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 In~trumental Values !-•; : ·- ~ Terminal Values
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. ~- Instrumental values~relate to means in the 1~ Terminal values represent ~e ultimate goals

- - - . -achieving the terminal values·. ~:, . . - ' - -. . . -· .
of life of a person. · · ·
~ - 2. Ins~ental values are core values,·and ·2. Tenriinal value are those that one thinks are
!

. - - comprise pe~sonal ~haracteristics and _ . most important ~d

)-.
most d~~irable.
.· character traits.
. .
_ 3.-. Instrumental values refer to preferable _3. T~rminal'val~es· refer to ~esirable_state o~
. modes of beh~viour and include. values like..
e~tence.
..
They
, ..
include
..
things like
-
happiness,
honesty, sincerityi, .. ·.. -. ambition, · self re~pect! f ~ y se~ty, recognition,
independence, obedience, imaginativene~s,- ·· freedom, inner· harmony, comfortable life,
· . · · ~, courageousness, competitiveness, etc. ' ··.. ~- professional excellence. · ·· · · _
4. Instrumental values indicate the methods 4. Terminal values signify the objectives of the
. .-
an.. ;. .,individual ·would like to adopt for
, 1..,,.._••· ·••t.• •'--•&.66 -. •
• - T life ·of a person - the tiltimat~ things the
' - ' achieving his life's aim ~. ~ -.. - :- . ; . ·•.
'...,1. 1, ... . . . . . .- ... ,.... ... ..

person wants to achieve through·his or her

~ - -- -~ - .. - ... -. . , . ·- . ~ . . :; - . - ... ~ ':_ , ·- . . ' ,.: .... ,. ··- . . ,•-=- - - -,- - - - ~- .. , -...~ ,· . .-..--- - ~ .. . , ...
1..... ;. ..

. ' . · - . behaviour~ · ~- _ ·_
5. - Instrumental values could be changed. 5. Terminal _v alues are not changeable. .
1/J/ LEVELS
, OF BUSINESS VAl-UES .

Business values are held at various levels in the conduct of business operations
and they all interact constantly to give shape to the business value system. These levels
are: . , ,

1. Individual Values. The members of b~iness firm hold their own values regarding
· . their personal conduct
.. -
in business. These values co~titute the base of business
values.
. .
2. Group Values. The values held by formal as well as informal groups in the
organisation ~e of great importance in determining overall organisational values.
I~ i~ important _to note that th.e group business values may or may not be in
. -. agreement with individual values. For example, the value system of an individual ·
employee may not approve of 'wages without work' or even, 'go slow', but he
may be an active member of an informal or even a formal group lending support
to such a conduct by the employees of the firm.
3. Organisational Values. The business values at the organisation level emerge
from objectives, policies, philosophy and culture of the organisation as a whole.
4. Environmental_Values. The various environmental constituents of business also
. hold norms and values of good business. These constituents are investors, lenders,
customers, employees, suppliers, government, and the society as a whole.
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 --
· able 5.1_: Krtowledg; ;s. Wisdom
Knowledge (K) Wisdom(W)
~ v o l v e s ooquisitio11, analysis 1. It involves application of information
and interpretati~n of information. in different situations.

--
2. , upplements wisdom . .
based
.
management
.
. 2. It is the outcome of accumulated .
kn~wledge and its intelligent application.
\

3. It is abstract-a resource to be 3. It is a quality to judge what is right

r- ••
utilised. or wrong under a given situation.
: ::___J,-ifcan ~~co~e obsolete a~ it is .~e- . .. 4. It is timeless.
bound. . ..
· 5. It applie~ rea~on (rationality) to decison- 5. It applies value system to decision-makin
making. (., . ..
6. One can learn or ac uire it. , , 6. One must awaken it.
It can be stored in files, CDs, etc. 7. It exists in the mind of a person.
IS of lower order as it consists of 8. · It is of higher order as it involves applica ·
ulated information. skills.
be shared. 9. It can't be shared.
. It can be measured. 10. It can't be measured.
 Knowledge Management .-.Wisdom Management
1. It involves acquisition, analysis and 1. It involves application of knowledge
.
interpretation of information. and information .
1n different
· .
.situations.
· -· -2.·.__ It is an objective concept. It treats all . 2. It treats all knowl¢dge as subjective.
,
information ~s objective knowledge .. ' ..

3·•. It treats. _inJormatiort and kn~w~edg~_ 3. · ._ Jt is the application of knc;>wledge

. . in the shadow of obsolescence_. which is life long.
4. In~ellectual _and. _logical acqu~sition, 4. Trans intellectual base of steadiness
dissemination and_··maintena~ce · qf is required.
-
informatj.on is required. _ ..

. 5. Knowledge can -be. shared. 5. Wisdom ·cannot be. shared.

6. Knowledge can be measured. 6. Wisdom cannot be measured.
' 7~ It··requires l,o wer order skills as only . 7. It .requires ~gher · orders skills as
' accumulation of knowledge·is to ~e application of knowledge ·is to be
. .
done·.' · done.
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A .2 CONCEPT OF KARMA
. .
Karma means acti.on, work ~r deed. Karma produces results. If we do not' do I<anna
there will be no results. Karma comes from _an individual but the result comes from the
whole· universe (samasthi). We can choose to perform a certain act, but cannot ch00se
the result. The law of Karma enthuses t~at all yalues, positive or negative, accerrung
from man~
s actions, are capable of buying joys and sorrows in this or future life.
The worii 'l<anna' has been derived from the sanskrit word 'Kri' which means to
do. That means all action or deed is Karma. Even t ~ g is a Karma. Karma is the sum
total of ouracts,_both ~ present fil.~
and preceding life. .
...
• ., ,. • l
-----Klrads of Karma
There- are three kinds
.
of Karma as stated below:
. - · (a) Sanchita or the. accumulated .Karma or work.
-· .~ · (b~ Pr~abdha ~~ the Karma -~hie~ are ready to fructify or give results.
. . . .. ..

(c) Kriyamana Karma or the current work.

. . • Sanchita is all the accumulated Karmas of the past. Part of it is seen in the character
of man, in his tendencies and aptitudes, capacities, inclinations and desires. Prarabdha
is that portion of Karma which is responsible for the present body. It is ripe f;r reaping.
It cannot be avoided or changed. It is only exhausted by being experienced. Everyone
has to pay his/her past debts. Kriyamana, is that Karma which is now being made for
the future. It is also called Agami (i.e., future) or Vartamana (i.e., present). · .
,. 7 .4 KARMA YOGA . . ..
i<arma Yoga is col\Secration (dedication) ~f-all acti~ns and _their fruits onto the Lord·
According to Vedas,
Yad Yad Karma prakurvit
tad brahmani samarpayet.
. This means·:·' every bit of ·w ork that you do, offer and consecrate it all to the feet of the
Lord'. ·
Let us understand it in this way:
Karma + Yoga = Karma Yoga
Kanna is action which binds us to this world. What is 'Yoga' then? Yoga is defined
as the psycho,logical state of inner poise and equality. So, when a Karma is done without
expectation of any fruit or any selfish motive, it does not bind you to phenomenal existence.
If you act as an instrument in the hand of the Lord, as a participant in the cosmic activity
of Nature, without expectation of fruits, that Karma becomes Karma Yoga.1
~ho is a Karmayogi? ·
0 Karmayogi is one who tries to do all work as a prayer to the supreme, and not out
of the compulsions of egoistic vital drives - whatever they may be. Two things are
indispensable in the practice of Karmayoga. The Karmayogi should have non-attachment
to the fruits of actions. He will have to dedicate his actions at the altar of God with the
feeling of ~hvatarpavi)Non-attachment bringS freedom from sorrow and fear. ·Non-
attachment makes a man absolutely bold and fearless. When he dedicates his actions at
the Lotus Feet of the Lord, he deyelops devotion to God a~d approaches Him nearer and
nearer. He gradually feels that God works directly through his Indriyas or instruments.
He feels no strain or burden in discharge of his works now. He is quite at ease. The heavy
load which he felt previously on account of falise notions has vanished out of sight now. ·
7.6 ~rrr ~~ fru
/ (a) Lust,
· (b) Miserliness,
(c) Greed, - _.· .
(d) Thirst foi admiration and gratitude
(e) Anger,
(f) Egoism, and .
(g) Thirst for applause

;aualitles of a Karinayogi
-

A Kannayogi should posse_

ss
. .
the following qualities:
' . . .
(1) large-heart;
(ii) ·free from crookedneSs, llleannes~, . ·_
(iii) selflessness,
• I

(iv) amiable love for nature; · -

(v) ·cool and balanced mind,_ · - ·
(vi) all embracing and~ inclusive heartI
. -
. - '

(vii) . perfect adaptability, · _

 S/ MANAGER AS A KAR~AYO.GI
-
1. --- =-=- -
The concept of Kar
-- - . .
ma Yogi can be prac tise e 1n · l · , d by Man ager s to be _effe ctiv 1

managerial role. In ot~e r ~ord ~, a man ager sh~u ld deve l~p t~e qual ities of. a Kar
ma ·
Yogi to ~e ~ffecti~e. . . . . . .
• As a .I<an:nayogi, a man ager shou ld.b e abs~l~tely free from lust, gree d,
ang~r
and egoism. This _wou ld mak e him ethi cal _in disc h~rg ing' his_duti es·and
·in
· numing his unit ethically. Ethical cond uct brin ger go~ resu lts in the long
.., ,. ,. • I -run . ·
• ;.As a I<armayogi, a man ager shou ld not expect any kind -
of fruit s for his actions.
He should not have any desi re for n~ e .and fame,. appr oba~ o~, ~ppreci~tion,
admiration and grat itud e. ·Whi le duri ng his. job,. he shou ld put his ~ear t and
· soul into it. This is wha t is calle d Nish kam Karma w~c h prop agat es: llBe inten
t
.
on action, not 01:1 fruits of action" i.e., avo1d attraction to fruits and ·atta chm ent to
.
· · inaction. _
•
\ • I
,. • " •
•i- • • •
- •
~

,
., ~ .
Ill . •
--~ - •, • • ._- • -.•
·• A_s a I<arm~yogi, a man ager ~houlq pe hum ble and free from hc!4°ed jealo
usy,
. harshness, ~tc. This wou ld h~lp ~ s~~ g othe rs ~th out expe cting any rewa
rd,
: respect ~d ho~ ~~- .servi<;e of hum anit y is _a divi ne quality. _ . _, . . ~
• As a Karmayogi, a man ager shou ld have an amilable, lovi ng social natu
re. He
should be able to mov e and' mix with ever ybod y with out disti nctio n. of caste
,
· creed o~ colo ur. ~e shou ld be syn;ipathetic and tole rant... In _othe~ word
&, a
man ~ger. sho uld hav e hu~ an rela tion s orie ntat ion whi ch is of. u~_m
ost
importance in man agin g human
reso urce in ·_the orga nisa tion and outs ider s with
whom he com es into .contact. . · · ·
- -· .......
'f.& oEJACHED INVOLVEMENT/ N_!SHKAM KARMA .__ __ ,' _
The ~tire. Uni~erse represents the w~rk ~f the Supr~~e. w~ ~e mast~~~~~ as
God. We see ~ .~ aste r worker working purp ose~ y without expecting anything from
call
an)'body. But, W:e h_umans ~eas ure success of every~hing in terms of're~ative and
competitive com ~ans o~s ~it~ each othe r. W~ do ego- led work whic h assWlles that
drawing everything to itself 1s .the true mark of individuality. So, if this eg~centric
;movement is to be ~adu ally ~educed, the need is -to practise the art of working without
pnmarY.CQncen~ation on fyui_ts for ego. This is called prirt~ple Of ~ish kam Karma. ·
· Tbe theory of Nishkaro Karm a is explained in verse· 47, Chapter n of The ·Bhagwat
Gita. It counsels abou t 'duty to act, but not the·right to claim fruits from it'. The sun, the
trees, th~birds, the flowers, the rivers; are live examples of perf<mnance of just s~adhanna
'and not eX}'ecting anyt hing in retur n. They do not waste their efforts in calcttlatipn of
~nal gains . .This only can lea~· to spontan~ity, energ y_conservation and freedom
fronl str~s. ·Nishkam Karmti is a learning process that helps the human being to achieve this
e
_psychologicaz·state o uanimit in work. ~rac tisin g Nish kam Karma can contain self-
·a ggr~ .~ g ego and gree d. It help s in inne r purification and realization of oneness, th~
real self. •
I -
•

-
• • •
' I •

'

--- --• Dedicated ..,____ ___,. :- Kanna

' '

Nishka
,,

Ka to God , , _.Yoga ·.
.. • I , J,' ,.
Fi2. 7.1. Nish kam Karma~ ·
7J ~ M KARMA w~k -.,
. (j_akMn karma ~as ~eeri translated~ English as selfish.action Or egofulwork. But this
is not true. If a ya1na 1s performed with an expectation in ~d, it is sakam karma. So,
Sakam karma is karma performed with an· expectation. for result in_~ d .or kamna. It
leads to attached involvements] . · . · ·
~ aka,m Karma = Karma + Kan1:na
. ~akam ka.rma denotes an action done with the t!,esir~ of res.ulti}~ost of ~e karma performed
11 this world in our daily lives comes in the category of Sakam karma. Let us understand
 ~ Table .·7.1: Nishkam Karma and Sakam Karma
NishkamKarma SakamKarma

1. Reactionless orientation, steady action. 1. Reactionful, orientation, erratic action.

·--

2. Psychological energy conservation. 2. Psychological burnout.

3. Perfection (as the aim). 3. Success (as the aim).
I 4. Innerautonomy. 4. Dependence on praise etc.
5. Feeling of freedom (swadheen). 5. Feeling of bondage (paradeen).
16. Socio-economically appropriate. 6. Socio-economically questionable.
.\ 7. Work-commitment. 7. Reward-commitment.
~ \ 8. Workasworshipforexcellence. 8. Competitive rivalry for excellence.
L
9- Mind-enrichment
..... _.. . 9. Job-enrichment.
1, jlO. leads to yoga with the transcedent / 10. Leads to viyoga (alienation from the •
__
--
higher SELF. transcedent higher SELF.)
-~