Calc Solutions

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada

EXERCISES 16.1 1
Solutions to Even-numbered Exercises
CHAPTER 16
EXERCISES 16.1
1 1 1 2
2. L{t + et } = L{t} + L{et } = + 4. L{e−2t + 2et } = L{e−2t } + 2L{et } = +
s 2 s−1 s+2 s−1
s 12
6. L{cos 2t − 3 sin 4t} = L{cos 2t} − 3L{sin 4t} = 2 −
s + 4 s2 + 16
! " ! " ! " # 3$
−1 2 3 1 1 t t3
8. L − 4 = 2L −1
− 3L −1
= 2(1) − 3 = 2 −
s s s s4 3! 2
! " ! "
3 1
10. L−1 = 3L−1 = 3et
s−1 s−1
! " ! " ! " # $
2s 5 s 1 √ 1
12. L−1 − = 2L −1
− 5L −1
= 2 cos 2t − 5 sin 3t
s2 + 2 s2 + 9 s2 + 2 s2 + 9 3
√ 5
= 2 cos 2t − sin 3t
3
% ∞ % 4 % ∞ ! −st "4 ! −st "∞
e e
14. F (s) = e f (t) dt =
−st
e −st
dt + 2e−st
dt = +2
0 0 4 −s 0 −s 4
e−4s 1 2e−4s 1 + e−4s
=− + + = , provided s > 0
s s s s
% ∞ % 1 ! 2 "1
t −st 2t −st 2 −st
16. F (s) = e f (t) dt =
−st 2 −st
t e dt = − e − 2e − 3e
0 0 s s s 0
2 e−s
=3
− 3 (s2 + 2s + 2), provided s > 0
s s
% ∞ % ∞ ! "∞
(t − 1)2 −st 2(t − 1) −st 2 −st
18. F (s) = e f (t) dt =
−st
(t − 1) e
2 −st
dt = − e − e − 3e
0 1 s s2 s 1
2 −s
= 3 e , provided s > 0
s
% ∞ % 1 % 2
20. F (s) = e−st f (t) dt = te−st dt + (2 − t)e−st dt
0 0 1
! "1 ! "2
t −st 1 −st t − 2 −st 1 −st 1 − 2e−s + e−2s
= − e − 2e + e + 2e = , provided s > 0
s s 0 s s 1 s2
% ∞ % 1 % ∞
22. F (s) = e−st f (t) dt = (1 + t2 )e−st dt + 2te−st dt
0 0 1
! "1 ! "∞
−st
e t 2
2t 2 t −st 1 −st
= − e−st − 2 e−st − 3 e−st +2 − e − 2e
−s s s s 0 s s 1
1 2(1 − e−s )
= + , provided s > 0
s s3
% ∞ % b ! −st "b
e e−as − e−bs
24. F (s) = e−st f (t) dt = e−st dt = = , provided s > 0
0 a −s a s
% ∞ % ∞ % ∞
√ 1 1 −su2 2
26. If we set u = t, or, t = u2 , then F (s) = √ e−st dt = e (2u du) = 2 e−su du. We
√ 0 t 0 u 0
now set v = su, in which case
% ∞ # $ % ∞ #√ $ &
2 dv 2 2 2 π π
F (s) = 2 e−v √ =√ e−v dv = √ = .
0 s s 0 s 2 s
2 EXERCISES 16.2
EXERCISES 16.2
2. Since f (t) = [h(t) − h(t − 4)] + 2h(t − 4) = 1 + h(t − 4),
1 e−4s 1 + e−4s
F (s) = L{1 + h(t − 4)} = + = .
s s s
4. Since f (t) = t2 [h(t) − h(t − 1)] = t2 − t2 h(t − 1),
2 2
F (s) = L{t2 − t2 h(t − 1)} = 3 − e−s L{(t + 1)2 } = 3 − e−s L{t2 + 2t + 1}
# s $ s
2 2 2 1 2 e−s (s2 + 2s + 2)
= 3 −e −s
+ 2+ = 3− .
s s3 s s s s3
6. Since f (t) = (t − 1)2 h(t − 1),

2e−s
F (s) = L{(t − 1)2 h(t − 1)} = e−s L{(t + 1 − 1)2 } = e−s L{t2 } = .
s3
8. Since f (t) = t[h(t) − h(t − 1)] + (2 − t)[h(t − 1) − h(t − 2)] = t + (2 − 2t)h(t − 1) + (t − 2)h(t − 2),
1
F (s) = L{t + (2 − 2t)h(t − 1) + (t − 2)h(t − 2)} =
+ e−s L{2 − 2(t + 1)} + e−2s L{(t + 2) − 2}
s2
1 1 2 1 1 − 2e−s + e−2s
= 2 + e−s L{−2t} + e−2s L{t} = 2 − 2 e−s + 2 e−2s = .
s s s s s2
10. Since f (t) = (1 + t2 )[h(t) − h(t − 1)] + 2t h(t − 1) = 1 + t2 + (2t − 1 − t2 )h(t − 1),
1 2
F (s) = L{1 + t2 + (2t − 1 − t2 )h(t − 1)} =
+ 3 + e−s L{2(t + 1) − 1 − (t + 1)2 }
s s
1 2 1 2 2 −s 1 2(1 − e−s )
= + 3 + e L{−t } = + 3 − 3 e = +
−s 2
.
s s s s s s s3
e−as e−bs e−as − e−bs

12. Since f (t) = h(t − a) − h(t − b), F (s) = L{h(t − a) − h(t − b)} = − = .
s s s
14. Since f (t) = 2[h(t) − h(t − 1)] + [h(t − 1) − h(t − 2)] + (t − 2)h(t − 2) = 2 − h(t − 1) + (t − 3)h(t − 2),
2 e−s 2 e−s
F (s) = L{2 − h(t − 1) + (t − 3)h(t − 2)} = − + e−2s L{(t + 2) − 3} = − + e−2s L{t − 1}
# $ s s s s
2 e−s 1 1 2 − e−s (1 − s)e−2s
= − + e−2s 2
− = + .
s s s s s s2
16. Since f (t) = (1 − t)[h(t) − h(t − 1)] + (t − 1)2 [h(t − 1) − h(t − 2)] = 1 − t + (t2 − t)h(t − 1) − (t − 1)2 h(t − 2),
F (s) = L{1 − t + (t2 − t)h(t − 1) − (t − 1)2 h(t − 2)}

1 1
= − 2 + e−s L{(t + 1)2 − (t + 1)} − e−2s L{(t + 2 − 1)2 }
s s
1 1
= − 2 + e−s L{t2 + t} − e−2s L{t2 + 2t + 1}
s s # $ # $
1 1 2 1 2 2 1
= − 2 +e −s
+ 2 −e −2s
+ 2+
s s s3 s s3 s s
s − 1 (s + 2)e −s
(s + 2s + 2)e
2 −2s
= + − .
s2 s3 s3
18. Since f (t) = sin t h(t − 2π),

e−2πs
F (s) = L{sin t h(t − 2π)} = e−2πs L{sin (t + 2π)} = e−2πs L{sin t} = .
s2 + 1
EXERCISES 16.2 3
20. Since f (t) = 2e−t [h(t) − h(t − ln 2)] + h(t − ln 2) = 2e−t + (1 − 2e−t )h(t − ln 2),
2
F (s) = L{2e−t + (1 − 2e−t )h(t − ln 2)} =+ e−s ln 2 L{1 − 2e−(t+ln 2) }
s+1
# $
2 2 1 1 2 e−s ln 2
= +e−s ln 2
L{1 − e } =
−t
+e −s ln 2
− = + .
s+1 s+1 s s+1 s + 1 s(s + 1)
# $
2 2
22. L{t e } = L{t }|s−3 =
2 3t 2
=
s3 |s−3 (s − 3)3
5 5 10a
24. L{5eat − 5e−at } = − = 2
s−a s+a s − a2
−3t
26. L{2e sin 3t + 4e cos 3t} = 2L{sin
3t
# 3t}$|s+3 + 4L{cos
# 3t}|s−3
$
3 s 6 4(s − 3)
=2 2 +4 2 = +
s + 9 |s+3 s + 9 |s−3 (s + 3) + 9 (s − 3)2 + 9
2
3e−4s
28. L{sin 3(t − 4)h(t − 4)} = e−4s L{sin 3(t + 4 − 4)} = e−4s L{sin 3t} = 2
s +9
# $
1 8 (8s + 1)e−3s
30. L{(t + 5)h(t − 3)} = e−3s L{(t + 3 + 5} = e−3s L{t + 8} = e−3s + =
s2 s s2
−πs
−se
32. L{cos t h(t − π)} = e−πs L{cos (t + π)} = e−πs L{− cos t} = 2
s +1
4−4s
e
34. L{et h(t − 4)} = e−4s L{et+4 } = e4 e−4s L{et } =
s−1
36. L{e cos 2t h(t − 1)} = e L{e
t −s t+1
cos 2(t + 1)} = e−s eL{cos 2(t + 1)}|s−1
# $
s cos 2 2 sin 2
= e1−s L{cos 2 cos 2t − sin 2 sin 2t}|s−1 = e1−s −
s2 + 4 s2 + 4 |s−1
' (
(s − 1) cos 2 2 sin 2 e1−s [s cos 2 − (cos 2 + 2 sin 2)]
= e1−s − =
(s − 1)2 + 4 (s − 1)2 + 4 s2 − 2s + 5
1 1
38. F (s) = L{[h(t) − h(t − a)] − [h(t − a) − h(t − 2a)]} = L{1 − 2h(t − a) + h(t − 2a)}
1 − e−2as 1 − e−2as
# $
1 1 2e−as e−2as (1 − e−as )2 1 − e−as
= − + = =
1 − e−2as s s s s(1 + e−as )(1 − e−as ) s(1 + e−as )
1
40. F (s) = L{t[h(t) − h(t − a)] + (2a − t)[h(t − a) − h(t − 2a)]}
1 − e−2as
1
= L{t + (2a − 2t)h(t − a) + (t − 2a)h(t − 2a)}
1 − e−2as
' (
1 1
= + e −as
L{2a − 2(t + a)} + e−2as
L{t + 2a − 2a}
1 − e−2as s2
' (
1 1 2e−as e−2as (1 − e−as )2 1 − e−as
= − + = 2 = 2
1−e −2as s2 s2 s2 s (1 + e )(1 − e )
−as −as s (1 + e−as )
! " ! " ! "
1 1 1 1
42. L−1 = L−1 = et L−1 = et sin 2t
s − 2s + 5
2 (s − 1) + 4
2 s +4
2 2
! " ! −2s "
1 e
44. Since L−1 = t, L−1 = (t − 2)h(t − 2).
s2 s2
! " ! −5s "
s √ se √
46. Since L−1 = cos 2t, L−1
= cos 2(t − 5) h(t − 5).
s +2
2 s +2
2
4 EXERCISES 16.2
! " ! " ! "
1 1 −1 1 1 −1 1
48. L−1 = L = L
4s2 − 6s − 5 4 s2 − 3s/2 − 5/4 4 (s − 3/4)2 − 29/16
! " ) √ √ *
1 3t/4 −1 1 1 3t/4 −1 −2/ 29 2/ 29
= e L = e L √ + √
4 s2 − 29/16 4 s + 29/4 s − 29/4
√
1 √ √ 29 (3+√29)t/4 √
= √ e 3t/4
(−e − 29t/4
+e 29t/4
)= [e − e(3− 29)t/4 ]
2 29 58
! " ! "
4s + 1 1 4s + 1
50. L−1
= L −1
(s2 + s)(4s2 − 1) 4 s(s + 1)(s + 1/2)(s − 1/2)
! "
1 −1 4 4 4 4
= L − + − + = −1 + e−t − e−t/2 + et/2
4 s s + 1 s + 1/2 s − 1/2
! " ! "
1 1 1
52. Since L −1
=L −1
− = e−t − e−2t ,
s2 + 3s + 2 s+1 s+2
! "
−1 e−2s
L = [e−(t−2) − e−2(t−2) ]h(t − 2) = [e2−t − e2(2−t) ]h(t − 2).
s2 + 3s + 2
! " ! " ! "
5s − 2 1 −1 5s − 2 1 −1 5(s + 2/3) − 16/3
54. L−1
= L = L
3s2 + 4s + 8 3 s2 + 4s/3 + 8/3 3 (s + 2/3)2 + 20/9
! " + √ √ ,
1 −2t/3 −1 5s − 16/3 1 −2t/3 2 5t 8 2 5t
= e L = e 5 cos − √ sin
3 s2 + 20/9 3 3 5 3
! " ! " ! "
s (s + 1) − 1 1 1
56. L−1 = L−1 = L−1 −
(s + 1) 5 (s + 1) 5 (s + 1) 4 (s + 1)5
! " # 3 $
1 1 t t 4
t3 (4 − t)e−t
= e−t L−1 − = e −t
− =
s4 s5 3! 4! 24
! " ! "
s2
1/8 1/4 1/8 1/4
58. L−1 = L−1 + − +
(s2 − 4)2 s − 2 (s − 2)2 s + 2 (s + 2)2
! " ! "
1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1
= e2t L−1 + 2 + e−2t L−1 − = e2t (1 + 2t) + e−2t (2t − 1)
8 s s 8 s 2 s 8 8
! 2
1 t 1 2
60. F (s) = L [h(t) − h(t − 1)] − (t − 4t + 2)[h(t − 1) − h(t − 3)]
1 − e−4s 4 4
"
1
+ (t − 4) [h(t − 3) − h(t − 4)]
2
4
! 2 "
1 t 1 2 1 2 1
= L − (t − 2t + 1)h(t − 1) + (t − 6t + 9)h(t − 3) − (t − 4) 2
h(t − 4)
1 − e−4s 4 2 2 4
'
1 2
= − 2e−s L{(t + 1)2 − 2(t + 1) + 1} + 2e−3s L{(t + 3)2 − 6(t + 3) + 9}
4(1 − e−4s ) s3
(
−e L{(t + 4 − 4) }
−4s 2
' (
1 2
= − 2e L{t } + 2e L{t } − e L{t }
−s 2 −3s 2 −4s 2
4(1 − e−4s ) s3
' (
1 2 2 1
= + 3 (−2e + 2e−s −3s
−e ) = 3
−4s
(1 − 2e−s + 2e−3s − e−4s )
4(1 − e−4s ) s3 s 2s (1 − e−4s )
(1 − e−s )2 (1 − e−2s ) (1 − e−s )2
= 3 =
2s (1 + e−2s )(1 − e−2s ) 2s3 (1 + e−2s )
EXERCISES 16.3 5
EXERCISES 16.3
2. Assuming that the solution satisfies the conditions of Corollary 16.5.1, we take Laplace transforms of
both sides of the differential equation and use the initial conditions,
1
[s2 Y − s(1) − 2] + 2[sY − 1] − Y = .
s−1
We solve this for the transform Y (s),
1 s+4
Y (s) = + .
(s − 1)(s2 + 2s − 1) s2 + 2s − 1
The inverse transform of this function is the solution of the initial-value problem
! " ! "
1 s+4 1/2 s/2 + 5/2
y(t) = L −1
+ =L −1
+
(s − 1)(s2 + 2s − 1) s2 + 2s − 1 s − 1 s2 + 2s − 1
' ! "( ' ! "(
1 t s+5 1 t (s + 1) + 4
= e +L −1
= e +L −1
2 s2 + 2s − 1 2 (s + 1)2 − 2
' ! "( ) √ √ *
1 t s + 4 1 1 − 2 + 1/2 2 + 1/2
= e + e−t L−1 = et + e−t L−1 √ + √
2 s2 − 2 2 2 s+ 2 s− 2
'# $ √ # $ √ (
1 1 1 √ 1 √
= et + e−t − 2 e− 2t + + 2 e 2t
2 2 2 2
+ √ , + √ ,
1 t 1 2 √ 1 2 √
= e + − e −(1+ 2)t
+ + e(−1+ 2)t .
2 4 2 4 2
1
[s2 Y − s(0) − 1] + 2[sY ] + Y = .
s2
1 1 1 1
Y (s) = + = + 2 .
s2 + 2s + 1 s2 (s2 + 2s + 1) (s + 1)2 s (s + 1)2
! " ! "
1 1 2 2 1 2
y(t) = L−1 + = L −1
− + +
(s + 1)2 s2 (s + 1)2 (s + 1)2 s s2 s+1
! "
2
= −2 + t + 2e−t + e−t L−1 = t − 2 + 2e−t + 2te−t .
s2
1
[s2 Y − s(1) + 2] + Y = .
s2
s−2 1
Y (s) = + 2 2 .
s + 1 s (s + 1)
2
! " ! "
s−2 1 1 s−3
y(t) = L−1 + = L−1
+ = t + cos t − 3 sin t.
s2 + 1 s2 (s2 + 1) s2 s2 + 1
6 EXERCISES 16.3
3
[s2 Y − 2s − 1] + 6[sY − 2] + Y = .
s2 +9
2s + 13 3
Y (s) = + 2 .
s2+ 6s + 1 (s + 9)(s2 + 6s + 1)
! "
2s + 13 3
y(t) = L−1 +
s2 + 6s + 1 (s2 + 9)(s2 + 6s + 1)
! "
9s/194 + 12/194 397s/194 + 2588/194
= L−1 − +
s2 + 9 s2 + 6s + 1
! "
9 2 1 −1 397(s + 3) + 1397
=− cos 3t − sin 3t + L
194 97 194 (s + 3)2 − 8
! "
9 2 e−3t −1 397s + 1397
=− cos 3t − sin 3t + L
194 97 194 s2 − 8
) √ √ √ √ *
9 2 e−3t −1 (794 2 − 1397)/(4 2) (794 2 + 1397)/(4 2)
=− cos 3t − sin 3t + L √ + √
194 97 194 s+2 2 s−2 2
9 2 e−3t - √ √ √ √ .
=− cos 3t − sin 3t + √ (794 2 − 1397)e−2 2t + (1397 + 794 2)e2 2t
194 97 776 2
9 2 1 - √ √ √ √ .
=− cos 3t − sin 3t + √ (794 2 − 1397)e−(3+2 2)t + (1397 + 794 2)e(−3+2 2)t .
194 97 776 2
1
[s2 Y − s(−1) − 2] − 4[sY − (−1)] + 5Y = .
(s + 3)2
−s + 6 1
Y (s) = + .
s2 − 4s + 5 (s + 3)2 (s2 − 4s + 5)
! "
−s + 6 1
y(t) = L −1
+
s2 − 4s + 5 (s + 3)2 (s2 − 4s + 5)
! "
5/338 1/26 −343s/338 + 2050/338
= L−1 + +
s+3 (s + 3)2 s2 − 4s + 5
! "
5 −3t t 1 −1 −343(s − 2) + 1364
= e + e−3t + L
338 26 338 (s − 2)2 + 1
! "
5 −3t t −3t e2t −1 −343s + 1364
= e + e + L
338 26 338 s2 + 1
5 −3t t e2t
= e + e−3t + (−343 cos t + 1364 sin t).
338 26 338
EXERCISES 16.3 7
! "
1 + cos 2t 1 s
[s2 Y ] + 2[sY ] − 4Y = L{cos2 t} = L = + .
2 2s 2(s + 4)
2

1 s
Y (s) = + .
2s(s2 + 2s − 4) 2(s2 + 2s − 4)(s2 + 4)
! "
1 s
y(t) = L −1
+
2s(s2 + 2s − 4) 2(s2 + 2s − 4)(s2 + 4)
! "
−1/8 −s/20 + 1/20 7s/40 + 12/40
=L −1
+ + 2
s s2 + 4 s + 2s − 4
! "
1 1 1 1 −1 7(s + 1) + 5
=− − cos 2t + sin 2t + L
8 20 40 40 (s + 1)2 − 5
! "
1 1 1 e−t
7s + 5
=− − cos 2t + sin 2t + L −1
8 20 40 40 s2 − 5
) √ √ √ √ *
1 1 1 e−t −1 (7 5 − 5)/(2 5) (7 5 + 5)/(2 5)
=− − cos 2t + sin 2t + L √ + √
8 20 40 40 s+ 5 s− 5
1 1 1 e−t √ √ √ √
=− − cos 2t + sin 2t + √ [(7 5 − 5)e− 5t + (7 5 + 5)e 5t ]
8 20 40 80 5
1 1 1 1 √ √ √ √
=− − cos 2t + sin 2t + [(7 − 5)e−(1+ 5)t + (7 + 5)e(−1+ 5)t ].
8 20 40 80
4
[s2 Y ] + 4[sY ] − 2Y = .
s2 + 16
4
Y (s) = .
(s2 + 16)(s2 + 4s − 2)
! " ! "
4 −4s/145 − 18/145 4s/145 + 34/145
y(t) = L−1
=L −1
+
(s2 + 16)(s2 + 4s − 2) s2 + 16 s2 + 4s − 2
' ! "(
1 9 4(s + 2) + 26
= −4 cos 4t − sin 4t + L−1
145 2 (s + 2)2 − 6
' ! "(
1 4s + 26
= −8 cos 4t − 9 sin 4t + 2e L
−2t −1
290 s2 − 6
/ ) √ √ √ √ *0
1 (2 6 − 13)/(2 6) (2 6 + 13)/(2 6)
= −8 cos 4t − 9 sin 4t + 4e−2t L−1 √ + √
290 s+ 6 s− 6
! '# $ √ # $ √ ("
1 13 13
= −8 cos 4t − 9 sin 4t + 4e−2t 1 − √ e− 6t + 1 + √ e 6t
290 2 6 2 6
√ -
1 6 √ √ √ √ .
=− (8 cos 4t + 9 sin 4t) + (2 6 − 13)e−(2+ 6)t + (2 6 + 13)e(−2+ 6)t .
290 870
8 EXERCISES 16.3
# $
1 1 1 1
[s2 Y ] + 2[sY ] + Y = L{t[h(t) − h(t − 1)]} = 2
− e−s L{t + 1} = 2 − e−s 2
+ .
s s s s
1 e−s (s + 1) 1 e−s
Y (s) = − = + .
s2 (s2 + 2s + 1) s2 (s2 + 2s + 1) s2 (s + 1)2 s2 (s + 1)
! "
1 e−s
y(t) = L−1 +
s2 (s + 1)2 s2 (s + 1)
! # $"
2 1 2 1 1 1 1
= L−1 − + 2 + + − e−s
− + +
s s s + 1 (s + 1)2 s s2 s+1
= −2 + t + 2e−t + te−t + [1 − (t − 1) − e−(t−1) ]h(t − 1).
18. We set y ′ (0) = A. Assuming that the solution satisfies the conditions of Corollary 16.5.1, we take Laplace
transforms of both sides of the differential equation and use the initial conditions,
2
[s2 Y − s(1) − A] + 3[sY − 1] − 4Y = .
s+4
s+A+3 2
Y (s) = + .
s2 + 3s − 4 (s + 4)(s2 + 3s − 4)
The inverse transform of this function is the solution of the boundary-value problem
! " ! "
s+A+3 2 s+A+3 2
y(t) = L −1
+ =L −1
+
s2 + 3s − 4 (s + 4)(s2 + 3s − 4) (s + 4)(s − 1) (s + 4)2 (s − 1)
! "
5A/25 + 22/25 (3 − 5A)/25 2/5
= L−1 + −
s−1 s+4 (s + 4)2
# $ # $
A 22 t 3 A 2t
= + e + − e−4t − e−4t .
5 25 25 5 5
Since y(1) = 1,
# $ # $
A 22 3 A 2 25e4 − 22e5 + 7
1= + e+ − e−4 − e−4 =⇒ A= .
5 5 25 5 5 5(e5 − 1)
Thus,
' ( ' (
25e4 − 22e5 + 7 22 t 3 25e4 − 22e5 + 7 −4t 2t −4t
y(t) = + e + − e − e
25(e5 − 1) 25 25 25(e5 − 1) 5
# 4 $ # 5 $
5e − 3 t 5e − 5e − 2 −4t 2t −4t
4
= e + e − e .
5e5 − 5 5e5 − 5 5
[s2 Y − s(1)] − 4[sY − 1] + 3Y = F (s).
s−4 F (s) s−4 F (s)
Y (s) = + = + .
s2 − 4s + 3 s2 − 4s + 3 (s − 1)(s − 3) (s − 1)(s − 3)
EXERCISES 16.3 9
! " ! # $ "
s−4 F (s) 3/2 −1/2 −1/2 1/2
y(t) = L−1 + = L−1 + + + F (s)
(s − 1)(s − 3) (s − 1)(s − 3) s−1 s−3 s−1 s−3
% t
3 1 1
= et − e3t + [−et−u + e3(t−u) ]f (u) du.
2 2 2 0
22. We set y(0) = A and y ′ (0) = B. Assuming that the solution satisfies the conditions of Corollary 16.5.1,
we take Laplace transforms of both sides of the differential equation and use the initial conditions,
[s2 Y − As − B] + 16Y = F (s).
As + B F (s)
Y (s) = + 2 .
s2 + 16 s + 16
%
B 1 t
y(t) = A cos 4t + sin 4t + sin 4(t − u)f (u) du
4 4 0
%
1 t
= A cos 4t + C sin 4t + sin 4(t − u)f (u) du.
4 0
! " ! "
1 1
24. Since L−1
= 1 and L −1
= e−t ,
s s+1
% t
1 2t
f (t) = e−u du = −e−u 0 = 1 − e−t .
0
! "
1
26. Since L−1 = e−4t and
s+4
! " ! "
s 1/2 1/2 1 −√2t √
L −1
=L −1
√ + √ = (e + e 2t ),
s −2
2
s+ 2 s− 2 2
it follows that
% % t- .
1 t √ √ 1 √ √
f (t) = (e− 2u
+e 2u
)e−4(t−u) du = e−4t+(4− 2)u + e−4t+(4+ 2)u du
2 0 2 0
) √ / √ √ *t√ 0
1 e −4t+(4− 2)u
1 e− 2t − e−4t
e −4t+(4+ 2)u
e 2t − e−4t
= √ + √ = √ + √
2 4− 2 4+ 2 2 4− 2 4+ 2
0
/+ √ , + √ , + √ √ , 0
1 4+ 2 √ 4 − 2 √ 4 + 2 4 − 2
= e− 2t + e 2t + − − e−4t
2 14 14 14 14
+ √ , + √ ,
4+ 2 √ 4− 2 √ 2
= e− 2t
+ e 2t − e−4t .
28 28 7
28. We set y ′ (0) = A and y ′ (0) = B. Assuming that the solution satisfies the conditions of Corollary 16.5.1,
2
[s2 Y − As − B] − 2[sY − A] + 4Y = .
s3
As + B − 2A 2
Y (s) = + 3 2 .
s2 − 2s + 4 s (s − 2s + 4)
10 EXERCISES 16.3
! " ! "
As + B − 2A 2 As + B − 2A 1/4 1/2 1/4
y(t) = L −1
+ 3 2 =L −1
+ 2 + 3 − 2
s2 − 2s + 4 s (s − 2s + 4) s2 − 2s + 4 s s s − 2s + 4
! " ! "
As + C 1/4 1/2 A(s − 1) + D 1/4 1/2
= L−1 + 2 + 3 = L−1 + 2 + 3
(s − 1)2 + 3 s s (s − 1)2 + 3 s s
! " # $
As + D t t 2 √ D √ t t2
= et L−1 + + = et
A cos 3t + √ sin 3t + +
s2 + 3 4 4 3 4 4
√ √ t t 2
= et (A cos 3t + E sin 3t) + + .
4 4
[s2 Y − As − B] + Y = F (s).
As + B F (s)
Y (s) = + 2 .
s2 + 1 s +1
! " % t
As + B F (s)
y(t) = L−1
+ 2 = A cos t + B sin t + f (u) sin (t − u) du.
s2 + 1 s + 1) 0
1 2
[s2 Y − As − B] + 4[sY − A] + Y = 2
+ .
s s
As + B + 4A 2s + 1
Y (s) = + 2 2 .
s2 + 4s + 1 s (s + 4s + 1)
! " ! "
As + B + 4A 2s + 1 As + B + 4A 2 1 2s + 7
y(t) = L−1 + = L −1
− + +
s2 + 4s + 1 s2 (s2 + 4s + 1) s2 + 4s + 1 s s2 s2 + 4s + 1
! " ! "
Cs + D 2 1 C(s + 2) + D − 2C
= L−1 − + = L−1 −2+t
s2 + 4s + 1 s s2 (s + 2)2 − 3
! " ! "
Cs + E F G
= t − 2 + e−2t L−1 = t − 2 + e−2t −1
L √ + √
s2 − 3 s+ 3 s− 3
√ √ √ √
= t − 2 + e−2t (F e− 3t
+ Ge 3t
) = t − 2 + F e−(2+ 3)t
+ Ge(−2+ 3)t
.
34. We set y ′ (0) = A and y ′ (0) = B. Assuming that the solution of y ′′ + 9y = teti satisfies the conditions of
Corollary 16.5.1, we take Laplace transforms of both sides of the differential equation and use the initial
conditions,
1
[s2 Y − As − B] + 9Y = .
(s − i)2
As + B 1
Y (s) = + .
s2 + 9 (s − i)2 (s2 + 9)
EXERCISES 16.3 11
! "
As + B 1
y(t) = L −1
+
s2 + 9 (s − i)2 (s2 + 9)
! "
As + B i/32 1/8 −is/32 − 5/32
=L −1
− + +
s2 + 9 s − i (s − i)2 s2 + 9
! "
Cs + D i/32 1/8 D i t
= L−1 − + = C cos 3t + sin 3t − eti + eti .
s +9
2 s − i (s − i) 2 3 32 8
1 t
If we take imaginary parts, we get y(t) = C cos 3t + E sin 3t − cos t + sin t.
32 8
2
[s3 Y − s2 (1) + 2] − 3[s2 Y − s(1)] + 3[sY − 1] − Y = .
(s − 1)3
s2 − 3s + 1 2 s2 − 3s + 1 2
Y (s) = + = + .
s3 − 3s2 + 3s − 1 (s − 1)3 (s3 − 3s2 + 3s − 1) (s − 1)3 (s − 1)6
! 2 " ! "
s − 3s + 1 2 1 1 1 2
y(t) = L−1 + = L−1
− − +
(s − 1)3 (s − 1)6 s − 1 (s − 1)2 (s − 1)3 (s − 1)6
! " # $
1 1 1 2 t2 t5
= et L−1 − 2 − 3 + 6 = et 1 − t − + .
s s s s 2 60
38. The initial-value problem is

1 d2 x
+ 10x = 0 =⇒ x′′ + 50x = 0, x(0) = −0.03, x′ (0) = 0.
5 dt2
Assuming that the solution satisfies the conditions of Corollary 16.5.1, we take Laplace transforms of
[s2 X + 0.03s] + 50X = 0.
We solve this for the transform X(s),
0.03s
X(s) = − .
s2 + 50
! "
0.03s √
x(t) = L−1 − 2 = −0.03 cos 5 2t m.
s + 50
1 d2 x 3 dx
+ + 10x = 4 sin 10t =⇒ 2x′′ + 15x′ + 100x = 40 sin 10t, x(0) = 0, x′ (0) = 0.
5 dt2 2 dt
400
2[s2 X] + 15[sX] + 100X = .
s2 + 100
12 EXERCISES 16.3
400
X(s) = .
(s2 + 100)(2s2 + 15s + 100)
! " ! "
400 −12s/65 − 80/65 24s/65 + 340/65
x(t) = L−1 = L −1
+
(s2 + 100)(2s2 + 15s + 100) s2 + 100 2s2 + 15s + 100
! "
1 1 12s + 170
= − (12 cos 10t + 8 sin 10t) + L−1
65 65 s2 + 15s/2 + 50
! "
1 1 12(s + 15/4) + 125
= − (12 cos 10t + 8 sin 10t) + L−1
65 65 (s + 15/4)2 + 575/16
! "
1 e−15t/4 −1 12s + 125
= − (12 cos 10t + 8 sin 10t) + L
65 65 s2 + 575/16
+ √ √ ,
1 e−15t/4 5 23t 100 5 23t
= − (12 cos 10t + 8 sin 10t) + 12 cos + √ sin m.
65 65 4 23 4

1 d2 x 1 dx 1
+ + 5x = 0 =⇒ 2x′′ + x′ + 100x = 0, x(0) = − , x′ (0) = 2.
10 dt 2 20 dt 20
- s . ' 1
(
2 s X+
2
− 2 + sX + + 100X = 0.
20 20
−s/10 + 79/20
X(s) = .
2s2 + s + 100
! " ! "
−s/10 + 79/20 1 −1 −2s + 79
x(t) = L−1 = L
2s2 + s + 100 40 s2 + s/2 + 50
! " ! "
1 −1 −2(s + 1/4) + 159/2 e−t/4 −1 −2s + 159/2
= L = L
40 (s + 1/4)2 + 799/16 40 s2 + 799/16
/ √ # $ √ 0
e−t/4 799t 159 4 799t
= −2 cos + √ sin
40 4 2 799 4
+ √ √ ,
e−t/4 159 799t 799t
= √ sin − cos m.
20 799 4 4

d2 x
+ 64x = 2 sin 8t, x(0) = 0, x′ (0) = 0.
dt2
16
[s2 X] + 64X = .
s2 + 64
16
X(s) = .
(s2 + 64)2
EXERCISES 16.3 13
! "
16 16 1
x(t) = L−1 = (sin 8t − 8t cos 8t) = (sin 8t − 8t cos 8t) m.
(s + 64)
2 2 2(8) 3 64
14 EXERCISES 16.4
EXERCISES 16.4
2. When we take Laplace transforms of both sides of the differential equation and use the initial conditions,
# $
1 e−4s
[s Y − s(1) − 2] + 9Y = L{2[h(t) − h(t − 4)]} = 2
2
− .
s s
s+2 2(1 − e−4s )
Y (s) = + .
s2 + 9 s(s2 + 9)
! " ! # $ "
s+2 2(1 − e−4s ) s+2 1/9 −s/9
y(t) = L−1 + = L−1
+ 2 + (1 − e−4s
)
s2 + 9 s(s2 + 9) s2 + 9 s s2 + 9
2 2 2
= cos 3t + sin 3t + (1 − cos 3t) − [1 − cos 3(t − 4)]h(t − 4).
3 9 9
2 7 2 2
= + cos 3t + sin 3t − [1 − cos 3(t − 4)]h(t − 4).
9 9 3 9
[s2 Y − s(−1)] + 4[sY + 1] + 4Y = L{(2 − t)[h(t) − h(t − 2)] + (t − 2)h(t − 2)}

2 1
= L{2 − t + 2(t − 2)h(t − 2)} = − 2 + 2e−2s L{t}
s s
2 1 e−2s
= − 2 +2 2 .
s s s

s+4 2 1 − 2e−2s s+4 2 1 − 2e−2s
Y (s) = − + − = − + − .
s2 + 4s + 4 s(s2 + 4s + 4) s2 (s2 + 4s + 4) (s + 2)2 s(s + 2)2 s2 (s + 2)2
! "
s+4 2 1 − 2e−2s
y(t) = L−1 − + −
(s + 2)2 s(s + 2)2 s2 (s + 2)2
! ' ( "
1/2 3/2 3 −1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4
= L−1 − − − + + + (1 − 2e−2s
)
s s + 2 (s + 2)2 s s2 s + 2 (s + 2)2
1 3 1
= − e−2t − 3te−2t + (1 − t − e−2t − te−2t )
2 2 4
1
+ [−1 + (t − 2) + e−2(t−2) + (t − 2)e−2(t−2) ]h(t − 2)
2
3 t 7 13t −2t 1
= − − e−2t − e + [−3 + t − e2(2−t) + te2(2−t) ]h(t − 2).
4 4 4 4 2
1
[s2 Y − s(1) − 2] + 4[sY − 1] + 3Y = L{sin t[h(t) − h(t − π)]} = − e−πs L{sin (t + π)}
s2 + 1
1 1 e−πs
= 2 − e−πs L{− sin t} = 2 + 2 .
s +1 s +1 s +1

s+6 1 + e−πs s+6 1 + e−πs
Y (s) = + 2 = + 2 .
s2 + 4s + 3 (s + 1)(s + 4s + 3)
2 (s + 1)(s + 3) (s + 1)(s + 1)(s + 3)
EXERCISES 16.4 15
! "
s+6 1 + e−πs
y(t) = L −1
+
(s + 1)(s + 3) (s2 + 1)(s + 1)(s + 3)
! # $ "
5/2 3/2 1/4 1/20 −s/5 + 1/10
=L −1
− + − + (1 + e −πs
)
s+1 s+3 s+1 s+3 s2 + 1
5 3 1 3 −t 4
= e−t − e−3t + 5e − e−3t − 4 cos t + 2 sin t
2 2 20
1 - −(t−π) .
+ 5e − e−3(t−π) − 4 cos (t − π) + 2 sin (t − π) h(t − π)
20
11 −t 31 −3t 1 1 1 - π−t .
= e − e − cos t + sin t + 5e − e3(π−t) + 4 cos t − 2 sin t h(t − π).
4 20 5 10 20
[s2 Y ] + 2[sY ] + 5Y = L{4[h(t) − h(t − 1)] − 4[h(t − 1) − h(t − 2)]} = L{4 − 8h(t − 1) + 4h(t − 2)}
4 8e−s 4e−2s
= − + .
s s s
4
Y (s) = (1 − 2e−s + e−2s ).
s(s2 + 2s + 5)
! " !# $ "
4 1/5 s/5 + 2/5
y(t) = L −1
(1 − 2e + e ) = 4L
−s −2s −1
− 2 (1 − 2e + e )
−s −2s
s(s2 + 2s + 5) s s + 2s + 5
!' ( "
4 1 (s + 1) + 1
= L−1 − (1 − 2e−s + e−2s )
5 s (s + 1)2 + 4
' # $( ! ' ("
4 1 8 1
= 1−e −t
cos 2t + sin 2t − 1−e −(t−1)
cos 2(t − 1) + sin 2(t − 1) h(t − 1)
5 2 5 2
! ' ("
4 1
+ 1 − e−(t−2) cos 2(t − 2) + sin 2(t − 2) h(t − 2)
5 2
2 3 4 4 1 2
= 2 − e−t (2 cos 2t + sin 2t) + −2 + e1−t [2 cos 2(t − 1) + sin 2(t − 1)] h(t − 1)
5 5
21 2
+ 2−e 2−t
[2 cos 2(t − 2) + sin 2(t − 2)] h(t − 2).
5
1
[s2 Y − s(2)] + 16Y = L{t[h(t) − h(t − 1)] + (2 − t)[h(t − 1) − h(t − 2)]}
1 − e−2s
1
= L {t + (2 − 2t)h(t − 1) + (t − 2)h(t − 2)}
1 − e−2s
' (
1 1
= + e −s
L{2 − 2(t + 1)} + e−2s
L{t}
1 − e−2s s2
' (
1 1 2e−s e−2s (1 − e−s )2 1 − e−s
= − + = 2 = 2 .
1−e −2s s2 s2 s2 s (1 − e )(1 + e )
−s −s s (1 + e−s )

2s 1 − e−s
Y (s) = + .
s2 + 16 s2 (s2 + 16)(1 + e−s )
16 EXERCISES 16.4
! "
2s 1 − e−s
y(t) = L−1
+
s2 + 16 s2 (s2 + 16)(1 + e−s )
) # $ ∞
*
2s 1/16 1/16 5
= L−1 + − 2 (1 − e−s ) (−1)n e−ns
s2 + 16 s2 s + 16 n=0
) # $ /5∞ ∞
0*
2s 1 1 1 5
=L −1
+ − 2 (−1) en −ns
+ (−1) n+1 −(n+1)s
e
s2 + 16 16 s2 s + 16 n=0 n=0
∞ ' (
1 5 1
= 2 cos 4t + (−1)n (t − n) − sin 4(t − n) h(t − n)
16 n=0 4
∞ ' (
1 5 1
+ (−1) n+1
(t − n − 1) − sin 4(t − n − 1) h(t − n − 1)
16 n=0 4
∞
1 5
= 2 cos 4t + (−1)n [4(t − n) − sin 4(t − n)] h(t − n)
64 n=0
∞
1 5
+ (−1)n+1 [4(t − n − 1) − sin 4(t − n − 1)] h(t − n − 1).
64 n=0
12. The initial-value problem for displacement of the mass from its equilibrium position is
1 d2 x 1
+ 40x = 100h(t − 4), x(0) = , x′ (0) = −2.
10 dt2 10
We write the differential equation in the form
d2 x
+ 400x = 1000h(t − 4),
dt2
and take Laplace transforms,
- s . 1000e−4s
s2 X − + 2 + 400X = .
10 s
s/10 − 2 1000e−4s
X(s) = + .
s + 400 s(s2 + 400)
2
! "
s/10 − 2 1000e−4s
x(t) = L −1
+
s2 + 400 s(s2 + 400)
! # $ "
s/10 − 2 5 1 s
=L −1
+ − e−4s
s2 + 400 2 s s2 + 400
1 1 5
= cos 20t − sin 20t + [1 − cos 20(t − 4)]h(t − 4) m.
10 10 2
1 d2 x dx 1
+5 + 40x = 100h(t − 4), x(0) = , x′ (0) = −2.
10 dt2 dt 10
d2 x dx
2
+ 50 + 400x = 1000h(t − 4),
dt dt
EXERCISES 16.4 17

- . ' (
s 1 1000e−4s
s2 X − + 2 + 50 sX − + 400X = .
10 10 s
s/10 + 3 1000e−4s s/10 + 3 1000e−4s
X(s) = + = + .
s2 + 50s + 400 s(s2 + 50s + 400) (s + 10)(s + 40) s(s + 10)(s + 40)
! "
s/10 + 3 1000e−4s
x(t) = L −1
+
(s + 10)(s + 40) s(s + 10)(s + 40)
! # $ "
1/15 1/30 1/400 1/300 1/1200
=L −1
+ + 1000 − + −e −4s
s + 10 s + 40 s s + 10 s + 40
' (
1 −10t 1 5 10 −10(t−4) 5 −40(t−4)
= e + e−40t + − e + e h(t − 4)
15 30 2 3 6
1 −10t 1 5- .
= e + e−40t + 3 − 4e10(4−t) + e40(4−t) h(t − 4) m.
15 30 6
1 d2 x dx 1
+ + 40x = 100h(t − 4), x(0) = , x′ (0) = −2.
10 dt2 dt 10
d2 x dx
+ 10 + 400x = 1000h(t − 4),
dt2 dt
- . ' (
s 1 1000e−4s
2
s X− + 2 + 10 sX − + 400X = .
10 10 s
s/10 − 1 1000e−4s
X(s) = + .
s2 + 10s + 400 s(s2 + 10s + 400)
! "
s/10 − 1 1000e−4s
x(t) = L−1 +
s2 + 10s + 400 s(s2 + 10s + 400)
! # $ # $ "
1 s − 10 1/400 s/400 + 1/40
= L−1 + 1000 − e−4s
10 s2 + 10s + 400 s s2 + 10s + 400
! ' ( ' ( "
1 (s + 5) − 15 5 1 (s + 5) + 5
= L−1 + − e−4s
10 (s + 5)2 + 375 2 s (s + 5)2 + 375
+ √ ,
e−5t √ 15 √
= cos 5 15t − sin 5 15t
10 5
! ' ("
5 √ 1 √
+ 1−e −5(t−4)
cos 5 15(t − 4) + √ sin 5 15(t − 4) h(t − 4)
2 15
+ √ ,
e−5t √ 15 √
= cos 5 15t − sin 5 15t
10 5
! ' ("
5 √ 1 √
+ 1 − e5(4−t) cos 5 15(t − 4) + √ sin 5 15(t − 4) h(t − 4) m.
2 15
18 EXERCISES 16.4
d2 x dx
2 + 80 + 512x = δ(t), x(0) = 0, x′ (0) = 0.
dt2 dt
When we take Laplace transforms,
2[s2 X] + 80[sX] + 512X = 1.

1 1
X(s) = = .
2s2 + 80s + 512 2(s + 40s + 256)
2
! " ! "
1 1 −1 1
x(t) = L−1 = L
2(s2 + 40s + 256) 2 (s + 20)2 − 144
! " ! "
e−20t −1 1 e−20t −1 −1/24 1/24
= L = L +
2 s2 − 144 2 s + 12 s − 12
e −20t 6 7 1 6 −8t 7
= −e−12t + e12t = e − e−32t m.
48 48
d2 x
2 + 512x = δ(t − t0 ), x(0) = x0 , x′ (0) = 0.
dt2
2[s2 X − x0 s] + 512X = e−t0 s .

2x0 s e−t0 s x0 s e−t0 s
X(s) = + 2 = 2 + .
2s2 + 512 2s + 512 s + 256 2(s2 + 256)
! "
x0 s e−t0 s 1
x(t) = L −1
+ = x0 cos 16t + sin 16(t − t0 ) h(t − t0 ) m.
s + 256 2(s + 256)
2 2 32
d2 x
2 + 512x = δ(t − t0 ), x(0) = x0 , x′ (0) = v0 .
dt2
2[s2 X − x0 s − v0 ] + 512X = e−t0 s .

2x0 s + 2v0 e−t0 s x0 s + v0 e−t0 s
X(s) = + = + .
2s2 + 512 2s2 + 512 s2 + 256 2(s2 + 256)
! "
x0 s + v0 e−t0 s v0 1
x(t) = L−1 + = x0 cos 16t + sin 16t + sin 16(t − t0 ) h(t − t0 ) m.
s2 + 256 2(s2 + 256) 16 32
EXERCISES 16.4 19
5∞
d2 x
+ 100x = δ(t − n), x(0) = 0, x′ (0) = 0.
dt2 n=0

∞
5
[s2 X] + 100X = e−ns .
n=0

∞
5 e−ns
X(s) = .
n=0
s2 + 100
)∞ * ∞
5 e−ns 1 5
x(t) = L−1 = sin 10(t − n) h(t − n) m.
n=0
s2 + 100 10 n=0
20 EXERCISES 16.5
EXERCISES 16.5
2. (a) The boundary-value problem for deflections of the beam is
d4 y mg
=− [h(x) − h(x − L)], y(0) = y ′ (0) = 0, y ′′ (L) = y ′′′ (L) = 0.
dx4 EIL
If we set y ′′ (0) = A and y ′′′ (0) = B, and take Laplace transforms, we obtain
# $ # $
mg 1 e−Ls mg 1 − e−Ls
s Y − As − B = −
4
− =− .
EIL s s EIL s
# $
A B mg 1 − e−Ls
Y (s) = 3 + 4 − .
s s EIL s5
Ax2 Bx3 mgx4 mg(x − L)4
y(x) = + − + h(x − L).
2 6 24EIL 24EIL
Since the last term contributes nothing to the solution, we drop it from further consideration. The
boundary conditions at x = L require
mgL mg
0 = y ′′ (L) = A + BL − , 0 = y ′′′ (L) = B − .
2EI EI
mgL mg
The solution of these equations is A = − and B = . Thus,
2EI EI
mgLx2 mgx3 mgx4 mg
y(x) = − + − =− (x4 − 4Lx3 + 6L2 x2 ).
4EI 6EI 24EIL 24EIL
(b) The deflection at x = L is
mg mgL3
y(L) = − (L4 − 4L4 + 6L4 ) = − .
24EIL 8EI
d4 y mg 3M g
4
=− [h(x) − h(x − L)] − [h(x) − h(x − L/3)], y(0) = y ′ (0) = 0, y(L) = y ′′ (L) = 0.
dx EIL EIL
# $ # $
mg 1 e−Ls 3M g 1 e−Ls/3
s Y − As − B = −
4
− − −
EIL s s EIL s s
# $ # $
mg 1 − e −Ls
3M g 1 − e −Ls/3
=− − .
EIL s EIL s

# $ # $
A B mg 1 − e−Ls 3M g 1 − e−Ls/3
Y (s) = + 4− − .
s3 s EIL s5 EIL s5
Ax2 Bx3 mgx4 mg(x − L)4

y(x) = + − + h(x − L)
2 6 24EIL 24EIL
4
M gx Mg
− + (x − L/3)4 h(x − L/3).
8EIL 8EIL
EXERCISES 16.5 21
Since the fourth term term contributes nothing to the solution, we drop it from further consideration.
The boundary conditions at x = L require
# $4
AL2 BL3 mgL3 M gL3 Mg 2L
0 = y(L) = + − − + ,
2 6 24EI 8EI 8EIL 3
# $2
mgL 3M gL 3M g 2L
0 = y ′′ (L) = A + BL − − + .
2EI 2EI 2EIL 3
mgL 25M gL 5mg 205M g

The solution of these equations is A = − − and B = + .
8EI 216EI 8EI 216EI
Thus,
# $ # $
mgL 25M gL 5mg 205M g mgx4
y(x) = − − x2 + + x3 −
16EI 432EI 48EI 1296EI 24EIL
4
M gx Mg
− + (x − L/3)4 h(x − L/3)
8EIL 8EIL
gL(27m + 25M ) 2 g(135m + 205M ) 3 mgx4 M gx4
=− x + x − −
432EI 1296EI 24EIL 8EIL
Mg
+ (x − L/3)4 h(x − L/3).
8EIL

d4 y P
4
=− δ(x − L/3), y(0) = y ′ (0) = 0, y(L) = y ′ (L) = 0.
dx EI
P −Ls/3
s4 Y − As − B = − e .
EI
A B P e−Ls/3
Y (s) = + − .
s3 s4 EIs4
Ax2 Bx3 P
y(x) = + − (x − L/3)3 h(x − L/3).
2 6 6EI
# $3 # $2
AL2 BL3 P 2L BL2 P 2L
0 = y(L) = + − , 0 = y ′ (L) = AL + − .
2 6 6EI 3 2 2EI 3
4P L 20P
The solution of these equations is A = − and B = .
27EI 27EI
Thus,
2P Lx2 10P x3 P
y(x) = − + − (x − L/3)3 h(x − L/3).
27EI 81EI 6EI
(b) Since maximum deflection should be to the right of x = L/3, we set
4P Lx 10P x2 P
0 = y ′ (x) = − + − (x − L/3)2 .
27EI 27EI 2EI
The solutions are x = 3L/7 and x = L. Maximum deflection is therefore at x = 3L/7.
(c) Theory indicates that with a delta function nonhomogeneity, y(x), y ′ (x), and y ′′ (x) should be con-
tinuous at x = L/3, but not y ′′′ (x). Let us show this. There is no question that the terms without the
22 EXERCISES 16.5
Heaviside function have continuous derivatives of all orders. Consider then, the Heaviside term, less the
leading constant, f (x) = (x − L/3)3 h(x − L/3). Clearly,
lim f (x) = lim f (x).
x→L/3+ x→L/3−
Since f ′ (x) = 3(x − L/3)2 h(x − L/3) and f ′′ (x) = 6(x − L/3)h(x − L/3), we also see that
lim f ′ (x) = lim f ′ (x) and lim f ′′ (x) = lim f ′′ (x).
x→L/3+ x→L/3− x→L/3+ x→L/3−
On the other hand, since f ′′′ (x) = 6h(x − L/3),

lim f ′′′ (x) = 6 and lim f ′′′ (x) = 0.
x→L/3+ x→L/3−
8. The boundary-value problem for deflections of the beam is

d4 y P
4
=− δ(x − L/2), y(0) = y ′ (0) = 0, y ′′ (L) = y ′′′ (L) = 0.
dx EI
P −Ls/2
s4 Y − As − B = − e .
EI
A B P e−Ls/2
Y (s) = 3
+ 4− .
s s EIs4
Ax2 Bx3 P
y(x) = + − (x − L/2)3 h(x − L/2).
2 6 6EI
# $
P L P
0 = y ′′ (L) = A + BL − , 0 = y ′′′ (L) = B − .
EI 2 EI
PL P
2EI EI
Thus,
P Lx2 P x3 P
y(x) = − + − (x − L/2)3 h(x − L/2).
4EI 6EI 6EI
d4 y P
4
=− δ(x − L/2), y(0) = y ′′ (0) = 0, y(L) = y ′′ (L) = 0.
dx EI
If we set y ′ (0) = A and y ′′′ (0) = B, and take Laplace transforms, we obtain
P −Ls/2
s4 Y − As2 − B = − e .
EI
A B P e−Ls/2
Y (s) = 2
+ 4− .
s s EIs4
Bx3 P
y(x) = Ax + − (x − L/2)3 h(x − L/2).
6 6EI
EXERCISES 16.5 23

# $3 # $
BL3 P L P L
0 = y(L) = AL + − , 0 = y (L) = BL −
′′
.
6 6EI 2 EI 2
P L2 P
16EI 2EI
Thus,
P L2 x P x3 P
y(x) = − + − (x − L/2)3 h(x − L/2).
16EI 12EI 6EI
12. In this situation, the beam will rotate until it is vertical, hanging from the pin at x = 0. The boundary-
value problem for deflections of the beam is
d4 y mg
4
=− [h(x) − h(x − L)], y(0) = y ′′ (0) = 0, y ′′ (L) = y ′′′ (L) = 0.
dx EIL
# $ # $
s4 Y − As2 − B = − − =− .
EIL s s EIL s
# $
A B mg 1 − e−Ls
Y (s) = + 4− .
s2 s EIL s5
Bx3 mgx4 mg(x − L)4
y(x) = Ax + − + h(x − L).
6 24EIL 24EIL
mgL mg
0 = y ′′ (L) = BL − , 0 = y ′′′ (L) = B − .
2EI EI
These equations give conflicting values for B. Hence, the boundary-value problem does not give the
physical solution.
d4 y mg
=− [h(x) − h(x − L)], y(0) = y ′′ (0) = 0, y(L) = y ′′ (L) = 0.
dx4 EIL
# $ # $
s Y − As − B = −
4 2
− =− .
EIL s s EIL s
# $
A B mg 1 − e−Ls
Y (s) = + 4− .
s2 s EIL s5
Bx3 mgx4 mg(x − L)4
y(x) = Ax + − + h(x − L).
6 24EIL 24EIL
24 EXERCISES 16.5
BL3 mgL3 mgL

0 = y(L) = AL + − , 0 = y ′′ (L) = BL − .
6 24EI 2EI
mgL2 mg
The solution of these equations is A = − and B = . Thus,
24EI 2EI
mgL2 x mgx3 mgx4 mg
y(x) = − + − =− (x4 − 2Lx3 + L3 x).
24EI 12EI 24EIL 24EIL
Maximum deflection occurs at x = L/2,
/# $ # $3 # $0
4
mg L L L 5mgL3
y(L/2) = − − 2L + L3 =− .
24EIL 2 2 2 384EI
For this to be less than L/100,

5mgL3 L 384EIL 96EI
< =⇒ m< = .
384EI 100 500gL3 125gL2

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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada

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Solutions to Even-numbered Exercises

6. Since f (t) = (t − 1)2 h(t − 1),

e−as e−bs e−as − e−bs

F (s) = L{1 − t + (t2 − t)h(t − 1) − (t − 1)2 h(t − 2)}

18. Since f (t) = sin t h(t − 2π),

We solve this for the transform Y (s),

38. The initial-value problem is

42. The initial-value problem is

44. The initial-value problem is

[s2 Y − s(−1)] + 4[sY + 1] + 4Y = L{(2 − t)[h(t) − h(t − 2)] + (t − 2)h(t − 2)}

We solve this for the transform Y (s),

We solve this for the transform Y (s),

We solve this for the transform Y (s),

and take Laplace transforms,

We solve this for the transform X(s),

We solve this for the transform X(s),

We solve this for the transform X(s),

When we take Laplace transforms,

We solve this for the transform X(s),

We solve this for the transform Y (s),

Ax2 Bx3 mgx4 mg(x − L)4

mgL 25M gL 5mg 205M g

6. (a) The boundary-value problem for deflections of the beam is

On the other hand, since f ′′′ (x) = 6h(x − L/3),

8. The boundary-value problem for deflections of the beam is

The boundary conditions at x = L require

BL3 mgL3 mgL

For this to be less than L/100,

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