DESIGN OF LARGE-SCALE COCONUT DRYING AND OIL EXTRACTION

MACHINE

A Research Study Presented to

The Faculty of the College of Engineering- Mechanical Engineering
Department University of Negros Occidental- Recoletos

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirement for
ME Project Study (MEPRO141P)

Alexa Janelle S. Dagondon

Honey Gail Via D. Eran
Sheandy Marie S. Flores
Ralph John B. Gloria
Carrie M. Ortigue

May 2023
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

The coconut industry has been one of the forefronts of the Philippine economy. From the

coconut farms that are reportedly present in 69 out of 79 provinces to its coverage and contribution

to almost half of the agriculture exports (Dy & Reyes, n.d). According to Philippine Consulate

General (2023), The Davao Region in the Philippines is the top coconut-producer which

contributed 14.4% to the country’s total coconut production for the year 2018. As such, the coconut

industry is also one of the major sources of employment generation in the Philippines. In terms of

trade, the Philippines remain at the top next to Indonesia as the country continues to export huge

amount of coconut products, about 70% of the country’s total coconut production. Among the

coconut products exported include coconut oil (CNO), desiccated coconut (DCN), copra meal, and

oleo chemicals (Ani & Aquino, 2016). Despite of the country’s resonating export production, the

coconut industry in the Philippines has still little to no improvements due to low and poor

agricultural investments. Additionally, millions of Filipino coconut farmers still prevail with high

poverty incidence that resulted to inability to acquire easier system and maintenance for the

production.

Coconut is a staple ingredient and widely used in Filipino cuisine, coconut oil more

specifically. According to IndexBox (2019), The global coconut oil market revenue amounted to

$5.9B in 2018, going down by -3.7% against the previous year. This figure reflects the total

revenues of producers and importers (excluding logistics costs, retail marketing costs, and

retailers’ margins, which will be included in the final consumer price). With this, the coconut oil

industry in the Philippines endured as the largest contributors to the nation’s economy. Over the

recent years, coconut oil became famous all over the world as a food ingredient as it attracts health

fanatics for it is plant based. Additionally, it is ideal to extract oil from coconut as the trees are a
wonder as it is known as the “tree of life” and could potentially earn a trade.

There are 3.5 million Filipino coconut farmers, and all are dependent with the traditional

oil extraction process. In which traditional process includes drying the Copra in open areas, open

fields and even roads. This procedure creates hassle with the residents and vehicles as these places

are commonly used for public. This design will be beneficial for the local farmers to process

coconut oil in a more cost-effective, easier and time efficient way for it will cater large scale

production at a time. In addition, this machine will be able to process the whole coconut oil

extraction. From putting the cobra as an input then drying it and proceeds to the extraction process,

having coconut oil as an output. The coconut industry in the Philippines is one of the oldest and

most underutilized in recent years. It truly is time to once again give it the attention it deserves.

Background of the Study

Coconut oil comprises the dominant product of coconuts. Over the past decade, growth in

coconut oil production industry has been apparent. With the emergence of new processing

technologies, a wide variety of commercial products can now be derived from coconut oil. From

health benefits to beauty regime, the important characteristics of coconut oil draws in consumers

resulting to increase demands.

Coconut oil production in the Philippines is beneficial because it is one of the country’s

largest contributors to the economy. Over 70% of global coconut oil production comes from the

Philippines and Indonesia. The Philippines is the major exporter of coconut oil, accounting for

42% of world exports (Pham, 2016). Numerous locals still use the traditional method of making

coconut oil by hand. The procedure is simple; however, it requires time. Coconut oil is produced

from copra through extraction process. Copra is produced by farming communities in the

Philippines utilizing a traditional open sun drying method that can be negatively impacted by

heavy rains, temperature changes, and sporadic sunshine. This could result in a high level of
microbial contamination on the finished product.

We researchers sought to design an industrial machine for large-scale drying and coconut

oil extraction. The design aims to employ the processes and operations involved in modern

mechanical means of extracting coconut oil. A large-scale dryer will also be designed to achieve

the right amount of moisture content of copra that is evenly dried with only marginal discrepancy.

This project leads to the reduction of the time it takes for sun-drying and processing coconut oil.

Statement of the Problem

This machine offers an alternative to the conventional way of oil extraction because we are

aware that in the Philippines, using the conventional open-air sun drying method can be adversely

affected by heavy rains, temperature variations, and occasional sunshine. A significant amount of

microbial contamination on the completed product may result from this. For the purpose of large-

scale drying and coconut oil extraction, the researchers set out to create an industrial equipment.

The plan attempts to make use of the actions and procedures used in current mechanical methods

of extracting coconut oil.

Objectives of the Study

Main Objectives

To Design a reliable and user-friendly equipment to extract coconut oil on a large

scale required combining a cutter, drier, and compression.

 Specific Objectives

 To design a machine that is efficient and convenient than the traditional way of coconut

oil extraction process.

 To provide calculation of data in creating the large-scale coconut drying and extraction

machine.

 To provide data of yield factor of power screw with the different extraction methods

available.

Significance of the Study

This research will propose a design for a machine to extract Coconut oil, for the Filipino

people who still extract Coconut oil using a traditional method and also this research may help for

the future researchers and to the country's agricultural department.

Filipino Coconut Farmers. This machine will help them shorten the manufacturing time

because making coconut oil takes a lot of time and work. The researcher aims to create a design

that is more practical and convenient.

Philippines' agricultural department. By giving them an effective Coconut oil extraction

machine, this study may also help the Philippines' agricultural department.

Future Researchers. The study focuses on enhancing the device by including a heater in

the shredder for the benefit of upcoming researchers.

Operational Definitions

AC Motor. This is the type of motor that the researchers will use in the machine.

Coconut. This is the main product that the researchers will use in extracting oil.
 Coconut Oil. This is the product or the output of the machine that the researchers will

propose.

Copra. This is the product after the drying process of the coconuts and this will be used to

extract the coconut oil.

Extraction. This refers to a process that applies a great force for the copra to produce a

coconut oil.

Large – scale. This research aims to produce a product that can provide a large number of

individuals.

Pulley. One of the parts of the machine that will be attached to the belt and help the

machine operate.

Raw Materials. The raw materials that the researchers will use in this research is the copra

that will be dried and produce a new product.

Shredder. The researchers will use a coconut shredder that will chop the coconuts and can

be easily dry in the drier.

Strainer. It will be used for the finish product to separate the coconut excess or any solid

that was mixed in the product during the process.

Stress Strain Analysis. This research will analyze the stress strain of the parts, especially

the screws used in the machine to prove its security.

Structural Analysis. The researchers will calculate the amount of loads of the machine

and how much is its coconut capacity in order to ensure the expected withstand.

Torque. The calculated amount of force of the belt and pulley (for example) to measure

its capacity and energy.

Variable Frequency Drive. The researchers will use this device to adjust the frequency

and voltage source for controlling the speed of AC motors that will be used.
Review of Related Literature

The Coconut Palm (Cocos Nucifera L.) has been a staple part in the daily lives of those in

tropical countries for centuries. It is considered as "The Tree of Life" because every part of it can

be utilized, even the by-products. One of the in-demand products of coconuts is coconut oil

(Siriphanich, et al, 2011). Coconut oil is also obtained from either fresh coconut kernel or copra

using wet milling or dry milling (Siriphanich et al, 2011). Mature coconuts are easier to dry, and

the resulting copra will be hard enough to avoid mold and insect infestation and the seasoning of

immature coconuts lessens the production of ‘copra goma’ or soft and rubbery copra, thus,

reducing the susceptibility of copra to deterioration (Tecson, J, 2021). Coconut oil is extracted

from the kernel or meat of matured coconuts harvested from the coconut palm and is high in

saturated fats (Savva & Kafatos, 2016). At temperatures of 30°C and above, the oil is a colorless

liquid which solidifies when reaching a temperature of 25°C and turns white in color (Ng, et al,

2021).

The main product of coconut farming, copra, generates the majority of the income for small

and medium-sized businesses. Copra quality is primarily determined by how well it was dried.

Open drying or other traditional techniques are used as the main way of producing copra. During

bad weather, the rainy season, the drying procedure will be very difficult. Several dryers are

produced, and utilized today was reasonably priced for medium- and large-scale copra producers.

These dryers also have size restrictions and expensive beginning costs. Dependence on price and

nature (R. Thiyagarajan, et al, 2020).

The global production volume of coconut oil (CNO) or copra oil is now estimated at 3.5M

metric tons annually, which accounts for 2.5% of world vegetable oil production (Pham, 2016).

The main producing countries are India, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Solomon
Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand and West Malaysia. Over 70% of global coconut oil production comes

from the Philippines and Indonesia wherein the Philippines is the major exporter of coconut oil,

accounting for 42% of world exports, while the EU countries and USA are major importers

(National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management; Pham, 2016). Data

presents that the 2018 global coconut oil production was about 3.3M metric tons of which

Philippines is the top producer of coconut oil with 2018 production of over 1.3M metric tons.

Indonesia ranks second with 900,000 metric tons’ production. And 300,000 metric tons were

produced in India, with third ranking in the world (Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate

Statistical Database, United Nations).

Global trade of coconut oil during the year 2021 faced some challenges especially delays

and higher costs of shipments. Despite the challenges faced, Philippines unexpectedly managed to

improve their export of the products. Philippine Statistics Authority reported that coconut oil

exports from Philippines went up to 881,086 metric tons from 840,073 metric tons during the

period of January-December 2021. Demand from European countries and USA, the traditional

market for coconut oil from Philippines, increased during the period (International Coconut

Community, 2022). Numbers may point to the increase in export earnings and demands, but copra

price in the country waned drastically in the past 5 years mainly because of: drop in global coconut

price, oversupply of palm oil in the world market, and reduced quality of copra (Tecson, J, 2021).

In most cases, copra produced locally is of inferior quality, i.e., high free fatty acid, aflatoxin and

moisture content, bad color, and odor, therefore oil derived therefrom is also of poor quality and

needs additional refining to meet international standards. Poor quality is subject to an automatic

price deduction of 10 to 15% in the world market resulting to losses (Tecson, J, 2021). Quality

issues and shortcomings are commonly due to poor production and handling practices like sun

drying copra at highway shoulder roads while split coconuts are not immediately dried and are
usually left exposed to substances such as dust and rain (Pabuayon, 2009).

While there are numerous ways to extract coconut oil, the most used method of extraction

in the current market is the dry processing method. The other extraction methods are still being

practiced based on the production size, while others are not as popular due to high cost of

production (Sundrasegaran & Mah, 2020). Another frequently used method of extraction to obtain

high oil yield is double pressing with either a hydraulic press or expellers (Gopala, et al, 2010).

The wet process of coconut oil extraction has been gaining in popularity, and studies have been

carried out to compare oils extracted by dry and wet processes (Rajamohan and Nevin, 2009).

Coconut oil is traditionally extracted by boiling coconut milk to evaporate the water, leaving the

oil behind. In order to extract approximately 14 L of coconut milk, the processes last for an hour

or until all the oils get separated from the milk (Sundrasegaran & Hui Mah, 2020)

The coconut oil is traditionally extracted from crushing copra, the dried kernel or meat of

the coconut, which contains about 60 - 65% of the oil (Gopala, et al, 2010). The copra can be

obtained by separating the coconut meat from the whole coconut shell followed by sun drying and

smoke drying for about 6 to 8 days. The copra is then chopped to small sizes and cooked by heating

the small pieces of copra in a cooker for about 30 minutes. The oil is squeezed out from cooked

copra by an expeller and then filtered by a filter press (National Institute of Food Technology,

Entrepreneurship and Management).

Copra processing is done with the help of expellers, a mechanical method that extracts oil

from raw material like coconut meat or copra by using high pressure and high heat, which generally

yields approximately 65% of the oil from the fruit (Ng, et al, 2021). The oil expeller is essentially

a mechanical screw press in which the oil is expelled from the copra by the pressure exerted by a
continuous rotating warm shaft in the barrel or cage of the press. The barrel is built with openings

to allow the escape of oil and these can be adjusted according to the type of material being crushed

(Gopala, et al, 2010).

Hydraulic Press is the common method to extract oil from copra or the dry coconuts.

Conventionally coconut oil is produced by expelling dry copra, followed by refining during which

oil is exposed to high temperature. The copra based refined coconut oil or the solvent extracted

and refined coconut oil will have a bland taste due to the refining processes (Gopala, et al, 2010).

In Cold Extraction Processes, coconut oil is extracted from the process where the emulsion

in the coconut milk is broken down and separated without any heating processes involved

(Agarwal & Bosco, 2017). Advantages of this process includes reduced amount of energy and

production cost as it doesn’t require solvents and refining processes, such as deodorizing and

bleaching, and thus more environmentally friendly (Ng, et al, 2021). However, the downside is it

yields comparatively low content of oil as compared to other methods, therefore, anyone interested

or wanting to make their own sufficient amount of coconut oil can try it at home but is discouraged

in commercial use (Agarwal & Bosco, 2017).

Using Hot Extraction Process, coconut oil is extracted from coconut milk by using heat to

denature the proteins of coconut milk and destabilize the emulsion (Agarwal & Bosco, 2017).

However, by introducing heat into coconut oil, the antioxidant properties of coconut oil will be

reduced (Renee J, 2018).

The process will include cutting the matured coconut meat to be prepared for drying and

the researchers use copra cutter. This method aims to develop a mechanical means of removing

copra from the coconut shell as an alternative to the ‘panglukad’ or scooping knife (Losita, 2008).

In order to reduce the time, it takes to dehusk and cut a mature coconut, and ensure a safe process,

an Automated Dehusking and Cutting Machine was conceptualized and made (Alcantara et al,
2021).

In the drying and heating part of the process, the researchers use rotary dryer. Rotary dryers

are a class of dryer commonly used in industry to dry particulate solids (Keey, 1972). It will help

the matured coconut meat to minimize the moisture content by bringing it into contact with the

heated gas and be ready for compression to extract oil.

The last process is the compression which uses the screw press. A screw press is used for

material that is hard to dewater, including materials that pack together. The screw press uses a

filter system to separate the liquid from the solid material. Liquid collects as it flows through a

screen or filter and can then be reused (AOS Treatment Solutions, 2018).

Based on The Engineering Toolbox (2003), the tabulated specific heat of coconut meat is

2.85 kJ/Kg-˚C. Additionally in general, a large ripe coconut will yield abound 1 pound of coconut

meat, which produces about 5 cups of grated coconut (Rodriguez, 2020). It has low moisture

content (6–8%) and is used to obtain coconut oil by expellers and organic solvents. While fresh

coconut meat is about 50 percent water and 30 to 40 percent oil, well-dried copra contains 4 to 5

percent moisture and 63 to 70 percent oil. Coconut oil is rich in medium chain fatty acids and

exhibits good digestibility (Hamauzu, 2014). The specific heat capacity of coconut meat and milk

is near 2.85 kJ kg−1 K−1 (Ramsaroop and Persad, 2012). Ramsaroop and Persad (2012) focused

their study on the thermal characterization of coconut kernel by an inverse method, solving the

heat diffusion equation in the hemispherical shell. Results showed an effective diffusivity varying

between 3.8-10-11–5-10-10 m2 s-1; TC and heat transfer coefficient ranges from 0.020 to 0.125

W m−1 K−1 and 1.2 to 15 W m−2 K−1, respectively, with wide ranges caused by experimental

methods and margin of error (Ramsaroop and Persad, 2012).

Drying of agricultural products has always been of great importance for the preservation
of food. Drying of fruits and vegetables are complicated process involving simultaneous, coupled

heat and mass transfer, under transient conditions (Diamante et al., 2010). In coconut, when grated

is dried in the hot air dryer at a temperature of 80-90°C for about 10 hours to reduce the moisture

content up to 3% (Sangamithra et al., 2013). The previous study done by (Madhiyanon et al., 2009)

found that 60- 120°C temperature of air with a velocity of 2.5 ms-1 could reduce the moisture level

from 105% d.b to 3% d.b. Nevertheless, enzymatic browning can be a significant problem limiting

the shelf life of the much dried product.

In oil extraction process, conveyors are the helping hand to convey the product from one

process unto the next one. The function of the belt is to offer controlled conveying of the product,

particularly in the food, automotive, packaging, and logistics industries (Conveying & Hoisting

Solutions). Hence, the conveyors are integral part of oil extraction process. PVC Cleated Conveyor

Belt provided range is rigorously tested against several quality parameters to ensure their precision

and high quality (Jaspat Conveyor Belt & Systems, N.D).

Ensuring the accurate solving for conveyor belt will ensure the conveyor design is accurate

and is not putting too many demands on the system (Sparks Belting, 2023). According to Fenner

Dunlop ESC UK (2023), with a belt width of 500 mm has 88 belt factor. With the given formula,

the appropriate belt type can be established.

 CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

Project Design Description

The coconut oil extraction machine is a device used to extract coconut oil for industrial

production. The interior of the machine was made up of the shredder or compression chamber, a

conveyor, and a drier. In this project study, the basic methodology was based on the compression

and drying procedures. The machine is made in the following order: First, the compression

chamber, which is designed to shred and compress dried copra. The product will move through

the conveyor and onto the dryer when it exits the compression chamber. The product will be heated

in the dryer, producing oil.

Design Analysis Principles

A screw shaft, belt, pulley, conveyor, drier, oil, shaft, and output are the essential

components of a power-operated coconut oil expeller. As the prime mover, a 2 hp induction motor

with 1440 rpm, 230 v, and 50 hz was employed. The transmission of rotary motion from the

primary mover to the expeller shaft uses a cast iron spider coupling.

Based on the various factors considered in materials selection, the analysis below shows the

materials needed for the component of this machine.

The Design for Screw Press Including the Shaft. To extract the palm oil, a screw press

is utilized to compress the fresh fruit bunch between the main screw and the traveling cones. It has

been employed in the purposeful separation of oil from non-oily solids in the extraction palm oil

machine’s solid-liquid system. (N.O.S). When maximizing oil extraction, the screw press’s

efficiency is crucial.
 Reliability factor (Equation 1)
1
𝐾𝑒=
𝐾𝑓

Endurance limit (Equation 2)

𝑆𝑒 = 𝐾𝑎 + 𝐾𝑏 + 𝐾𝑑 + 𝐾𝑒 + 𝑆𝑒 ′

Total rotation of screw (Equation 3)

−𝑐 1
𝑁 = 10 𝑏 𝑆 𝑏𝑓

Total lifespan (Equation 4)

𝑁
𝐿𝑡 =
𝑁𝑝

Circumference of the shaft

𝑐 = 𝜋𝑑

The Frame. The frame was a 4 inches’ angle iron (500mm x 1000mm x 500mm in

dimension). The frame is rectangular in shape having length of 2500 mm and breadth of 1000 mm.

The Design of Belt Conveyor. The Design of belt conveyor design process requires

repetitive strength calculations. But analytical calculations are not capable of determine to entire

stresses which occurred at whole body.

Equation 1

𝐹𝑢 = 𝜇 𝑇 × 𝑔 × (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚𝛽 )

Equation 2 (Stress Calculation formula)

(𝑀𝑒 )𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐼𝑥
 The Design of Belt and Pulley. Based on the speed of the motor, the speed reduction ratio,

and the center-to-centre distance between the shafts at the condition where the de-pulping action

must occur, the design and selection of the appropriate power required for the rotation of the

depulpping stirring unit was made. Since the stirring unit must be operated within a fluid medium

in an enclosure, a low speed of shaft rotation is anticipated during extracting operations.

Peripheral Speed (Equation 1):

𝜋𝑑1 𝑁1 = 𝜋𝑑2 𝑁2

Determination of belt length (Equation 2):

𝐿 = 2𝐶 + 𝜋2(𝐷1 + 𝐷2 ) + 𝐷 − 𝐷4 𝐶

Speed of driving and driven pulley (Equation 3):

(𝜋𝐷1 𝑁1 )
𝑉1 =
60
(𝜋𝐷2 𝑁2 )
𝑉2 =
60

Lap angle (Equation 4):

𝐴1 = 180 − 2 sin−1(𝐷2 − 𝐷1 ) 2𝐶
𝐴2 = 180 − 2 sin−1(𝐷2 − 𝐷1 ) 2𝐶

Determination of belt tensions (Equation 5):

(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
𝑃=
𝑉
Belt ratio for an open belt:

𝑇1 = 𝑒 𝑓𝛼 10 𝑇2
 The Design of Drier. Several factors, such as the quantity and variety of the product to be
dried over a given time, must be taken into account while designing the dryer. Additionally,
considered were the drier’s structural stability, robust support, and convenience of loading new
coconut husk into and taking dried goods out of the drier.

For mass of moisture to be removed from the products

(𝑀0 − 𝑀𝑓 )
𝑚𝑤 = 𝑚𝑖
(100 − 𝑀𝑓 )
where:
𝑚𝑤 = the mass of moisture to be removed
𝑚𝑖 = initial mass of products
𝑀𝑜 = initial moisture contents of products in %
𝑀𝑓 = final moisture contents of products in %

For quantity of air needed for drying the coconut husk

𝑚𝑎 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇𝑐 ) = 𝑚𝑤 𝐿
where:
𝑚𝑎 = mass of drying air in kg
𝐶𝑝 = specific heat capacity of air in J/Kg-C
𝑇𝑏 = initial temperature of drying air in C
𝑇𝑐 = final temperature of drying air in C
𝐿 = latent heat of evaporation of free water from the product in J/kg

𝑚𝑤
𝑚𝑎 =
(∆𝑊𝐶𝐵 × 𝜂)
where:
𝑚𝑎 = mass of air required to remove moisture from the product
𝑚𝑤 = quantity of moisture to be removed
Δ𝑊𝐶𝐵 = change in humidity ratio
𝜂 = pick up factor

Economic Considerations

The researchers' machine provides an alternative to the traditional method of drying

coconuts and removing their oil. The design of this machine is expected to provide a large-scale

production. Thus, the machine needs a bigger space or lot with the estimation of 150 square meters.
The machine is to be placed in a factory-like building together with the materials needed, coconut

for the input and a space for the output or the extracted oil.

This machine is expected to cost a lot of money because of its objectives as stated in

Chapter 1 and the materials that will be used are also expensive. The researchers will propose a

design and each one of them is responsible for the different tasks to make the design innovative

and useful in the next generation. There will be responsible for making the outline of the design,

calculations – including the temperature of the dryer, the speed of the conveyor, the pressure of

the compression chamber and the expected amount of output or product, and for the additional

research – including the research of the right materials that will be used.

Data Collection Techniques and Data Evaluation Procedure

The research held with respect to this study is an applied one but not new. There have

already been multiple academic studies regarding different dryers for copra-making and oil

coconut oil extraction. As such, the proposed study is a new research project but on an existing

subject aimed to address some of the previous studies' shortcomings. In order to meet the

objectives of the study, quantitative research was done. The main characteristic of a quantitative

research is that it allows the researchers to determine a cause-effect relationship, produce and

measure changes or to create difference when a variable is altered, while its outcomes are

quantifiable such as statistics and other numerical data. In addition, it utilizes simulation data,

derived/compiled data and computational data. Simulation data uses computer test models to try

to determine what would, or could, happen under certain conditions. Derived data involves using

existing data points, often from different data sources, to create new data through some sort of

transformation, such as an arithmetic formula or aggregation. Computational data are the results
and calculations taken from the derived/ compiled data integrating it to best fit the study's aims. In

this study, data analysis methods include descriptive statistics and inferential statistics such as

correlation and structural equation modelling. The gathering of data in the study was based on the

calculation of moisture content, drier work and capacity and extraction pressure. The values will

be presented by providing the step-by-step solution and providing the final computations in a

tabular form and designing the actual blueprint.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The scope and limitations of this study depicts the efficiency of the coconut drying and oil

extraction machine on a large scale production. The researchers will design a process in which it

can cover the production process from drying up until the extraction.

The study will only focus on determining the efficacy of the coconut drying and oil

extracting machine compared to the traditional process. The researchers will develop a design to

prove its efficiency. The researchers also aim to know essential improvements the process needed

to be able to be an efficient one.

 CHAPTER 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Design Computation

1. Cutting Capacity Calculation

 Cross-sectional area of cutting chamber

𝐴 = (𝐿)(𝑥𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 )(𝑛𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 )
Where:
A = Cross-sectional area of Cutting chamber
L = Length of cutter blades
x = Cutter blade thickness
n = Number of cutter blades

Solution:
Assume that:
L = 15 in
x = 0.25 in
n = 12

𝐴 = (15 𝑖𝑛)(0.25 𝑖𝑛)(12)

𝐴 = 45 𝑖𝑛2 𝑜𝑟 0.0290322 𝑚2
 Cutting Capacity

𝐶𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = (𝑁)(𝐴)

Where:

N = Conveyor belt speed

A = Cross-sectional area of shredding chamber

Solution:

Assume that:

N = 0.33 m/s

𝑚
𝐶𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = (0.33 )(0.0290322𝑚2 )
𝑠

𝑚3 338.14 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑡
𝐶𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = (0.00958 )( )
𝑠 1 𝑚3

𝑘𝑔
𝐶𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 3.2394
𝑠
2. Conveyor Belt Design

 Conveyor Length
𝐿 = (𝑁)(𝑡)
Where:
N = Belt Speed
L = Conveyor Length
t = Conveyor Time
Solution:
Assume that:
t = 60 sec
𝑚
𝐿 = (0.33 )(60 s)
𝑠

𝐿 = 19.8 𝑚

 Belt Tension
𝑇𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 = (𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑡 + 𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑦𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 )(𝑓𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 )

Where:
𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑡 = weight of coconut meat
𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑦𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 = weight of conveyor belt
𝑓𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 = belt factor
Solution:
Assume that:
𝑓𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 = 88

0.00981 𝑘𝑁
𝑇𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 = (34,100 𝑘𝑔 + 495 𝑘𝑔)( )(88)
1𝑘𝑔

𝑇𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 = 29,834.728 𝑘𝑁
3. Power Calculations

 Specific Power Consumption

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

Where:

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑑 = Power Required

𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = Cutting Capacity

Solution:

Assume that:

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑑 = 10 Hp or 7.5 kJ/s

𝑘𝐽
7.5
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑠
𝑘𝑔
3.2394
𝑠

𝑘𝐽
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 2.315
𝑘𝑔
Heating and Drying Calculation

1. Drying Calculation:
Assume that:
Output Capacity = 5000 liters of oil per day
where:
1 liter of oil = 15 coconut meat
1 coconut = 0.454 kg
 Mass of input coconut

15 𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑠 0.454 𝑘𝑔
𝑊𝑓 = (5000 𝑙𝑖)( )( )
1 𝑙𝑖 1 𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑡

𝑊𝑓 = 34100 𝑘𝑔

 Mass of Copra
𝑊𝑓 (1 − 𝑌𝑓 ) = 𝑊𝑝 (1 − 𝑌𝑝 )
Where:
𝑊𝑓 = mass of input coconut meat
𝑌𝑓 = moisture in feed
𝑌𝑝 = moisture in product
𝑊𝑝 = Mass of Copra

Solution:

Assume that:

𝑌𝑓 = 0.5

𝑌𝑝 = 0.06
34,100 𝑘𝑔 (1 − 0.5) = 𝑊𝑝 (1 − 0.06)

𝑊𝑝 = 18138.3 𝑘𝑔
 Moisture Removed
𝑀𝑅 = 𝑊𝑓 − 𝑊𝑝
Where:
𝑊𝑓 = mass of input coconut meat
𝑊𝑝 = mass of copra
Solution:
𝑀𝑅 = 34100 𝑘𝑔 − 18138.3 𝑘𝑔

𝑀𝑅 = 15961.7 𝑘𝑔
 Moisture Removal Rate
In terms of mass:

𝑀𝑅
𝑀𝑅𝑅 =
𝑡𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔

Where:

MRR = Moisture Removal Rate

MR = Moisture Removed

𝑡𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 = drying time

Solution:

Assume that:

𝑡𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 4 hrs
15961.7 𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑅𝑅 =
4 ℎ𝑟𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑅𝑅 = 3990.425
ℎ𝑟

In terms of percentage:
𝑇𝑀𝑅
𝑀𝑅𝑅 =
𝑡𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔

Where:
In terms of percentage:
𝑇𝑀𝑅
𝑀𝑅𝑅 =
𝑡𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔

Where:

𝑇𝑀𝑅 = (𝑌𝑓 − 𝑌𝑝 )

Solution:
0.5 − 0.06
𝑀𝑅𝑅 =
4 ℎ𝑟𝑠
𝑀𝑅𝑅 = 11 % ℎ𝑟

 Drying Rate

𝑀𝑅𝑅
𝐷𝑅 =
𝑇𝑀𝑅

Where:

MRR = Moisture Removal Rate in terms of percentage

𝑇𝑀𝑅 = 𝑌𝑓 − 𝑌𝑝

Solution:

11 %
ℎ𝑟
𝐷𝑅 =
(0.5 − 0.06)

𝐷𝑅 = 25 % ℎ𝑟

 Drying Capacity

𝑚𝑡
𝐷𝐶 =
𝑡𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔

Where:

𝑚𝑡 = Total Weight of Coconut Meat

𝑡𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 = Drying time

Solution:
34100 𝑘𝑔
𝐷𝐶 =
4 ℎ𝑟𝑠
 Drying Capacity
 Drying Capacity
𝑚𝑡
𝐷𝐶 =
𝑚𝑡
𝑡𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐷𝐶 =
𝑡𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔
Where:
Where:
𝑚𝑡 = Total Weight of Coconut Meat
𝑚𝑡 = Total Weight of Coconut Meat
𝑡𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 = Drying time
𝑡𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 = Drying time
Solution:
Solution: 34100 𝑘𝑔
𝐷𝐶 =
34100
4 ℎ𝑟𝑠𝑘𝑔
𝐷𝐶 =
4 ℎ𝑟𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝐷𝐶 = 8525
𝑘𝑔
ℎ𝑟
𝐷𝐶 = 8525
ℎ𝑟
1. Heat Transfer Calculation:
2. Heat Transfer Calculation
1. HeatTransfer Calculation:
Heat Required for Heating
 Heat Required for Heating
𝑄1 = (𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑡 )(𝐶𝑝 )(𝑇𝐷 − 𝑇𝑖 )
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡

Where: 𝑄1 = (𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡 )(𝐶𝑝 )(𝑇𝐷 − 𝑇𝑖 )

Where: 𝑄 = Heat required for Heating

1
𝑄
𝑚1 = Heat required for Heating
= Weight of Coconut Meat
𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝑚
𝐶𝑝𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑡 = Weight
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡 heat
= Specific of oil of Coconut Meat
𝐶
𝑇𝑝 =
= Specific heat of oil
Drying Temperature
𝐷
𝑇
𝑇𝐷𝑖 ==Initial
DryingTemperature
Temperature
𝑇𝑖 = Initial Temperature
Solution:
Solution:where:
where: 𝑘𝐽
Specific heat of oil = 2.85
𝑘𝑔𝑘𝐽− °𝐶
Specific heat of oil = 2.85 𝑘𝑔𝑘𝐽− °𝐶
𝑄1 = (34100 𝑘𝑔)(2.85 )(80°∁ − 36℃)
𝑘𝑔𝑘𝐽− °𝐶
𝑄1 = (34100 𝑘𝑔)(2.85 𝑘𝑔 − °𝐶)(80°∁ − 36℃)
𝑄1 = 4,276,140 kJ
𝑄1 = 4,276,140 kJ 𝑘𝐽 1 ℎ𝑟
4,276,140𝑘𝐽 ÷ 4ℎ𝑟𝑠 = (1,069,035 )( )
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽 3600
1 ℎ𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐
4,276,140𝑘𝐽 ÷ 4ℎ𝑟𝑠 = (1,069,035 ℎ𝑟 )(3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐 )
𝑄1 = 296.95 𝑘𝑊
𝑄1 = 296.95 𝑘𝑊
 Heat Required for Evaporation
𝑄2 = (𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡 )(𝑌)(𝐿ℎ )
Where:
𝑄2 = Heat Required for Evaporation
𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡 = Weight of Coconut meat
Y = Moisture Content
𝐿ℎ = Latent Heat
Solution:
where:
Latent Heat = 2257 kJ/kg
Y = 0.5
𝑘𝐽
𝑄2 = (34,100 𝑘𝑔)(0.5)(2257 𝑘𝑔
)

𝑄2 = 38, 481, 850 𝑘𝐽

𝑘𝐽 1 ℎ𝑟
38,481,850𝑘𝐽 ÷ 4ℎ𝑟𝑠 = (9,620,467.5 )(
ℎ𝑟 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
)

𝑄2 = 2,672.35 𝑘𝑊
 Total Heat Required
𝑄𝑇 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2

Where:

𝑄𝑇 = Total heat required

𝑄1 = Heat Required for Heating

𝑄2 = Heat Required for Evaporation

Solution:
𝑄𝑇 = 4,276,140 kJ + 38, 481, 850 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑇 = 42, 757,990 𝑘𝐽

𝑘𝐽 1 ℎ𝑟
42,757,990𝑘𝐽 ÷ 4ℎ𝑟𝑠 = (10,689,497 )(3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐 )
ℎ𝑟

𝑄𝑇 = 2969.3 𝑘𝑊
 Rate of Heat Transfer

𝑞 = (ℎ𝑠 )(𝐴)(𝑇𝑎 − 𝑇𝑠 )

Where:

q = Heat Transfer Rate

ℎ𝑠 = Surface Heat-Transfer Coefficient

A = Area Through Which Heat Flow Is Taking Place

𝑇𝑎 = Air Temperature

𝑇𝑠 = Temperature Of Surface That Is Drying

Solution:

𝑊
𝑞 = (12 )(2𝜋(2.5𝑚)(10.5))(80℃ − 36℃)
𝑚 2 −𝐾

𝑞 = 87,084.95 𝑊

1𝑘𝑊
𝑞 = 87,084.95 𝑊( )
1000 𝑊

𝑞 = 87.08 𝑘𝑊

1. Power Calculation:
 Specific Power Consumption

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔

Where:

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑑 = Power Required

𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 = Drying Capacity

Solution:

Assume that:
 3. Power Calculation
1. Power Calculation:
 Specific Power Consumption

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔

Where:

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑑 = Power Required

𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 = Drying Capacity

Solution:

Assume that:

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑑 = 200 Hp or 149.14 kJ/s

𝑘𝐽
149.14
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑠
𝑘𝑔
2.368
𝑠

𝑘𝐽
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 62.98
𝑘𝑔
Screw Press Calculation:

1. Capacity Calculation
𝑄 = (𝐴)(𝑉)
𝑄 = (15𝜋)(𝐷2 )(𝑆)(𝑁) 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 )(𝑓𝑖 )
Where:
D = Screw Diameter
S = Pitch of Screw
N = Speed of Screw
𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = Copra Loading Efficiency
𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 = Oil Density
𝑓𝑖 = Factor of Inclination of Screw
Solution:
Assume that:
D = 120 mm
S = 285 mm
N = 10 rpm
e = 0.1
𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = 890
𝑚3

𝑓𝑖 = 1
𝑘𝑔
𝑄 = (15𝜋)(120𝑚𝑚)2 (285 𝑚𝑚)(10 𝑟𝑝𝑚)(0.1)(890 )(1)
𝑚3
𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 𝑘𝑔
𝑄 = 1.721 𝑜𝑟 1721
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟
2. Torque Calculation
1. Torque Calculation
 Torque Required
63000(𝐻𝑝)
𝑇=
𝑁
Where:
T = Torque
N = Speed of Motor
Hp = Power of Motor
Solution:
Assume that:
Hp = 20 Hp
N = 10 rpm

63000(20 𝐻𝑝)
𝑇=
10 𝑟𝑝𝑚

𝑇 = 126000 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑙𝑏 𝑜𝑟 14236.088 𝑁𝑚

 Area of Pressing Chamber

𝜋2 2
𝐴 = ( )(𝐷𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 − 𝐷𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 )
4

Where:
A = Area of Pressing Chamber
𝐷𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 = Screw Diameter
𝐷𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = Shaft Diameter
Solution:
Assume that:
𝐷𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 = 500 mm
𝐷𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 25.4 mm
𝜋
𝐴 = ( 4 )((120)2 − (50)2 )

𝐴 = 9346.238 𝑚𝑚2
 Forced Required
𝑇
𝐹 =
𝑟𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤

Where:
F = Force Required
T = Torque Required
𝑟𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 = screw radius
Solution:
𝑇
𝐹 =
𝑟𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤
14236 .088 𝑁𝑚
𝐹 = 1𝑚
50 𝑚𝑚 ( )
1000 𝑚𝑚

𝐹 = 35590.2 𝑁

 Pressure Required
𝐹
𝑃 =
𝐴

Where:
P = Pressure Required
F = Forced Required
A = Area of Pressing Chamber
Solution:
35590 .2 𝑁
𝑃 =
9346.238 𝑚𝑚 2

𝑃 = 3.808 𝑀𝑃𝑎
3. Power Calculation
1. Power Calculation
𝑃 = 2𝜋𝑇𝑁
Where:
P = Power
T = Torque
N = Speed of Motor
Solution:
1𝑚
𝑃 = 2𝜋(94.90𝑁𝑚)(1500𝑟𝑝𝑚 )
60 𝑠
1 𝑘𝑊
𝑃 = (14906.857 𝑊)(1000 𝑊 )

𝑃 = 14.91 𝑘𝑊 or 20 Hp

4. Efficiency Calculation
1. Efficiency Calculation
a. Oil Extraction Rate/Oil Yield

𝑚𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑑
𝑂𝐸𝑅 =
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑡

Where:

OER = Oil Extraction Rate

𝑚𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑑 = Weight of Extracted Oil

𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑡 = Weight of the input coconut

Solution:

0.924 𝑘𝑔 𝑜 𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑡
(5000 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 )( )
1 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑡
𝑂𝐸𝑅 =
34100 𝑘𝑔

𝑂𝐸𝑅 = 0.13548 𝑜𝑟 13.5%

 b. Efficiency
a. Efficiency
(𝑂𝐸𝑅)(𝜌 𝑜𝑖𝑙 )
𝑒 =
(𝑃)(𝜇 𝑜𝑖𝑙 )

Where:
e = efficiency of the oil
OER = Oil Extracted Rate
𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 = Oil Density
P = Specific Power Consumption
𝜇𝑜𝑖𝑙 = Oil Viscosity
Solution:
Assume that:
𝜇𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 30 @ 38˚C
𝑘𝑔
And; 𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 338.14
𝑚3

𝑘𝑔
(0.13548)(338.14 )
𝑒 = 𝑚3
(214.704 𝐾𝐽)(30)

𝑘𝑔
𝑒 = 0.0000071163
𝑁𝑚 3
Equipment/ Components of the Design

Process Equipment/Components
(Food Grade)
Coconut Cutter  Horizontal Coconut Cutter
 AC motor (Coconut Cutter)
 Conveyor Belt
 Flat Carrying Idlers
 Pulley

Coconut Dryer  Rotary Dryer

 Hinge
 AC motor (Coconut Dryer)
Oil Extraction  Screw Press
 Strainer (Nylon Mesh Strainer and
Ultra-Fine Mesh Strainer)
 AC motor (Screw Press)
Other Equipment (for support and  Foam Insulation
machine composition)  Metal Sheet
 Angle Iron
 Nut and Bolts
 Rubber
Project Lay-out/ Design
Overall Process Flow Diagram

Matured Coconut input output

Coconut Cutter
Meat

Conveyor Belt Sliced Coconut

Retracting/Trap Door

output
Rotary input
Drier

Dried Coconut Copra Feed Hopper

input Screw Press by-product Copra

Cake

Strainer

Coconut Oil
  Copra Cutting/Slicing
In order to extract and break the copra for the oil extraction purpose, Copra Cutters are
used. It is to break big copra into small pieces before it goes to the drier for more evenly distributed
cooking.
In this study, the cutter is vertically standing atop the conveyor belt. It has an (estimated
number of 4 blade cutters) horizontally placed in parallel with (research specifications for copra
cutter, RPM, Wattage, etc.). The copra is fed to this machine through the input hopper provided.
Once the copra passes through the blade it is then cut into small pieces and out through the output
(shaft). The cut copra then falls to the conveyor belt below.
Conveyor
This part uses belts and pulleys run by an AC motor supplying (___hp) running at
(_____rpm), it is the system that transports the coconut components into different parts and stages
until the end of the whole extraction process.
Operationally, the copra from the cutter will move through the conveyor, with mild shaking
motions to avoid the copra from clumping or layering on top of each other. It will then be
transported by the conveyor and onto the entrance to the dryer where there is an automatic
retracting gate. After the programmed weight for the batch of copra input is reached, that gate will
lock.

 Heating/Drying
Drying helps remove moisture content from the coconut meat while also sterilizing a
number of impurities. In this process, there is the removal of amounts of water or other liquid from
the coconut meat. It is to reduce and control the moisture levels to an acceptable low value
necessary to extract optimal quantity and quality oil. This part also utilizes the Conveyor Belt
Dryers.
Operationally, once the input of sliced copra enters the drier, it drops into the conveyor
inside the heating duct where it is heated and dried using heating coils as the heating element. The
duct spans the full width and length of the heating chamber to heat the product during its entire
travel through the oven which ensures maximum performance and temperature uniformity
(Wisconsin Oven, nd). For (________ hours/minutes) with computed belt speed of (_________),
the copra is dried up to a moisture content of 7%. Before the exit output chute, there will be a
sensor.

 Extraction Process
The dried copra will feed through the screw press get compressed in barrel and screw press.
This compression will squeeze out oil from copra through the oil output and the residue is expelled
out through the husk output. This residue is again passed through the expeller in order to obtain
maximum oil recovery. The screw oil press mainly uses the change of pressing screw pitch size
and screw thread depth to reduce the volume between screw pitch and pressing chamber, the oil
materials get stronger pressure gradually, thus the oil can be squeezed out of the oil materials.
Meanwhile, the high pressure in the chamber and the strong friction generates high temperature,
which can improve the oil yield.
Sin this part, strainers are also incorporated to stop waste such as scale, rust, jointing
compound, and excessive waste attached to oil. The researchers will use two (2) types of strainer
in order to make sure that the output doesn’t contain any excessive waste from the process.
Economics
The list of prices of the materials for each room and the total cost are the following:

Equipment/Components Quantity Price Total Price

(Food Grade) (Php) (Php)
Horizontal Coconut Cutter 1
AC motor (Coconut Cutter) 1 13,578.94 13,578.94
10 Hp
Conveyor Belt 19.8 sq. meter 334. 43 6,621.71
Flat Carrying Idlers 8 679.58 5,436.64
Diameter: 76mm, Belt
Width: 600mm
Pulley 6 863.54 5,181.24
Rotary Dryer 1
Hinge 8 89.00 712.00
AC motor (Coconut Dryer) 1
Screw Press 1 267,751.20 267,751.20
JXDL131
Strainer 1 238 238
(Nylon Mesh Strainer)
50 Mesh 270 Micron
Strainer 1 394 394
(Ultra-Fine Mesh Strainer)
200 Mesh 75 Micron
AC motor (Screw Press) 1 28,104.21 28,104.21
20 Hp
Foam Insulation 10 764 sq. feet 69.70 750,250.80
Metal Sheet 3 325 975
Angle Bar 12 560 6,720
25mm x 25mm x 5mm thick
Nut and Bolts 16 18 288
50mm
Rubber 1 2,920.41 2,920.41
1m x 600mm x 1.5mm
 CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings

Table 1. Comparison of traditional way of oil extraction process with the Large-Scale Coconut

Drying and Oil Extraction Machine.

Traditional Process Large-Scale Coconut

Drying And Oil Extraction
Machine
time 1 hour (for heating) 10 hours

output 14 liters 5, 000 liters

Advantages Cost-effective Time effective, less labor needed,

disadvantages Time consuming, usually
left exposed to substances
such as dust and rain
minimize the exposure of
products to bacteria
Costly, high maintenance cost

Table 2. Comparison of the yield factor with the different extraction method available.

Extraction Method Yield (%)

Traditional 33

Fermentation 60 – 95

Enzymatic extraction 19 – 42

Chilling, freezing and thawing 69

Wet extraction 40

Dry processing 46 - 49

Supercritical fluid extraction 99

Rotary Screw 13.5

Conclusion

The researchers conclude that the Large-Scale Coconut Drying and Extraction machine

present a convenient and time- effective process of coconut oil production. It allows a safer way

of doing the process and eliminating the risk of injuries which can occur during the traditional

process. It also eliminates intensive labor requirement and the need to train skilled workers in

doing the manual process. This machine improves the efficiency and convenience of the process

that was going around in the Philippines for years.

Recommendations

After a thorough assessment and considering the conclusion of the study, the following are

the recommendations presented by the researchers:

 For the future researchers, consider the size of the machine. To improve its financial aspect,

design a process that can cater large scale coconut input with portability of the machine.

 Improving the design of the machine for space convenience can also be considered. It also

adds up to lower or minimize the electricity bill of the manufacturers.

 If this process design would improve, it would be successful for the Philippines’ economy

and can help our local farmer in discovering efficient way to produce coconut oil.
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Curriculum Vitae of Researchers

ALEXA JANELLE S. DAGONDON

St. Charles Subd., Brgy. 1, San Carlos City, Negros Occidental
Contact No. 09070858814
Email Address: alexadagondon@gmail.com

Personal Information:

Date of Birth: June 05, 2000

Place of Birth: San Carlos City, Negros Occidental
Age: 22
Sex: Female
Height: 4’9
Weight: 50 kg
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Nationality: Filipino

Educational Background:

Tertiary Education University of Negros Occidental- Recoletos

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
2019-Present

Senior High School Colegio de Sto. Tomas - Recoletos

Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics
2017-2019

Junior High School Colegio de Sto. Tomas - Recoletos

2013-2017

Primary Education School of the Future

2007-2013
Curriculum Vitae of Researchers

HONEY GAIL VIA D. ERAN

Brgy Bug-ang, Toboso, Negros Occidental
Contact No. 09770891768
Email Address: honeygail02@gmail.com

Personal Information:

Date of Birth: August 02, 2022

Place of Birth: Brgy Bug-ang, Toboso, Negros Occidental
Age: 20
Sex: Female
Height: 5’3
Weight: 65 kg
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Nationality: Filipino

Educational Background:

Tertiary Education University of Negros Occidental- Recoletos

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
2019-Present

Senior High School Colegio de Sto. Tomas- Recoletos

Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics
2017-2019

Junior High School Colegio de Sto. Tomas- Recoletos

2013-2017

Primary Education Malanog Elementary School

2007-2013
Curriculum Vitae of Researchers

SHEANDY MARIE S. FLORES

So. Bucalan, Brgy. RSB, La Carlota City
Contact No. 09070858814
Email Address: sheandyflores123@gmail.com

Personal Information:

Date of Birth: June 05, 2000

Place of Birth: Brgy. Bacuyangan, Hinoba-an, Negros Occidental
Age: 22
Sex: Female
Height: 5’3
Weight: 53 kg
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Baptist
Nationality: Filipino

Educational Background:

Tertiary Education University of Negros Occidental- Recoletos

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
2019-Present

Senior High School University of Negros Occidental - Recoletos

Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics
2017-2019

Junior High School Doña Hortencia Salas Benedicto National High School
2013-2017

Primary Education La Carlota Sugar Central Elementary School

2007-2013
Curriculum Vitae of Researchers

RALPH JOHN B. GLORIA

Quirino Street, Brgy. 1, Sipalay City, Negros Occidental
Contact No. 09158768625
Email Address: ralphgloria443@gmail.com

Personal Information:

Date of Birth: January 20, 2001

Place of Birth: Bacolod City, Negros Occidental
Age: 22
Sex: Male
Height: 5’3
Weight: 55 kg
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Baptist
Nationality: Filipino

Educational Background:

Tertiary Education University of Negros Occidental- Recoletos

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
2019-Present

Senior High School Gil Montilla National High School - MAIN

Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics
2017-2019

Junior High School Sipalay City National High School

2013-2017

Primary Education Genaro P. Alvarez Elementary School

2007-2013
Curriculum Vitae of Researchers

CARRIE M. ORTIGUE
East Villa, Fortune Towne, Brgy. Estefenia, Bacolod City
Contact No. 09673142881
Email Address: ortiguecarrie14@gmail.com

Personal Information:

Date of Birth: September 14, 2001

Place of Birth: Bacolod City, Negros Occidental
Age: 21
Sex: Female
Height: 5’1
Weight: 64 kg
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Nationality: Filipino

Educational Background:

Tertiary Education University of Negros Occidental- Recoletos

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
2019-Present

Senior High School University of Saint La Salle

Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics
2017-2019

Junior High School St. Joseph School La Salle

2013-2017

Primary Education San Mateo Christian School

2007-2013