dangers of electronic trash.
The electronic trash is either repurposed,
dismantled for parts, or discarded entirely.
Recycling is now an informal activity that is not
carried out correctly, posing a threat to human
health and the environment.
This article will discuss the current usage of
electronic equipment and what is done when the
equipment reaches the end of its useful life. It will
also discuss the dangers that have arisen as a
result of this electronic trash, as well as current
dumping methods and dumping regulations. It
will also determine the level of public knowledge
about e-waste and how to mitigate environmental
risks.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Globally, e-waste has become a major issue.
According to the Worldwide E-waste Statistics
Partnership (GESP), global e-waste has grown by
21% in the last five years, according to our study.
In 2019, 53.6 billion (5,360 crores) kg of e-waste
was generated, with 17.4% of it recycled. Low
and middle-income nations are producing more
electronic garbage. Bangladesh's government does
not keep track of how much e-waste is created,
destroyed, or mixed with the soil each year. In
2018, the Department of the Environment
published a report. In 2018, 400,000 tonnes of
electrical and electronic garbage were generated,
according to the report.
Only 3% of it was recycled, with the rest 97%
being thrown away. According to the analysis, e-
waste is growing at a 20% annual rate and will
reach 4.6 million (46 lakh) tonnes by 2035.
4.2 DISCUSSION
Today, managing hazardous elements from e-
waste have become a critical problem in order to
save our environment and make it more green and
sustainable. We may anticipate attaining such a
green environment and a better trading system in
Bangladesh if we use the way we've presented for
e-waste treatment.
A journal of Modern Science and Technology
shows the recycling of Electronic Waste in Dhaka
City, where they have surveyed about the
percentages of people disposing specific e-wastes
along with household wastes where batteries
wastages rate is maximum in Dhaka city.[29] As a
result of our investigation, we discovered that 97
percent of lead-acid batteries in Bangladesh are
made from recycled batteries and scrap metal.
Another research paper, E-waste recycling
practices in Bangladesh, 2014, shows that by
recycle, 95% of the useful materials from a
computer and 45% of materials from cathode ray
tube monitors can be recovered. But in 2019, by
the share of global e-waste it was documented that
the recycled rate was only 17.7 percent. A paper
E-waste Management of Bangladesh, 2016, shows
that 15% of the total generated waste in Dhaka
which amounts 475 tones are recycled daily. Only
20% to 35% of garbage is recycled, with the
remainder ending up in landfills, rivers, ponds, life, there will be a rise in e-waste. The city's
sewers, lakes, and open areas (ESDO 2010)[11]. principal collecting locations are Nimtoli,
An Environment and Social Development Dholaipar, Gulistan, Dholaikhaal, and Mirpur.
Organization, Bangladesh, 2011 also shows that The Basel Convention signatories and
there is no legal permission in the rules of representatives of mobile phone manufacturers
Bangladesh to trade-off e-waste and its disposal launched the Mobile Phone Partnership Initiative
management system. Guidelines for E-waste (MPPI) in 2002 to promote responsible
Management in Bangladesh, also prepared by management of end-of-life cell phones. It should,
ESDO(Environment and Social Development in particular: Influence consumer behavior
Organization) shows the guidelines for recycling toward more environmentally friendly actions,
and recovery of e-waste that, An integrated e- promote the best reuse, refurbishing, material
waste recycling plant should use the best available recovery, recycling, and disposal options, and
technologies (BAT) and provide a state-of-the-art enlist political and institutional support for
facility that complies with all environmental laws, environmentally sound management. In our paper,
including those concerning emissions, effluents, we also tried to find the benefits of the e-waste
noise, waste treatment, and disposal. Enlisted e- recycling management system in Bangladesh
waste recyclers are shown in the E-waste where it can ensure a sustainable green
Management Policy and Practices in Bangladesh, environment as well as also create job vacancies
2019, and the recyclers are, Azizu Trading Co., by implementing our method of recycling.
Green Bangla Corporation, JR Enterprise, M/s
Zaman Enterprise, Techno Fair and NH
enterprise. Where the challenges are to collect e- 4.3 RESULTS
wastes, separation of different materials, We discovered the total amount of electronic
management, reducing pollution and the items purchased and their waste rates based on our
overcomes are human resources and development, research findings. We attempted to calculate the
protection of the environment, insurance, percentages of reuse and recycling rates based on
Government incentives and so on. A paper also that rate.
says that every year, about 700 (1.55 percent) of Name of Amount of Wasted( Reused
the world's approximately 45,000 ocean-going the buying %) and
ships are decommissioned. Ships are sold as they Accessories Accessories recycled(%
reach the end of their useful life so that the )
precious steel, which makes up around 95% of a Hard Disk 45%
ship's bulk, may be reclaimed. Bangladesh has the 72000 55%
second-largest shipbreaking industry in the world. Ram 5.88%
They supply raw materials such as plates, frames, 61200 94.12%
supporting structure, longitudinal, pipe, old Motherboard 40%
engine/generator, and even auxiliary machinery to 180000 60%
the majority of the local private shipbuilding Processor 37.1%
yards. These are used as raw materials in the 126000 62.9%
construction and maintenance of the inland Monitor 40%
shipping fleet. A recent journal of January 14, 90000 60%
2022, shows that In the last three years, Mobile 35%
Bangladesh has imported 63 million cell phones, 72000 65%
with countless more entering the country through Battery 16.6%
unofficial channels. The imported cell phones are 21600 83.4%
worth Tk. 67 billion(Source: NBR). In the coming Television 5.7%
years, the migration of the rural population to 126000 94.3%
smartphones, as internet connectivity expands, UPS 30%
and the availability of low-cost home appliances 36000 70%
will generate more e-waste. With so many mobile Air-condition 20%
phone accessories nearing the end of their useful 54000 80%
 Table: 2
The following are also some of the results that we
can attain through e-waste recycling and
discourse:
Reduced mining of virgin resources:
Gold, copper, and other metals may be recovered
from electronic garbage, which is known as urban
mining. Not only it is more ecologically friendly
than extraction, but it is also more cost-effective.
It relieves strain on natural resources, lowering
metal oxide levels and protecting the environment
from pollution caused by air and water pollution.
Provides an environmentally friendly source of
resources to manufacturers:
In the manufacturing industry, green
manufacturing provides renewable production
systems and ecologically responsible practices.
The procedures aid in limiting a company's
environmental effect, enacting good change, and
encouraging other firms to follow suit.
Prevent usage of landfills:
Recycling items keeps them out of landfills,
where they might contaminate groundwater
systems. Recycling and waste prevention divert
waste from incinerators, lowering greenhouse gas
emissions, ash, and other pollutants associated
with waste combustion.
Protect bodies of water from toxic waste
poisoning:
When rainwater dissolves dangerous substances
such as heavy metal complexes of barium, lead,
and mercury, it rushes down to ponds, rivers, and
lakes, contaminating surface water. It can be
minimized by recycling.
Creation of jobs:
Recycling not only reduces landfill waste and
greenhouse gas emissions, but it also creates new
job opportunities and strengthens our economy
overall. According to "Extra Employment, Less
Pollution," there would be 2.3 million more jobs
available if 75 percent of the country recycled.
Reduce greenhouse gas emissions:
Recycling reduces energy usage, which helps to
minimize greenhouse gas emissions. Recycled
resources are used to create new items, which
lowers the requirement for original materials.
When we buy fewer items or reuse them, we
require less energy to extract, transport, and
process resources for manufacturing.
Global e-waste generation has increased in
tandem with socioeconomic development, both in
terms of total and per capita. Due to the hazardous
chemicals, they contain, their highly technical
recycling requirements, the high overhead, and
expenditures of environmentally correct
management, as well as their negative health
repercussions, these commodities are a major
global concern. Despite the fact that high-income
nations are the major manufacturers of this trash,
low-income countries are experiencing a surge in
e-waste as a consequence of new and used electric
and electronic equipment (UEEE) transferring, as
well as low management overhead costs. As a
result, they face the weight of poor health
repercussions and ecological damage, causing
them to fall behind on their sustainable
development targets.
4.4 FUTURE WORKS
Manufacturing and assembly firms in Bangladesh
will be required by the government to collect e-
waste generated by electrical and electronic items.
Consumers will be compensated for any defective
electrical or electronic devices, ranging from cell
phones to laptops. Companies must collect 50% of
e-waste in the next five years, according to a goal
established by the government. In five categories,
the guidelines set threshold limitations for
hazardous material usage in 71 electrical and
electronic household goods and medical
equipment. However, it makes no specific
arrangements for e-waste transportation.
Only section 18 specifies that environmentally
friendly methods for e-waste transportation shall
be used. Also
a campaign would be launched to notify those
working in the industry and a workshop for people
from importing, manufacturing, and assembling
industries will be held.
5. CONCLUSION
Around the world, electronic waste has become a
new policy priority. Concerns about the destiny of
heavy metals and other compounds in e-waste in
the environment, as well as the impacts of
informal recycling in underdeveloped nations, are
driving attempts to solve the problem. The
primary policy response to global e-waste is to
prohibit international trade in end-of-life
electronics, based on the assumption that e-waste
is primarily generated in developed countries and
then exported to developing countries. Electronics
sales have been quickly expanding in developing
nations, posing the question of whether informal
recycling in emerging countries is driven by
international commerce or local creation. Used
computers, monitors, mobile phones, and other
electronic items are being dumped in Bangladesh.
For proper action, the entire trade route of this e-
waste import must be investigated. Bangladesh
must develop dedicated policies and legislation to
address e-waste issues. Policies or laws relating to
e-waste management should be grouped together.
Frequently, multiple plans or policies operate
independently of one another. Bangladesh lacks
comprehensive policies and the capacity to
address e-waste issues. Switzerland serves as an
excellent example of how to address the growing
environmental problem. Despite being one of the
world's leading manufacturers of electronic trash,
with 184 kilotonnes created in 2016, the country
gathers and recycles around 75% of it, with 134
kilotonnes recovered in 2015. An article depicts
Switzerland's two recycling processes: dangerous
goods management and material processing.
Future research for Bangladesh can also focus on
e-waste generation and management, as well as
developing sustainable e-waste collection and
recycling technologies for a more sustainable
future. Regulatory enforcement, upskilling the
informal sector, public awareness campaigns, and
a transparent recycling system are all things that
need to be addressed.
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