euksfoKku dh ç—fr vkSj

- O;ogkj dh lekt-lkaL—frd
* çfØ;k,a

bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
1-0 ifjp;
1-1 mís';
1-2 euksfoKku% mRifÙk vkSj fodkl
1-2-1 euksfoKku dh ifjHkk"kk
1-3 euksfoKku dh oSKkfud ç—fr
1-3-1 foKku dh fo'ks"krk,a
1-4 euksfoKku dk dk;Z{ks= % ;g D;k gS vkSj ;g D;k ugÈ gS\
1-5 euksfoKku dh fofèk;k¡
1-6 euksfoKku dk vuqç;ksx
1-7 O;ogkj dh vkèkkjHkwr lekt-lkaL—frd çfØ;k,a
1-8 lkjka'k
1-9 bdkà vH;kl ç'u
1-10 'kCnkoyh
1-11 Lo-ewY;kadu ç'uksa ds mÙkj
1-12 lUnHkZ vkSj mi;ksxh iBu lkexzh

euksfoKku gekjs thou ds yxHkx lHkh igyqvksa ls lacafèkr gSA blhfy,] gj O;fDr
euksfoKku ds ckjs esa tkuus ds fy, bPNqd gSA ysfdu] euksfoKku ds ckjs esa dà xyr
èkkj.kk,a gSaA cgqr ls yksx lksprs gSa fd euksfoKku ikxy yksxksa ds bykt ls lEcafèkr gSA
dqN vU; yksxksa dks yxrk gS fd euksoSKkfud vkidks ;k vkids psgjs@ekFks dks ns[kdj
gh vkids fnekx dks i<+ ldrs gSaA os T;ksfrf"k;ksa] jRufoKkfu;ksa] vad 'kkfL=;ksa] vkSj gLr
js[kk fof/k Kkrk ds lkFk euksoSKkfudksa dh cjkcjh djrs gSa] tks vkids thou dh
leL;kvksa dks gy djus vkSj vkids Hkfo"; dh Hkfo";ok.kh djus dk nkok djrs gSaA
vkius *euksfoKku*] *euksoSKkfud*] *ekufld* vkfn 'kCn lqus gksax]s ysfdu D;k vki
tkurs gSa fd euksfoKku dk vFkZ D;k gS vkSj ;g dSls fodflr gqvk\ euksfoKku ,d
*foKku* ;k *dyk* gS\ gekjs efLr"d dh lajpuk,a gekjs O;ogkj dks dSls çHkkfor djrh
gSa\ gekjs O;ogkj dks vkdkj nsus esa çR;{k.k] voèkku] vfèkxe] vfHkçsj.kk vkSj laosx dh
D;k Hkwfedk gS\ bl bdkà esa vkidks bu vkSj ,sls dà lokyksa ds mÙkj feysaxsA
euksfoKku dk vè;;u djus ls vki le> ik,axs fd euksfoKku D;k gS] vkSj D;k ugÈ
gSA ;g bdkà euksfoKku dh fo"k;oLrq dk ifjp; nsrh gSA

* çks- vewY; [kqjkuk] ekufodh vkSj lkekftd foKku Ldwy] vkbZvkbZVh fnYyh ¼chihlh 001] [kaM 1
ls vuqdwfyr½
9
euksfoKku ds fy, vfHkeq[krk

bl bdkà dks i<+us ds ckn] vki l{ke gksaxs %

euksfoKku dh mRifÙk vkSj ç—fr dks le>us esa(
euksfoKku dh oSKkfud ç—fr dks Li"V djus esa(
euksfoKku ds {ks= vkSj vuqç;ksx dks tkuus esa(
euksfoKku dk vè;;u djus ds fy, fofHkUu fofèk;ksa dks le>us esa( rFkk
ekuo O;ogkj esa varÆufgr lekt-lkaL—frd çfØ;kvksa dh Hkwfedk dks le>us esaA

euksfoKku dh mRifÙk 1870 ds n'kd dh gSA *euksfoKku* 'kCn nks xzhd 'kCnksa ls feydj
cuk gS( lkbdh dk vFkZ gS ÞvkRek ;k 'oklß vkSj yksxksl dk vFkZ gS ÞKku ;k vè;;ußA
^euksfoKku* 'kCn mUuhloÈ lnh ls igys lkekU; mi;ksx esa ugÈ Fkk] vkSj euksfoKku dk
{ks= okLro esa mUuhloÈ 'krkCnh ds eè; rd ,d Lora= foKku ugÈ cu ik;k FkkA 1879
esa euksfoKku ,d Lora= vdknfed vuq'kklu ds :i esa mHkjk] tc ,d teZu çksQl s j
foYgse oq.V us teZuh ds yhift+x fo'ofo|ky; esa igyh euksfoKku ç;ksx'kkyk dh
LFkkiuk dhA cksYl ¼1993½ ds vuqlkj] oq.V ,d çf'kf{kr vk;qÆoKku fpfdRld Fks vkSj
vius dfj;j dh 'kq#vkr esa] mUgksaus mUuhloÈ lnh ds dqN egku 'kjhj foKkfu;ksa ds
lkFk dke fd;k FkkA vkSipkfjd :Ik ls mUgksaus ç;ksx'kkyk dh LFkkiuk rc dh Fkh tc
os n'kZu'kkL= ds çksQl s j ds :i esa dke dj jgs FksA ¼euksfoKku dh ckSf)d tM+sa]
n'kZu'kkL= vkSj 'kjhj foKku ds la;kstu esa fufgr gSa½A oq.V dks ikjaifjd :i ls
vkèkqfud euksfoKku ds laLFkkid ;k firk ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS vkSj 1879 dks ml
o"kZ ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS] tc euksfoKku varr% ,d vf}rh; {ks= ds :i esa mHkjkA
oq.V ls igys] euksfoKku dk fof'k"V vè;;u laHko ugÈ Fkk D;ksafd dksà vkfèkdkfjd
euksoSKkfud ;k euksfoKku foHkkx ugÈ FksA oq.V us eu dh lajpuk vFkkZr rkRdkfyd
vuqHko] fo"k;oLrq vkSj O;fDrfu"B vuqHko dh çfØ;k,a tSls( laosnuk] fopkj] vuqHko vkSj
laosx dk vè;;u djuk 'kq: fd;kA bl çdkj] vkSipkfjd :i ls] euksfoKku dks 1879
esa ,d Lora= foKku ds :i esa ekU;rk nh xÃA vc ge ppkZ djsaxs fd euksfoKku dks
fdl rjg ifjÒkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA

euksfoKku dks fofHkUu ys[kdksa }kjk dà rjhdksa ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA euksoSKkfud
bl ckr ij cgl dj jgs Fks fd euksfoKku dks ÞfnekxÞ] ÞpsrukÞ ;k ÞO;ogkjÞ esa ls fdl
ij è;ku nsuk pkfg,A vkb, ge ns[ksa fd fiNys 130 o"kks± esa euksfoKku dh ifjHkk"kk,a
fdl rjg ls vkxs c<+h gSaA blls igys] euksfoKku n'kZu'kkL= dk fgLlk FkkA çkphu
nk'kZfud vkRek ds vè;;u esa #fp j[krs FksA vr%] bls igys *vkRek ds foKku* ds :i
esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA gkyk¡fd] pwafd *vkRek* 'kCn ds cgqr O;kid vkSj foLr`r vFkZ
gSa] blfy, bls vLi"V 'kCn ekuk tkrk Fkk vkSj eè; ;qx esa bldh dM+h vkykspuk dh
tkrh FkhA ysfdu vc ;g fLFkfr ugÈ gSA euksfoKku ds çfl) ifjHkk"kkvksa esa ls dqN
fuEufyf[kr gaS
euksfoKku ekuo vkSj tho-tUrq ds O;ogkj dk foKku gSA blds varxZr ekuoh;
10 leL;kvksa ds fy, bl foKku dk vuqç;ksx 'kkfey gS ¼e‚xZu ,oa vU;-] 1986½
 ;g O;ogkj vkSj ekufld çfØ;kvksa dk oSKkfud vè;;u gSA ¼QsYMeSu] 1996½ euksfoKku dh ç—fr vkSj
O;ogkj dh lekt-lkaL—frd
;g O;ogkj vkSj ekufld çfØ;kvksa dk oSKkfud vè;;u gS vkSj ;g Òh crykrk çfØ;k,a
gS fd ,d tho dh 'kkjhfjd fLFkfr] ekufld fLFkfr vkSj ckgjh okrkoj.k mu
izfdz;kvksa ls ls dSls çHkkfor gksrs gSaA ¼VSofjl ,aM osM] 1997½
euksfoKku ekuo O;ogkj ds ckjs esa] ekufld çfØ;kvksa ds ckjs esa] vkSj ml lanHkZ
ds ckjs esa crkrk gS ftlesa O;ogkj vkSj ekufld çfØ;k,a gksrh gSaA ¼nkl] 1998½
O;ogkj vkSj ekufld çfØ;kvksa dk foKkuA ¼ysg]s 1998 ½
O;ogkj vkSj laKkukRed çfØ;kvksa dk foKkuA ¼cSju] 1999½
O;ogkj vkSj eu dk oSKkfud vè;;uA ¼uk;jus] 2003½
;g ,d ,slk foKku gS ftlesa O;ogkj vkSj vU; lk{; dk mi;ksx yksxksa ¼vkSj
vU; çtkfr;ksa ds lnL;ksa½ dh vkarfjd çfØ;kvksa dks le>us ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gS tks muds O;ogkj ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSa ¼vkbt+sad] 2004½
O;ogkj vkSj ekufld çfØ;kvksa dk oSKkfud vè;;u ¼flljsyh vkSj es;j] 2006(
dwu vkSj feÙksjj] 2007] 2008½
og foKku tks O;ogkj vkSj ekufld çfØ;kvksa dk vè;;u djrk gSA ¼jFkql]
2008½
tSlk fd Åij ifjHkk"kkvksa esa Li"V gS] O;ogkj ¼ekuo vkSj i'kqvksa ds½ ds vè;;u ij mu
lHkh esa cy fn;k x;k gSA

Lo-ewY;kadu ç'u 1
crkb;s fn, x, dFku lR; gSa ;k vlR;
1½ euksfoKku ekuo O;ogkj ds ckjs esa] ekufld çfØ;kvksa ds ckjs esa] vkSj ml
lanHkZ ds ckjs esa gS ftlesa O;ogkj vkSj ekufld çfØ;k,a ?kfVr gksrh gSaA
2½ euksfoKku dsoy ekuo O;ogkj dk foKku gSA
3½ euksoSKkfud T;ksfrf"k;ksa] jRufoKkfu;ksa] vad'kkfL=;ksa] gLrjs[kkfof/k;ksa dh rjg
gksrs gSa tks vkids Hkfo"; dk iwoZdFku dj ldrs gSaA
4½ çkjaHk esa] euksfoKku n'kZu'kkL= dk fgLlk FkkA
5½ oq.V vkèkqfud euksfoKku ds tud ds :i esa tkus tkrs gSaA

ledkyhu euksoSKkfudksa us euksfoKku dks ges'kk O;ogkj ds foKku ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr

fd;k gSA ysfdu D;k ;g HkkSfrd foKku] jlk;u foKku] tho foKku vkSj çk.kh foKku
;k dqN vyx rjg dk foKku gS\ bl [kaM esa ge foKku dh dqN ifjHkk"kkvksa dks ns[ksaxAs
ge foKku dh ç—fr vkSj fo'ks"krkvksa ij Hkh ppkZ djsaxs vkSj euksfoKku dks foKku ds
:i esa le>saxsA vkb, ge foKku dh fuEufyf[kr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds fo"k; esa i<+saA
foKku çs{k.k ,oa ekiu fØ;kvksa }kjk laxzfgr Kku dh ,d O;ofLFkr lajpuk gSA
¼e‚xZu ,oa vU;] 1986½
11
euksfoKku ds fy, vfHkeq[krk foKku Kku ds çfr ,slk mikxe gS tks O;ofLFkr çs{k.k ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA ¼ysg]s
1998 ½
foKku dk ,dek= mís'; HkkSfrd nqfu;k dh oLrqvksa vkSj ?kVukvksa dks oxÊ—r djuk]
le>uk vkSj ,dh—r djuk gSA lVhd voyksdu vkSj ç;ksx] rdZ vkSj varKkZu ds
la;kstu dk mi;ksx djds] oSKkfud mu fu;eksa dks le>uk pkgrs gSa tks czãkaM ds lHkh
Lrjksa dks fu;af=r djrs gSaA vc ge foKku dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu djsaxsA

?kVukvksa ds voyksdu dks fofHkUu rjhdksa ls O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu eq[; :i
ls ;FkklaHko lVhd :i ls uà ?kVukvksa dk o.kZu djus vkSj Hkfo";ok.kh djus ds fy,
lkekU; fl)karksa vkSj dkuwuksa dks oxÊ—r vkSj LFkkfir djds fd;k tkrk gSA euksfoKku
mlh rjg ls O;ogkj dk vè;;u djrk gS ftl rjg ls vU; foKku vius fo"k; oLrq
dk vè;;u djrs gSa blfy, euksfoKku dh dà fo'ks"krk,a foKku tSlh gh gSaA e‚xZu vkSj
vU; foKkuksa ds vuqlkj] euksfoKku esa] ,d foKku ds :i dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,a gSa(
vuqHkotU; voyksdu
euksfoKku] ,d foKku ds :i esa] lcls igys] vkSj lcls Åij] vuqHkotU; gS
vFkkZr ;g rdZ] jk; ;k fo'okl ds ctk; ç;ksx vkSj voyksdu ij vkèkkfjr gSA
Øec) mikxe vkSj fl)kar
voyksdu vkSj ç;ksxksa ds vkadM+s foKku ds fy, vko';d gSa] ysfdu ?kVukvksa dks
le>us esa enn djus ds fy, mudk fdlh Øe esa O;ofLFkr gksuk vko';d gSA
oSKkfud lhfer fl)karksa dks [kkstus dh dksf'k'k djrk gS tks vkadM+s dks dq'kyrkiwoZd
la{ksi esa çLrqr dj ldsaA vkadM+ksa ds laxBu ds fy, oSKkfud fl)kar egRoiw.kZ
midj.k gSaA
ekiu
foKkuksa dh ,d vkSj egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ekiu gS] ftls dqN fu;eksa ds vuqlkj
oLrqvksa ;k ?kVukvksa dks la[;kvksa ds vkcaVu ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
HkkSfrdh dks foKku ds chp loksZPp ¼lcls vfèkd oSKkfud½ LFkku fn;k x;k gS
D;ksafd blus lcls lVhd ekiu fodflr fd, gSaA
'kCnksa dh ifjHkk"kk
foKku esa Li"V fopkj ds fy, 'kCnksa dks /;kuiwoZd ifjHkkf"kr djuk vko';d gSA
euksfoKku esa laçR;; dks çs{k.kh; O;ogkj ds lkFk lEcafèkr djds ifjHkkf"kr fd;k
tkrk gS ¼dk;Zdkjh ifjHkk"kk½A tc ge fdlh laçR;; dks dk;Zdkjh :i ls
ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa rks ge bls ekius ;ksX; vkSj çs{k.kh; fØ;kvksa ds :i esa
ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] HkkSfrdh esa yEckà vkSj pkSMk+ à ds laçR;;]
vkSj euksfoKku ds laçR;; tSls( cqf)] vfHkçsj.kk] O;fDrRo dks çs{k.kh; fØ;kvksa ds
:i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS ftudk ekiu Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS- gkyk¡fd]
euksfoKku dà O;ogkjksa tSls cgknqjh] nksLrh] çse] lkSan;Z vkfn dks ekik ugÈ ldrk
gS D;ksafd bUgsa dk;Zdkjh :i ls ifjHkkf"kr ugÈ fd;k tk ldrk gSA
mijksDr fo'ks"krk euksfoKku lfgr lHkh foKkuksa ds fy, vke gSaA gkyk¡fd] euksfoKku
,d vyx çdkj dk foKku gS ¼O;ogkfjd foKku½A HkkSfrdh ;k jlk;u foKku esa]
12
'kksèkdrkZ çfØ;kvksa vkSj ?kVukvksa dh tkap djrs gSa tks dkQh gn rd fLFkj jgrs gSaA euksfoKku dh ç—fr vkSj
ysfdu ekuo O;ogkj ds ekeys esa ,slk ugÈ gS] tks fd vR;fèkd tfVy] vklkuh ls O;ogkj dh lekt-lkaL—frd
çfØ;k,a
fu;af=r ugÈ fd;k tk ldrk] vkSj HkkSfrd vkSj jklk;fud inkFkks± dh çfrfØ;kvksa dh
rqyuk esa cgqr vfèkd vçR;kf'kr gksrk gSA tcfd vU; foKku euq"; ds vklikl dh
phtksa dh tkap djrs gSa] euksfoKku Lo;a euq"; dk vè;;u djrk gSA euksoSKkfud
vuqlaèkku esa mi;ksx dh tkus okyh fofèk;ksa esa voyksdu] lk{kkRdkj] euksoSKkfud
ijh{k.k] ç;ksx'kkyk ç;ksx vkSj lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k 'kkfey gSaA bl çdkj] euksfoKku
dks oSKkfud tkap ds lcls ;qok lewg] *lkekftd ;k O;kogkfjd foKku* ds varxZr
oxÊ—r fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa ekuo foKku] vFkZ'kkL=] f'k{kk] Hkwxksy] bfrgkl] Hkk"kk
foKku] lekt'kkL= vkfn fo"k; Hkh 'kkfey gSa ¼j'k] 1972½A foKku dk igyk lewg
*HkkSfrd foKku* gS] ftlesa HkkSfrdh] jlk;u foKku vkfn fo"k; 'kkfey gSaAmlds ckn
tSfod@thou foKku *gS ftlesa tho foKku] ouLifr foKku] çk.kh foKku vkfn tSls
fo"k; 'kkfey gSaA O;kogkfjd leL;kvksa ds fy, Kku dk vuqç;ksx ,d dyk gS( ;g mu
phtksa dks djus ds fy, dkS'ky ;k n{krk gS tks vè;;u] vH;kl vkSj fo'ks"k vuqHko }kjk
gkfly dh tkrh gSA pwafd euksfoKku ds fl)karksa vkSj fu;eksa dks dà fLFkfr;ksa ¼ifjokjksa]
Ldwyksa] laxBuksa] i;kZoj.k½ esa ekuo leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds lkFk-lkFk O;ogkj
fodkjksa vkSj HkkoukRed leL;kvksa dk mipkj djus ds fy, ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] vr%
;g ,d dyk Hkh gSA

euksfoKku ,d jksekapd {ks= gSA ;g ,d gh lkFk ifjfpr] vkd"kZd] vk'p;Ztud vkSj

pqukSrhiw.kZ gSA lcls c<+dj] euksfoKku cny jgk gSA euksfoKku ge esa ls çR;sd ds ckjs
esa gSA ;g gesa ,d Çpru'khy joS;k viukus ds fy, dgrk gS tc ge iwNrkN djrs gSa
fd ÞdSls vkRexr utfj;s dks NksM+dj oLrqfu"B rjhds ls vius thus] lkspus] eglwl
djus vkSj dk;Z djus dks ns[kuk gSßA euksoSKkfudksa dk ekuuk gS fd bldk mÙkj
/;kuiwoZd fopkj] voyksdu vkSj iwNrkN ds ekè;e ls feyrk gSA ¼dwu vkSj fersjj]
¼2008½
ijesLoju vkSj chuk ¼2002½ ds vuqlkj] dqN yksx euksfoKku dks n'kZu dk fgLlk ekurs
gSaA vU; yksx bldh tknw ls cjkcjh djrs gSaA dqN yksx bls ikxyiu ds :i esa ns[krs
gSaA vHkh Hkh vU; yksxksa dh jk; gS fd euksoSKkfud ;k rks tknwxj ;k jgL;e;h yksx gksrs
gSa] ftudh #fp euksfoKku esa eq[; :i ls vufHkK ftKklk ls mRiUu gksrh gSA mudk
fopkj gS fd ;fn os euksfoKku dk vè;;u djrs gSa] rks os peRdkj] jgL;] ikxyiu ds
ckjs esa lh[ksaxs vkSj ;g ,d vuks[kk vuqHko gksxkA muesa ls dà yksx eglwl djrs gSa fd
euksfoKku dk eq[; mi;ksx ekufld :i ls chekj O;fDr;ksa ds bykt esa gSA gkykafd
fuf'pr :i ls ;g vuqç;ksx dk ,d egRoiw.kZ {ks= gS] fdUrq ;g ,dek= {ks= ugÈ gSA
vkt euksfoKku ,d O;fDr ds thou esa xHkZ ls dcz rd yxHkx lHkh mi;ksxh vuqç;ksxksa
dks <wa<rk gSA lHkh egÙoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa dh rjg] euksfoKku dh viuh voèkkj.kk,a gSa tSls
fd cqf)] O;fDrRo] ruko] vfèkxe] Le`fr] Çpru] çR;{k.k vkfnA euksfoKku dh dÃ
voèkkj.kkvksa ls vki ifjfpr gSa] ysfdu muesa ls dà uà gSaA euksfoKku esa 'kkfey fo"k;
gSa% raf=dk ra=] laosnuk vkSj çR;{k.k] vfèkxe vkSj Le`fr] cqf)] Hkk"kk vkSj Çpru] çxfr
vkSj fodkl] vfHkçsj.kk vkSj laosx] O;fDrRo] ruko] euksoSKkfud fodkj] mu fodkjksa ds
bykt ds rjhds] ;kSu O;ogkj vkSj lkekftd ifjos'k tSls lewg vkSj laxBu esa yksxksa dk
O;ogkjA vU; foKkuksa dh rjg] euksfoKku dk y{; Hkh blds }kjk vè;;u dh tkus
13
euksfoKku ds fy, vfHkeq[krk okyh ?kVuk dk o.kZu] O;k[;k] Hkfo";ok.kh vkSj fu;af=r djuk gS ¼dwu vkSj fersjj]
¼2008½A bl çdkj] euksfoKku] O;ogkj vkSj ekufld çfØ;kvksa ds o.kZu] O;k[;k]
Hkfo";ok.kh vkSj fu;a=.k dk ç;kl djrk gSA O;ogkj ds foKku ds :i esa euksfoKku]
O;ogkj ds *D;ksa* vkSj *dSls* dks O;k[;kf;r djus dk ç;kl djrk gSA euksfoKku dk
Kku euq"; }kjk lkeuk dh tkus okyh fofHkUu leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy, mi;ksx
esa yk;k tk ldrk gS] pkgs og ?kj] lekt] dk;Z LFky ;k iwjh nqfu;k esa dgÈ gksA

Lo-ewY;kadu ç'u 2
fjDr LFkku dh iwÆr djsa
1½ O;ogkj foKku ds :i esa euksfoKku] ------------------------------------- ds *D;ksa* vkSj *dSls*
dh O;k[;k djus dk ç;kl djrk gSA
2½ euksfoKku ------------------------------------- vkSj ------------------------------------- ds o.kZu] O;k[;k]
Hkfo";ok.kh vkSj fu;a=.k dk ç;kl djrk gSA
3½ vU; foKku euq"; ds vklikl dh phtksa dh tkap djrs gSa] tcfd euksfoKku
------------------------------------- ds ckjs esa vè;;u djrk gSA
4½ ekiu ------------------------------------- ds vuqlkj oLrqvksa ;k ?kVukvksa dks la[;kvksa ds
vkcaVu ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
5½ euksfoKku esa laçR;; dks ------------------------------------- O;ogkj ds lkFk lEcafèkr djds
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA

euksfoKku ds vè;;u dh dà fofèk;k¡ gSaA ;gk¡ ge euksoSKkfud tkap dh rhu çeq[k

fofèk;ksa dh ppkZ djus tk jgs gSa %
v½ çk;ksfxd fofèk% bl fofèk esa tkap] 'kksèk leL;k dks ifjHkkf"kr djus ds lkFk 'kq:
gksrh gSA ekStwn lkfgR; dh lgk;rk ls mi;qDr ifjdYiuk,¡ ¼fdlh fopkj ;k
visf{kr ifj.kke ds ckjs esa çLrkfor O;k[;k½ fuÆer dh tkrh gSaA rRi'pkr
çLrkfor ifjdYiukvksa ds ijh{k.k ds fy, ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ifjdYiuk ds
ijh{k.k ds fy, [kkstdrkZ Lora= pj esa tksM+-rksM+ djrk gS vkSj vkfJr pj ij
mlds çHkko dk vè;;u djrk gSA ç;ksx dk mís'; vius vè;;u ds pjksa ds chp
dkj.k rFkk ifj.kke ds lEcUèk dh tkap djuk gSA

c½ lglEcUèk fofèk% lglacaèk ls eryc gS dh dSls ,d pj esa ifjorZu] nwljs pj esa

ifjorZu mRiUu djrk gSA blfy, ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd bl fofèk esa nks pjksa
ds chp lg-pk;Zrk dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn ,d pj esa ifjorZu nwljs pj
esa ifjorZu ykrk gS rks ge dg ldrs gSa dh bu nks pjksa ds chp dqN gn rd
lglacaèk gSA lglacaèk dk ekiu lglacaèk xq.kkad r esa fd;k tkrk gSA lglacaèk
xq.kkad dk eku $1 ls ysdj -1 ds eè; gks ldrk gSA lglacaèk xq.kkd $1 mÙke
èkukRed lglacaèk] -1 mÙke _.kkRed lglacaèk tcfd r¾0 'kwU; lglacaèk dks
çnÆ'kr djrk gSA
l½ çs{k.k fofèk% blds varxZr fdlh ?kVuk dk vè;;u voyksdu ds }kjk fd;k tkrk
gSA 'kksèkdrkZ fdlh ?kVuk ;k O;ogkj dk mlds çk—frd okrkoj.k esa Øec)
14
 çs{k.k djrk gSA dà çs{k.kksa ds i'pkr 'kksèkdrkZ mlds ihNs ds dkj.k dks tkuus dk euksfoKku dh ç—fr vkSj
ç;kl djrk gSA O;ogkj dh lekt-lkaL—frd
çfØ;k,a

uSnkfud euksfoKku ;g euksfpfdRlk] uSnkfud leL;kvksa dh [kkst djrk gS vkSj

mipkj dh fofèk;k¡ fodflr djrk gSA ;g {ks= xaHkhj euksoSKkfud fodkjksa vkSj laox
s kRed
leL;kvksa ds funku] dkj.kksa vkSj mipkj ij tksj nsrk gSA
lkeqnkf;d euksfoKku – ;g vuqlaèkku] fuokj.k] f'k{kk vkSj ijke'kZ ds ekè;e ls
leqnk;-O;kih ekufld LokLF; dks c<+kok nsrk gSA lkeqnkf;d euksoSKkfud lkekftd
leL;kvksa dks gy djus vkSj O;fDr;ksa dks muds dk;Z lewg vkSj thou lewgksa ds vuqdwy
cukus esa enn djus ds fy, euksoSKkfud fl)karksa] fopkjksa vkSj –f"Vdks.kksa dk ç;ksx
djrs gSaA
ijke'kZ euksfoKku – ;g euksfpfdRlk djrk gS vkSj O;fDrxr ijke'kZ nsrk gS] laoxs kRed
v'kkafr vkSj ijke'kZ fofèk;ksa ij 'kksèk djrk gSA ;g 'kk[kk yksxksa ds O;fDrxr leL;kvksa
ds lkFk ikjLifjd leL;kvksa] dfj;j fodYi] lkSE; laosxkRed ijs'kkfu;ksa ;k O;ogkj
lacaèkh leL;kvksa tSls fd vfèkd [kkus] èkhes vfèkxe ;k ,dkxzrk dh deh esa lgk;rk
iznku djrh gSA
'kS{kf.kd euksfoKku – ;g d{kk dh xfr'khyrk] f'k{k.k 'kSfy;ksa vkSj vfèkxe dh tk¡p
djrk gS( 'kSf{kd ijh{k.k fodflr djrk gS] 'kSf{kd dk;ZØeksa dk ewY;kadu djrk gSA ;g
'kk[kk ikBîØe esa vfèkxe vkSj vfHkçsj.kk lEcUèkh euksoSKkfud Kku dk ç;ksx djds
fo|ky; esa vfèkxe dh n{krk c<+kus dh O;kid leL;k ls lacafèkr gSA
Qksjsafld euksfoKku – ;g vijkèk vkSj vijkèk dh jksdFkke] iquokZl dk;ZØeksa] tsyksa]
vnkyrksa dh xfr'khyrk leL;kvksa dh tkap djrk gS( iqfyl ds dke ds fy, mEehnokjksa
dk p;u djrk gSA Qksjsafld euksoSKkfud T;knkrj U;kf;d ç.kkyh ds varxZr dke
djrs gSa tSls fd ijh{k.k vkSj ihfM+rksa dh laosxkRed vkSj euksoSKkfud voLFkk dk
vkdyu] iquokZl dk;ZØeksa dk ewY;kadu( çR;{kn'kÊ dh xokgh vkSj lcwr( twjh p;u
vkSj iqfyl çf'k{k.k vkfn {ks=A
laxBukRed euksfoKku – ;g p;u vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dh HkrÊ] çn'kZu ewY;kadu] dk;Z
çsj.kk ls ysdj usr`Ro rd dk;Z okrkoj.k esa O;ogkj ds lHkh igyqvksa dh tkap djrk gSA

i;kZoj.k euksfoKku – ;g 'kgjh 'kksj] HkhM+] i;kZoj.k ds çfr –f"Vdks.k vkSj LFkku ds
ekuo mi;ksx ds çHkkoksa dk vè;;u djrk gSA ;s euksoSKkfud i;kZoj.kh; eqíksa ij
lykgdkj ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA
LokLF; euksfoKku – ;g O;ogkj vkSj LokLF; ds chp lacèa kksa dk vè;;u djrk gS(
LokLF; dks c<+kok nsus vkSj chekjh dks jksdus ds fy, euksoSKkfud fl)karksa dk mi;ksx
djrk gSA

15
euksfoKku ds fy, vfHkeq[krk
-
euq"; ,d lkekftd çk.kh gS vkSj blfy, mldk O;ogkj dà lkekftd dkjdksa tSls
ifjokj] lkfFk;ksa] mlds lekt vkSj laL—fr ls Hkh lapkfyr gksrk gSA bl xzg ij fdlh
Hkh vU; çk.kh dh rqyuk esa gekjk O;ogkj cgqr vfèkd tfVy gS vkSj bldk ,dek=
dkj.k gekjs O;ogkj dks fu;af=r djus okys ^lekt-lkaL—frd* dkjd gSaA mnkgj.k ds
fy,] I;kl dh vko';drk cqfu;knh tSfod vko';drk gS tks euq";ksa vkSj i'kqvksa esa
mHk;fu"B gSA gkyk¡fd] ftl rjg ls ge euq";ksa us bls iksf"kr fd;k gS og i'kqvksa ls
fcYdqy vyx gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] dqN yksx BaMk ikuh ih;saxs] dqN xquxquk ikuh
ih;saxs] vkSj dqN lkekU; ikuh ilan dj ldrs gSa] tcfd vU; viuh I;kl cq>kus ds
fy, lksMk ;k twl ihuk ilan dj ldrs gSaA ;g mnkgj.k fn[kkrk gS fd gekjk O;ogkj
dsoy tSfod dkjdksa }kjk lapkfyr ugÈ gS] cfYd fofHkUu lkekftd vkSj lkaL—frd
dkjd bls vkdkj nsus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA

ifjokj gekjs O;ogkj dks çHkkfor djus okys lcls egRoiw.kZ lekt-lkaL—frd dkjdksa
esa ls ,d gSA tUe ds ckn ls] ifjokj gekjh ikjLifjd fØ;k dk çkFkfed lzksr gS vkSj
bl çdkj ;g ewY; vtZu vkSj Hkwfedk vis{kkvksa esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA caMqjk us
vius fl)kar esa lq>ko fn;k gS fd cPpk nwljksa vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls vxzstksa ¼vius ls
cM+ksa ½ dh udy djds O;ogkj lh[krk gSA ifjokj ds ekeys esa] ,d cPpk vius ekrk-
firk] HkkÃ-cguksa vkSj vU; ns[kHkky djus okyksa dks ns[kdj ,d fo'ks"k rjhds ls dk;Z
djuk lh[krk gSA bl çdkj] ;g lq>ko fn;k tk ldrk gS fd ifjokj fdlh Hkh O;ogkj
dks lh[kus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA blds vykok] ifjokj dk çdkj] ns[kHkky
djus okyksa dh la[;k] HkkÃ-cguksa dh la[;k] ifjokj dh lkekftd vkÆFkd fLFkfr vkfn
dkjd Hkh fdlh ds O;ogkj dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA gekjs O;ogkj dh vU; egRoiw.kZ
vkèkkjHkwr lekt-lkaL—frd çfØ;k lekt vkSj laL—fr gSA vDlj bu nksuksa 'kCnksa dk
mi;ksx vny cny dj fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu muds vFkZ vyx-vyx gksrs gSaA lekt
ls rkRi;Z yksxksa ds ,sls lewg ls gS tks ,d lkekU; {ks=] Hkk"kk vkSj laL—fr] fofHkUu yksxksa
;k lekt ds vU; iM+kslh lewg dks lk>k djrk gSA dà vè;;uksa esa ik;k x;k gS fd
gekjk lekt vkSj laL—fr gekjs O;ogkj ij xgjk çHkko Mkyrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
vesfjdk vkSj ;wjksih; ns'kksa tSlh O;fDroknh laL—fr esa Lora=rkvksa] O;fDrxr vfèkdkjksa
ij tksj fn;k tkrk gS vkSj] eq[kj gksus dks egRoiw.kZ xq.k ekuk tkrk gSA tcfd] lkewfgd
laL—fr;ka ¼tSls Hkkjr vkSj phu½ fuHkZjrk] vkRe-cfynku tSls xq.kksa dks c<+kok nsrh gSa]
vkSj buesa nwljksa dh enn djus dks vfèkd egRoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA
Lo-ewY;kadu ç'u 3
fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa ds laf{kIr mÙkj nsa–
1½ ,d [kkstdrkZ ,d ifjdYiuk dk ijh{k.k dSls dj ldrk gS\
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16
 euksfoKku dh ç—fr vkSj
2½ lekt'kkL=h; dkjdksa esa ls ifjokj dSls ,d lcls egRoiw.kZ gS dkjd tks gekjs
O;ogkj dh lekt-lkaL—frd
O;ogkj dks çHkkfor djrk gS\ çfØ;k,a
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3½ Qksjsafld euksfoKku ls lEcafèkr {ks= dkSu ls gSa\
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4½ çs{k.k fofèk D;k gS\
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5½ lglacaèk xq.kkad dk eku D;k gS\
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bl vè;k; }kjk euksfoKku esa gks jgs u, fodklksa dk O;kid fooj.k nsus dk ç;kl fd;k
x;k gSA geus euksfoKku dh mRifÙk vkSj ifjHkk"kk ds lkFk 'kq#vkr dhA blds ckn geus
;g irk yxk;k fd euksfoKku dh ç—fr oSKkfud gS ;k ugÈA geus euksfoKku ds
vè;;u ds fofHkUu rjhdksa vkSj dSls euksfoKku dks thou ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa ykxw fd;k
tk ldrk gS blds ckjs esa Hkh ckr dhA vUr esa] gekjs O;ogkj esa varÆufgr lekt'kkL=h;
çfØ;k,¡ bl vè;k; esa 'kkfey dh xb±A

1½ euksfoKku dks ifjHkkf"kr djsa vkSj ,d fo"k; ds :i esa euksfoKku dh mRifÙk ij

,d laf{kIr uksV fy[ksaA
2½ D;k ge euksfoKku dks foKku eku ldrs gSa\ mfpr rdZ ds lkFk vius mÙkj dk
leFkZu djsaA 17
euksfoKku ds fy, vfHkeq[krk 3½ euksfoKku dk vè;;u djus ds fofHkUu rjhds D;k gSa\
4½ euksfoKku ds fofHkUu vuqç;ksx D;k gSa\
5½ lekt'kkL=h; çfØ;k,a gekjs O;ogkj dks dSls çHkkfor djrh gSa] bl ij ,d y?kq
uksV fyf[k,A

euksfoKku % ;g ekuo vkSj tho-tUrq ds O;ogkj ds v/;;u dk

foKku gSA blds varxZr ekuoh; leL;kvksa ds fy, bl
foKku dk vuqç;ksx 'kkfey gSA
vuqHkotU; voyksdu % rdZ] jk; ;k fo'okl dh ctk; ç;ksx ij vkèkkfjr
voyksdu gSA
foKku % ;g çs{k.k ,oa ekiu fØ;kvksa }kjk laxzfgr Kku dh ,d
O;ofLFkr lajpuk gSA
uS n kfud euksf oKku % ;g euksfoKku dh og 'kk[kk gS tks ekufld chekjh vkSj
vlkekU; O;ogkj ds vkdyu vkSj mipkj ls lacafèkr
gSA
çk;ksfxd fofèk % blesa ;g fuèkkZfjr djus ds fy, fd D;k ,d pj esa
ifjorZu nwljs pj esa ifjorZu dk dkj.k curk gS] ,d
pj esa tksM+-rksM+ fd;k tkrk gSA
çs{k.k fofèk % çs{k.k fofèk esa çfrHkkxh dk mlds çk—frd okrkoj.k esa
voyksdu djuk vkSj ckn ds fo'ys"k.k ds fy, çklafxd
O;ogkj dks fjd‚MZ djuk 'kkfey gSA

-
Lo-ewY;kadu ç'u 1
1½ lR;
2½ vlR;
3½ vlR;
4½ lR;
5½ lR;
Lo-ewY;kadu ç'u 2
1½ O;ogkj
2½ O;ogkj vkSj ekufld çfØ;k
3½ O;fDr Lo;a
4½ dqN fu;eksa
5½ çs{k.kh;
18
Lo-ewY;kadu ç'u 3 euksfoKku dh ç—fr vkSj
O;ogkj dh lekt-lkaL—frd
1½ [kkstdrkZ ,d ifjdYiuk ds ijh{k.k ds fy, Loar= pj esa tksM+-rksM+ djrk gS vkSj çfØ;k,a
vkfJr pjksa ij blds çHkko dk vè;;u djrk gSA
2½ pwafd ifjokj tUe ls gh gekjh ikjLifjd fØ;k dk çkFkfed lzksr gS blfy, ;g
ewY; vtZu vkSj Hkwfedk vis{kkvksa esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
3½ Qksjsafld euksfoKku vijkèk vkSj vijkèk dh jksdFkke] iquokZl dk;ZØeksa] tsyksa]
vnkyrksa dh xfrdh dh leL;kvksa dh tkap djrk gS( iqfyl ds dke ds fy,
mEehnokjksa dk p;u djrk gSA Qksjsafld euksoSKkfud T;knkrj U;kf;d ç.kkyh ds
varxZr dke djrs gSaA
4½ çs{k.k fofèk esa çfrHkkxh dk mlds çk—frd okrkoj.k esa voyksdu djuk vkSj ckn
ds fo'ys"k.k ds fy, çklafxd O;ogkj dks fjd‚MZ djuk 'kkfey gSA
5½ lglacaèk xq.kkad dk eku $1 ls ysdj -1 ds eè; gks ldrk gSA lglacaèk xq.kkd
$1 mÙke èkukRed lglacaèk] -1 mÙke _.kkRed lglacaèk tcfd r¾0 'kwU;
lglacaèk dks çnÆ'kr djrk gSA

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Kalat, J. W. (2016). Introduction to Psychology. Nelson Education.
Baron, R.A.(2001). Psychology. 5th Edition. Pearson Education, New Delhi, India.
Mishra, G. & Baron, R. A. (2006). Psychology : Indian Subcontinent (5th Edition).
New Delhi, Pearson Publication
Morgan, C. T., King, R. A., Weisz, J. R. & Schopler, J. (2004). Introduction to
Psychology. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill.
Moore, B.C.J. (2003). An Introduction to the Psychology of Hearing. Academic
Press.

19