FROM

I NTRODUCTION Af/fVE YEARS THE MATH

ThMS CARTOON HISTORY department SCOFFEOy
ISTUB OUTCOME- OF M'S AT MV THEORIES r .

MWE YEARS AT AfA&VA&Q BUT WHAT DO THEY

WHERE X STUDIED KNOW ADOUT TIME
MATHEAAACTICS~~ TRAVEL ? SNORT .V
WES.. MOST MATHEMA'
TICIAN5 CAN'T TEi-L j

A SECONPUAMP
prom a seconp
BASE” we ^’i
PARTED WAYS
IN 1972.

H5IJ3DB

\F tREAD THE RiGHT

BOOKS ANP concentrate
HAJ2P ENOUGH, THE MACHINE
TRANSPORTS ME — IN MV
IMAGINATION — ANVWHERE
in the past that x want r

CARTbofJ H/f7VXy OF TUt UNHeJ*6£ . VOLUME /, Tne BVOLUTtON Of £ve&Y7HlNG- CoPyPtSHT(gV 9 7S BY LAMyGorJ/Of AMO
may /jot &e ftBpctoouceo /ft mho-g on /npapj Without \Hmnen pppm/as/om of tub abt/st. /j '* Fuousffd by rue R/P
OFF PRESS, /ftc., Boy JY/ 58 Sam Pramci^oc, CAmfobm/a 9Y//M-
,
 .

INEFOgE TIME BEGAN, THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE WAS pPBSSEP

IT; TOGETHER IN ONE HOT LUMP THEN CAME..
SGT MARK r n * in
 AFTER SEVERAL MILLION Y^ARS, THE EXPANDING GASES CALMEP
DOWN ENOUGH TO ACCUMULATE INTO CL0UP6, WHICH CONDENSED —
HEATING UP AGAIN - INTO CLUSTER'S OF STARS.

INTHE STELLAR FURNACES AS THESE FIRST STARS GREW OLD,

HVPPOGEN AND HELIUM SOME EXPLODED INTO SUPBF^OVAS.
FU3BP TOGETHER, CREATING THE heaviest elements, LIKE GOLD
the middle-weight AND URANIUM, WERE FORMED IN
ELUENTS, LIKE CARBON, THE INTENSE HEAT AND BLOWN
OXYGEN, AND IRON... J INTO SPACE. ^

4
 V

EIGHT PILLION VE^RS AFTER

THE £1(3 BANG, THE UNNEPSE
LOOKED MUCH THE SAME
AS IT POES TODA^ GREAT
GALAXIES OF STARS GAS,
AND DUST MO/ING APART
THROUGH EMPTY SfcCE.
IT WAS THEN THAT OuR SUH
MADE THE SCENE.

'N

THE BIG BANG 15 MODERN THEORIES HAVE MORE Nowadays, nearly ever/one
ONLY THE LATE5TAND TO EXPLAIN, SUCH AS W HY THE accepts that the universe
MOST RESPECTABLE galaxies a^e receding. FOR STARTED WITH A BANG, BUT
TMEORV OF THE ORIGIN instance, there's the little- NO ONE CAN FIGURE OUT HOW
OF THE UNIVERSE. YEARS known COfiJSPtKACj THEORY IT’S GOING TO END /
AGO, BEFORE ACCURATE METHODS (VERY MODERN):
OF OBSERVATION, ALL SOPT5 OF
.IDEAS PREVAILED. .
 AT THE EDGE OF A SPIRAL GALAXY CALLED THEM/U^y WAY, A
CLOUD OF GAS BEGAN To COLLAPSE. PULLED TOGETHB? By THE FORCE
OF ITS OWN GRAVITY, THE COMPRESSED MASS HEATED UR SPINNING

THE GAS GOT SO HOT, ITS HYDRO- AS THE FIREBALL WHIRLED, IT

GEN ATOMS BEGAN TO FUSE, AND FLATTENED OUT- • _
THE CLOUD BECAME A GIANT j
HypPoOEN BOMB— A STAR.J*

ANP ‘SPUN OFF A BLAZING

f
...

HALO INTO SPACE- ft

fc
 J

MOST OF THE CAST-OFF MASS ESCAPFP OVER THE NEXT FEW

FOREVER, BUT 50AAF REMAINED IN ORBIT MILLION TEARS, BITS OF
THIS "SPACE TUNK" STUCK
Together, until it hap
ACCUMULATED INTO NINE
planets, plus
MOONS ASTERC

THE new STAR WAS THE 56MV, AND ITS THIRD

PLANET WAS ©OOP OLP BARTH.

THE SUN ISN'T* SOME SCIENTISTS EVEN FOR SOME TIME NOW,
ITWEQNU/ STAR SAT THAT LIFE out there EARTHLINGS HAVE BEEN
I IN THE UNIVERSE
must LOOK LIKE US BEAMING SIGNALS TO
„ WITH PLANETS.
(Guess what they say OUTER SPACE, BUT SO.
r/ INTHEM1UO/WAT ON ALPHA CENTAURI .) C, FAR NO KEPLV-
'
ALONE, SCIENTISTS
E5TIMATS, AT LEAST A THPY PE TuST SEE ? JUST
Billion stars have LIKE US, I LIKE humans/ a

PLANETS CAPABLE OF' TELL your

SUPPORTING LIFE. fyEAH-THEy
PONT RETURN 1

THEIR CALLS'
 /As the earth coolep,
L**ns SURFACE SCUM
SOLIPIFIEP INTO A THIN
CRUST-THE CCW/AJ&75.
BENEATH LAV A THICK
MANTLE OF PENSEF
ROCW,ANP AT THE CENTER
A COPE Op IRON •

AS THE CRUST HARDENER

IT LET OFF JETS OF
BOILING WAJ
THE ALL-IMPORTANT
MEDIUM OF LIFE.
LucxilY for us, the
atmosphere, Too, WAS
MAINLY COMPOSED OF
LIFE'S RAW MATEPALS;
MeTUAHB AND ammoh/a
Since it's in the THIS MEANS GEOLOGISTS CAN One SURPRISING RESULT OF
NATURE OP RADIO- Date rocks By comparing RADIO* DATING IS THAT THE
ACTIVE ELEMENTS RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF (FOR EARLIEST EVIDENCE OF LIFE
7D DECAY INTO INSTANCE ) URANI UM AND LEAD, (3S billion years OLD) IS
STABLE ONES, THE THERE ARE LESS EFFECTIVE ALMOST A5 OLD AS THE VERY
EARTH MUST HAVE BEEN FAR WAYS OF dating ROCKS, TOO... OLDEST ROCK5 (3.7 BILLION YEARS).
MORE RADIOACTIVE 4 BILLION APPARENTLY, RADIATION DIDN'T
-
Years ago than rr is today. ^ WELL, THEN HOW FA7E EARLY LIFE FORMS .'/

YOU CLOSE YEP EYES'

fer a hundred MILLION
Years, and the next
thing you know, yer
COVERED WITH GREEN
SLIME!' <-

8
 A RECIPE POP LIFE • V
^ ** 0
SHOOT LIGHTN/N6 THROUGH A«ta
CLOUD OF METHANE AND AMMONIA. ^
LET THE PE5ULTING CHEMICALS FALL
WITH THE PAIN AND ACCUMULATE IN
THICK PUDDLES OF "ORGAN/C SOUP- " (f
SIMMER FOP AT LEAST A HUNDRED MILLION S
Years. eventually, You will have produced
A MOLECULE WITH THE AEILIT/ TO REPRODUCE.
,
i rr will take cape op the pest.'.'

9
 . 5

USING THE COMPLEX iNGFE'I

WESTS OF THE ORGANIC
SOUP, THIS STRANGE MOLE']
COLE, CAUSED A AfOcLS/C I
AdP, BEGAN. AWAKING 1
COPIES OF ITSELF. ALLTHe |
COPIES COPlED,TOO, AND
SOON THE PEST STUFF *

JN THE 600 P WAS EMEN UP*

HUNGRY MINE

THE NUCLEIC ACIP RESPONDED BV Some of these worked better

organizing LITTLE CHEMlCAU THAN OTHERS, and 50, AFTER EONS
FACTORIES, WHICH COULD CONVERT OF TRIAL AND ERROR) TRUE UFE
SIMPLER FOODS INTO THE MATERIALS EVOLVED THE FIRST CRUDE CELLS.
:

NEEDED FOR REPRODUCTION #@f*fciN

r RIGHT',

ONE PAY MORE THAN THEY WERE THE BLUE-GREEN AW3AE

wife 3 Years
billion THE FIRST PLANT#
WpAGO, SOME LUCKY I
CELL DISCOVERED
CMLOPOPMyLL. WHEN f^eD.-CoOGH-..
EXPOSED TO THE 5UN,THlS I PO|J*T THIN* I
CAHWOUP OUT
GREEN CHEMICAL HELPED I MUCH '

BUILD TISSUE OUT OF THE AG^N5TfH65e

SIMPLEST POSSIBLE FOODS; I GUI .. •
j

CARBON P/OWE AND \

WATBR. Having an almost

UNLIMITED LARDER,
THE CELL AND ITS CHLORO-
PHYLL-BEARIN6 DESCEND-
ANTS DIP WELL-.
10.
 AS THE ALGAE ATE,
THIS/ GAN/E OFF THE
Jt STOPS
/vME'pe
PEOTPoVlHGr FIRST PURE OK/SEN.
V^TME ENW RONMEKT r
I . OXYGEN RUSTEP METALS,
TlJFNED AMMONIA AMP
methane to nitrogen
AN p carbon DIOXIDE,
AND FORMED AN
OZONE LAVER IN THE
UPPER ATMOSPHERE
WH'CH SCPEENEP OUT
COSMIC RAYS...

THE PLANTS FAIO FOR THIS POLLUTION NEW CELLS EVOLVED WHICH
:

B&EATHEP OXYGEN ANP ATE PLANTS —THE FIRST ANIMALSfT

THE Fl*5T FPEE W)E5Pire 3 BILLION YEARS OF PROGRESS,

OXYGEN CAME FROM
U MOST PLANTS STILL LIVE IN THE OCEAN.
PLANT5.ANOT0PAY
WE^TILL RELY ON
EVEN NOW, MORE THAN 3A|
OF THE WORLP © FPE5H
1
^ <

PLANTS TO MAINTAIN \ OXYGEN COMES FROM |1

THE OXYGEN CONTENT OF THE £ ONE CEUH? MARINE
AIE \MF RRFATWP r plants calls? plauktoh.
Y THIS IS A GOOD REASON
^ FOR SAVING THE SEAS ' LOOK
OUT/

II
V'3^A'
SOME CELLS
POP EFFICIENCY,
BEGAN SPECIAUZJ/JG in
eating, piGESfiON, SEEING,
COOPPINATON, Op PEPPOOUCTOM

BZAJNSr
WHAT'S A WO{?M
WOPLP
BEFOBE LONG, THE T07^VAT^
HAP WORMS? WITH
BRA/fiJS”
 , ]

1
SINCE THE TIME OF THE AU3££,
ORGANI5MS HAVE COMPETED FROM THE VERV
FOP RESOURCES, BUT
BEGINNING OF LIFE, OHE 1
DON'T GET THE IDEA THAT OF THE MOST SUCCESSFUL
EVOLUTION 15 A S|MPL£ SURVIVAL STRATEGIES 4
fcft£OF all against ALL,
,

HA^ E^EH M
INWHICH "THE WEAN PERISH
ANP ONLV THE STRONG
CO<P&2AVON-r -'
J
survive r NOrs.

REST OF AUU.PlFFERENT STRANDS OF It is believed that modern cells,

nucleicAGP hapt&tfaaa UP INTO \AJHlCH ARE HIGHLT CO/aPLEX,
CHROMOSOMES To STORE ALL THE INFOR- EVOLVED FROfACO-OPSRAT/S/S’
MATION NEEDED TD RUN A LIVING CELL. ARRANGEMENTS AMON G EARLIER,
SIMPLER CELLS..
HOVWT GOIN T ive seen Worried
AT TOOK EW> OF
TuePRDTOPlA^NV?
about losing mv^S
MJ>/<//OLJAU7ySfHB'tr\
<^---nr> ^''it's Too
sgSTV/ %, -» f UATf NOW,
jack.*-

r
OUR OWN CELLS THEN, SINGLE CELLS COLLABORATED
CARRY MVSTERlOUS TO /MAKE THE HIGHER LIFE FORMS, AND
Little globs
I NEVER KNOW AS FOR THE HIGHER LIFE FORMS—
TAKING MT
IF I'M
WELL, HAVEN'T YOU HEARD OF <
called A//7t?. MITOCHONDRIA
CHONpRjA pop A WALK OR
,
The BEES and the flowers ?.pa
VICE VERSA... ON WITH
WHICH HAVE
Their own THEGI&R)/*)
genetic
material.

13
 [
nte millions of vears,
L* ALL LIFE REPRODUCER
ASBKUAUi, &i SIMPLY
PIVIPIMG IN HALF.

NOW SUPPOSE TrtZ&V/ftCfj. ^ A56XUAW AU.

TASTE THP SAMATO°
MEHTCHAH66P* sav a new
PRERApOP CAME ALONG.
Our ASEXUALS, being
ALL ALIKE, WERE ALL
BOUALL'/ LIABLE TO
BB/C/UBP. IF A FEW OF
THEM hap BEEN tougher
OP FASTER, TUrf MIGHT
HAVE ESCAPED To PROPA-
GATE THE SPECIES.

ARE A
CLEARL-V, IblDnJlOUAL PiFF£*£f*C£S
goop thing -and thats where 53c comes in-.
H.
 .

SEX HAS PFFN AROUND A LOT LONGER THAN

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION— EVER SINCE THE FIRST
L\&. 15 A GBHBTlC TWO STRANDS OF NUCLEIC ACID GOT CL OSS
V) mj of cpeatihg
ENOUGH TO FORM A CHROMOSOME AND 50MED41HG
DIFFERENT
*^AMP TPAM5/AITTISG
INDIVIDUAL PIFFEPEf^CBs)

WITHIN A POPU
UTION..
ALSO A WAY
To seu- COMIC
BOOMS/

IN FACT,OF* ORIGINALLY { I'M ONLY DOING

WAS JUST THE OPPOSTfS
OF reproduction .

REPRODUCTION MEANT ONE BE AN IMPROVEMENT

CELL SPLITTING IN TWO, BUT
SEX’ MEANT TWO CELLS
JDpi/NG FOR A while to
play With each others'
GENES. SEX PELAVEP
reproduction.';'

BACTERIA, The EXPERIMENT TWO STRAINS OP AFTER A TIME ALL THE GONOCOCCI
}

l
y TINIER THAN
the Smallest
THE GONORRHEA- CAUSING BAC-
TERIUM GONOCOCCUS, ONE
COliLP RESIST PENICILLIN. IT TURNED
OUT THE BACTERIA HAP PAIRED OFF;
CELL, ARE RESISTANT TO PENICILLIN AMP AND THE RESISTANT ONES HAP
THEMSELVES LIKE A THE OTHER NOT, WERE COMBINED MOOtFfEp THE QENES OP THE
FOOTNOTE TO LIFE. '/ET IN A PISH. OTHERS — A SMALL BUT
SCIENTISTS HAVE PECENTuf SOPHISTICATED ACT OF SEX//
DISCOVERED THAT BACTERIA,
TOO, CAN HAVE SEX
 Some cell, instead of
DIVIDING INTO TWO REGULAR

3
Vk
EXUAL
RErpoudcr/oU,
CELLS, SPLIT INTO
HALP.rpfLLG. TALLED
THE REGULAR
U5E0F5EX INTME
REPRODUCTIVE
PROCESS, EEGAtf
AS A PEfiVERSk. W
OF ORDINARY
REPRODUCTION-
WHO t<M0W5 WHY?
I WAftUMpC?)
A. U>T Of (
5Tpe5s,«6e,
ANP

anpthat was it-

Yes, ey splitting
INTO GAMETES ANP
recombining, the
CELL HAP FOUND A
WAY TD fiEPPOPUCe
amp shuffle ns
SEMES at the Same time.
16.
;ssS^*®2
IffgjSSS

so'/ou 6efc-eK,uM"
SGG9 MP SPERM—
HK MCE HOMO—AfTE I

TUST 04At£7E3,AMt>-
OH.WHV POUT OUST l

5401V /<*/. Mr
-INARTICULATE ,

MACHIOPOP.W

TWO: SEX ALLOWED THE NOT TONIGHT, MONET/ TM

DEVELOPMENT OF THE GOlN’ DOWN tdthe FERN J
HIGHER ORGWSMS. bar with the \

-AM-DEVSlOPMV J
ASEXUAL. CREATURES O
ENSURE SURVIVAL BV ft ?
BREEDING LIKE CRAiy./VX
SEXUAL BEINGS WAVE
MORE LEISURE
TO DEVELOP

FOUR: SEX CREATED THE NEED FOR

HATURAL PCATH- WHEN AN ASEXUAL f
AMOEBA DIVIDES, its individual life
BECOMES TWO NEW ONES— UNUKE
SEXUAL BEINGS, WHICH HAVE TO BE
”
CLEARER AWA/
‘
FOR THE NEW
GENE
x
Xv' Jr '1/V-

// *
J

yy 17.
 MODERN TIMES THAW4 ? PAon.'MO
setups peau-T
SINCE IHEN.ThE FfcSSIU
pecopp has BeeM
COMPUETE ENOUGH To
PUfZA- Vears BEGAN to FW0UP15K PERMIT THIS CLASSIFICATION
TlOM AGO ABOUT too MIUUON
l&f&fiGOrj of the earth's "pecent
MgtVVr^ (millions)
HiSToPVr _
QUATERNARY
|N TM* W*J*0*aT maMMAL

ILA
wt OF Ati
3-
$i

m
*t

RV,|
%
TERTIARY
V*SWO MAMMM-5
65

68 -
1^1

cretaceous 72
T WE* Vff.TNft FWOHCRS

M»-
jMt
m ^
JURASSIC
AMO MONTY
Blgpy
6?
205 -
^
S TRlASS/C 25
TlHi MAMMAi-5
230-

PERMIAN
weep RerriLg5
55
285-

CARBONIFEROUS 65
TV* FUTURE 15 OOAL BtA^K

350-

PEVON/AN
FI5M NO
6o
A POP***

r«»
* 470-
5 SILURIAN
M •H» I
OM TmCMACH
20
V30-

2 il
ORPOWC/AN 1*
70
“NO FWIN'

500

CAMBRIAN
» WAW /00
UFT

600 SpONGRS
£ CORAL*
PRg- CAMBRIA A) TIMC LASTED ^ BILLION ^PAC6
IB
 '

.CAmBRX^N BEGAN
AFTER AH ICE AGP. MOUHTAlM-PUILDlMG HAP
,
- CAUSING
FOOC>
COMPETITION FOR
AMP SPACE TO INCREASE*
RAISEP THE LAMP ANP GLACIERS HAP SOAKEP

WHEN THE ICE MEUTEP, AHP SHALLOW SEAS

AGAIN FLOODED THE LOWAANDS, PRACTICALLY
THE WHOLE A9EAPIUAA HAD UMY PI-ATCS OR

The crown of Cambrian

CREATION was the
TR/LO&TF, WHOSE PLENTIFUL
FOS6IL6 Voo CAN BUY
TOPAY IN MUSEUM GIFT
shops. These 3-lobep
BOTTOM -P WELLERS, WITH
THEIR GREAT VARIETY,
FLEXIBLE ARMOR, GOOP
E/E5,AHP WIUlNGNR^
TO EAT ANY SORT OF
MUCK, SEEMED
AOAPTAPLB Enough
1b LAST FOREVER
AND YET
 !

OKPCtylcxAr*—
ALREADY PROPUCEP
WAS A. CHANGE WHICH
A small, soft
WOPMT ANIMAL
PBGAN To DEVELOP
lb Put tri loeites out op the sw/m— AN INTERNAL
ANP IT WASN'T THIS GIANT SHELL -SQUID (who
stiffening pop
CALLED A
wrocozP
PUNNING
ALONG ITS
central nfrve-

THE NOTOCORD / THE ANIMAL HAP NO BONES, NO TAWS,

EVDL-VEP INTO
AND NO TEETH, ^ET IT WAS THE
FIRST VERTEBRATE, ALMOST A FISH'
A FLEXIBLE
sequence
of cartilage
UNITS, WHICH
PROTECTED
THE CENTRAL
nervous system
WITHOUT ANV
cumbersome
ARMOR.

20
 BS/OU/IKG SUPFglOP PPMMS, P^CK-
B-y

POME5, PIPS', SKUUUS-, ^CAl^S, “SFeeX?

AMP - OF COUP5F— "THE Fl-en
SUPVIVEP AMP THPNEP. THF

pbvoktak
CAUUH> THE AGP OFp&HPS.

The FIRST FISH LACKED JAW5, AND EXACTLY HOW TAWS

)
TODAY TWO SPECIES OF JAWLESS EVOLVED IS NOT KNOWN.
•/ P5H SURVIVE: THE EARLY FISH JAWS ARE
X PARASITIC HAQF/SH MADE UP OF SEVERAL
AMP LA/MPREyS. BON'i PIECES, EACH
APPARENTLY SECRETED
ALONG A NERVE

l-AMPREy
MOUTH

^ THEY'RE THE ”
mammals the taw
In “HAMMER AND
mas become one OF OUR INNER EAR,
BONE, BUT TWO TINY KEY TO BFFCiENr
CHIPS REMAIN SEPARATE, MAMMALIAN
IN A NEW ROLE.

14 .
 Competition in the A& USUAL, flLAfitTS LEP THEtP PECAYlMG
SEA WAS GETTING THE \NAi. PUPlNG THE remains slowlv
SO INTENSE THAT OPPOVlClAN AMP PUILT UP A
EVEN UFEO^LAhlP silupian,the algae LAfEp OF
SfAPTEP TO UOOK EEGAN CPEEPING ONTO GOOP -SOIL,
GOOP. THE PEACH... AMP A NEW
GENEPATlONl
OFLANP
PLANTS
TOOKPOOT
IN THf
GPAVES OF*
Their
ancestors.

22 .
Some daring fish began wriggling THE ONES THAT SURVIVED WERE
OUT OF THE WATER IN SEARCH OF THE ONES BEST ABLE TO WP/GGLE
foop op GLopy— BACK'

SO NATURE selected
IN FAVOR OF A STRONG
SET OF FINS... WHICH
GRAPUAUT EVOLVED
INTO LEGS. FOP
breathing purposes
THE LAND-FISH
adapted its air
BLAPPEP, O0GINAU-1
USED IN THE WATER
FOR EUOyANCy, INTO
LUNGE...

iVTV7HiLE we usually think op a What accounts for

Wl UINGF15M AS THE. FIRST ANIMAL the BUGS' SPECTACULAR
OW OF WATER, THE TRUE PIONEERS success (ove* $00,000
WERE THE BUGS ( INSECTS, MILLIPEDES, living species)
(S, AMONG OTHER
THINGS, A
WIU-INGAESS TO
EAT ANYTHING,
INCLUDING OTHER
BUGS...
/

2S.
™ Qs^BOn^FERouS
IS NAMEP FOP COAL, THE EVENTUAL BV-PPOPUCT
When a male amphibian
SPOTTEP A LIKELY
FEMALE, HE WENT INTO
OF THE F0PEST5 WHERE ICHTHVOSTEGA'S CHILPPEN A SONG ANP PANCF.
LIVEP THBP SEMI-FI5HV LIVES. ESPECIALLY
FI5HV WERE THEIR S/ZX LIVES. CONSIPER:

©HE 5U3NALLEP ACCEPTANCE BV ...ANP LEFT THE REST TO HIM-

LAVING A HUGE NUMBER Op 50FT, THEV NEVER EVEN TOUCHEPff
SHELL* LESS EGGS IN THE WATER...

HATCHEP, ANP ANOTHER

I'HEV
generation of amphibians
BEGAN ITS AUSEEABLE
EXISTENCE...
 f
ik \ HBR SPXUAL One thing led To
yi HADIT5 WPPE another •••

KEEPING THE
AMPHIBIANS IN
maybe if t
CLIME UP HERE-
THE water, BUT
HOW TO LA*/ EG$S
OMPRi LANO?
A PROTECTIVE
WOULPBE
NEEDED, EOT
Then how could
THE EGGS PE
FERTtUZEP??
J*>PCLCis?

...AND SOON, THE/ LEAPNEP ID FERTILIZE THE EGGS THEIR HARP-SHELLED

BEFORE THEY WERE LAID -A METHOD WHICH EGGS COULD PE LAID
HASN'T PEEN IMPROVED IN BOO MILLION YEARS.' ANYWHERE, AND THESE
AMPHIBIANS WERE NOW
PO/AANT'C REPTILES

In the evolution of sex, no in manv species. The male courts the female WITHi

^ANIAAAlS have ACQUIRED MORE A GIFT OF SOMETHING TASTV, LIKE A DEAD FLy OR
EIZ.AREE HAEITS THAN THE INSECTS
'
ALMOST ALL PEES, FOP EXAMPLE, ARE
FEMALE, ANP AT SEASON'5 ENP THEV DRIVE
THE MALES FROM THE HIVE.

H
PRATING MANT1SES /AA/ HAVE AnP SPEAKING OF MITBS, TERMITES FORM STABLE
this RITUAL A MITE TOO MARRIAGES THAT CAN LAST FOR YEARS/
AG THE FEMALE- EATS PLT KNOWS
THE MALE HJMSBLF
after the ACT.
 PUPIMG MAH’/
REPTILES BECAME EXPERT SUM- BATHERS, CATCHING
another problem THE RATS WITH SPECIALLY DESK3MEP SOLAR
FACEP BV REPTILES COLLECTORS, THEN RETREATING TO SHAPE
WA* REGULATING
\ WH£H THEY’P hap enough.
BOPY HEAT,
THIS 15 HARPER
OH LAND, WHERE
TEMPERATURES
FLUCTUATE MORE
THAN IN THE WATER-

THISWORKED FINE AS LONG AS

THE SUN WAS OUT ANP THE
WEATHER WAS WARM...

THIS MEANT THERAFSIPS HAOtDLXT MORE THAN

MEANWHILE, IM ORDINARY REPTILES.
COOL PERMIAN
SOUTH AFRICA,
OTHER REPTILES,
THE THERAPS/PS,
WERE LEARNING
To GENERATE
HEAT iNTBZRALtH,
BY BURNING THEIR
FOOD FASTER...

26
 Tb GATHER THEIR POOQ MORE ACTIVELY, THERAFSIPS FOR MORE EFFICIENT
GAVE UP THE SLITHERING GNT OF THE L17ARPS PROCESSING THEIR
,

IN FAVOR OF A MORE UPRIGHT STANCE. TEETH PIVERSIFIEP

INTO CUTTERS ANP
GRINPERS...

AC4/£ PROBABLY BECAUSE OF THEIR STRUCTURE, TEETH, ANP PROB-

startep A5 thepapsip ABLE HAIR, THE THERAPSIPO ARE ALSO KNOWN AS
5IPE-WHI5KERS, USEP /H4/M/M4A -LIKE REPTILES.
TO BCTENP THE SENSE
OF TOUCH, ANP THEN
5PREAP OVER THE
BOPY LATER, AS A
WAY TO KEEP WARM.

THE PISE OF THE MAMMAL LIKE REPTILES

- IN THE SEA., THE LAST TR|lO»TES
MARKEP A GPEAT EPISOPE OF BXTHCnOH- PIEP OUT, WHILE OH LAMP 4//^-/ *
THE FIRST OF THREE IN EARTH HISTOfZ* MAW/ PRIMITIVE AMPHIB- A LETHAL PUNi
'*2 PONT EVEr/BOCT, IAN'S CROAt<ECL

THFSECSH£> FP160PF OF MA5S PFATH GAME 160 ANP THE 7WW IS NOW, A-. NOPE WE CAN
MILLION VFAI25 LAT^P, WITH THE EXTINCTION OF THE WF KUMAN5 WlPF OUT
OtNOSAURS (about WHICH MOPe LATFPV THE WIlPLIFe.

27
 (T)eSCENPEP FROM
18 THE PAPL-i THERApSIPS W<AQUATIC REPTILES'
FACEP THEIR nPST REAL COMPETITION, SPEEDy WHOSE LONG HINT
LITTLE FIPEPS CALLEP TH0COPOMTS. LESS WERE APAPTfeT
FORGWlMMlNG,
thecopoNts fbuNP
LONG LEGS TD PC
HANPy ON LAMP,
Toot
( oug-FAMlLT
/ Will aaakc
GtAHT STtobes!

(§W
EARTH
TWICE IN
HlSTORV
HA5 A QUADRUPEP
5T00P Lip ON TWO
LEGS, ANp BOTH
T/AAES THE EX-
PERIMENT WAS
A FANTASTIC
SUCCESS (FOR
The animal that
TRlEP IT, ANTWA/)...

ANP LARGER-
W
nflNABLE TO COMPETE
WITH SUCH
/VON5TERS, THE
LARGER THEPAPSIP5
PIET OUT. ONLy
A FEW VPRy
SMALL T/PES
survivep to
evolve INTO THE
FIRST MAMMALS.
nmmga*.

2a
 H&i wz&sssg '

-agerr

FOR 130 MILLION YEARS 1

THE TINi MAMMALS "

WERE KEPT DOWN J*Y

THE THECODONTS' (

GIANT DESCENDANTS—
OTHERWISE KNOWN AS J
THE P/NOSAURS'r' \

EVERYONE STILL
TINV DOWN THERE?

THUS, WHEN THS THBOPV OF

B/oumoN WAS finally
ANNOUNCE IN 1099, PIN0SAUK6
WEPF USEp AS AN ARGUMENT
aga/Nst rr/r

»1 lT* SIMPLE, REALLY.' *^lfi

N0THINGAg0l£^£)CT(HCT5PrciE5: ,
I WHEN NQAH 5AILEP, THE ( If
f gop i5 razFecr; THEperoge DINOSAURS MISSED
|
HE WOULDN'T CgE^TE ANWING rTHE BCAT' HGZ2SBSB
, HP PIPNT INTENP TO U5P,
'
TfEPEFOPE TMie P0E5NT £KlST/\

IMPECCABLE
V UGlC
 DINOSAUR COUSINS INVADED THE AIR AND THE SEA. fnepoDAcry*-

HAD TD RETURN ID ALL FOURS.

BpoHTO^AUpU^ PlPUOPOCDS 5TBGO^AURU5

BR^CH 105AURIS*5

50 .
 :

BECAUSE SRONTOSAUPS OFTEN WALKED IN MDP, THE'/ LEFT BEHIND

FOSSIL FOOTPRINTS* WHICH HAVE GIVEN US GLIMPSES OfACTUAL
EPISODES OF BRONTOSAURI AN LIFE. HERE APE THREE:
BRONTOSAURUS FLEEING ALLOSAURUS: (AT A WEIGHT UPWARP
OF 30 TONS, BPONTTS TOP SPEED WAS ONU/ 42

r A MIGRATING HERD OF Z3 BRONTOSAURS

SI
AMP AFTERWARPS, THE PP0NT05AUP5
A/SC/C/NGf
II4VENTEP
ags^- ~ /^* pvyo
4r7^>
MBS (ffe?l THE EARTH
££& n <K Move? ^
 STHONEV-TONS,
& THAT WAS
)
5 —
V^CoFT/FFFTAL
-t DRIFT? t—

y *

n is?

TtXW/.TME COHT/NEHTAL Pfi/PT CONTlMUES AS NORTH AMERICA IS RIDING A WESTWARD BOW. IN

HEAT, RISING FROM INSIDE THE EAWH, MAKES THE CALIFORNIA IT PUNS INTO A CONTRARV FLOW. THE'
SOLID ROCK RESULT. EARTHQUAKES?

V>.
 THE CPOWPED CRBTkcE°OS *“'^7 WAS THE HEIGHT
OF THE PtNOSAOP ERA. IN THIS SCENE, THE GIANT T'/RAfJ/JO^AURUS
PEA r/E5 ‘Xm-PUCKB/US WHILE HIS COUSIN GOPGOSAURUS FLEE5
-

FROM A RAMPAGING HEW? OF TRICEPAfOPS. SPECTATORS INCLUDE

TWO ARMORED AHh^L OEA URS, AM AlRBO’PNE PTEPANOPON, ANP SOME
DISTANT T'TXNOSAURS. STPUTP/OM/MUS ("OOTPicH-AAiMiC*)
IGNORES THE WHOLE SITUATION/
-

34
.
THE VEGETATION BEGINS TO LOOK MODERN A5 BROAPLEAF TK^ES ANP GRASS
,

APPEAR POP THE FIRST TIME. SOME PLANTS APE DEVELOPING FIOWSFS, TO
LURE THE NEWLV -EVOLVED BESS, WHO WILL BE U6EP To CAPPy POLLEN
TO OTHER FLOWERS FOR PURPOSES OF PLANT 6E*. A FEW LARGE &RDS
HAVE ALSO APPEARED. |-1miTii - n -mi m
,
SUPPENlV, AROUND 70 MILLION YEARS IN THE OCEAN, ENTIRE POPULATIONS
AGO, FOP REASONS THAT APE STILL Op ONE -CELLED PLANKTON PERISHED,
UNCLgAR.THE WORLD COOLED RAPIDLY setting 0?? ECOLOGICAL
CATASTROPHE.

On land the devastation was equally THE UNDERNOURISHED

WIDESPREAD- AS PLANTS DIED OUT, All dinosaurs, like fdisonep
ANIMALS BEGAN TO SUFFER, ESPECIALLY birds, laip eggs with
the giants. thinner and thinner
SHELLS. THE EMBRYOS,
unable to draw enough
CALCIUM FW THEIR EGG-
SHELLS TO DEVELOP PONES,
WERE TOO WEAK TO
HATCH...
 AFTFP 1?0 MILLION VEAR5 OF POMlNANC£>
THE PINC>5AUt*S MAP FINALLY LEFT THE
WOPW? TO THEIP OLP COMPETITOR'S. THE
T/A/V MAMMALS

THF DISAPPEAR THE LATEST EXPLANATION SUG put as the pebate goes on,
Wsl>\ IANC^OPTH^
'*) ^
GESTS THEY WERE DONE IN BY A PINOSAUR FANS, REMEMBER:
ONW THE B/& ONES PtEP OUT.
v<S/
PfAK>5AU/*$
HAS GIVFN
SUPEPPOVA IN OUTER SPACE.
THE intense RAPIAT10N, HAEM THE.S/MAZ. PINOSAUKS, WHICH
s^L
TO MANV THEO&BS, FUL IN ITSELF, WOULD ALSO SPROUTED <V//^S5, APE STILL
SOME OF WHICH DO NOT TAKE PlSROPT THE WORLDS Cl/MAJE —
with us as Biftosrr
ALU THE FACTS fKTO ACCOUNT. CAUSING THC SUPPEN COOLING
EV/IPENT IN THE F&SSIL RECORD
/^CLEAftCft
WPPF ALLEP6IC TO T COLLEAGUE,
N£Wl>/ -^VOLVEP *\TlNV MAMMALS
FTAHT5, 5A/BEZEP) ATE TMBp
TH^ASFlVFS TO j|^ W/ —
PPATH ' WY&e THfY
wiro iw® i?
TiNV bpajn^
wrrw DwJoSAUR
Gc*uc$r
 .

uheASE ofMAMMALSll^
mfrwum
EPOCHS OP THE THE TINY MAMMALS SCURRIED OUT OF THE ">
TfRTrARy PER/OP SHADOWS, PAQf4G TO TAKE THE PLACES
(0TP ? 10; VACATED Wj THE PlNoSAUKS

PUOCERE /f ./a
fO
N'OCERE tz
%0
OUQOCERE n
EOCENE 21
'
PMEOCERE
r68

OTHERS CHASEP INSECTS

INTO THE A/R.

GO
LlMPEP
6B0UNR
FFW>.'

SOME WENT fop THE/2./I///S POPPING

,
THE ft FOOT “TERROR CRANE" PIRORNiS.

STILL OTHERS DEVELOPED A TASTE ...WHILE our ancestors, the

FOP- FISH ANP TRIED TO S1A//M. PR/MATES, Just stayed in
THE TREES, WHERE THEy HAD
ALWAYS PEEN .'
-ER- M*
WHAT3
TuepUSH?

WOULD VOU PlEASF

Aa?WWAf*P«TOP
5CAKV4Q THE FHH ?
»
 BV THE EOCENE EfOCH, MAMMALS
WERE? NO LONGER TlNl- HERE
WE 5 EE UINTXTdBRtUM, 7 FEET TALL AT THE- 5HOULPER, ZEUSLOPON.

Ml A I EXACTLY HOW since hewing it> fp/ would BE THE ANSWER SEEMS TO BE
A WING HAS
M oic l
IS SOMETHING
OF A MYSTERY-
EVOLVED FATAL, ITS HARP TO SEE HOW A
HALF-WlNGEP ANIMAL QXJLP
LlVETOREPPOPUCe. AND SET-.
THAT HALF
SOME OTHER FUNCTION, LIKE
SNAGGING BUGS, ANP ONLY
The problem is that LATER IS USEP FOR FLIGHT.
Parte/- evolved wings are
useless for flying.”
wvsv/jNmk

39
SO AAANi oeuc/ous
species were now
EVOLVING, THAT
MAMMALS BEGAN
EATINGBACH OTHER.
THE EAFLlEST MAMMAL
MEAT- EATERS, THE
CRUPE CREOPONTS,
WERE PUSHED ASlPE
mope iHrtLusetfr
TVPES,WH0 QUICKLY
became the RoyALry
OF NATURE.

THE PREY THAT GOT AWA^ WERE THE ^*$7“ ONES — EARLY HORSES, PK3S,
ANTELOPE5, ANP LITTLE RUNNING RHINOS.
41
MANY MOPeRN WHAIBS
WV&XPH/AJS APPEARED
INTHE 5EAS OF THE
A1/OCENE EPOCH. BIGGER
THAN BALUCHlTHEFILAM,
BIGGER THAN ANY PIN05AER
WHALES APE THE BIGGEST
ANIMALS IN EARTH HIS-
TORY — AND THE
B#A/Ntesrr
 OUTSIDE THE MAM
MALIAN MAINSTREAM,
IN ISOUTEP SPOTS
LIKE AUSTRALIA,
THE PRIMITIVE TYPES KNOWN AS
MARSUPIAL* AMP MOMOTREMES
EVOLVED. THE MAIN MONOTREME
15 THR DOCK-BILLED PLATYPUS,
WHICH LAYS EGGS
MARSUPIALS —KANGAROO 5, WOM WHILE MOST MARSUPIALS AR£T
PAT'S. PTC- — GIVE S1RTH TO A NOW ENDANGERED SPECIES, ONE,
halfpormbd embryo THE OPOSSUM, STILL THRIVES,
WHICH THRY CARRY AROUND IN UNCHANGED AFTER AO MILLION
A -SPECIAL POUCH UNTIL IT'S 'YEW5T ITS SURVIVAL 5ECPET 15
READY TOGO- cowardice:
Jfs OM PLAY/WG possum
PUT WHO CAN
STOMACH SUCH
A WiMP?J
 EAN WHILE, BACK IN THE TREES, THE PR/AtATES STILL. L1VEP AS C
'
THEY HAP SINCE THE PA/S OF THE PlNOSAURS. v ,jt

PRIMITIVE PRIMATES RESEMBLE

SQUIRRELS, BUT FOR SOME vfc^tt
REASON SQUIRRELS PlPNT
EVOLVE INTO HUMANS- |

ONE REASON MAT BE THAT

PRIMATES HAVE TOENAILS,
INSTEAP OF CLAWS, SO THEY
ARE FDRCEP TO GRA$P - :

THE BRANCH. ^

‘*r/*§*
ANOTHER IS THAT
PRIMATES EAT BOGS - i
MANY HUNTERS
SO, LIKE ;

THEY PEVELOPEP t
STEREO WS/ON, WITH 5
BOTH EYES RACING FRONT. ,
THE EARLIEST APES HAP FAIRLY PUT APES PI5C0VEREPA MEM WAY
SHORT ARMS AMP LONG LEGS, TO GET AROUMP THE TPEETOPS’-
LIKE OTHER ANIMALS. "PPACHIATlOM “-OR SUM/&NG'

THIS MATURAU-YLEP7D LONGER THE MfOCENB, SEVERAL APES

&•/

ARMS, SHORTER THUMBS, AMP HAP EVOLVED PROPL tOP/MECOS,

»

SHORTER LEGS. the most expert swinger, ancest&r

"
AMD MY OF THE GIBBON
YOU APE SUCH A
I

SWINGER YOU BIG

sb APE.'
-

ran

45
 P
/A NP 50 \NE COME TO THE PLACIP Pl/OCENB, CLIMAX OF THE AGE
OF MAMMALS. PORING THE PLIOCENE THE MIOCENE JUGGLES
,

RECEPEP, Giv/NG WAV TO VAST PLAINS COVERED WITH HERPS

OF ANTELOPES, 3 TOEP HORSES, CAMELS, GIRAFFES, RHINOS, AND
MASTODON 5. PLIOCENE CARNIVORES INCLUPEP SABER TOOTHE
CATS, POGS, ‘TOG - BEARS" anp hvenas.
as the savannah encrcwchep on their forest home, some of
THE Pft/MATES WERE FlNAU-V FORCED OUT OF THE TREES. A
©ROUP OF PLIOCENE MONKEYS TOOK TO THE PLAIN5 AND EVOLVED
Into BABOONS' OF THE APES, ONLV BAMAP/THBCUS STEPPED
ONTO THE STEPPE, AT FIRST MAKING SHORT FORAVS FDR POOP,
BUT GRAPUALLV STAVING LONGER AND LONGER. £•/ THE ENP OF THE
EPOCH, THIS PRIMATE WALKED UPRlGBT OA TWO LB&S, AND WAS
ADAPTED (MORE OR LESS) TO LIFE ON THE GROUND.

*47
.
 \ . —
IF YOU still. wave:
ftTHE ENERGY TO READ
more on the subject;
I RECOMMEND THE FOLLOWING J

books: ^

ESSENTIALS OF EARTH HISTORY

ASTRONOMY ANp COSMO - vV.
v
BV W. LEE STOKES. READABLE $ COMPRE
Z.CX?X A modernCOURSE hensve. GOOD ON ORIGIN OF life, too.
BY FRED HOYLE. FRED HAS
FINALLY
^
COME AROUND ON
THC BIG BANG. ALSO HAS INFO
- ^
1°
PHYSICS OF THE EARTH
RFPRF9ENTS THE VIEWPOINT
REPRESENTS
fnASKELL.
(3ASKELL, VlEWPblNT
, &y t.p. ^
ON DN-A $ GENETIC CODE Cf > OF THE OIL CARTEL .

A/ff'tV FRONTIERS IN ASTRONOMY HISTORICAL GEOLOG/, BY CARL

A SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN COLLECTION. DUNBAR MOPE THAN SOU EVER
NOT ALL HEAVY GOING ,ANP SOME WANTED TO KNOW ABOUT
GREAT PICTURE'S-
m
,

igneous SCHIST. ,
IN QUESTof QUASARS bvb.bova J
"
7Wt FIRST THRU MRMJTmS
BY STEPHEN WEINBERG. TITLE
TELLS IT ALL
XN
FOSSILS, BY RHODES, ZIM t SCHAFFER ,
. THE ECONOMY OF nature
POCKET- SIZED AND COLORFUL -
AAtf> EVOLUTION OF SEX
BY M-T GH15ELJN Aw AMAZING
tn£ fossil rook, by cl. anp
.

BoOKf PkSHT-WlNG,CRANKV
M-A. PENTON. millions of and dense, but also witty,
MEDIOCRE DRAWINGS PROVOCATIVE, AND INFORMATIVE.
THE ORIGIN OF SP£CfES By y ///ill
CHARLES DARWIN THE AUTHOR TH£ REPRODUCTION Of rT
SHOWS PROMISE-
EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
LIFE &Y P-L lbhrman, is
,

A MORE ^Sy- GOING AND

^
BY STANLEY 5ALTME- 1 READ IT, elementary treatment
BUT CANT REMEMBER lT.r
I

THE LIVES OF A CELL ®Y ,

LEWIS THOMAS. METAPHYSICAL

mg on MITOCHONDRIA

PALEOZOIC RSNES
by TA- Moy 'THOMAS
REVISED BY R S. MILES. MJCietfr PLAMTSAMO THe
V
)
NOT MANY LAUGHS,
BUT SOME LOVELY
LINE DRAWINGS
P/OPLP THBi LIVEO IM
r, BY HENRY N. ANDREWS, JR.
*v w '

I A BEAUTIFULLY WRITTEN AND

•

illustrated Book by a fossil

fern enthusiast one of my a
//
/
favorites. J
DINOSAURS BY Edwin COLBERT
the standard WORK
dinosaur Renaissance THE AGE OF MAMMALS ^
ARTICLE IN APR, K)7Y, SCIENTIFIC BY BTbRN KURTEN. HE’S NO
AMERICAN, BY UPSTART THEORIST COLBERT, BUT NOT BAD.
ROBERT BAKKER., WHO MAKES
A STRONG CASE FOR — AHMMAts, BY THE TIME- LIFE
GOOD
PUBLISHING empire -

THE HOT-BiOOPEP /P *>»*•

PlHOSAURS &v Pfv. -ft

ADRIAN P6«MONC>
1

BY wE LeGROS CLARK.
covep5 all -me ifflJfc, IFYOU’VE EVER WONDERED
LATEST IN MESOZOIC HOW YOUR TEETH DIFFER
_ MONSTERS. FROM A GORILLA'S, THIS
BOOK WILL TELL YOU

NOW, IF YOU'LL EXCUSE

ME, I'M GOING TO REST
op ^VOLUME 2S
PLUS: NEANPERTMAL BURIALS, CRO-MAGNON CARTOONING, THE USE OF
religion,tnc firSt CITIES, TOTTERV, WEAVING, war,
fire; cannibalism,
t&VAAUCH, MUCH MORSST “Don't mjss it/'’ — kiaa ^tapuf/, amatcur thinker

cesmesm/imml^niPG^