Self-assessment Exercise 2022

Topic 1- Origins Of Humankind

1. Describe any two traditional explanations on the origins of mankind
[4]
Tswana Mythology
‘A long time ago, there was a one-legged giant called Matsieng who lives
underground. One day he heard bird calling from above through a hole in the ground.
He climbed out, together with his people, animals, plants and vegetation. His
footprints can still be seen at Rasesa near Mochudi’.
Zulu Mythology
‘A long time ago, there were no people on earth. God, Unkulunkulu the great one,
created man from a reed. After God created mankind he gave them the sun and the
moon to be their light. Then God created cattle and gave them saying ‘let them be
your food, eat their flesh and drink their milk’. The Zulu therefore teach their
children that the source of life from above, and it is God who gives life.

Why Are Traditional Exdplanations Not Reliable/Convinving? (6)

They usually have no evidence that can be used to support the story. The evidence is
important because it can be used to agree or disagree with the story told.
They have no time attached to the occurrence of events. Time is important because it
can be used to check the story against other events that may have occurred at the same
time. This could prove the story either right or wrong.
These stories have been passed from generation to generation through the word of
mouth. As the story is passed through the generations, some parts may be added or
some left out. This makes the story not to be completely true.

Describe Any Two Religious On The Origins Of Mankind (4)

Christianity
‘And God said’’ let us make man I our own image, after our likeness; and let them
have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the air, and over the
cattle and over all the earth ‘’ So God created man in his own image, in the image of
God he created him, male and female he created them.’ Christianity therefore teaches
that the source of life is God who created everything.
Islam
Islam explains the origins of mankind according to the revelation of Prophet
Mohammed at Medina al Nabi.

‘’Oh mankind, worship the Lord who hath created you and those before you, so that
you may ward off evil. Who hath appointed the earth a resting place for you and the
sky a canopy and cause the water to pour down from the sky thereby producing fruits
for you.’’

Why Are Religions Explanations Not Convincing/Reliable? (6)

Like traditions, they have no evidence that can be used to support the story.
Most religions have no time attached to the time of events. This makes it difficult to
put them against any known event that occurred at the same time.
Most religions were not written from the beginning and therefore have been passed
from generation to another by word of mouth. This makes it possible that there may
been some distortion along the way.

What Is Evolution/Describe the Theory Of Evolution (4)

Evolution is the slow genetic change that occurs in all living things over a long period
of time. Evolution takes place as a result of Natural Selection, a process by which
parents pass onto their young ones those genetic characteristics that will allow them to
live in a changed environment. When successful, natural selection will lead to
ADAPTATION, whereby species successfully manages to live in a changed
environment. If they are unable to adapt, then they become EXTINCT, or they die
altogether.

Name Any Four Stages Of Human Evolution (4)

-Australopithecus
-Homo habilis
-Home erectus
-Homo Sapien
-Homo Sapien- Sapien
7. Explain How The Environmental Changes Affected The Physical Development Of
The Homo
Habilis (6)
- As the climate changes from wet and hot to cold and dry the forests began to
diminish and there were more plains. The new environment forced the Homo habilis
to walk more straight because it was now living in plains. Walking straight was
important in that it allowed them to see predators from afar and escape.
- The environmental changes also meant changes in the food available. Instead of
fruits and vegetables there were many nuts and roots that needed more chewing and
grinding. This meant that the jaw structure had to change from large surface to a
smaller surface that allowed them to chew hard food.
-As they now lived in plains, they had to spend a considerable time standing up and so
they had to have their forehead reduced in order to see from afar. This was important
for their survival.
8. Explain How The Physical Characteristics Of The Homo Erectus Enables Them
To Carry Out Their Daily Activities (6)
-The Homo erectus walked straight and stood at about 1.8 meters tall. This feature
allowed them to see predators from afar and be able to run for cover.
-Walking upright also left their hand free to use in their daily hunting and gathering
of food
-The reduced forehead of the Homo erectus also increased visibility which was
important when getting away from predators. This increased their chances of
survival.
9. Explain How The Increased Brain Capacity Of The Homo Erectus Affected Their
Activities (6)
-Increased brain capacity denotes more thinking. It is for this reasons that they were
able to improve their stone tool making capacity. Now they were able to make a
variety of tools suited for the job intended.
-The increased brain capacity of the Homo erectus allowed them to think better and so
they became the first to use fire. This allowed them to eat roasted meat and they were
the first to stop using trees as places of sleep as they could now use the fire to scare
away predators at night.
-Their ability to make a variety of tools allowed the Homo erectus to hunt bigger
animals and improve their diet.
10. Explain How The Environment Affected The Physical Development Of The
Homo Erectus (6)
-The plains in which the Homo erectus lived forced them to stand upright so that they
could spot the predators from afar and be able to escape from danger.
-The availability of hard food like nuts and tubers in the environment forced the
structure of their jaws to change from wide, flat topped teeth to smaller surface that
will allow them to chew hard food.
-As a necessity for survival in he plains, the Homo erectus needed to have their
forehead reduced to increase their visibility and reduce their chances of being killed
by predators.
11. Explain Why Africa Is Regarded As The Cradle Of Mankind/ Explain The ‘’Out
Of Africa Theory (6)
-Africa is regarded as the cradle of mankind because archaeological research has
proved that the earliest forms of human evolution occurred in Africa as proved by the
human remains found in the continent. In 1925, a South African anthropologist
Raymond Dart discovered the skull of an eight year old australopithecine at a place
called Taung near Vryburg in modern South Africa. The oldest bones of human
ancestors were discovered in East Africa. More evidence of the Homo habilis and
Homo erectus was discovered in many parts of southern, Eastern and Central Africa.
Although the bones of the Homo erectus were first discovered in Europe, it was found
that those that were found in Africa were older and may have immigrated to Europe.
-Apart from Human remains, the earliest stone tools of the Homo habilis can also be
traced only to Africa. The earliest stone tools to be made by ancestors of mankind
were discovered in Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, hence their name ‘’ Oldowan tools’’.
Some tools of the Homo erectus were discovered in France, but they were found to
date later than those that were found in Africa. This proves that the earliest forms of
mankind originated in Africa and spread their technology to other parts of the world.
-Apart from the above evidence, science, through the use of D.N.A. has proved that
Africans are the oldest populations alive and that Asian, Europeans and other came
from Africans.
12. ‘’The Theory Of Evolution Is The Most Convincing Explanation On The Origins
Of Mankind’’. How Far Do You Agree With The Statement? Explain Your Answer.
(10)
-As compared to other explanations like traditions which do not offer any tangible
evidence to help prove the story, the theory of evolution does provide the necessary
scientific evidence that can be put against the story and has been used to prove that
indeed man evolved from ape like creatures.
-Both traditional and religions often come in the form of oral traditions where the
story is passed from generation to generation by word of mouth, a method that is easy
to distort information as the story goes along the generations. However, the theory of
evolution uses modern written forms of transmitting information and as a result the
story is unlikely to change without any new research.
-Traditions and religions differ from society to society and each has its own
explanation. From among the multitudes of them, it becomes a matter of choice as to
which one to go with. However, the theory of evolution is universal and does not
change from region to region and this makes it more stable than the others.
-Historical events are better understood when put in their right time frame. Traditions
and religions do not assign time to the events e.g. they will just say ‘ a long, long time
ago’, making it difficult to make any more research on the issue. However, because
evolution uses updated, reliable methods like carbon dating, it is able to put at least
approximate time to events, making it easy to make further research and proof.

Topic 2
Transformation From Stone Age To Iron Age
What Was The Stone Age? (4)

The Stone Age was a way of life of the people who:

-Made and used stone tools

-Acquired food solely by hunting and gathering
-Lived a nomadic life
-Made temporary settlements/shelter

Name Any Four Stone Age Sites Found In Botswana

-Matsieng foot prints

-Manyana rock shelter
-Tsodilo Hills
-Makgadikgadi pans
3. Name Any Four Technological Developments Of The Late Stone Age (4)
-The use of microliths
-Tools were fitted onto wooden handles
- Bones were used as needles
-The use of harpoons for fishing
4. Decribe Any Two Technological Developments Of The Late Stone Age (4)

-Late Stone Age people used small stone tools called microliths were small and
precise and very easy to handle.
-Most tools of the Late Stone Age were fitted with wooden handles so that they can
be easily handled and effected easy use.
5. What Was The Iron Age (4)
The Iron Age was a way of life of people who:
Made and used tools of iron
Had knowledge of agriculture
Made permanent settlements
Traded for exotic goods

NAME ANY FOUR IRON AGE SITES IN BOTSWANA

- Toutswemogala hill
- Matlapaneng
- Tsodilo hill
- Maunatlala

Explain How Iron Age Technology Affected The Way Of Life Of The Stone Age
People (6)

Many Stone Age societies adopted agriculture as a way of producing food. This
impacted on their way of life because they now spent a considerable amount of time
in agriculture and could only do hunting and gathering on part time basis.
More defined political structures became evident because those who had more
possessions like cattle began to take positions of authority and ruled others.
As more and more of them adopted agriculture as a way of life, they were forced to
also adopt permanent settlements as there was no longer any need for them to move
frequently.

Explain How Arable Farming Influenced The Development Of The Iron Age
Societies. (Toutswemogala/Domboshaba) (6)

Arable farming was a source of food like sorghum, millet beans which formed the
bulk of the diet of the people. The availability of food among them improved their
health and many people may have lived longer. This as a result increased the
populations and settlements were physically extended.
People who engaged in arable farming at times had excess that could be traded for
exotic goods. In return the possession of the exotic goods gave people prestige and
better positions in society.
Arable farming also created cooperation among people. Those that had more crops
than they could handle in their farms often invited others who would help in return for
a portion of the produce. This way, many families escaped hunger.

Explain How Pastoral Farming Influenced The Development Of The Iron Age
Societies (Toutswemogala/Domboshaba) (6)

- Pastoral farming was a source of food among the Iron Age societies. Cattle,
goats, and sheep provided both meat and milk to improve the diet of the people. This
may have led to longer life and growth in populations.
- Among the Iron Age societies, a man’s status was determined by how many
cattle had. Cattle therefore were a source of prestige and power among them. This
means that cattle stratified societies and divided the rich from the poor.
- Cattle were also used as bride prize among the Iron Age societies. This means
that the more cattle a man has, the more women he could marry. This increased a
man’s status in society.
10. Explain The Social Importance Of Cattle Among The Iron Age Societies
(Toutswemogala/Domboshaba) (6)

Cattle were a source of food among the Iron Age societies. They provided meat and
milk which improved diet. Improved diet may have impacted on the health of the
people leading to population growth.
Those who had more cattle than they could handle often lent some to the poorer
sections of the society, who In turn pledged loyalty to them. Although these people
could not kill these cattle, they could use them for other purposes like milking and for
transport. This way the gap between the rich and the poor was bridged.
Cattle were a source of prestige and power for men. The more cattle one had, the
more the power and social standing in society.
Cattle were a very prized possession and therefore were used in very important
ceremonies like marriage where they were used as a bride prize as a way of
appreciation by the groom to his in laws.

Explain In The Effects Of Iron Tools On The Way Of Life Of The Iron Age People.
(Toutswemogala/Domboshaba) (6)
Iron tools were very effective in arable farming. Tools such as axes and hoes allowed
them to clear large tracts of land and they could plough and produce food. This
allowed many people to live longer.
Iron tools encouraged permanent settlements. This because iron tools like axes
allowed them to cut poles to construct strong huts. Hoes were also used to dig soil
which was used to construct strong mud walls.
Iron tools brought wealth among the Iron Age societies. Those who knew how to
make iron tools traded with other people to get exotic goods like glass beads. These
goods were a sign of wealth and prestige because they were owned by only a chosen
few.
Explain The Social Difference Between The Stone Age People

Stone Age people were nomads whereas Iron Age people were permanent settlers.
This because the Stone Age people had no steady supply of food and had to move
frequently in search of food and the Iron Age people grew crops and reared animals
and they did not need to move frequently.
Stone Age people lived in small groups and iron people lived in large groups. This
was because Stone Age people were dependent on hunting and gathering and such
could not support large groups whereas Iron Age people had a steady supply of food
from agriculture which was able to support large populations.
Stone Age people were classless whereas Late Stone Age societies were stratified.
This is because Stone Age people had no material possessions whereas Iron Age
societies had material possessions like livestock which separated the rich and the
poor.

Explain How Iron Age Technology Transformed The Stone Age Societies
The coming of Iron Age the knowledge of agriculture transformed the Stone Age
societies from mobile to sedentary. This is because agriculture demanded time and
stability so they had to stay in a place long enough to see their crops and animals
grow.
Iron Age technology transformed the Stone Age societies from classless to stratified.
This is because some of them were able to accumulate surplus from agriculture and
traded for some exotic goods that raised their status in society.
Iron Age technology also allowed Stone Age people to trade for exotic goods because
some of them were able to have excess from their fields which they sold.

‘The Following Were All Equally Important In The Development Of Toutswemogala:

Agriculture;
Mining;
Trade;
How Far Do You Agree With The Statement? Explain Your Answer Referring To
¡),¡¡),¡¡¡) Above. (10)
Agriculture in the form of arable farming was the main source of food for the
Toutswe people. They ate millet, sorghum, and beans supplemented by milk and
meat from their livestock. This provided a steady supply of food that nourished a
healthy population and effecting a growth in population.
Mining was carried out by a few families of miners and blacksmiths. They mined
iron from which they made hoes, axes, knives and spears. These tools were very
effective in cutting material for building and therefore strong, permanent structure
were made.
Toutswe people were involved in both local and external trade. Internally they
exchanged iron goods for cattle or for grain. Most important was the external trade in
which the rulers traded with the Arabs from the East Coast. It was this trade that
brought them wealth and prestige as they acquired exotic goods like fur, glass beads,
chinaware and others.
CONCLUSION: However, it can be realized that these factors are interdependent and
so can be said to be equally important. Mining produced goods like axes, hoes and
knives which were used in agriculture to clear the land cultivate and harvest. Most
tools were also traded for goods that the people did not have. Cattle and farm produce
were also traded for axes and hoes.
Were The Following All Equally Important In The Development Of Toutswemogala
Society:

Mining;
Trade;
Hunting and gathering.
Explain Your Answer Referring To I), Ii), And Iii) Above.
Mining was carried out by a few families of miners and blacksmiths. They mined
iron from which they made hoes, axes, knives and spears. These tools were very
effective in cutting material for building so strong, permanent structures were made.
Agriculture also benefited because axes and hoes were used to clear large tracts of
land and produce more food.
Toutswe people were involved in both local and external trade. Internally they
exchanged iron tools for cattle or grain. Most important was the external trade in
which the rulers traded with the Arabs from East Coast. It was this trade that brought
them wealth and prestige as they acquired exotic goods like fur, glass beads,
chinaware etc.
Hunting and gathering was done by all people on part time basis. However, it was
done on a larger scale by the Khoisan who did it for their ruling masters. They hunted
elephants, rhinos and ostriches other animals for their products like rhino horns,
elephant tasks and ostrich feathers. The rulers would then trade with the Arabs for
goods such as fur, cloth, glass beads and chinaware. These goods were sought after
and gave them a lot of prestige. More often the rich acquired cattle from the peasant
farmers as they sold these exotic goods to them. In this way they were able to gain
wealth and power to themselves.
CONCLUSION: However, it is evident that these factors are interdependent on one
another so they can be said to be equally important. Mining was very important for
trade, especially the local one. Hunting was especially an important part of the
external trade by rich for exotic goods.

‘The Rise Of Mapunubwe Was The Most Important Factor In The Decline Of
Toutswemogala Settlement’. How Far Do You Agree With The Statement? Explain
Your Answer.

The rise of Mapungubwe as new trading center was very instrumental in the decline
of Toutswemogala as a trading centre, but it was definitely not the most important.
This new trading center emerged between Toutswe and the East Coast, therefore
cutting trade between the two. This meant that the rulers of Toutswe were left with
no exotic goods to trade for cattle and they lost their wealth, power and prestige
among the poorer sections of the society. Many people may have moved places
where they could get better protection from other rich rulers somewhere else.
There is also evidence of serve drought that hit the settlement leaving both people and
animals with no source of food or water. Under these circumstances many people
may have moved to other areas where they could get water for their animals and food
for themselves.
At a time when there was plenty of rainfall, it is possible that Toutswe population, of
both animals and people may have grown considerably. Over time the overpopulation
may have put pressure on the land causing natural resources like vegetation to be
overused. This may have forced some families to abandon the place to look for virgin
lands.
CONCLUSION: Although Mapungubwe was instrumental in diverting trade from
Toutswemogala the drought may have been a more compelling factor that caused
people to abandon the area because without water and grazing lands, it was going to
be difficult to do any economic activity and even without Mapungubwe people would
still have moved away.
Topic 3-The People Of Southern Africa
Name Any Four Bantu Groups In Southern Africa

Bantu Grouped In Southern Africa

Main Groups Sotho Tswana Shona Nguni South Central

Bakwena Kalanga Zulu Herero
Batlhaping Karanga Mthethwa Ovambo
Bangwaketse Venda Ngwane Bayeyi
Bakgatla Tsonga Hlubi Mbukushu

Explain The Socila Organisation Of The Sotho Tswana.

The Sotho Tswana married usually after initiation ceremonies where they were
ushered into adulthood. A man married a woman by paying the bride price to his in-
laws as a way of showing respect to them. A man therefore could marry as many
wives as he could for as long as he could pay bride price for them. The more wives
and children one had, the more prestigious he is in the society.
The Sotho Tswana practiced mafias system in which men with many cattle gave to
those that did not have. This system was helpful to those that did not have. This
system was used to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor. These cattle could
be only used by the recipients, but they could not kill them.
The Sotho Tswana were permanent settlers. They settled in a place for a longer time
because they were agriculturalists and they had to stay in a place for the sake of their
crops and animals.

Explain The Social Organisation Of The Shona.

-The Shona believed in all powerful, omnipotent god called Mvari who as the creator
of the heavens and earth. Mvari was believed to be so powerful that he controlled
people, plants, animals and even the weather. Because of his greatness, he could not
be approached by normal human beings, but could only be approached by ancestors
(Vadzimu) who became the go between the people and the Mvari.
- The Shona used the system of kurunzela, where by those families that had many
cattle gave them out to those who did not have. These people could use the cattle for
various purposes but could not kill them. This was meant to bridge the gap between
the rich and the poor.
- The Shona were polygamous. The men could marry more wives because they paid
bride price. This bride price was meant to show respect for women and give honour
to the in-laws.

Topic 4- Colonisation Of Southern Africa Up To 1800

Kongo
State Four Reasons Why Europeans Colonized Southern Africa Before 1830 (4)
-To acquire slave
-To market their finished goods
-To spread Christianity
-For prestige
-To look for raw materials

Describe Methods Used By Europeans To Colonized Southern Africa Before 1830 (4)

-They used the method of conquest in which they used armed force to subdue the
people e.g. in Angola
-They also used trickery whereby they made African people to sign papers giving out
their land without their knowledge because they did not know how to read and write.
-They sometimes used Christianity as a vehicle to pave way for colonization.

Give Four Reasons Why The Portuguese Colonized The Kongo Kingdom (4)
-To establish trading links
-To acquire raw materials
-To spread Christianity
-To discover the mysterious state of Prester John Vasco da Gama once talked about.

Describe The Early Contact Between The Portuguese And The Bakongo (4)
-Relations were diplomatic as evidenced by the exchange of ambassadors between the
two states.
-Christianity dominated the relations as evidence by the baptism of the Mani Kongo
and other members of the royal family.
-There was exchange of culture as evidenced by the young Bakongo who were sent to
Portugal for school.

Describe The Features Of The Regimento. (4)

The regimento stipulated that trade between Kongo and Portugal would be organized
according to ways acceptable to Portugal, that is on the basis of royal monopolies
which cut all private intermediaries. The regimento gave Simao da Silva powers to
expel any Portuguese who misbehave and put the name of Portugal in disrepute.
The regimento stipulated that both the Portuguese king and the Mani Kongo were
Christian brothers.

Explain Reasons For The Failure Of The Regimento In Kongo. (6)

The regimento was practically never adopted. This is because the man who was sent
to implement it, Simao da Silva, died before it could take off ground.
Most of the provisions of the regimento were not acceptable to Affoson and so he
rejected them. This made the regimento to fail.
The regimento was vague on how the changes were supposed to be achieved. This
made it too ambitious a plan and it also made it practically difficult to implement.
There were not enough Portuguese works in Kongo, meaning that there was shortage
of manpower to implement the provisions of the regimento.
Portuguese residents in Kongo had allied themselves with the Sao Thome slave
traders and Alvare, the man who replaced da Silva, was totally committed to Sao
Thome slave trade instead of implementing the regimento. This hampered progress in
implementation.

Explain Why Westernization In Kongo Failed. (6)

The guideline for westernization, the regimento, was too ambitious and vague. It was
not clear as to how the change was to take place and this made practically impossible
to implement.
Many Bakongo became very suspicious of the activities of the Portuguese especially
when they started engaging in the destructive slave trade. This made the people very
uncooperative and anti Portuguese, making them resistant to anything associated with
westernization.
When king Manuel of Portugal was succeeded King John III, the new king was not
interested in the Kongo kingdom. With no backing from Portugal, Affonso’s
authority was undermined even by the Portuguese themselves, and he was unable to
drive westernization.
The attitude of the governor of Sao Thome islands also hampered westernization.. He
was uncooperative because the island had enjoyed a trade monoploly in Kongo and it
stood to lose it if the cooperation between the Kongo and Portugal was allowed to
continue. In this regard Sao Thome hampered communication between Portugal and
Kongo and this frustrated all efforts of westernization.

Explain The Reasons For The Collapse Of The Kongo Kingdom After Affoson’s
Death.
Affonso’s death was followed by succession disputes. Diogo, Affonso’s nephew won
with the help of the resident Portuguese and the pro Portuguese faction of the society.
This made Diogo very unpopular among the Bakongo and his government lost
support from the people.
Slave trade activities continued to threaten the stability of the Kongo kingdom as
more people were captured into slavery, throwing the kingdom into confusion and
chaos. The more the slave trading activities, the more Diogo lost grip of his kingdom.
In 1556, Diogo declared war on Ndongo (Angola). The Ngola asked for help from
the slave trading Portuguese. Diogo’s forces were defeated and slave trade in Kongo
increased, doing even more destruction in his kingdom. Weakened like this, Diogo’s
Portuguese supporters deserted him and moved towards Ndongo, leaving him even
more vulnerable.
Diogo died in 1561 and his death was followed by a bitter civil war. This strife saw
many Portuguese being killed and trade was badly disrupted, leaving the economy
even weaker.
The Kongo kingdom was invaded by the Jaga who completely destroyed Mbanza.
The king and resident Portuguese were forced to become refugees. Even though the
king asked for help from Portugal, it never came. Portugal had virtually abandoned
the Kongo kingdom.
In 1665, the Portuguese invaded Kongo with their powerful forces and as weak as
they were, the Kongo could not defend themselves and the king and many other
royals were killed, leading to the total collapse of the Kongo kingdom.

Angola

Give Four Reasons Why Portuguese Colonized Angola

-To acquire minerals, especially silver

-To spread Christianity
-To acquire slaves
-To acquire land to settle part of their population.

Explain The Effects Of Slave Trade In Angola (6)

One effect of slavery in Angola was poverty. This was because many able bodied
men and women were shipped from Angola to the America to work in sugar and
cocoa plantations. This deprived the people of Angola of their effective workforce.
As such there was nobody to look after traditional agriculture, the situation which led
to hunger and poverty.
Another effect was depopulation. This was because hundreds of thousands were
shipped annually across the Atlantic to the Americans where they provided cheap
labour.
The psychological trauma caused to the people of Angola by slave raiding parties was
immeasurable. This is because the parties were violent and had no regard for human
beings.

Explain The Career Of Queen Nzinga Of Angola

Queen Nzinga resisted Portuguese rule by accommodating all slaves fleeing their
masters. By this act she was able to frustrate all Portuguese efforts and liberated a lot
of people who has been enslaved.
Queen Nzinga entered into alliances with some of her neighbours e.g. the Jaga against
the Portuguese. This strengthened her resistance against the Portuguese and made it
difficult to establish their authority over Angola.
Queen Nzinga encouraged all chiefs in Portuguese controlled areas to rebel against
the Portuguese and join Ndongo in a war against the Portuguese.
She spread propaganda amongst the Kimbares, the African soldiers in the Portuguese
forces. This was to incite rebellion among the African soldiers and weaken the
Portuguese forces.

Explain The Socila Effects Of Portuguese Colonization Of Angola (6)

The traditional practices such as initiation ceremonies were no longer practiced

because of the instability caused by slave trade activities.
The policy of assimilation practiced by the Portuguese led to the loss indigenous
culture and language. For example, in the northern parts of Angola where the policy
was most successful the Portuguese was of life replaced indigenous practices.
The policy of assimilation also led to highly stratified society. The society was
divided according to the colour of their skin and this division determined the people’s
economic opportunities and position in society. The indigenous Angolans were the
last in the social ladder meaning that they were denied of many economic
opportunities.

Explain The Economic Effects Of Portuguese Colonization Of Angola (6)

Colonisation of Angola led to the underdevelopment of Angolan economy. Little
effort was made at developing the economy except for that which was linked to slave
trade, e.g. Luanda was developed into an up to date trading port with the entire
necessary infrastructure.
Colonisation of Angola led to the decline of the traditional agriculture economy as
slave trade deprived Angolans of its human resources and brought about violent and
instability. Argo based economy requires stability to be successful.
Colonisation of Angola led to poverty and deprivation of the Angolan society. The
Portuguese took control of Angolan natural resources. They controlled sources of
salt, cowries-shells and denied Angolans access to them. This left them poor.

Explain The Political Effets Of Portuguese Colonization Of Angola (6)

Portuguese colonization led to weakening and destruction of African kingdom, e.g.
slave trade interference in the affairs of and conquest of the Ndongo kingdom led to
its ultimate collapse.
Colonization led to the disappearance of traditional political systems hereditary
chieftancy as the Portuguese interfered in internal politics the Angolan people in order
that they may put in their preferred people whom they turned into vassal chiefs, e.g.
the Portuguese discredited queen Nzinga in favour of Aidi whom they were able to
manipulate in order to serve their own interests.
Portuguese colonization encouraged inter-tribal wars among the Angolan ethnic
groups. This was a strategy of divide and rule. This strategy affected the post
independence politics of Angola, e.g. during the fight for independence the Angolans
had difficulties in cooperating to fight a common enemy.

7.Explain The Social Stratification Of The Angolan Society During Colonialism (6)

The Penisularies were the highest group of those whites who were born in Portugal.
They usually assumed the highest offices like that of the governor.
The Pedigrees were the Portuguese born in Angola. They owned large farms and
could only hold middle posts in government.
The Mulattos were of mixed races of both African and Portuguese descent. They
worked closely with the Portuguese doing odd jobs for them e.g. the Pombeiros.
They could hold low clerical jobs in government.
The Assimilados were Africans who have adopted the Portuguese life and language.
For that they were rewarded with manual posts in government e.g. drivers, cleaners.
The indigenous Africans remained pure and true to themselves and continued to resist
Portuguese assimilation. They were the most oppressed and looked down upon.
They were often ridiculed for their ignorance of Portuguese culture and language.
During the slave trade they were the most likely targets of raids.

8.‘Colonisation Of Angola By The Portuguese Brought More Positive Than Negative

Effects On The People Of Angola’ How Far Do You Agree With The Statement?
Explain Your Answer.

Colonization of Angola brought more bad than good to the people of Angola so I do
not agree with the statement.
Colonization of Angola led to visible decrease in the numbers of people in Angola
especially the strong young people suited to agricultural work. In the absence of this
workforce agriculture declined leading to widespread hunger among the people.
Traditional systems of hereditary chieftainship were destroyed because of the political
interference of the Portuguese. This led to frequent disputes over chieftainships and
civil wars.
On a positive note, some trading ports like Luanda were developed to international
standards with modern infrastructure which the Portuguese put in place to facilitate
trade.
Conclusion- However, it is clear that there were more negatives than positives
because the whole economic, social and political setup was seriously affected
especially by slave trading activities that left the Angolan people poor, without culture
and having lost their political identity.
Cape Colony Under The Dutch

Give Four Reasons Why The Dutch Settled At The Cape In 1652. (4)

-They wanted to use the Cape as a place to grow vegetables and fruits in order to feed
their sailors.
-The Cape was settled by cattle herding Khoi who could provide them with fresh
meat.
-They wanted to set up a hospital that could be used for the sick sailors.
-The Cape could be used as a place to repair damaged ships.
2. Give Four Conditions That Attracted The Dutch To Settle At The Cape In 1652.
(4)
- The Cape had fertile soils that could be used to grow crops to feed the sailors.
- The Cape was half way through to the East Indies where the Dutch traded in spices
and was an ideal place to break the long journey and rest.
- The Cape was settled by the Khoi who could trade for cattle with the Dutch in order
to provide fresh meat to the sailors.
- The climate at the Cape was suited to white settlement.
3. Give Four Instructions Given To Jan Van Riebeck And His Men When They
Settled At The Cape In 1652. (4)
- To establish a vegetable garden and a fruit orchard to feed the passing sailors
-To treat the khoikhoi kindness
-To build a fort
- To build a hospital for the sick
4. Describe The Problems Faced By Jan Van Riebeck And His Men When They
Settled At The Cape In 1652. (4)
-They arrived in April 1652 in the middle of a severe drought that had driven the
Khoikhoi inland with their cattle. This meant they could not trade nor grow any
crops.
- When rains later came the settlement was hit by dysentery, killing more than half the
men.
5. Explain How Slavery Led To The Development Of Cape Up To 1800. (6)
- The main notable contribution of the slave at the Cape was economic. Slaves were
the main labourers in the farms at the Cape. Even though production started of low at
the beginning, the introduction of slave labour improved production and by 1800 the
Cape was exporting wheat and wine.
- Slaves stimulated the growth in population at the Cape. Most of the imported slaves
were men, and they took Khoi women as wives. This led to natural increase of the
Cape population. By 1800 the slave population was 25 000 compared to 21 000 white
settlers.
- Slaves had a great influence on the Cape culture that had emerged by 1800. Most
of them were Muslim craftsmen who had a strong influence on the colonial style of
architecture and furniture known as ‘Cape Dutch’.
6. ‘The Following Factors All Equally Contributed To The Development Of The Cape
Colony Up To 1800:
The Freeburghers
Simon van de Stel
The trekboers’
How For Do You Agree With The Statement? Explain Your Answer Referring To I),
Ii) And Iii) Above. (10)
When the company realized that production at the Cape was far below the expected, it
released 9 sailors from the company service so that they can concentrate on farming
and increase production. They were each given 30 acres of land, free seeds and
farming implements. They were to sell their produce to the company. These men
stimulated economic growth at the Cape as production increased steadily over the
years. By 1800 the Cape exported wheat and wine, showing that the colony was now
self reliant.
Simon van der Stel replaced Jan van Riebeck as the governor of the Cape in 1699. He
was given new instructions by the company mainly to turn the settlement into a
colony and reduce costs. He started a campaign to attract immigrants into the Cape
and in 1688 some French Huguenots arrived at the Cape and they helped a lot to
stimulate the population of the area and the new farming skills were important for the
economic growth of the colony.
Many of the Freeburghers found arable farming not very profitable because of the low
prices offered to them by the company and high cost of farming. Many of them
resorted to pastoral farming and because they moved quite often in search of new
pastures, they were called ‘trek Boers’. Over the years many of them travelled
hundreds of kilometers into the interior, effectively extending the Cape frontiers into
the interior.
CONCLUSION- It can be concluded that even though all the above factors
contributed a lot to the expansion of the Cape more credit should be given to the
Freeburghers because through them a lot of sailors came to the Cape to explore new
opportunities. Even Simon van de Stel invited the immigrants into the colony to
come and join the Freeburghers community.

Explain The Effects Of The Dutch Activities On The Indigenous People Of The
Cape.
The Dutch were farmers and they needed a lot of land to do that. The land in which
they farmed belonged to the San. When the Dutch started to expand into territory the
San started to respond by attacking outlying Dutch farms. In response the Dutch went
all out to kill the San drastically reducing their populations at the Cape. By the end
Dutch rule at the Cape, there were no identifiable San groups at the Cape.
The Khoikhoi did not fare any better than the San. Like the San, their land was
swallowed by Dutch expansion into the interior. They tried to defend it but were
easily beaten off by the powerful Dutch guns. Many of them were subdued and
entered Dutch farms as labourers whereas some moved into the Dutch ways and lost
their identity altogether.
The Dutch came into contact with the Xhosa in the Eastern Cape frontier as they
moved over the years. Several wars over possession of the fertile Zuurveld ensued
between the two groups. The Xhosa were dispossessed of their cattle and were left in
poverty. Some of them were forced into servitude in Boer farms.
The Cape Under The British
Describe Two Reasons Why The British Occupied The Ccape In 1806. (4)

The British wanted to establish a halfway station for their many ships that carried
goods for trade with the East Indies.
The British also wanted to block the French from taking over the Cape after the
French took over control of Holland.
The British also wanted a place to relive themselves of excess population especially
after the wars in Europe.

Explain Any Three British Reforms At The Cape Up To 1834 (6)

The 1809 Khoikhoi Ordinance was passed as a response to the Boer complaint that
the Khoikhoi were roaming and vandalizing Boer property. The British made a law
that forced the Khoikhoi to have permanent residences. This law basically forced the
Khoikhoi o reside and work in Boer farms. They were to have passes whenever they
moved around the Cape.
The circuit courts were created to deal with issues of abuse of Khoikhoi workers by
their masters. They could report their masters for ill treatment. These courts were
very much hated by the Boers because they believed they destroyed the master-
servant relationship that they had established with their servants.
The Fiftieth Ordinance was a law that reversed the Khoikhoi Ordinance of 1809.
Now the Khoikhoi could move freely without passes, they could choose their own
masters and negotiate their own wages. This law was very unwelcome because the
Boers found the wages asked for to be very high and most Khoikhoi actually
preferred to find land for themselves and the Boers lost a lot of labour in the process.

Explain How The British Reforms At The Cape ‘Benefitted The Non Whites At The
Cape.
The Circuit courts were used by the Khoikhoi to report incidences of abuse by their
masters. The law was very useful to the Khoikhoi servants because they were able to
get better treatment from their masters. This even enhanced their status and dignity.
The Fiftieth Ordinance was a law that cancelled the Khoikhoi and Apprenticeship
Ordinances of 1809 and 1812 respectively. Through this law, indigenous people
gained back their civil liberties and freedom. They were able to negotiate their own
wages and where possible, they acquired land for themselves and started their own
farming. This improved their economy and dignity was restored back to them.
The 1834 emancipation act was very well welcome among the slave population at the
Cape. It was this law that declared slavery illegal at the Cape. All slaves were duly
released and received their freedom. Even though many of them were not indigenous
people of the Cape, they settled as free people at the Cape.

Explain How Any Three British Reforms Benefited Black People At The Cape. (6)

The circuit courts allowed the Khoi servants to take their masters to court if
maltreated. This was a great benefit to them as they were able to get redress from the
courts for their grievances. Actually, the missionaries at the Cape encouraged the
Khoi to take advantage of the courts in order to improve their working conditions.
The 50th Ordinance was a law that gave back civil liberties to all Khoi servants at the
Cape. They could negotiate their wages with their employers, they could own land
and they were now free to move about without any restrictions. At the
pronouncement of the law, many Khoi acquired land for themselves and grew crops
for themselves.
The emancipation act of 1934 was a great relief to the slaves at the Cape. When they
were released many of them acquired land for themselves and started farming on a
small scale for their families.
The Fiftieth Ordinance was a law that reversed the Khoikhoi Ordinance of 1809.
Now the Khoikhoi could move freely without passes, they could choose their own
masters and negotiate their own wages. This law was very unwelcome because the
Boers found the wages asked for to be very high and most of Khoikhoi actually
preferred to find land for themselves and the Boers lost a lot of labour in the process.

Explain How The British Reforms At The Cape ‘Benefitted The Non Whites At The
Cape.
The Circuit courts were used by the Khoikhoi to report incidences of abuse by their
masters. The law was very useful to the Khoikhoi servants because they were able to
get better treatment from their masters. This even enhanced their status and dignity.
The Fiftieth Ordinance was a law that cancelled the Khoikhoi and Apprenticeship
Ordinances of 1809 and 1812 respectively. Through this law, indigenous people
gained back their civil liberties and freedom. They were able to negotiate their own
wages and where possible, they acquired land for themselves and started their own
farming. This improved their economy and dignity was restored back to them.
The 1834 emancipation act was very well welcome among the slave population at the
Cape. It was this law that declared slavery illegal at the Cape. All slaves were duly
released and received their freedom. Even though many of them were not indigenous
people of the Cape, they settled as free people at the Cape.

Explain How Any Three British Reforms Benefited Black People At The Cape. (6)

The circuit courts allowed the Khoi servants to take their masters to court if
maltreated. This was a great benefit to them as they were able to get redress from the
courts for their grievances. Actually, the missionaries at the Cape encouraged the
Khoi to take advantage of the courts in order to improve their working conditions.
The 50th Ordinance was a law that gave back civil liberties to all Khoi servants at the
Cape. They could negotiate their wages with their employers, they could own land
and they were now free to move about without any restrictions. At the
pronouncement of the law, many Khoi acquired land for themselves and grew crops
for themselves.
The emancipation act of 1934 was a great relief to the slaves at the Cape. When they
were released many of them acquired land for themselves and started farming on a
small scale for their families.