30 Electrochemistry MS Unlocked

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE A/AS LEVEL – May/June 2008 9701 04

1
1 (a) (i) A is Cl2/chlorine [1]
Page 2 Electrochemistry WSSyllabus

11
B is NaCl or HCl or Cl ¯ [or words], etc.
Mark Scheme
GCE A/AS LEVEL – May/June 2008
9701
Paper
04
[1]
C is salt bridge or KCl/KNO3, etc. [1]

11 (a) (i) A is Cl2/chlorine [1]
D is platinum/Pt [1]
B is NaCl or HCl or Cl ¯ [or words], etc. [1]
E is Fe2+ + Fe3+ or mixture of Fe(II) + Fe(III) salts [1]
C is salt bridge or KCl/KNO3, etc. [1]
mention of standard conditions ([Cl ¯] of 1 mol dm–3 or Cl2 at 1 atmos
or T = 25°C/298 K) [1]
D is platinum/Pt [1]
(ii) Eo = Eo2+ – Eo = 0.77 – 1.36 = (–)0.59 (V) (ignore sign) [1]
E is Fe R + FeL3+ or mixture of Fe(II) + Fe(III) salts [1]
(since R.H. electrode is negative) electrons flow–3(from right) to left or to the chlorine
mention of standard conditions ([Cl ¯] of 1 mol dm or Cl2 at 1 atmos
electrode or anticlockwise or from (beaker) E to (beaker) B [1] [8]
or T = 25°C/298 K) [1]
(ii) Eo = Eo – EoL= 0.77 – 1.36 = (–)0.59 (V) (ignore sign) [1]

(b) (i) ∆H = 3R×(–167.2) + (–48.5) – (–399.5) [1]
–1
= –150.6 or 151 (kJ mol ) [1]
(since R.H. electrode is negative) electrons flow (from right) to left or to the chlorine
(correct ans [2])
electrode or anticlockwise or from (beaker) E to (beaker) B [1] [8]
(ii) 2Fe3+ + Cu → 2Fe2+ + Cu2+ [1]
(or molecular: 2FeCl 3 + Cu → 2FeCl2 + CuCl2)
(b) (i) ∆H = 3 ×(–167.2) + (–48.5) – (–399.5) [1]
–1
o = –150.6 or 151 (kJ mol ) [1]
E = 0.77ans
(correct – 0.34
[2]) = (+) 0.43 (V) [1]
(no mark for –0.43V) [4]
[S'0812 P4
[1]Q01]
3+ 2+ 2+
(ii) 2Fe + Cu → 2Fe + Cu
[Total: max 11]
(or molecular: 2FeCl3 + Cu → 2FeCl2 + CuCl2)
Eo = 0.77 – 0.34 = (+) 0.43 (V) [1]

2 (a) (i) ∆H = 4 × 278 – 244 – 2 × 496 [1]
(no mark for –0.43V) [4]
= –124 (kJ mol–1) [1]
(correct ans [2])
[Total: 12 max 11]
(ii) shape is bent/V-shaped/non-linear (or diagram) [1]
due to (one) lone pair and/or (1) odd/unpaired electron (or shown on diag) [1]
2 (a) (i) ∆H = 4 × 278 – 244 – 2 × 496 [1]
(assume electrons –1are on chlorine unless explicitly stated otherwise, in which case
= –124 (kJ mol ) [1]
award no mark)
(correct ans [2])
(iii) 3KClO3 + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + KClO4 + H2O + 2ClO2 [1] [5]
(ii) shape is bent/V-shaped/non-linear (or diagram) [1]
due to (one) lone pair and/or (1) odd/unpaired electron (or shown on diag) [1]
(assume electrons are on chlorine unless explicitly stated otherwise, in which case
(b) (i) coal-fired power stations; fuel in cars; car exhausts/gas emissions; other named use of a
award no mark)
fossil fuel; contact process; cement manufacture; brick manufacture; roasting of sulphide
ores; burning tyres (any 2) [1]
(iii) 3KClO3 + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + KClO4 + H2O + 2ClO2 [1] [5]
(NOT volcanoes etc; NOT burning of natural gas)
(no marks for only 1 correct source)
(b) (i) coal-fired power stations; fuel in cars; car exhausts/gas emissions; other named use of a
(ii) causes acid rain [1]
fossil fuel; contact process; cement manufacture; brick manufacture; roasting of sulphide
which lower pH of lakes; leaches aluminium from soils; kills fish/plants/rainforests;
ores; burning tyres (any 2) [1]
dissolves/corrodes/damages buildings (any 1) [1]
(NOT volcanoes etc; NOT burning of natural gas)
(NOT asthma etc – since this is not environmental) [3]
(no marks for only 1 correct source)
(ii) causes acid rain [1]

which lower pH of lakes; leaches
© UCLES aluminium
2008 from soils; kills fish/plants/rainforests;
dissolves/corrodes/damages buildings (any 1) [1]
(NOT asthma etc – since this is not environmental) [3]
© UCLES 2008
Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 11

2 2005
GCE A LEVEL – November 9701 4
12 (a) Mr(AgBr) = 108 + 79.9 = 187.9 [1]
moles = 2.5 x 10-12/187.9 = 1.33 x 10-14
no. of ions = 1.33 x 10-14 x 6 x 1023 = 8.0 x 109 ions (correct ans = [2]) [1]
(b) (i) A: platinum C: voltmeter

B: H+(aq) or HCl(aq) or H2SO4(aq) D: silver (wire) 4 x [1]
(ignore concentration)
(ii) (As [Ag+] decreases), the potential will decrease/become more negative [1]
(iii) Ksp = [Ag+][Br-] = (7.1 x 10-7)2 = 5.0(41) x 10-13 mol2dm-6

[W'05 P4 Q01]
[1]
units [1]
(c) (i) Ag+(g) + Br-(g) → AgBr(s) [1]
(ii) LE = ∆Hf - (all the rest)
= -100 – (731 + 285 + 112 – 325)
(= -100 - 731 - 285 - 112 + 325)
= -903 kJ mol-1 (-[1] for each error of sign or maths) [2]
(iii) LE(AgCl) should be higher/more negative,

due to size/radius of Cl- being less than that of Br- (both) [1]
(d) more energy needed, since rCl - < rBr- or ionised electron nearer to nucleus
or less shielding etc. or in terms of I.E.(Cl) > I.E.(Br)
1
total: 14
Electrochemistry 11 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Bilal Hameed

3
[W’02 P4 Q01]

more delocalised electrons [1]
(higher density due to) greater Ar and smaller radius [1]

4
4 (b) (i) components to be added: voltmeter or V [1]

salt bridge [must be labelled] [1]
(ii) M1: A and B copper (metal) or Cu and iron (metal) or Fe [1]

M2: either C or D as 1 mol dm–3 / 1 M [1]
M3 C and D Cu2+ or CuSO4 or CuCl2 or Cu (NO3)2 etc. and
Fe2+ or FeSO4 etc. [1]
(iii) Eocell = 0.34 + 0.44 = 0.78 (V) [1]
(iv) if C is Fe2+; (as [C] increases), the E of the Fe2+ / Fe increases / becomes more positive /
less negative [1]
so the overall cell potential / Ecell would decrease / become less positive / more
negative [1]
or
if C is Cu2+; (as [C] increases), the E of the Cu2+/Cu increases / becomes more
positive / less negative [1]
so the overall cell potential / Ecell would increase / become more positive / less negative
[1]
[S'14 P41 Q01]
(c) (i) (colour change is) colourless to pink/pale purple
or (end point is the first) permanent (pale) pink/pale purple colour [1]
(ii) {n(MnO4–) = 0.02 × 18.1/1000 = 3.62 × 10-4 mol}

n(Fe2+) = 5 × n(MnO4–) = 1.81 × 10–3 mol [1]
mass of Fe = 55.8 x 1.81 × 10–3 = 0.101 g (M2 × 55.8) ecf [1]
Mr = mass / moles = 0.500/1.81 × 10–3 = 276.2 ecf [1]
[Total: 16]
2 (a) (i) A complex is a compound / molecule / species / ion formed by a central metal atom / ion
surrounded by / bonded to one or more ligands / groups/ molecules / anions [1]
A ligand is a species that contains a lone pair of electrons that forms a dative bond to a
metal atom / ion / or a lone pair donor to metal atom / ion [1]
© Cambridge International Examinations 2014
Electrochemistry 11 Bilal Hameed

5
GCE A LEVEL – May/June 2014 9701 42
25 (a) A: voltmeter or V or potentiometer [1]
B: platinum or Pt [1]
C: 1 mol dm–3 and H+ or HCl (or 0.5 M H2SO4) [1]
D: lead (metal) or Pb [1]
(b) (i) a ! in the box next to –0.17 V [1]

a comment that the [Pb2+] has decreased plus a description of the outcome,
e.g. as [Pb2+] decreases (from 1 mol dm–3), Pb2+(aq) + 2e– ! Pb(s) goes
over to the left hand side, or as [Pb2+] decreases, Pb2+ is less likely to be
reduced [1]
[S'14 P42 Q02]
(ii) (Ksp =) [Pb2+][Cl –]2 [1]
(iii) if [PbCl2] = 3.5 × 10–2, [Pb2+] = 3.5 × 10–2 and [Cl –] = 7.0 × 10–2
so Ksp = (3.5 × 10–2) × (7.0 × 10–2)2 = 1.715 (1.7) × 10–4 mol3 dm–9 ([2sf) [1] +[1]
(c) (i) the (M2+ / M) Eo for the two elements are very similar or are –0.13 and –0.14 V [1]
Eo (Sn4+ / Sn2+) = 0.15 V and Eo (Pb4+ / Pb2+) = 1.69 V [1]
so Sn2+ is quite easily oxidised (to Sn4+) or is a stronger reductant or Pb2+ is

not easily oxidised (to Pb4+) or Pb4+ is a stronger oxidant or Pb4+ is easily
reduced [1]
(ii) e.g. PbCl2 + Zn → Pb + ZnCl2 (or ionic) [1]

(other acceptable reductants: Fe, Mg, Ca but not Na or K)
Sn2+ + Br2 → Sn4+ + 2Br- [1]

(other acceptable oxidants: VO2+, Cr2O72–, Ag+, Cl2, Br2, F2, Fe3+, MnO4–)
5
(d) (i) Pb2+(g) + 2Cl –(g) → PbCl2(s) [1]
(ii) ∆Hf = ∆Hat + E(Cl – Cl) + 1st IE + 2nd IE + 2 × EA(Cl) + LE

–359 = 195 + 242 + 716 + 1450 – 2 × 349 + LE
LE = 2 × 349 – 359 – 195 – 242 – 716 – 1450
LE = –2264 (kJ mol–1) [3]
(iii) LE(PbCl2) > LE(PbBr2) or more exothermic or stronger lattice [1]
because Cl – / chloride anion has smaller radius / size than Br – / bromide [1]
[Total: 20]

x = (Ksp / 27)1/4 = (1.25 × 10–20 / 27)1/4 = 4.64 × 10–6 mol dm–3
[Ag+] = 3x = 1.39 × 10–5 (mol dm–3) (allow 1.4 × 10–5)

6
6 (c) H3PO3 + 2Fe3+ + H2O → H3PO4 + 2Fe2+ + 2H+ [2]
Eocell = 0.77 –(–0.28) = (+)1.05 V
or 3H3PO3 + 3H2O + 2Fe3+ → 3H3PO4 + 6H+ + 2Fe
Eocell = –0.04 –(–0.28) = (+)0.24 V

[S'15[Total:
P42 Q04]
12]

2 4 1
or 1
+ 2- 1
4
7 1
7 (c) (i) Eocell (= 0.80 – 0.77 =) (+)0.03V and Ag+ / Ag or Ag / silver or right 1
(ii) Ecell would be less positive / more negative 1
because the [Ag+(aq)] (in the Ag electrode) is less than 1.0 mol dm–3
(iii) •Cambridge
no changeInternational A Level – May/June 2015 9701 43 1
• © Cambridge
more negative International Examinations 2015
/ less positive 1
(iv) the [Ag+(aq)] will decrease
Eelectrode becomes less positive or due to the common ion effect 1
(d) [Fe3+(aq)] = 0.2 mol dm–3 [S'15 P43 Q04]

1
[H+] = √(c.Ka) = √(0.2 x 8.9 x 10–4) or 1.33 x 10–2 (mol dm–3) 1

pH = –log([H+]) = 1.9 (or 1.87–1.89)
[Total: 13]
5 (a) protons electrons neutrons

1
1
14
C2– 6 8 8
(b) CCl4: no reaction 1

GeCl4 and SnCl4: for each steamy fumes evolved or white solid produced 1
GeCl4 + 2H2O → GeO2 + 4HCl 1
SnCl4 + 2H2O → SnO2 + 4HCl 1
(c) Ge / Sn use d–orbitals 1

or Ge / Sn have low lying d orbitals
or carbon cannot expand its octet
or carbon cannot accommodate more than 4 bonded pairs
(d) Sn4+ / Sn2+ = +0.15V and Pb4+ / Pb2+ = +1.69 V and Cl2 / Cl – = + 1.36 V 1
Sn2+ is oxidised by Cl2 because its Eo is less positive / more negative 1

or Sn2+ is a good reducing agent due to its smaller E value than Cl2 ora
or Pb4+ is a stronger oxidising agent than Cl2 so Pb2+ with Cl2 reaction is not
feasible
or Sn4+ is a weaker oxidising agent than Cl2 so Sn2+ with Cl2 reaction is
feasible
SnCl2 + Cl2 → SnCl4 1

or Sn2+ + Cl2 → Sn4+ + 2Cl –
or SnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O → SnO2 + 4HCl
(e) (i) F = Le 1
(ii) moles of O2(g) = 130 / 24 000 = 5.417 x 10–3 mol 1
moles of electrons needed = 4 x 5.417 x 10–3 or 2.17 x 10–2 mol
no. of coulombs passed = 1.2 x 30 x 60 or 2160 C 1
no. of electrons passed = 2160 / 1.6 x 10–19 or 1.35 x 1022 1
no. of electrons per mole = 1.35 x 1022 / 2.17 x 10–2 = 6.2 x 1023 (mol–1) 1
[Total: 15]
Bilal Hameed © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 Electrochemistry 11

electron-donating (R / alkyl) group(s)
2-chloropropanoic acid (3) is more acidic than propanoic acid (2) due to electron-withdrawing / electronegative
(Cl / chlorine) atom
8
2-chloropropanoic acid (3) is more acidic than 3¬-chloropropanoic acid (4) since the Cl / chlorine / electronegative atom
is closer to the CO2– / acid
8 (c) (i)
V salt bridge
4
H2(g)
Cu
Pt
Cu2+(aq)
H+(aq)
M1: voltmeter / V and salt bridge labelled
M2: Cu and Cu2+ / CuSO4 (any soluble Cu(II) salt)
M3: H2 (arrow in) and H+ / HCl / H2SO4 / any mineral acid
M4 Pt and one solution at 1 M / 1 mol dm–3 OR H2 at 1 atm
(ii) Eocell = 0.34 (V) and (Cu2+) / Cu is the positive electrode 1
d (i) × 10–5
Ka = 1.23Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper 2
[H+] = √(Ka.c) = √(1.23 Cambridge
× 10–5 × 0.1)International
= 1.11 × 10–3AS/A –3
Level
mol dm – May/June 2016 9701 42
Question pH = 3.0 (2.96) ecf from [H+] Answer Marks

–3
(ii) E = 0.0 + 0.059log(1.11 × 10 ) OR = –0.17(4)V 2
so new Ecell = 0.34 + 0.17 = 0.51V
ecf from (d)(i)
[S'16 P42 Q02]

[Total: 14]
3 (a) (i) (CH3)2CHCN 1
(ii) reaction 1: NH3 (in ethanol) under pressure (+ heat) 3

or heat NH3 in a sealed tube
reaction 2: KCN / NaCN and heat / reflux (in ethanol)
reaction 3: H2 + Ni or LiAl H4
(b) (i) CH3CH2NH2 + H2O → CH3CH2NH3+ (+) OH– 1
(ii) ethylamine is more basic than ammonia… 2

because of electron-donating (alkyl / ethyl / R) group (in ethylamine)
which makes the lone pair (on N) more available for donation
or the lone pair (on N) more available for a proton / H+
(c) (i) A solution which resists / minimises / roughly maintains changes in pH when (small amounts of) H+ or OH– are added 1
+ +
(ii) CH3NH2 + H → CH3NH3 2
CH3NH3Cl + OH → CH3NH2 + H2O + Cl
[Total: 10]

9701/42 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme March 2017
PUBLISHED
9
Question Answer Marks
9 3(a)(i) A – H2, 1 atm 3

B – platinum
C – 1 mol dm–3 H+ / HCl etc.
D – salt bridge / KNO3 etc.
E – platinum
F – 1 mol dm–3 Fe2+ AND 1 mol dm–3 Fe3+
3(a)(ii) positive electrode is (Pt) on RHS AND electrons flow clockwise 1
3(b) cell potential is 0.77 – 0.34 =(+) 0.43 (V) 1
3(c)(i) electrode potential would become more negative as equilibrium shifts to left / explanation in terms of the Nernst equation 1
3+ 2+
3(c)(ii) E = –0.41 + (0.059/1)log[Cr ]/[Cr ] 1
= –0.41 + 0.059 log 4.0
= –0.37 (V) 1
[M'17 P42 Q03]
© UCLES 2017 Page 4 of 12

9701/41 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
10
10 3(a) the potential difference between two half-cells / two electrodes (in a cell) 1
–3
under standard conditions of 1 atm., 298 K, (all) solutions being 1 mol dm 1
3(b)(i) 4
8 marking points, any 2 points for each mark
H2 / hydrogen
correct delivery system for H2
Pb2+ (aq)
Pb electrode
Pt electrode
H+(aq) solution
salt bridge
voltmeter / V labelled
3(b)(ii) more negative 1

2+ –
shifts Pb (+ 2e ) Pb equilibrium / reaction to the left 1
[W'17 P41 Q03]

11
Electrochemistry WS 12
1
[S’02 P4 Q04]

(iv) the equilibrium (HCO2H ¾ HCO2– + H+) continually shifts to the
right as H+ is used up (1) [5]
12 Total: 10
32 (a) (i) MnO4– +8H+ + 5Fe2+ → Mn2+ + 4H2O + 5Fe3+ (1) + (1)
[or MnO4– + 4H+ + 3Fe2+ → MnO2 + 3Fe3+ + 2H2O]
(reactants + products) + balancing
(ii) Cr2O72– + 2H+ + 3SO2 → 2Cr3+ + 3SO42– + H2O (1) + (1) [4]
(or molecular equations including the counter ions K+ and SO42–)
(b) (i) purple (1)
(ii) the first (permanent) pink colour (from a colourless solution) (1)
n(MnO4–) = 0.01 x 14/1000 = 1.4 x 10–4 (1)
n(Fe2+) = 5 x 1.4 x 10–4 = 7 x 10–4
FeSO4 = 55.8 + 32.1 + 64 = 151.9 (1)
so mass = 151.9 x 7 x 10–4 = 0.106 g (1) [5]
(c) (i) to carry O2 from lungs to muscles/tissues [W'03 P4 Q03]
the O2 molecule is a ligand attached to the Fe atom/Fe2+ ion in

haemoglobin (1)
(ii) CO exchanges with O2 and forms a stronger ligand bond. [1] [3]
Total: 12 max 11
4 (a) phenol, ester, arene/bezene ring any two (1) + (1) [2]
(b) (i) Na+ – O-C6H4-CO2C2H5 (1)
(ii) Na+ – O-C6H4-CO2–Na+ ! C2H5OH ! (2)
(iii)
(1) [4]
© University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate 2003

13 2005
GCE A LEVEL – November 9701 4
23 (a) The EMF of a cell made up of the test electrode and a standard hydrogen electrode. [1]
(or the EMF of the electrode compared to the S.H.E.)
EMF measured under standard conditions of T, (P) and concentration. [1]

(or at 298K and 1 mol dm-3)
2
(b) The stronger the halogen is as an oxidising agent, the more positive is its Eo value. [1]
Two examples of F2/F-, Cl2/Cl-; Br2/Br-, I2/I- quoted [1]
(data: F2/F- = +2.87V

Cl2/Cl- = +1.36V
Br2/Br- = +1.07V
I2/I- = +0.54V)
2
(c) (i) H2O2 + 2I- + 2H+ → I2 + 2H2O

or H2O2 + 2KI + 2H+ → 2K+ + I2 + 2H2O [1]
Eo = 1.77 - 0.54 = 1.23 V [1]
(ii) Cl2 + SO2 + 2H2O → 2Cl - + SO42- + 4H+

or Cl2 + SO2 + 2H2O → 2HCl + H2SO4 [1]
Eo = 1.36 – 0.17 = 1.19 V [1]
(d) since Eo(I2/I-) is +0.54V, tin will be oxidised to Sn4+ [1]

(Eo for Sn2+/Sn = -0.14V and Eo forSn4/Sn2 = +0.15V)
Thus: Sn + 2I2 → SnI4 [1]
2
[W'05 P4 Q02]
total: 10
Bilal Hameed © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Electrochemistry 12

14
GCE A/AS LEVEL – October/November 2007 9701 04
34 (a) K = 22.4/39.1 = 0.573 thus ratio is: 1

Cr = 29.8/52.0 = 0.573 1
Cl = 20.3/35.5 = 0.572 1
O = 27.5/16.0 = 1.719 3 or KCrClO3 (scores 2)
[1] [1] [2]
(b) K2Cr2O7 + 2HCl → 2KCrClO3 + H2O [1]

[1]
(c) (i) redox or oxidation [1]
(ii) Eo data and half equations:

Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6e– → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O Eo = 1.33 V [1]
– –
Cl2 + 2e → 2 Cl Eo = 1.36 V [1]
overall ionic equation:
Cr2O72– + 6Cl– + 14H+ → 2Cr3+ + 3Cl2 + 7H2O [1]
(iii) (dilution will) lower Eo for Cr2O72–/Cr3+ or raise Eo for Cl2/Cl– 

 [1]
or lower [Cl–] or [H+] will shift equilibrium in eqn to the left hand side 
(iv) Br2/Br– = +1.07 V, so Cr(VI) would oxidise Br– (easily) [1]

[6]
[W'07[Total:
P4 Q03] 9]
© UCLES 2007

Page 3 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper
15
25 (a) NaCl: steamy fumes [1]

NaCl + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HCl (or ionic, i.e. without the Na+)
or 2NaCl + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2HCl [1]
NaBr: orange/brown fumes [1]

2NaBr + 3H2SO4 → 2NaHSO4 + 2H2O + SO2 + Br2
or 2HBr + H2SO4 → 2H2O + SO2 + Br2
(ignore equations producing HBr) [1] [4]
(b) relevant Eo quoted: Cl2/Cl – , 1.36; Br2/Br – , 1.07; (H2SO4/SO2, 0.17 – not required) [1]
Br – is more easily oxidised because its Eo is more negative

or Cl2 is more oxidising because its Eo is more positive [1] [2]
(c) Allow almost any reducing agent from the Data Booklet (see below) with Eo less than 1.07 V.
But do not allow reducing agents that require conditions that would react with Br2 in the
absence of the reducing agent (e.g. NH3 or OH–), and also do not allow “reducing agents”
that could produce, or act as, oxidising agents (e.g. MnO42– and H2O2)
balanced equ. showing reduction of Br2 by the chosen reducing agent

(either ionic or molecular) [1]
Eo = 1.07 – (Eo of reductant) = x.xx (V) (see below) [1] [2]
[S'09 P4 Q02]
[Total: 8]
List of acceptable reductants with resulting Eocell values
reductant Eocell/V reductant Eocell/V reductant Eocell/V

Ag 0.27 Fe⇒Fe2+ 1.51 Na 3.78
Al 2.73 Fe⇒Fe3+ 1.11 Ni 1.32
Ba 3.97 Fe2+ 0.30 Pb 1.20
Ca 3.94 H2 1.07 SO2 0.90
Co 1.35 I– 0.53 S2O32– 0.98
Cr ⇒ Cr2+ 1.98 K 3.99 Sn 1.21
Cr ⇒ Cr3+ 1.81 Li 4.11 Sn2+ 0.92
Cr2+ 1.48 Mg 3.45 V 2.27
Cu⇒Cu+ 0.55 Mn 2.25 V2+ 1.33
Cu⇒Cu2+ 0.73 NO2 0.26 V3+ 0.73
Cu+ 0.92 HNO2 0.13 VO2+ 0.07
NH4+ 0.20 Zn 1.83
e.g. for Sn2+: Sn2+ + Br2 → Sn4+ + 2Br– [1]

Eo = 1.07 – 0.15 = 0.92 V [1]
(or similarly for other suitable reagents)
© UCLES 2009

4 (a) Cr3+: 1s22s22p6... 3s23p63d3 (1)
Mn : 1s22s22p6... 3s23p63d5
2+
(1)
(allow (1) out of (2) for 3s23p64s23d1 and 3s23p64s23d3) [2]
16
6 (b) (i) any three of the following points:

• initial (pale) green (solution)
• fades to (almost) colourless (allow yellow)
• then (permanent faint) pink
• finally (deep) purple (3)
(ii) MnO4– + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ (+ 5e–) → Mn2+ + 4H2O + 5Fe3+ (+ 5e–) (1) [4]
(c) Eo values: O2 + 4H+/2H2O = +1.23V Fe3+/Fe2+ = +0.77 V

O2 + 2H2O/4OH– = +0.40V Fe(OH)3/Fe(OH)2 = –0.56V (2)
Eocell = +0.46V (allow –0.37) in acid, but +0.96V in alkali or Eo (OH–) > Eo (H+) (1)
If Ecell is more positive it means a greater likelihood of reaction (1) [4]

[S'10 P42 Q04]
(d)
O
[1]
(1) and CH3CO2H [1]
(1)
HO2C CO2H [1]

(1)
(or CO2H)
O O
CO2H or CHO
H3C H3C
[1]
(1) [1]
(1)
[5]
(e) (i) (CH3)2C(OH)–CH2OH (1)
(ii) reaction I: (cold dilute) KMnO4 (“cold” not needed, but “hot” or “warm” negates) (1)
reaction II: Cr2O72– + H+ + distil (1) [3]
[Total: 18 max 17]
© UCLES 2010

17
27 (a) (i)
hydrogen
gas at 1 atm
Pt
H+/HCl at 1 mol dm-3 and 298K
H2(g) going in (i.e. not being produced) [1]

platinum electrode in contact with solution, with H2 bubbling over it [1]
H+ or HCl or H2SO4 [1]
–3
solution at 1 mol dm (or 0.5 M if H2SO4) and T=298 K, p=1 atm [1]
(ii) Eo = 1.33 – (-0.41) = 1.74 V [1]
Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6Cr2+ → 8Cr3+ + 7H2O [1]
(iii) Colour would change from orange [1]
to green [1]
[8]
[S'13 P42 Q02]
(b) there are two ways of calculating the ratio:
pKa = –log10(Ka) = –log10(1.79 x 10–5) = 4.747 (4.75) or [H+] = 10-5.5 = 3.16 x 10-6 [1]
log10([B] / [A]) = pH – pKa = 0.753 (0.75) or [salt] / [acid] = Ka / [H+] [1]
∴ [B] / [A] = 100.753 = 5.66

or = 1.79 x 10–5 / 3.16 x 10–6 = 5.66
(or [A] / [B] = 0.177) [1]
(correct ratio = [3] marks)
since B + A = 100,∴ (100–A) / A = 5.66 ⇒ vol of acid = 15 cm3

vol of salt = 85 cm3 [1]
[4]

(ii) 2NaOH + PbO → Na2PbO2 + H2O [1]
(or NaOH + PbO + H2O → NaPb(OH)3 etc.)
[2]
18
8 (d) (i) Zn + Sn4+ → Zn2+ + Sn2+ [1]
(ii) Eθ = 0.15 – (–0.76) = 0.91 V [1]

Eθ = 1.52 – 0.15 = 1.37 V [1]
(iii) n(Sn2+) = 0.02 × 13.5/1000 × 5/2 = 6.75 × 10–4 mol use of the 5/2 ratio [1]
correct rest of working [1]
n(Sn2+) = 0.02 × 20.3/1000 × 5/2 = 1.02 × 10–3 mol [1]
(iv) n(Sn4+) = 1.02 × 10–3 – 6.75 × 10–4 = 3.45 × 10–4 mol [1]
∴ ratio = 6.75/3.45 = 1.96:1 ≈ 2:1
∴ formula is 2SnO + SnO2 ⇒ Sn3O4 (condl on calculation, but allow ecf) [1]
[8]
(e) (i) volume = 1 × 1 × 1 × 10–5 = 1 × 10–5 m3 or 10 cm3 [1]
(ii) mass = vol × density = 10 × 7.3 = 73 g ecf [1]

moles = mass/Ar = 73/119 = 0.61 mol ecf [1]
(iii) Q = nFz = 0.61 × 9.65 × 104 × 2 = 1.18 (1.2) × 105 coulombs ecf [1]
[4]
[W'09 P41 Q01]
[Total: 19]
© UCLES 2009

19
GCE A LEVEL – October/November 2011 9701 43
19 (a) Cr3+: 1s22s22p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 [1]

Mn2+: 1s22s22p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 [1]
[2]
(b) (i) Any two from

• H+ is on the oxidant/L.H. side of each of the ½-equations, or H+ is a reactant
• (increasing [H+]) will make Eo more positive
• (increasing [H+]) will drive the reaction over to the R.H./reductant side or forward
direction
[1] + [1]
(ii) KMnO4: Purple/violet to colourless (allow very pale pink) [1]

K2Cr2O7 Orange to green [1]
[4]
(c) (i) MnO2 + SO2 → MnSO4 (or Mn2+ + SO42–) [1]
manganese changes/is reduced from +4 to +2 [1]

sulfur changes/is oxidised from +4 to +6 [1]
(ii) No effect, because H+ does not appear in the overall equation or its effect on the
MnO2/Mn2+ change is cancelled out by its effect on the SO2/SO42– change [1]
[4]
(d) (i) MnO2 + 4H+ + Sn2+ → Mn2+ + 2H2O + Sn4+ [1]
(ii) n(MnO4–) = 0.02 × 18.1/1000 = 3.62 × 10–4 mol [1]

n(Sn2+) = 3.62 × 10–4 × 5/2 = 9.05 × 10–4 mol [1]
n(Sn2+) that reacted with MnO2 = (20 – 9.05) × 10–4 = 1.095 × 10–3 mol [1]
reaction is 1:1, so this is also n(MnO2)
mass of MnO2 = 1.095 × 10–3 × (54.9+16+16) = 0.0952 g [1]
⇒ 95% – 96%; 2 or more s.f. [1]
[6]
[W'11 P43 Q01]
[Total: 16]
© University of Cambridge International Examinations 2011

(iii) if [PbCl2] = 3.5 × 10–2, [Pb2+] = 3.5 × 10–2 and [Cl –] = 7.0 × 10–2
so Ksp = (3.5 × 10–2) × (7.0 × 10–2)2 = 1.715 (1.7) × 10–4 mol3 dm–9 ([2sf) [1] +[1]
20 5
10 (c) (i) the (M / M) E for the two elements are very similar or are –0.13 and –0.14 V
2+ o
[1]
Eo (Sn4+ / Sn2+) = 0.15 V and Eo (Pb4+ / Pb2+) = 1.69 V [1]
so Sn2+ is quite easily oxidised (to Sn4+) or is a stronger reductant or Pb2+ is

not easily oxidised (to Pb4+) or Pb4+ is a stronger oxidant or Pb4+ is easily
reduced [1]
(ii) e.g. PbCl2 + Zn → Pb + ZnCl2 (or ionic) [1]

(other acceptable reductants: Fe, Mg, Ca but not Na or K)
Sn2+ + Br2 → Sn4+ + 2Br- [1]

(other acceptable oxidants: VO2+, Cr2O72–, Ag+, Cl2, Br2, F2, Fe3+, MnO4–)
5
[S'14 P42 Q02]
(d) (i) Pb2+(g) + 2Cl –(g) → PbCl2(s) [1]
(ii) ∆Hf = ∆Hat + E(Cl – Cl) + 1st IE + 2nd IE + 2 × EA(Cl) + LE

–359 = 195 + 242 + 716 + 1450 – 2 × 349 + LE
LE = 2 × 349 – 359 – 195 – 242 – 716 – 1450
LE = –2264 (kJ mol–1) [3]
(iii) LE(PbCl2) > LE(PbBr2) or more exothermic or stronger lattice [1]
because Cl – / chloride anion has smaller radius / size than Br – / bromide [1]
[Total: 20]

Cambridge International A Level – October/November 2015 9701 43
21
Question Marking Point Marks Total Marks
11 3 (a) (i) • Fe2+ and Fe3+ (or suitable compounds), 2 or 3 marking points = [1] 4
• salt bridge labelled, 4 or 5 marking points = [2]
• one electrode Pt labelled, 6 or 7 marking points = [3]
• one soln 1 mol dm–3 8 marking points = [4]
• Cl – (or suitable compound),
• voltmeter, labelled or V
• Cl2,
• 1 atm or 298K
_______
2+ 3+
(ii) Eocell = 1.36 – 0.77 = 0.59 V 1
(b) yellowPage 5 / brown

/ orange Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper 1
Cambridge International A Level – October/November 2015 9701 43
(c) cell voltage increases or becomes more positive 2
–
Question Cl2 / Cl Point
Marking electrode potential increases Marks Total Marks
(d) (i) H2 + 2OH– → 2H2O + 2e– 2
O2 + 2H2O + 4e– → 4OH– © Cambridge International Examinations 2015
(ii) 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O 1
(iii) rechargeable / refillable / longer time between charges / longer battery life / less pollution because H2O is 1
the product / O2 can be got from the air
[W'15 P43 Q03]

[Total: 12]
4 (a) (i) sketch graph to show a general decrease in m.p 1
(ii) giant covalent (C or Si) to metal / metallic (Sn or Pb) 1
(b) (i) can react with an acid or base / alkali or 1

can act as an acid or base or
has acidic and basic properties
(ii) SnO2 + 2NaOH → Na2SnO3 + H2O or 1

SnO2 + 2NaOH + 2H2O → Na2Sn(OH)6
(c) (i) Eocell = + 1.18 or 1

Eo Cr2O72– greater / more positive than Sn4+ or
Eo (Cr2O72– / Cr3+) + 1.33 and Eo (Sn4+ / Sn2+) + 0.15
(ii) Cr2O72– + 3Sn2+ + 14H+ → 2 Cr3+ + 3Sn4+ + 7H2O 2

green
(d) (i) the same substance gets both oxidised and reduced in the reaction or 1
Ge changes oxid. no. + 2 to 0 and changes oxid. no. + 2 to + 4
(ii) (CN)2 + 2NaOH → NaOCN / NaCNO + NaCN + H2O 1

OH/NH protons exchange with deuterium or –OH / –NH + D2O → –OD / –ND + DHO 1
3(d) ester and hydrolysed 1
22
12 4(a)(i) Eocell = 1.00 – (–0.26) = (+)1.26 V 1
4(a)(ii) VO2+ + V 2+ +
+ 2H → VO 2+
+ V3+
+ H2O 1
4(a)(iii) 4
solutions labelled correctly in one half-cell [1]

9701/42 solutions labelled correctly in bothCambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme
half-cells [1] October/November
two graphite or platinum electrodes [1] PUBLISHED 2017
Question salt bridge and voltmeter [1] Answer Marks
2+ 4+
4(b) • V (aq) and Sn (aq): 3
yes and Eocell = +0.15 – (–0.26) = +0.41 V [1]
2+ 4+ 3+ 2+
2V + Sn → 2V + Sn [1]
2+ 3+
• VO (aq) and Fe (aq)
no reaction [1]
[W'17 P42 Q04]

5(a) (Na+) 0.095 / 0.181 = 0.525 and octahedral and co-ordination no. = 6 1
(Mg2+) 0.065 / 0.181 = 0.359 and tetrahedral and co-ordination no. = 4 1
5(b) enthalpy change = (–642) – (2 × –106) = –430 1
5(c)(i) –106 = 147 + 121 + 736 + (–349) + lattice energy 3

lattice energy = –761
5(c)(ii) MgCl2 more exothermic / negative / bigger than MgCl and NaCl more exothermic / negative / bigger than MgCl 1
(reason for MgCl2) higher charge / lower radius of Mg2+ cation 1
(reason for NaCl) smaller radius of Na+ cation 1
5(d) energy change when 1 mole of atoms / ions each gain an electron 1

or energy change when 1 mole of atoms / ions gain 1 mole of electrons
gaseous 1

1(d)(i) BaC2O4 ⊕ ⊕ τ ) BaO + CO + CO2 1
1(d)(ii) the KMnO4 would decolourise 2

bubbles / gas evolution would be seen
23
13 2(a) o –
the E for X2 / X becomes less positive / decrease down the group 2
so the halogens are less reactive (as oxidants) down the group
2(b)(i) Cl2 + H2O ⊕ ⊕ τ HCl + HClO 1

9701/42 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme March 2018
2(b)(ii) Cl2/Cl = +1.36 V and ClO / (Cl + OH–) = +0.89 V
– – – PUBLISHED 2
Question so Eocell = 1.36 – 0.89 = (+) 0.47 V Answer Marks
2(b)(iii) box three ticked 2

Le Chatelier argument, more OH– / increase reactant concentration so equilibrium shifts right or an argument based on the
half cell with OH–
2(c)(i) Br – + 3ClO – ⊕ ⊕ τ BrO3– + 3Cl – 1
2(c)(ii) Eocell = 0.89 – 0.58 = + 0.31 V 1
2(c)(iii) 4HBrO3 ⊕ ⊕ τ 2Br2 + 5O2 + 2H2O 1
[M’18 P42 Q02]

+ –10
3(a)(i) [H ] = ⎤ (Ka. c) = ⎤ (6.2 × 10 × 0.1) 2
[H+] = 7.9 × 10–6
pH = –log[H+] = 5.1(0)
3(a)(ii) 1
H C N
3(a)(iii) C: sp and N: sp 2
angle 180°
3(a)(iv) A is CH3NH2 2
B is HCO2H
3(b)(i) 2- 1
3(b)(ii) geometrical / cis-trans 1

24
Page 2 Electrochemistry
Mark Scheme
GCE A LEVEL – May/June 2013
WS 13
Syllabus
9701
Paper
41
11 (a) The potential of an electrode compared to that of a standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)
or
the EMF of a cell composed of the test electrode and the SHE [1]
all measurement concentrations of 1 mol dm–3 and 298 K / 1 atm pressure [1]
[2]
(b)
H2 and good delivery system [1]

Fe2+/Fe3+ solution labelled [1]
platinum electrodes (both) [1]
salt bridge and voltmeter [1]
H+ or HCl or H2SO4 [1]
(acid is not sufficient)
[5]
(c) (i) E! = 0.77 – 0.54 = 0.23 (V) [1]
(ii) Since E! is positive/ E! >0
So more products / the equilibrium will be over to the right / forward reaction is favoured
ecf from (c)(i) [1]
(iii) Kc = [Fe2+]2[I2] / [Fe3+]2[I–]2 [1]
units are mol–1 dm3 ecf on expression [1]
(iv) ([Fe2+] must always be twice [I2], so) [Fe2+] = 0.02 (mol dm–3) [1]
([I–] must always be equal to [Fe3+], so) [I–] = 2 × 10–4 (mol dm–3) [1]
(v) Kc = {(0.02)2 × 0.01} / {(2 x 10–4)2 × (2 × 10–4)2} correct expression [1]

(allow ecf from incorrect expression in (c)(iii))
(allow ecf from (c)(iv))
= (4 × 10–6) / (1.6 × 10–1.5) = 2.5 × 109 (mol–1 dm3) [1]
[8]
[S'13 P41 Q01]
[Total: 15]
Electrochemistry 13 © Cambridge International Examinations 2013 Bilal Hameed

" pH = -log10(1.26 x 10-7) = 6.9 3
25 Total 13
22 (a) O2 + 4H+ + 4e- 2H2O (or equation ÷ 2) [1] 1
(b) ⊕ [1] 1
(c) 1.23 (V) (ignore sign) [1] 1
(d) a better/larger salt bridge or a diaphragm or larger (area of) electrodes

A LEVEL – NOVEMBER 2004 9701 4
or increase concentrations/pressure [1] 1
(e) time = 400 x 24 x 60 x 60 = 34 560 000 seconds [1]
charge = current x time = 0.01 x 34 560 000 = 345 600 C ecf [1]
moles of H =©345 600/96of500

University = 3.6 mol
Cambridge International ! mass of H =2005
Examinations 3.6 g ecf [1] 3
(f) advantages: less pollution/CO2/NOx etc. or cleaner by-products
less dependence on fossil fuels/finite resources any one [1]
disadvantages: more expensive (to develop or to run)
takes up more space
poor power-to-volume ratio
hydrogen is difficult to store or to transport any one [1]
NOT hydrogen is explosive/flammable 2

[W'04 P4 Q02]
Total 9
3 solubilities decrease down the group [1]
hydration energy of the cation decreases [1]
lattice energy stays the same, or decreases less than H.E. [1]
making ∆Hsolution more endothermic or H.E. no longer able to overcome -L.E. [1] 4
Total 4
4 (a) an element forming one or more ions with a partially filled/incomplete d-shell [1] 1
(b) (i) almost no change (allow slight increase or slight decrease) [1]
(ii) density should increase [1]
because Ar is increasing but size/volume/radius stays the same [1]
(allow partial ecf from b (i)) 3
(c) ………..3d9 [1] 1
(d) (i) an ion formed when a ligand (datively) bonds to a (central metal) cation [1]
(ii)

26
GCE A LEVEL – October/November 2012 9701 41
3
2 (a) (i) A = CuSO4 [1]
B = silver [1]
(ii) salt bridge [1]

voltmeter [1]
[4]
(b) (i) 0.80 – 0.34 = (+) 0.46 V [1]
(ii) If Ecell = 0.17, this is 0.29 V less than the standard Eo,
so EAg electrode must = 0.80 – 0.29 = 0.51 V [1]
(iii) 0.51 = 0.80 + 0.06log [Ag+], so [Ag+] = 10(–0.29/0.06) = 1.47 x 10–5 mol dm–3 ecf from (ii) [1]
[3]
[W'12 P41 Q02]
(c) (i) Ksp = [Ag+]2[SO42–] [1]
units = mol3 dm–9 ecf on Ksp [1]
(ii) [SO42–] = [Ag+]/2 Ksp = (1.6 × 10–2)2 × 0.8 × 10–2 = 2.05 × 10–6 (mol3 dm–9) [1]
[3]
(d) AgCl white [1]

AgBr cream [1]
AgI yellow [1]
Solubility decreases down the group [1]
[4]
(e) solubility decreases down the group [1]

as M2+/ionic radius increases [1]
both lattice energy and hydration(solvation) energy to decrease [1]
enthalpy change of solution becomes more endothermic [1]
[4]
[Total: 18]

27
GCE AS/A LEVEL – May/June 2010 9701 41
4
5 (a) (i) Eo = 0.40 – (–0.83) = 1.23V (1)
(ii) 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O (1)
(iii) LH electrode will become more negative (1)

RH electrode will also become more negative / less positive (1)
(iv) no change ecf from (iii) (1)
(v) increased conductance or lower cell resistance or increased rate of reaction (1) [6]
(b) (i) Eo = 1.47 – (–0.13) = 1.60V (1)

(ii) PbO2 + Pb + 4H+ → 2Pb2+ + 2H2O (1)
(iii) PbO2 + Pb + 4H+ + 2SO42– → 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O (1)
(iv) Eocell will increase (1)
as [Pb2+] decreases, Eelectrode(PbO2) will become more positive, but Eelectrode(Pb)

will become more negative (1) [5]
[S'10 P41 Q05]
[Total: 11]
6 (a) (i) SOCl2 or PCl5 or PCl3 (1)
(ii) CH3CO2H + SOCl2 → CH3COCl + SO2 + HCl

or CH3CO2H + PCl5 → CH3COCl + POCl3 + HCl
or 3CH3CO2H + PCl3 → 3CH3COCl + H3PO3 (1)
[2]
(b) (i) A is C6H5CO2C2H5 (1)

B is C6H5CONH2 (1)
(ii) ester (1)

amide (1)
(iii) nucleophilic substitution / condensation (1) [5]
(c) (i) C is ClCOCOCl (1)

D is ClCOCOCOCl (1)
(ii) hydrogen bonding (1)
(iii) because it’s an amide or not an amine or its lone pair is delocalised (over C=O)
or less
available due to electronegative oxygen [NOT: E is neutral, but the diamine is
basic] (1)
(iv) condensation (polymer) or polyester (1) [5]
[Total: 12]
© UCLES 2010

28
5
1 (a)
salt bridge + voltmeter [1]

zinc metal + Zn2+ [1]
H2 (in, not out) + H+ [1]
Pt electrode [1]
all solutions at 1 mol dm–3 [1]
T = 298K or 25oC [1] [6]
(b)
conditions product at anode product at cathode
ZnCl2(l) (chlorine) zinc [1]
ZnCl2(conc aq) chlorine [1] (H2 or zinc) (ignore)
ZnCl2(dil aq) oxygen [1] hydrogen [1]
[1] for each product in correct place [4] [4]
[S'07 P4 Q01]
(c)
LE =B–A
= –415 – (131 + 908 + 1730) – {244 + 2(–349)}
[1] [1]
= –415 – 2315
= –2730 (kJ mol–1) [1]
(correct answer = [3]: deduct [1] for each error) [3]
(d) (i)
• instrumental method (e.g. spectrophotometer/colorimeter/conductance meter)
• what is measured (e.g. absorbance/transmission at a stated wavelength
or by use of a “suitable” (green) filter or conductance/resistance)
• measurement of time
• relation of time to rate (e.g. gradient of absorbance/time graph, or rate ∝ 1/t)
• repeat with different [Zn2+], (but the same [PAR])
• relation of rate to [Zn2+] (either by a plot or by simple proportion)
(all 6 points are unconditional on each other) any 5 points [5]
(ii) e.g. add Br2(aq) [1]

decolourises or produces a white ppt. [1]
or add FeCl3(aq or “neutral”); purple colour produced [1] + [1] [2]
[Total: 20]
© UCLES 2007

A/AS LEVEL EXAMINATIONS – JUNE 2003 9701 4
29
16 (a) The EMF of a cell made up of the test electrode and a

standard hydrogen electrode. [1]
EMF measured under standard conditions of T, P and concentration [1]
(b) (i) Eleft = Eright – Ecell = 0.34 - 0.76 = -0.42 (V) [1]
(ii) (arrow from left to right) [1]
(iii) I pink/red solid/ppt or copper will be formed or blue solution

fades or M dissolves/corrodes [1]
Cu2+ + M → Cu + M2+ [1]
II hydrogen/gas evolved or M dissolves

(do not allow "M dissolves" for [2] marks in both I and II) [1]
M + 2H+ → M2+ + H2 [1]
(c) (i) polarity of d. c. source: !"#is on the left, $#is on the right [1]
electrolyte is Cu2+(aq)/CuSO4/CuCl2/Cu(NO3)2 etc. or name [1]
(ii) moles of Cu = 0.5/63.5 = 7.87 x 10-3 [1]
moles of e- = 2 x 7.87 x 10-3 = 1.57 x 10-2
no. of coulombs = 96500 x 1.57 x 10-2 = 1517 (C) [1]

ecf in n(e-)
time = 1520/0.5 = 5034 seconds = 50.7 min [1]

ecf in coulombs
5
[S'03 P4 Q01]
Total 13
Bilal Hameed © University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate 2003 Electrochemistry 13

30
A LEVEL – JUNE 2005 9701 4
1 7 (a) (i) Ammeter/galvanometer [1]
Clock/watch/timer (or rheostat) [1]

(For items above 2 in number, e.g. voltmeter, penalise [1])
(ii) Diagram to show ammeter (allow symbol) in circuit, and [1]

complete circuit with ! terminal of power pack connected to LH
electrode [1]
(iii) Volume/amount of hydrogen/gas [1]
Time [1]
Current/amps/ammeter reading
(ignore extra measurements) [1]
Part (a): [7]
(b) (i) F=Lxe [1]
(ii) L = 9.63 x 104/1.6 x 10-19 = 6.02 x 1023 (must show working) [1]
Allow 6.0 but not 6 or 6.01 Part (b): [2]

[S'05 P4 Q01]
Total: [9]
2 (a) The power/index/exponent to which a concentration term is raised in

a rate equation
or a in rate = k[A]a (k is needed – or can use rate α [A]a) [1]
Part (a): [1]
(b) (i) 1st order w.r.t. propanone [1]
Zero order w.r.t. H+ ions [1]
1st order w.r.t. CN- ions [1]
(ii) Rate = k [propanone][CN-] (e.c.f. from (i)) [1]
(iii) Mechanism B (or A – see grid below), with the first (or second –
see grid below) step being the slow step, [1]
(since H+ does not appear in rate equation) it must be involved

after the slow step or [H+] is not involved in slow step [1]
Grid for e.c.f. in first mark of (iii)
Deductions in (i) or (ii) E.C.F. deductions in (iii)

[Propanone] [CN-] [H+] Mechanism Slow step
1 1 0 B 1st
1 0 1 A 1st
1 1 1 A or B 2nd
Any other No e.c.f. mark can be awarded
Part (b): [6]

Electrochemistry 13 Total:Bilal
[7] Hameed
(c) precipitate / solid CaSO4 would form [2]
due to the common ion effect or Ksp is exceeded or the following equilibrium
shifted over to the right Ca2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) ! CaSO4(s)
31
8 (d) charge passed = 1.8 × 40 x 60 (= 4320 C) [4]
n(e–) = 4320 / 96500 (= 4.477 × 10–2 mol) ecf
n(Cr) = 0.776 / 52 (= 1.492 × 10–2 mol) ecf
n = 4.477 × 10–2 / 1.492 × 10–2 = 3.00 (=3)

[S'15 P42 Q03]
[Total: 12]

32
39 (a) L = F/e or F = Le [1]

[1]
(b) (i)
+ P .S . -
A
a no d e c a tho d e
C uS O 4 (a q )
allow the conventional symbol to represent (the "P.S." is not required)
correct cell (2 electrodes + PS circuit) [1]

ammeter in series [1]
anode and cathode of the right polarity [IN WORDS] [1]
CuSO4(aq) or CuCl2(aq) or Cu2+(aq) or soln or 1 mol dm–3 [1]
(ii) n(Cu) = (52.542–52.243)/63.5 = 4.71 × 10–3 mol (4.67 × 10–3) [1]

n(e–) required = 4.71 × 10–3 × 2 = 9.42 × 10–3 mol (9.34 × 10–3) ecf [1]
amount of electricity passed = 0.5 × 30 × 60 = 900 C [1]

no. of electrons passed = 900/1.6 × 10–19 = 5.625 × 1021 ecf [1]
no of electrons/n(e–) = L = 5.625 × 1021/9.42 × 10–3 = 5.97 × 1023 mol–1 (6.02 × 1023)

ecf [1]
(values in italics are if candidate has used Ar = 64, not 63.5. No last mark if not 3 s.f.:
correct ans = [5]) [9]
(c)
compound product at anode product at cathode
AgF O2 Ag
FeSO4 O2 H2
MgBr2 Br2 H2
6 correct ⇒ [5]
5 correct⇒ [4] etc.
Names can be used instead of symbols. If the atomic symbol (e.g. Br or H or O) is used
instead of the molecular formula (e.g. Br2 etc.) then deduct [1] mark only for the whole table.
[5]
[S'11 P42 Q03]
[Total: 15]

feasible
SnCl2 + Cl2 → SnCl4 1

or Sn2+ + Cl2 → Sn4+ + 2Cl –33
or SnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O → SnO2 + 4HCl
10 (e) (i) F = Le 1
(ii) moles of O2(g) = 130 / 24 000 = 5.417 x 10–3 mol 1
moles of electrons needed = 4 x 5.417 x 10–3 or 2.17 x 10–2 mol
no. of coulombs passed = 1.2 x 30 x 60 or 2160 C 1
no. of electrons passed = 2160 / 1.6 x 10–19 or 1.35 x 1022 1
no. of electrons per mole = 1.35 x 1022 / 2.17 x 10–2 = 6.2 x 1023 (mol–1) 1
[S'15[Total:
P41 Q05]
15]

Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9701 41
34
11 4 (a) (i) SCP is the EMF / potential of a cell composed of two electrodes (OR half cells) under standard conditions
(OR at 289 K OR 1 mol dm–3) [1]
(ii) voltmeter and salt bridge [1]
(iii) A is Ag
B is Ag+(aq) or AgNO3(aq)
C is Pt
D is Fe2+(aq) and Fe3+(aq) [3]
(combination of A and B can be reversed with combination of C and D)
(b) (i) Ag+ + Fe2+ → Ag + Fe3+ [1]

o +
(ii) E = E + 0.059log [Ag ] = 0.80 – 0.03 = 0.77 V [1]
so Ecell = 0.77 – 0.77 = 0.0 V [1]
[S'16 P41[Total:
Q04] 8]
5 (a) (i) pKa = –log Ka [1]
(ii) diacids are more acidic than CH3CO2H [1]

HO2C– group is electron-withdrawing, stabilising the monoanion
OR HO2C– group is electron-withdrawing, weakening the O–H bond
OR monoanion is stabilised by H–bonding [1]
as n increases, the electron–withdrawing group is further away from the ionising CO2H group OR the (intervening)
alkyl groups destabilise the anion [1]
+
(iii) removing H from an anion is not electrostatically favourable [1]
(b) (i) a solution which resists changes in pH [1]

when small amounts of H+ or OH– are added [1]

9701/41 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme October/November
35
PUBLISHED 2017
12 3(c)(i) Q = 0.4 × 80 × 60 = 1920 C and use of 96500 / 193000 2

Moles of Pb = 1920 / 193000 = 9.95 × 10–3
Mass of Pb = 207.2 × 9.95 × 10–3 = 2.1 g
OR
Q = 0.4 × 80 × 60 = 1920 C and use of 1.6 × 10–19 / 1.2 × 1022
atoms Pb = 6 × 1021; moles of Pb =6 × 1021 / 6 × 1023 = 0.01
Mass of Pb = 207.2 × 0.01 = 2.1 g
3(c)(ii) PbO2(s) + SO42–(aq) + 4H+ + 2e– → PbSO4(s) + 2H2O 1
3(d) reagents / PbO2 / H2SO4 and used up / concentration decreases 1
as fuel / hydrogen is being continuously supplied / fuel has not run out 1
[W'17 P41 Q03]

4(a) density is higher and melting point is higher 1
(density) due to Ar being larger and smaller atomic radii 1

or (Co) atoms / ions heavier and smaller
(melting point) due to stronger attraction to cations as more delocalised electrons 1
4(b) (a molecule or ion) formed by a central metal atom / ion surrounded by (one or more) ligands 1
4(c)(i) same number and type of atoms and different structural formula 1

5(b)(ii) L is [Co(NH3)6]2+ 2
N is [CoCl4]2–
5(b)(iii) (pale) blue precipitate 1
36
13 6(a)(i) X is an ammeter 1
6(a)(ii) Y is AgNO3 or AgF or AgClO4 1

–3
6(b) n(Ag) = 0.500 / 107.9 = 4.6(34) × 10 3
n(C) = 0.200 × 40 × 60 = 480 C
n(e–) = 480/1.60 × 10–19 = 3(.00) × 1021
n(e–)/n(Ag) = 3.00 × 1021 / 4.634 × 10–3 = 6.474 × 1023 (6.5 × 1023)
[M’18 P42 Q06]

9701/41 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
37
PUBLISHED
14 3(a) anode cathode 3
AgNO3 (aq) oxygen / O2 silver / Ag

saturated NaCl (aq) chlorine / Cl2 hydrogen / H2
CuSO4 (aq) oxygen / O2 copper / Cu
– –
3(b)(i) 2I → I2 + 2e 1
2+ –
Ca + 2e → Ca 1
3(b)(ii) • Ca / Calcium reduced and I / iodine oxidised 2

• Oxidation number of calcium decreases from 2 to 0
• Oxidation number of iodine increases from –1 to 0
2 points = 1 mark
3 points = 2 marks
3(b)(iii) • metal / grey / silvery 1
• purple AND vapour / gas / fumes
• amount of melt decreases
any 2 points for 1 mark
3(c) 2 × 60 × 60 × 0.8 = 5760 C 1

AND
5760 / 96500 = 0.060 (0.0597) F
1.11 / 55.8 = 0.020 (0.0199) mol of Fe 1

3+
0.06 / 0.02 = 3 Fe or +3 or 3 1
[S'18 P41 Q03]

9701/41 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme October/November 2018
PUBLISHED
Question
38Answer Marks
8(d)(iii) (as temperature increases) feasibility decreases 1
15 8(e)(i) 2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O OR 2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H+ + 4OH– 1
8(e)(ii) Eocell = 1.23 – 0.02 = 1.21 V 1
[W’18 P41 Q8]

M4 (in Cu(I) complexes) all the orbitals in Cu are full OR Cu(I) is d
4(b) n(S2O32-) = 28.35 × 0.5 / 1000 = 0.0142 (0.014175) 3
this also equals n(Cu2+)

mass of Cu = 0.014175 × 63.5 = 0.90 g
39
% of Cu = 100 × 0.90 / 1.5 = 60%
16 4(c)(i) Eocell = 0.15 – 0.54 = –0.39 (V) 1
4(c)(ii) since Eocell is negative (reaction is not likely to occur) OR since Eocell < 0 (reaction is not feasible / not spontaneous) 1
4(c)(iii) E = + (0.059 / 1) log(1.0 / 1.3 ×

Eo 10-6) 2
= +0.15 + 0.059 × 5.89
= +0.50/0.497 V
4(c)(iv) Eocell is very negative OR calculation (Eocell = 0.15 – 1.36 =) –1.21 V 1
4(d)(i) Cu2+(aq) is (light) blue AND [CuCl4]2–(aq) is yellow [M’19 P42 Q04]
1
4(d)(ii) ligand displacement / replacement / substitution / exchange 1
4(d)(iii) Kstab = [CuCl4]2– / ([Cu2+][Cl–]4) 2

units: mol–4 dm12

M2 explanation two lone pairs and two bonding pairs
M3 lone pairs repel more
40
17 3(a) 2ClO3– + SO2 → 2ClO2 + SO42– 1
3(b)(i) Cl in ClO2 gets both oxidised and reduced or Cl goes from +4 → +5 and +4 → +3 1
3(b)(ii) M1 ClO2 + 2OH– → ClO3– + H2O + e– 2
M2 ClO2 + e– → ClO2–
3(c)(i) M1 Li → Li+ + e– and I2 + 2e– → 2I– 2
M2 2Li + I2 → 2Li+ + 2I–
3(c)(ii) Eocell = 0.54 –(–3.04) = +3.58 V [1] 1
3(c)(iii) M1 amount of Li = 0.10 / 6.9 = 1.45 × 10–2 mol [1] 3
M2 Q needed = 96500 × 1.45 × 10–2 = 1399 (1398.55) C [1] ecf
M3 t = 1399 / (2.5 × 10–5) = 5.6 × 107 s [1] ecf 2sf min
[S’19 P41 Q03]

1(c)(ii) M1 (in conc. NH3) [NH3] increases and equilibrium 2 shifts to the right [1] 2
M2 [Ag+] decreases and equilibrium 1 shifts to the right [1]
1(c)(iii) AgBr + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Br– [1] 1

41
1(c)(iv) Keq3 = Ksp × Kstab [1] ALLOW Keq3= [Ag(NH3)2+][Br–]/[NH3]2 1
18 1(d) The potential difference when a half-cell is connected to a (standard) hydrogen electrode under standard conditions [1] 1
OR the potential difference / voltage / EMF between a hydrogen electrode and another half-cell under standard conditions [1]
1(e)(i) salt bridge ! voltmeter / V ! 4

Ag ! Ag+ (or soluble silver salt) !
Pt ! H2 (and delivery correct) + H+ (or named strong acid) !
1 atm. (pressure) ! 1 mol dm–3 (and 298 K) !
mark as ! " ! " ! " ! " [4]
1(e)(ii) Ag electrode labelled and arrow (in the external circuit moving towards this electrode) [1] 1
[S’19 P42 Q01]

42
PUBLISHED
19 1(a) Platinum / Pt Aluminium / Al BOTH 1
1(b)(i) M1: use of or quoting a valid Nernst equation 2

E = E + 0.0590 / z log [ox] / [red] OR E = 0.15 + (0.0590 / 2)log2
M2: E = (+)0.16 (0.159) V minimum 2 sig. fig.
correct answer scores 2 marks
1(b)(ii) Ecell = 0.16 – (–1.66) = +1.82 V minimum 3 sig. fig. 1
1(b)(iii) 2Al + 3Sn4+ → 2Al3+ + 3Sn2+ 2
M1: species
M2: balancing
1(c) M1: number of C (= 300 000 × 60 × 60 × 24) = 2.59 × 1010 (C) 4
M2: number of F(= 2.592 × 1010 / 9.65 × 104) = 2.69 ×105 (moles of electrons)
M3: moles of Al (= 2.69 × 105 / 3) = 8.95 × 104
M4: mass of Al (= 8.95 × 104 × 27) = 2420 kg
correct answer scores 4 marks
1(d) M1: (Cr2+ + 2e– Cr) E = –0.91 and (2H+ + 2e– H2) E = 0.00 seen 2
M2: hydrogen formed instead / hydrogen (ions) easier to reduce / hydrogen has more positive E
[W’19 P41 Q01]

43
PUBLISHED
20 1(a) Platinum and platinum 1
1(b)(i) M1: Nernst quoted correctly 2

E = Eo + 0.0590 / zlog [ox] / [red] or E = 1.49 + 0.0590log5
M2: (+)1.53 V minimum 2 sig. fig.
Correct answer scores 2 marks
1(b)(ii) + / – 0.46 minimum 2 sig. fig. 1
1(b)(iii) M1: Mn3+ + 2Br- Mn2+ + Br2 2
M2: 2Mn3+ + 2Br- Mn2+ + Br2
1(c) M1: 16200 C 5

M2: 1.0125 × 1023 electrons (use of 1.60 × 10–19)
M3: 0.0802 moles of copper (use of 5.09 and 63.5)
M4: 0.1603 moles electrons
M5: L = 6.32 × 1023 (correct answer [5]
other approaches acceptable including:

M1: 16200 C
M2: 1.0125 × 1023 electrons (use of 1.60 × 10–19)
M3: 5.0625 × 1022 copper atoms
M4: 0.0802 moles of copper (use of 5.09 and 63.5)
M5: L = 6.32 × 1023 (correct answer [5])
1(d) M1: Mg2+ + 2e– Mg Eo = –2.38 and 2H+ + 2e– H2 Eo = 0.00 2
M2: hydrogen produced instead / hydrogen easier to reduce / hydrogen preferentially reduced / hydrogen has more
positive Eo
[W’19 P42 Q01]

2(a)(i) M1 (thermal stability) increases (down the group) 3
M2 size / radius of metal ion/M2+ increases
M3 polarisation / distortion of anion / CO32– decreases
2(a)(ii) M1 lattice energy AND hydration enthalpy become less exothermic 3

44
M2 hydration enthalpy / ∆Hhyd becomes less exothermic more
M3 enthalpy change of solution / ∆Hsol becomes less exothermic / more endothermic
21 2(b)(i) 2Al3+ + 3O2– + 3C → 2Al + 3CO 1
2(b)(ii) M1 Q = It = 3.5 × 105 × 3 × 602 = 3.78 × 109 C 3

M2 no. of mol e– = 3.78 × 109 / 96500 = 3.92 × 104
M3 mass Al = 27 × 3.92 × 104 / 3 = 3.5(3) × 105 g
2(b)(iii) 3SiF4 + 2H2O → 2H2SiF6 + SiO2 1
[M’20 P42 Q02]

3(a)(i) Mark as • !! 2
• voltage of an electrode / half-cell
• compared / connected to (S)HE / hydrogen half-cell / electrode
• under standard conditions / 1 mol dm–3, 1 atm, 298 K

M2 no. of mol e– = 3.78 × 109 / 96500 = 3.92 × 104
M3 mass Al = 27 × 3.92 × 104 / 3 = 3.5(3) × 105 g
2(b)(iii) 3SiF4 + 2H2O → 2H2SiF6 + SiO2 1
45
22 3(a)(i) Mark as • !! 2
9701/42 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme
• voltage of an electrode / half-cell March 2020
PUBLISHED
• compared / connected to (S)HE / hydrogen half-cell / electrode
Question • under standard conditions / 1 mol dm–3, 1 atm, 298 K Answer Marks
3(a)(ii) 4
Mark as • ! • ! • ! • !
• HNO3(aq) and Au3+(aq)
© UCLES 2020 • Au(s) and Pt(s) electrode Page 7 of 14
• voltmeter (or circled V)
• salt bridge labelled
• NO (g)
• a good delivery system for NO
• 1M / 1 mol dm–3
• 298 K AND 1 atm
3(a)(iii) Au3+ + NO + 2H2O → Au + NO3– + 4H+ 1
3(a)(iv) +1.50 – 0.96 = + 0.54 (V) 1
3(a)(v) M1 M2 any two [1] all four [2] 3

• adding conc HNO3 shifts equilibrium 3 to the right
• E for (half-equation 3) increases / more positive
• adding conc HCl shift equilibrium 2 to the left
• E for (half-equation 2) decreases / less positive
M3 E(3) becomes greater than E(2)
[M’20 P42 Q03]

M4 ∆Hsol becomes more exothermic / more negative
2(a)(ii) M1 Mg(OH)2 AND Mg2+ has a smaller ionic radii/ Mg2+ has a higher charge density 2
M2 OH- ion is polarised/distorted more

46
23 3(a)(i) 6CO2 + 24H+ + 24e- ! C6H12O6 + 6H2O 2

9701/41 Cambridge
ALLOW 6CO2 + 12H+ + 12e- ! C6H12O6 International AS &marks
+ 3O2 for both A Level – Mark Scheme MAY/JUNE 2020
PUBLISHED
Question ALLOW one mark for an unbalanced equation showing the correct species of either equation
Answer Marks
3(a)(ii) salt bridge (indicated) voltmeter / V labelled 4
O2 good delivery system H2 good delivery system
Pt electrode H+ / HCl / H2SO4 solution labelled (at least once)
1 atm 1 mol dm–3 quoted
Every two correct responses = 1 mark

3(a)(iii) Eocell = (+) 1.23 V AND positive electrode = O2 half-cell identified 1
Question Answer
[S’20 P41 Q03]
Marks
4(a) M1 phenylmethanamine / U > phenylamine / T > benzamide / S [1] 3
any two from:

• alkyl group is electron donating so lone pair more able to accept a proton
• lone pair on N overlaps with delocalised system so less able to accept a proton
• presence of electron-withdrawing oxygen / carbonyl group means lone pair is not available to accept a proton OR
amides are neutral
4(b)(i) reaction 1 LiAlH4 2
reaction 2 heat NH3 under pressure/ heat NH3 in a sealed tube
4(b)(ii) reaction 1 reduction 2
reaction 2 nucleophilic substitution

7(c)(i) Br is a largest ion/larger ion than Cl so attraction between Br and Zn is smaller 1
7(c)(ii) O2- is a smallest ion/smaller ion than Cl- 1

AND O2- has the highest charge/ higher charge than Cl-
(so attraction between O2- and Zn2+ is larger)
47
24 8(a)(i)
M1 potential difference between two half-cells/two electrodes in a cell
2
M2 under conditions of 1 atm., 298 K, (all) solutions being 1 mol dm-3
8(a)(ii) both platinum 1
8(a)(iii) Eocell = 1.82 – 1.36 = (+)0.46 V 1
8(a)(iv) 2Co3+ + 2Cl- ! Cl2 + 2Co2+ 1
8(b) M1 Q= 2.5 x 30 x 60 C = 4500 C AND 96500 OR 579000 seen 2
moles of CO2= 4500/579000 = 7.8 x10-3 or 7.77 x 10-3
M2 volume of CO2 = 7.77 x 10-3 x 24000 = 187 cm3

[S’20 P42 Q08]

48

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Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper

GCE A/AS LEVEL – May/June 2008 9701 04

Page 2 Electrochemistry WSSyllabus

C is salt bridge or KCl/KNO3, etc. [1]

(ii) Eo = Eo – EoL= 0.77 – 1.36 = (–)0.59 (V) (ignore sign) [1]

Eo = 0.77 – 0.34 = (+) 0.43 (V) [1]

(ii) causes acid rain [1]

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 11

12 (a) Mr(AgBr) = 108 + 79.9 = 187.9 [1]

moles = 2.5 x 10-12/187.9 = 1.33 x 10-14

(b) (i) A: platinum C: voltmeter

(iii) Ksp = [Ag+][Br-] = (7.1 x 10-7)2 = 5.0(41) x 10-13 mol2dm-6

(c) (i) Ag+(g) + Br-(g) → AgBr(s) [1]

(ii) LE = ∆Hf - (all the rest)

= -100 – (731 + 285 + 112 – 325)

(= -100 - 731 - 285 - 112 + 325)

= -903 kJ mol-1 (-[1] for each error of sign or maths) [2]

(iii) LE(AgCl) should be higher/more negative,

Electrochemistry 11 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Bilal Hameed

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 11

(higher density due to) greater Ar and smaller radius [1]

4 (b) (i) components to be added: voltmeter or V [1]

(ii) M1: A and B copper (metal) or Cu and iron (metal) or Fe [1]

(iii) Eocell = 0.34 + 0.44 = 0.78 (V) [1]

(ii) {n(MnO4–) = 0.02 × 18.1/1000 = 3.62 × 10-4 mol}

mass of Fe = 55.8 x 1.81 × 10–3 = 0.101 g (M2 × 55.8) ecf [1]

Mr = mass / moles = 0.500/1.81 × 10–3 = 276.2 ecf [1]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2014

Electrochemistry 11 Bilal Hameed

25 (a) A: voltmeter or V or potentiometer [1]

C: 1 mol dm–3 and H+ or HCl (or 0.5 M H2SO4) [1]

D: lead (metal) or Pb [1]

(b) (i) a ! in the box next to –0.17 V [1]

Eo (Sn4+ / Sn2+) = 0.15 V and Eo (Pb4+ / Pb2+) = 1.69 V [1]

so Sn2+ is quite easily oxidised (to Sn4+) or is a stronger reductant or Pb2+ is

(ii) e.g. PbCl2 + Zn → Pb + ZnCl2 (or ionic) [1]

Sn2+ + Br2 → Sn4+ + 2Br- [1]

(d) (i) Pb2+(g) + 2Cl –(g) → PbCl2(s) [1]

(ii) ∆Hf = ∆Hat + E(Cl – Cl) + 1st IE + 2nd IE + 2 × EA(Cl) + LE

(iii) LE(PbCl2) > LE(PbBr2) or more exothermic or stronger lattice [1]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2014

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 11

[Ag+] = 3x = 1.39 × 10–5 (mol dm–3) (allow 1.4 × 10–5)

6 (c) H3PO3 + 2Fe3+ + H2O → H3PO4 + 2Fe2+ + 2H+ [2]

Eocell = 0.77 –(–0.28) = (+)1.05 V

or 3H3PO3 + 3H2O + 2Fe3+ → 3H3PO4 + 6H+ + 2Fe

Eocell = –0.04 –(–0.28) = (+)0.24 V

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

Electrochemistry 11 Bilal Hameed

(ii) Ecell would be less positive / more negative 1

(iv) the [Ag+(aq)] will decrease

Eelectrode becomes less positive or due to the common ion effect 1

(d) [Fe3+(aq)] = 0.2 mol dm–3 [S'15 P43 Q04]

[H+] = √(c.Ka) = √(0.2 x 8.9 x 10–4) or 1.33 x 10–2 (mol dm–3) 1

5 (a) protons electrons neutrons

(b) CCl4: no reaction 1

(c) Ge / Sn use d–orbitals 1

Sn2+ is oxidised by Cl2 because its Eo is less positive / more negative 1

SnCl2 + Cl2 → SnCl4 1

(ii) moles of O2(g) = 130 / 24 000 = 5.417 x 10–3 mol 1

moles of electrons needed = 4 x 5.417 x 10–3 or 2.17 x 10–2 mol

no. of coulombs passed = 1.2 x 30 x 60 or 2160 C 1

no. of electrons passed = 2160 / 1.6 x 10–19 or 1.35 x 1022 1

Bilal Hameed © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 Electrochemistry 11