 PHY 121

 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

Effects of Current &
Electromagnetic Induction
 Questions
 1.) What does the direction of thumb indicate in the
right-hand thumb rule?
 2.) Can two magnetic lines of force ever interact? Justify
your answer.
 3.) What will happen to magnetic field due to a
circular coil carrying electric current, if the number
of turns of the coil is doubled.
 4.) Why does a current carrying conductor
experiences a force when it is placed in a magnetic
field? State Fleming’s left hand rule.
 5. A current of 5A is flowing through a conductor
AB. Will the current be induced in the circular wire
of given radius 1m?
 Answers
1) Motion of the conductor.
2) No. Two magnetic lines of force never interact. If they did, it would
mean that at the point of intersection, the compass needle would point
towards two directions, which is not possible.

3) The magnetic field produced by a current-carrying wire at a given

point depends directly on the current passing through it. If the number of
turns in the circular coil is doubled, the field produced will also get
doubled

4) The current carrying conductor produce magnetic field. When this

conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force due to
mutual interaction of these two magnetic fields.
 Fleming's Left hand rule states, "When an electric current (I) flows in
a wire, and an external magnetic field (B) is applied across that flow,
the wire experiences a force (F) perpendicular both to that field and
to the direction of the current flow.“
 5) Since a steady current of 5A is flowing through the conductor, no
current or emf will be induced in the circular wire.
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC
CURRENT
 Theforce of attraction or repulsion in
and around a magnet is called
magnetism.

 Magnetite
or lodestone is an ore of iron
– the magnet that is found in nature.
When a magnet is cut into two parts
When a magnet is placed near a current carrying
conductor

When no current is
flowing through the circuit,
there is no deflection in
the magnetic compass.

When current flows

through the circuit, the
magnetic compass deflects.
Defining a magnetic field

Region around a magnet where its force can be felt

is known as the magnetic field.
Why does the iron fillings form pattern?
Due to the force exerted by the magnet, the iron
filings arrange themselves in patterns as shown
How is a magnetic field represented ?

Magnetic field is represented by

magnetic lines of forces (or) field lines.
 What are magnetic field lines ?

It is the path taken by a unit North pole

when placed in a magnetic field.
Magnetic field pattern due to a bar magnet
1. The field lines start from
N-pole and enter into the
S-pole.
2. No two lines will
intersect with each other.
3. Inside the magnet the
field lines move from S-N
pole.
4. The magnetic lines of
forces are crowded near
the pole.
If you bring iron filings or iron nails close to
a magnet, the filings or nails will get
attracted to the magnetic poles. The centre
of the magnet does not attract the filings or
the nails. Why ?

Because the magnetic lines of forces are

crowded near the poles.
How will you find the direction of the
magnetic field of a straight conductor
carrying current?
To determine the direction of the magnetic field
produced in a conductor carrying current
Right Hand Thumb Rule
Right Hand Thumb Rule

When a current carrying conductor is held in

the right hand,
so that the thumb is stretched along the
direction of the current,
then the fingers wrapped around the conductor
gives the direction of the magnetic field.
What happens when the direction of the
current through the conductor is
reversed?
Strength of the Magnetic Field

A stronger current will produce a stronger

magnetic field around the wire as shown
in Figure below.
 S. I unit: tesla, T

Magnetic Field Intensity Units

 The International System (SI) unit of field
intensity for magnetic fields is Tesla (T).

 One tesla (1 T) is defined as the field

intensity generating one newton of force
per ampere of current per meter of
conductor:
T = N · A-1 · m-1 = kg · s-2 · A-1
Magnetic field pattern due to a circular loop
carrying current
The magnetic field strength at the center of
a circular coil carrying current
(i) Increases when the
Current flowing
through the coil
increases.
(ii) Increases as the
Number of turns of
the coil increases.
(iii) decreases as the
radius of the coil
increases.
 A Solenoid

An insulated copper wire wound in the form

of a cylinder is called a solenoid.
A current carrying solenoid behaves as a
bar magnet.
Factors affecting the magnetic field strength
due to a current carrying solenoid

1. As the number of turns of the coil

increases, the magnetic field
strength also increases.
2. As the current flowing through the solenoid
increases , the magnetic field strength also
increases.
3. As a soft iron core is introduced in a
solenoid, the magnetic field strength also
increases.
Exercise
The magnetic field inside a long straight
solenoid- carrying current is
a) Zero b) decreases as we move towards
its end c) increases (d) same at all point
 Exercise 1

The magnetic field inside a long

straight solenoid- carrying current
is
a) Zero
b) decreases as we move towards
its end
c) Increases as we move towards its
end
d) Is same at all point
The Magnetic Field of the Earth
 The Earth behaves like a magnet with
the south magnetic pole A of the
magnet located near the geographic
north pole of the earth and the north
magnetic pole B near the geographic
south pole.

 However no real magnet could exist in

the earth’s interior as its magnetism
would have been destroyed by the high
temperature at the middle of the earth
Magnetic field for a long straight wire
 B = µo l/ 2πr
µo – is a constant called the permeability of
free space and its value is
µo = 4 π × 10-7 T.m/A

Magnetic field for a circular loops

 The magnitude of the magnetic field
produced by a circular loop of N turns, at
the centre of the loop, is given by the
expression:
 B = N µo I/ 2R ( Centre of circular loop of
radius R)
Magnetic field of a Solenoid
 B = µo (N/L) I =
 N/L = no of loops per length it can be
represented as n
 We then have B = µ0 nI
S.I unit is tesla, T.
Class Exercise 2
1. Determine the magnetic field
produced by the solenoid of length 80
cm having a 360 number of turns of
the coil and the current passing
through is 15 A.
Solution:
N = 360
Current I = 15 A
Permeability μo = 1.26 × 10−7 T/m
Length L = 0.8 m
The magnetic field in a solenoid formula
is given by, ….
Answer = B = 8.505 × 10−4 T

 Magnetic field inside a solenoid is nearly

uniform and aligned along the solenoid
axis.
 Magnetic field outside a solenoid is small
and can be considered to be zero.
 A current carrying conductor when placed
in a magnetic field experiences a force and
then moves.
Magnetic Forces
State Fleming’s Left Hand rule

 Stretch the thumb, the fore-

finger and the centre finger
of the left hand mutually
perpendicular to each other,
 the forefinger in the
direction of magnetic field,
 the centre finger in the
direction of current , then
the
 thumb will point in the
direction of the force acting
on the conductor.
 Force on a Current-Carrying Wire
A wire of length L carrying a current I at
an angle θ to a magnetic field B
experiences a force given by
F = ILB Sinθ.

 The magnitude of the magnetic force is

F = q v B sinθ
Where q is the charge of the particle, v is
its speed, B is the magnetic field and θ is
the angle between v and B.
Practice Exercise
 1.) A 52 µC charged particle moves parallel
to a long wire with a speed of 720 m/s.
The separation between the particle and
the wire is 13 cm, and the magnitude of
the force exerted on the particle is 1.4 ×
10-7 N. Find the
 (a)magnitude of the magnetic field at
location of the particle
 (b) the current in the wire.
a) Magnetic force F = qvB
B = F/qv
 Answer = 3.7 × 10-6 T

b) The current is calculated using the

formula of the magnetic field of a wire
B = µo l/ 2πr
I = 2πrB/µo
 I = 2.4 A
Electromagnetic Induction
The first step to understanding the complex nature of
electromagnetic induction is to understand the idea of
magnetic flux.

A
 Basically,
magnetic flux is a
measure of the
number of
magnetic field
lines that cross a
given area.
 that is, magnetic
field B crosses a
surface area A at
an angle.
 Magnetic flux Φ = BA.
B = B • A
 B = BA cos
Unit : Tm 2 or Weber(Wb)

 Fora general angle θ, the component of

the field that is perpendicular to the loop
is B COS θ; hence, the flux is Φ = BA cos
θ.
 Units of magnetic flux= 1 Weber = 1 T. m2
 Note that Φ = BA cos θ

Exercise 3
 A circular antenna of area 3 m² is
installed at a place in Ikeja. The plane of
the area of antenna is inclined at
47˚with the direction of Earth’s
magnetic field. If the magnitude of
Earth’s field at that place is 40773.9 nT
find the magnetic flux linked with the
antenna.
 Solution

 B = 40773.9 nT; θ = 90˚ – 47˚ = 43°;

 A = 3m²
Class Exercise 4
Acircular loop with a 2.50cm
radius is in a constant
magnetic field of 0.625 T. Find
the magnetic flux through this
loop when its normal makes
an angle of @ 0°, (b) 30.0° (c)
60.0°, and (d) 90°.
Solution

(a) Substitute θ = 0° in Φ = BA cos θ

(0.625 T) π (0.0250 m)2 cos 0° = 1.23 × 10-3
T.m2
(b) (0.625 T) π (0.0250 m)2 cos 30° = 1.06 × 10-3
T.m2
c) (0.625 T) π (0.0250 m)2 cos 60° = 6.14 × 10-4
T.m2
d) (0.625 T) π (0.0250 m)2 cos 90° = 0
ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUCTION
 A changing magnetic field can induce a current
in a circuit. The driving force behind the
current is referred to as the induced
electromotive force (i.e., voltage).

 An induced current occurs when there is a

change in the magnetic field.
 The magnitude of induced current depends on
the rate of change of the magnetic field.
 Michael Faraday is generally credited with the
discovery of induction in 1831, and James
Clerk Maxwell mathematically described it as
Faraday's law of induction.
 Electromagnetic Induction
 Electromagnetic
induction is the
scientific principle that
underlies many
modern technologies,
from the generation of
electricity to
communications and
data storage.
Faraday’s law of Induction
 The induced voltage (emf) is proportional
to the number of loops times the rate of
change of the magnetic field

 Faraday’s law states that if the magnetic

flux in a coil of N turns changes by the
amount ΔΦ in the time Δt, the induced
emf is
 E = - N ΔΦ/Δt = - N Φfinal – Φ initial
 t final – t initial
 When looking for the magnitude of the
magnetic flux and the induced current, In
such cases we use the following form of
Faraday’s law:

 /E/ = N |ΔΦ| =N | Φ final – Φ initial|

 Δt t final – t initial

 The SI unit is V
Lenz’s Law
 Lenz’slaw states that an induced current
flows in the direction that opposes the
change that caused the current.

 The
minus sign in Faraday’s law is
consequence of the Lenz’s Law.

 Eddy Currents
These are circulating electric currents
formed in a conducting material that
experiences a changing magnetic flux.
Assignment
1.) A coil of 10 turns and cross sectional
area 5 cm² is at right angles to a flux
density 2 × 10‾² which is reduced to zero
in 10 s. Find the flux change and the
induced emf.

2.) The area of a 120-turn coil oriented its

plane perpendicular to a 0.20 T magnetic
field is 0.050 m². Find the average
induced emf in this coil. If the magnetic
field reverses its direction in 0.34 s.
 Inductance
 Inductance is the tendency of an
electrical conductor to oppose a change
in the electric current flowing through
it.
 Inductance is measured in henry’s (H)

 Inductorsare coils of various dimensions

designed to introduce specified amounts
of inductance into a circuit.
Two types of Inductance
 Self and Mutual Inductance
 Self
Inductance – if the rate of
current produces an emf or voltage in
the same coil.

 MutualInductance – if the rate of

change of current produces an emf in
the neighbouring coil, then it is
mutual inductance.

 Formula for self Inductance:

𝒅𝑰 𝜺
𝜺 = −𝑳 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑳=
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝑰Τ𝒅𝒕

For N number of turns in a coil,


𝑵∅𝑻
𝑳= where I is current and Ø is the
𝑰
magnetic flux.
Practice Question
 1. Consider a solenoid with 500 turns which are
wound on an iron core whose relative permeability is
800. 40 cm is the length of the solenoid, while 3 cm is
the radius. The change in current is from 0 to 3 A.
Calculate the average emf induced for this change in
the current for a time of 0.4 seconds.

 Answer is L = 1.77H and magnitude of induced emf 𝜺

current is 13.275V