‘opie: Conerete Whats the difference of standard mix concrete and designed mix concrete? General: = Concrete shall be a designed mix eonerete designed by the Contractor unless permitted by the Enginer. Standard mis concrete: = Concrete mix proportion stated in GS! to be used by the Contractor as standard mix concrete + The grade strength available includes 10,20, 25 and 30, Rarely used, less economic Designed mix concrete: + Concrete mix designed by the Contractor to achieve the specified grade strength and workability. = Compliance with the grade strength shall be ascertained withthe provisions stated in GS. 2 Whats the use of recycled water in mixing concrete? Reeycled water: + Basically, water for mixing eonerete and for euring concrete shall be clean ‘rsh water taken from the public supply ~Ttis now also accepted that reeycled water may be used for mixing concrete of grade strength less than 35MPa, Quality control of recycled water: = Recycled water used for mixing conerete shell have density Jess than 1010kg/m?, comparable setting time with control mix using fesh water, and shall only contain acceptable amount of chemical 3 What ae the general requirements for comerete mix (designed mix)? = Designed mix shall be used + Minimum slump shall be 25mm + The properties of different constituents (cement, PFA, aggregates, water and ‘admixtures in a conerete mix shall eomply with relevant BS. = The maximum chloride content (percentage relationship between chloride Xo WCra How See Emtec nos?Jon and cementitious content shall not be exceeded ~ Minimum cementitious content for concrete mix (Grade 20 or above) with 20mm nominal maximum aggregate size is stated in GS? = PEA used shall not exceed 35% of total cementitious content for normal 4. What kind of quality contro is adopted in concrete? + Chloride ion content shall be kept to minimum, = So, marine sand will not be acceptable for any reinforced concrete 5 Whats nines conraet cos = Nena mes pei 2m, <9 ak al Bed oom BS tt en 7 by mas pes a 1mm BS test sie, : : ies - — Not necessary to specify a strength for no-fines conerete Usage: = The compacted concrete shall have an open texture such that water is allowed to flow through the hardened concrete + Norfnes conerete shall be compacted using a minimum amount of punning, S. What particulars shall be checked fora concrete mix? Materials + For cement, PFA and aggregate, a certificate of not older than 6 months shall be submitted = For admixtures and curing compound, manufacturer's details and method of application, ec, as well asthe certificate shal be submited. = For reycled water, the results of test which is required in the Contract shall ‘be submitted, Concrete mix: Grading of agaregates, and mix proportion with due consideration for minor variations in grading sit content, etc = Workabilty before and afer he addition of superplasticiser, if any gue= Method af plsing concrete (by pump, by gravity, ts) = Method of soning the onerete temperate Any test or rial mix ata aviable forthe designed mix conrete ~ Any tes data availble for the designed mix concrete produced by the proposed plani(s)* = Ifthe above ts seconds are not avilable, Laboratory Mix Tals andlor Plant Tiss shal be cared out 6 Whats ready-mixed concrete? 7. What's the purpose of mix trial for concrete? Objectives: = To verify that the specified grade strength of a designed mix can be achieved by the proposed mix proportion (Laboratory Mix Trial) ~ To verify tha the designed mix with the proposed mix proportion can be produved by the proposed concrete plant (Plant Trial) Exempted conditions Trial mixes are not required for designed mix concrete of Grade 20 of below. + Iesimilar® test roords are available, no trials are required Plant Tals: + Using the proposed plants) and mix designs and constituents = ‘Slump tests and eube compressive tests shall be eatied out”, + Bither the slump values or the compressive strength of the test cubes shall ‘be of acceptable values and al lie within a specified range. Laboratory Mix Trials = Made in the Contractor's laboratory using the proposed mix designs and constituents + ‘Slump tests and cube compressive tests shall be caried out ~ _Bither the slump values or the compressive strength of the test cubes shall be of acceptable values and all lie within a specified range. 7 Roms ob peer et it rotten? | Salome mpesran ieee oe[Non-compliance of mis trial any test on workability or compressive strength of plant trial or laboratory teal conerete does not comply with the specified requirements, changes sll be made tothe conerete mix and further trials shall be caried ut ‘What should be noted in respect of placing concrete? General + No concreting shall be caried out without the permission of the Engineer. = Concrete shall be placed and compact within 2.5 hous of the introduction of cement tothe concrete mix = Trunking or chutes shall be used to place concrete with a height more than 27m. + Fresh concrete shall not be placed against concrete which has been in ‘positon for>30 minutes, ‘Tremie concrete: = Tremies used shall be watertight. = The lower end of the tremie shall be Kept immersed in the concrete to a depth ofat least Im = Self-compactin, free-flowing and cohesive Pumping concrete = Pipelines shall be lubricated by passing cement grout or concrete through th pipeline before the coneret is pumped. ‘The inital discharge of pumped concrete shall not be placed in the permanent work, ‘What should be noted in respect of compacting concrete? = Concrete shall be compacted by internal vibrators of suitable size, + Vibrators shall be used until the expulsion of ait has practically ceased, and to avoid segregation. = Concrete shall not be vibrated it hss been in positon for> 30 minutes = Nozfines concrete shal be compacted using a minimum amount of punning = Not all conerete is pumpable and the grading and quantity of the fine aggregate are particulsely important and the mix must be designed for pumping10. a How to carry out curing of concrete? Methods of caring + Apply Higuid curing compound = Cover the concrete surface with Hessian JRA = Cover he concrete surface with polyethylene sheting = For unformed surfces, the concrete shall be eured until it has hardened sulcenl Requirements for conerete curing = For unformed concrete surfaces, curing shall be applied after the concrete has been compacted and finished = For formed concrete surfaces, curing shall be applied after the formwork has been removed. + Polyethylene sheeting used shall have a nominal thickness of 0.125. + The minimum periods for the protection methods stated in GS shall be observe, ‘What testing shall be caried out on concrete? Materials: = Cement, PFA, ageregate, admixture, curing compound, recycled water = Types and methods of testing to be carried out shall be referred to GS, Workabiiy: = ‘Slump test shall be earied out in accordance with CS1 = One sample per each batch and two specimens for each samples. The average slump value (from two specimens) shall be within 25mm or 33% of the approved slump value, whichever is greater = Slump testi. good indication ofthe consistency of concrete + Slump test is caried out before superpastciser is added to ensure no excessive waters added. + Toohigh slump ~not used, excessive water? or wrong mix? = Too low slump ~ difficult to place and compact, too long time in truck Compressive strength Frequency of compressive test shall be accordance with GS. = Samples taken from elements of superstructure shall be 10 times more than2 foundation elements ~ Additional samples to obtain compressive strength at ages other than 28 visually impaired 2. How to desde the grade of concrete to be used ina design? (@) Forspecial design, eg, marine, water-retanin, et, has specifi requirements (© Balance between higher grade (smaller section) and cost (© Market available grading (ailor-made vs usual avalable) (@ Special care / treatment (eg. CSF, PFA) (@) Exposure Condition eg, BS8110 Part I Table 3. 3. Costof Concrete Common rage (by Franco: $500 10 $700 ‘Study Group agreed value $800 plus‘minus $100 Basic cost fom plant $400 to $600 (by Eva) China = $300 4. Substitution of Concrete ‘Sewage : FRP (fiberglass reinforced plastic) Structural: SteelSly Group Discussion on Concrete 09 Sept 2002___Seseay Leung Sa Ho Marine : Timber ‘Non-structural: Brie () Cracks: Thermal, Shrinkage, Flexural, Direct Tension, Plastic Settlement, AAR, ete. (©) Hooneyeombs / Voids (© Cold Joint (@ Insufficient cover (© Segregation Preventive Action (@) Cracks (1) Place sufficient reinforcement against cracking @) Well-graded aggregate ) Lower temperature (@) Proper curing (6) For AAR eracks, control Na-equvalent salt content in the mix (©) Honeycombs / Voids (2 Sufficient compaction: Poker vibrator / Exteral vibrator fr steel, formwork (2) Reinforcement should not be congested (© Caldsjoint (1) Proper arrangement of Constrction Joint (@) Proper sequence in casting concrete (@) Insufficient cover (1 Sulicient spacer (@) Frequent inspection (©) Segregation (1) Avoid over-compaction (@ Well-graded agarepate Sidectricked Question 1. What is the use of filter layer behind rubble-mount seawall? [Not for Drainage but for separation.Sul Group Discussion on Coser 0 Sept 2002 Sessa; Lev Si Ha 2, Why standard mix not commonly use? ‘Standard mix is too conservative. 3. Why kicker of Retaining Wall sat the point of greatest moment and shear? Kicker at there is unavoidable ‘Side-trcked information Theoretical min, fee water / cement rat Practically achievable w /< ratio= 0.23, Usual w fe ratio design range = 0.3 to 0.65 ‘Marine works w/e ratio= 0.38 igh stength concrete = 60 to 100 MPa Laboratory high strength concrete =200 MPa Usual grade of concrete = 30/20 or 40720 ‘Mass concrete Blinding of water-retaining structure (BS8007 requirement) = 20:20 Blinding ayer = 1020 Marine / Prestress concrete = 45/20 ‘Water-retaining structure = 35/20 oF 40/20 ‘Common concrete plant: 3, Pioneer, Ready-mix, "PHU, Anderson » Gace