1

MnO4−(aq) + 8H+(aq) Mn2+2(aq), Pt Pt + 2H+(aq)+1.51

O2(g), H2O(l) +1.23
1 − 1 −
F (aq)
2 2 F (aq),ClPt(aq)
2 2
+2.87 Cl (aq), Pt +1.36
strongest weakest − + 2+
MnO4 (aq) + 8H (aq) Mn (aq), Pt +1.51
oxidising reducing 1 1 −
agents agents F (aq)
2 2 F (aq), Pt +2.87

Electrochemistry WS 1
strongest weakest
oxidising reducing
agents agents
Worked example
1 Write a cell diagram for: Electrochemistry
Worked
a a magnesium electrode compared with the standard example
hydrogen electrode
Electrochemistry
b a Fe3+(aq)/Fe2+(aq) half-cell compared with a zinc half-cell.
Write a cell diagram for:
alf-cell compared Now try this High activation energy a a magnesium electrode compared with the standard hydrogen electrode
Answer
Yll +0.76 Many reactions, particularly those involving gases b a and solutions,
Fe3+(aq)/Fe 2+
(aq)have a high
half-cell compared with a zinc half-cell.
2 Write
cell compared with activation
cell
1
a Pt, 2Henergy.
diagrams+
2(g) | H (aq)
High activation energy
for: 2+
Mg (aq)
Although the | EMg(s)
1
cell value may indicate that the reaction is feasible,
+0.76 Cr3+so 2+
it is1 often
Many areactions, (aq)/Cr
slow (aq) half-cell
particularly
that no change compared
those involving
is observedgases and
ifAnswer
it is solutions,
carried out inhave a high
the test tube. For
-2.382 2+
aq)]/Mn (aq) half- activation
example,with
(Note:
Al3+
aEenergy.
copper
some
1
cell for half-cell
Cu 2+
textbooks
Although
/Cu use
is +0.34
the ‘Pt
E [
1 1
V.H
2 2
cell (g)]’
value
This rather
may
suggests than
indicate ‘Pt,
that
1
1
H
that (g)’.)
hydrogen
2 the reaction
gas
Pt, 2H2(g)2 | H+(aq) Mg2+(aq)
with isifaobserved
is
should feasible,
react
Electrochemistry
| Mg(s)
bromine half-cell it is2Worked
with an
often
copper example
so(aq)/Al(s)
slow
sulfate thathalf-cell
no
solution, compared
change
but is
no observed
reaction it is carried when out in the
hydrogen test tube.
is For
bubbled
-2.382
nd H2O(l)) venue
4alf-cell compared
-
b aZn(s)
example,
chlorine
through a Esolution
a3 Calculate
aHere,
[MnO
→
2+
cell
(aq) Fe2+3+(aq), Fe2+(aq) | Pt
1 half-cell
| Zn
for Cuof /Cu
copper is +0.34
sulfate.
−E 1 for a +copper electrode
43+ cell + 8H (aq)]/Mn
(aq) 2+
2+
are(aq)
V. This
The suggests
slowness
compared with
half-
that
of the
(Note:a some
hydrogen
conversion
zinc electrode.
gas
textbooks
should
of
areuse
gases react
1
‘Pt [same
1
H (g)]’ rather than ‘Pt, 2H2(g)’.)
with copper
into ions isFe the (aq)
sulfate
1reason
and Fe
why(aq)
solution, but separated
no
platinised reaction byisa observed
platinum comma
is used in because
when they
hydrogen
the standard in the 2 2 phase.
is bubbled
hydrogen
RY
l.
76 cell compared
b Calculate with
E cell for theafollowing
bromine half-cell
cell:
High activation energy
←
venue through
electrode. a solution of copper sulfate. The slowness of | the
Zn2+conversion
(aq) Fe3+(aq), ofFegases
2+
-

Pt(include
| Fe2+(aq), H+(aq)Fe3+ions
(aq) and
Ag+H 2O(l))
(aq) | Ag(s) + b Zn(s) (aq) | Pt
into ions
Just as is
the the reason
conversion whyof platinised
H (g) to H platinum
(aq) ions is used
has a in
high the standard
activation hydrogen
energy, so too
+0.76 does
+
4Many 2 (g) + 2H (aq]
an [Oreactions, half-cell2 compared
particularly those involving gases Here,and 3+ solutions,
Fe (aq) 2+
and Fehave(aq) a1
arehigh
separated by a comma because they are in the same phase.
.34
OVe
1. Answer
electrode.the reverse
with the energy.
activation Calculating the standard e.m.f. of a cell, E
process.
SHE half-cell. This means that the production
Although the E 1 value may indicate that the reaction
+
cell
of hydrogen (andcelloxygen
is feasible,
asaJust
well)1 asby
=the conversion
electrolysis
+0.34 of
often Hrequires
2(g)Vto Ha(aq) greaterionsvoltage
has a highthan activation
is predicted energy,
by thesoEtoo1
EWorked of−
exampleE(−0.76) =no+1.10 cell
-11.36 itThe
iscelloften so slow 1 that
inchange is observed
can be if it istocarried
work out in thethe test tube. For
-2.382
values shown Table 23.1 used standard e.m.f.
does(Itthe
values. is areverse
This means
good process.
1 idea that
always This
hydrogen
to means
include and that
the the production
oxygen
sign.) often need of anhydrogen
overvoltage (andbefore
oxygen they
+0.34 Calculating the by standard e.m.f. of a cell, E 1cell
2+
example,
of a cell, EEcell 1
cell. for Cu /Cu
Conventionally is this V.
is This
the suggests
voltage of that
the hydrogen
right-hand gas should
half-cell react
measured
34
→

3asbwell)
are E 1 by electrolysis
adischarged.
Calculate
= +0.80 E 1cell
− for a often
(+0.77) copper
= requires
+0.03 electrode
V a greater
compared voltage
with athanzinc is predicted
electrode. the E cell
1
-11.360.77 with cell
against copper sulfate solution,
the left-hand half-cell.but So:no reaction is observed when hydrogen is bubbled
values. This means
b Calculate thatthehydrogen
followingand cell: oxygen The oftenvalues
need of an overvoltage before23.1theycan be used to work out the standard e.m.f.
-

0.76 E 1cell for shown inofTable

of the Econversion
1
←
O 13 venue
V through a solution of copper sulfate. The slowness gases
Worked
are Fe example
discharged. 2+ 3+ +
-

Pt |ions (aq),
is theFee.m.f. (aq) ofAg (aq) | Ag(s) platinum of a is
cell, E cell
1
Conventionally
in. the this is the voltage of the right-hand half-cell measured
.

into
The standard reason whya cell platinised used standard hydrogen
against the left-hand half-cell. So:
e O 1. 13 V
0.34
LOV electrode.
Now
UseAnswer
E 1celltry
= Ethis
0.80+0.03predict
E values
1
from Table 23.1 to1calculate E cell for the following reactions, and hence
1
Worked asexample
right-hand half-cell − E left-hand half-cell+
e .

.
1
Just
1whether the conversion
they are feasible:of H2(g) to H (aq) ions has a high activation energy, so too
a E cell = +0.34 − (−0.76) = +1.10 V The standard e.m.f. offora cell
4UseDraw
does 1 the the experimental
reverse set-up,
process. This write
meansthe cell
1 diagram and calculate E 1cell each
(andofoxygen
the
a Zn(s)E values
(It +isMg from
a good
2+
(aq) idea
→Table 23.1
always
Zn 2+
(aq) to
to+ calculate
include
Mg(s) theEthat
sign.)the production of hydrogen
cell for the following reactions, and hence
following
asEwell) cells.
by electrolysis
predict 1whether they are feasible:
cell = +0.80 − (+0.77) =often
+0.03 requires a greaterEvoltage than is predicted by the E 1
cell = E right-hand half-cell − E left-hand half-cellcell
1 1 1
0.77
-11.36 b 1 V
− +
b Cl1 2(aq)
values. + This
H2O(l)means
a magnesium →electrode (g) +hydrogen
O that 2Cl (aq) +and
compared 2H (aq)
with oxygen often need an overvoltage before they
a zinc electrode
-

a Zn(s) + Mg2+ (aq) →2Zn22+(aq) + Mg(s) 385

2
area chlorine
discharged. electrode compared with a bromine electrode
Answer 1
3 an oxygen electrode −
compared with a +copper electrode
b Cl2(aq) +1 H2O(l) → O (g) + 2Cl (aq) + 2H (aq)
a E 1cell = E (Mg2+/Mg)2 − 2E 1(Zn2+/Zn) = −2.37 − (−0.76) = −1.61 V
0.80+0.03
O 13 V Now
Worked try this
example
The reaction is not feasible. 385
Answer
.

2+ 2+ E 1cell forand
cell = E11 ) − E−Table ==calculate
−2.37
the−−cell =+0.13
−1.61
1Draw 1 the 1 experimental
a E ((Mg /Mg) (2 Oset-up,
1E 1 (Zn
O)towrite
/H2/Zn) 1diagram
E(−0.76) and calculate
V eachhence
of the
−
1 08/10/14 11:52 PM
cell =EE values
5b EUse Cl2/Clfrom 223.1 +1.36 cell for =
(+1.23) the V
following reactions,
1
The 23.2 Using E values to measure the
following
reaction
predict
The reaction
2 cells.
is notthey
whether feasible.
1 is feasible.
−
1
are−feasible:
1Cl andcellH2O are the reduced forms.
b Ea1cell a= magnesium
1Zn(s) E 1+(2Mg 2+ ) −
Cl2/Cl (aq)electrode
E→1(Zn O2+/H + =Mg(s)
compared
2O) +1.36
with− (+1.23) = +0.13 V
a zinc electrode
feasibility of reactions
181333_23_A_Chem_BP_381-396.indd 385
2 a chlorine electrode compared
2 2 (aq)
The reaction is feasible.1 Cl and H2O − with a bromine electrode
are the reduced forms.
08/10/1

b3Clan + H2O(l)
oxygen
2(aq) electrode
2
(g) + 2Cl−(aq)
→ O2compared with+a2H +
copper
(aq) electrode
When the two electrodes of a cell are connected to each other, electrons flow from
Now try this
Answer
the negative electrode to the positive electrode. Chemical changes take place at each
2+ 2+
a E cell = Ethat
1
electrode (Mg
1
reduce − E voltage
/Mg) the 1
= −2.37 −by
(Zn /Zn)produced (−0.76) = −1.61
the cell (the V
terminal p.d.), and finally
6 1Now
Use Etry thisstops
values from Table 23.1 1to calculate E 1cell and hence predict whether the
23.2 Using E values to measure the
1
the The reaction
reaction is not feasible.
because the two electrodes are at the same electrical potential. If
following reactions are feasible.cell
1 1
is 1positive,
E 1cellE(Hint: the−) reaction O corresponding −1to thethe
cell diagram takes place from left
1b E =values
E 1(2may
Clfrom
2/Clfind− section
E 1(23.1 /Hto2O) = +1.36 (+1.23) = relevant
+0.13 V half-equations.)
1
you 2 2 7.1 helpful inEwriting
feasibility
Usecell
to right.
a The
1
following
H (g) +reactions
reaction
Ag (aq) areof
For example,
+
→
reactions
Table
the
Hfeasible.
is feasible. Cl +
(aq) and
+
cell
−
calculate
diagram:
cell and hence predict whether the
H O are the reduced forms.
Ag(s) 2
2 2
(Hint:
When Zn(s) theyouZn may
− | two
2+ find section
(aq)
electrodes
− Cu2+of (aq)7.1cell
+ a |
helpful
Cu(s)
are 2+in writing
connected E 1cellthe= relevant
to +1.10 V half-equations.)
each1 other, electrons flow from
b MnO
1 4 (aq) + 5Cl (aq) + 8H (aq) → Mn (aq) + 4H2O(l) + 2 2 Cl2(aq)
+ +to the positive electrode. Chemical changes take place at each
the
a H (g) + Ag
negative
corresponds
2 2 + 2Feto (aq)
c Fe(s)
electrode
3+ (aq)
the → → 3Fe
H (aq)
reaction: 2+ + Ag(s)
(aq)
electrode
+ − that 2+ reduce the 3+voltage 1
b Now
d MnO 4try+
(aq) + 5Cl −
this (aq) → Zn→Fe
(aq) + 8H +
→produced
+ Ag(s)
2+(aq)
2+
(aq) +by4H theO(l)
cell+ 2(the terminal p.d.), and finally
the
Ag
Zn(s)(aq)
reaction + Fe
Cu 2+
stops
(aq)
because
(aq)
(aq)
the two + Mn
Cu(s)
electrodes are
2
at the
Cl (aq)
2 2
same electrical potential. If
2 Iodide
c 1Fe(s)reacts
+ 2Feslowly
3+
(aq) → with3Fe aqueous
2+
(aq) peroxydisulfate(VI) ions to produce iodine and sulfate
E
and,
ions:
d1cell
Ag is
as(aq)
Use+ positive,
1 + is
EEcell
1 2+
values
the
Fepositive,
(aq)
from
reaction
→Fe the(aq)
3+
Table
corresponding
reaction
23.1+ Ag(s) is feasible
to calculate
to the
E 1celland cell
andshould
diagram
hence take
takes
place
predict ifplace
whether zinc from left
theis added
to right. For example, the cell diagram:
7 2toIodide
copper sulfate solution. IIn this+ case,
2SO4 experiment ionsconfi rms thatiodine
the prediction
and sulfate is
− reacts slowly 2− 2−
2Ifollowing
(aq) + 2S 2O8 with
reactions (aq)are→aqueous
2(aq) peroxydisulfate(VI)
feasible. (aq) to produce
correct.
ions: In
(Hint: other
you cases,
may
2+ fi ndthis 2+does7.1
section not happen.
helpful in There
writing1 are the
E cell = +1.10 two reasons
relevant why this may be
half-equations.)
It hasZn(s)
been|found Zn (aq) that the Cubest (aq) | Cu(s)for this reaction
catalysts V
are transition metal cation-
so, and
2I − 1 we shall
(aq) + 2S 1Olook2−
(aq) at→ each
I (aq)in +turn.
2SO 2−
(aq) − 2− 2−
pairsa whose
corresponds H (g) E+ 2Ag
2 3+2 2+to the
values
8 (aq) lie
+
→ between
reaction:
+
H 2(aq) + Ag(s)those4 of I2/I (+0.54 V) and S2O8 /SO4 (+2.01 V).
4+ 3+ 3+ 2+
Thus
It has Febeen/Fefound
− (E that
1
= +0.77the V),best Cecatalysts
+ /Ce (E 1
for 2+= +1.70
this V) and
reaction areCo 1/Co (E
1
= +1.81 V)
b MnO 4 (aq) + 5Cl−(aq) + 8H
2+ (aq) → −Mn− (aq) + 4H2O(l) +transition
22 Cl2(aq) metal cation-
Non-standard conditions
are Zn(s)
all +
effective.
pairs whose E values
c Fe(s) + 2+
Cu
2Fe3+
2+
(aq)
1 Anion-pairs → Znsuch
lie between
→ 3Fecan 2+
(aq)
as + Cu(s)
ClO /Cl (E −1 = +0.89 V) are not effective,
2−
those of I2/I (+0.54 V) and S2O8 /SO4 (+2.01 V). 2− however.

a Suggest 1 (aq) (aq)

1why(Ethe =reaction V),3+Cebe4+ catalysed
Fe3++/Fe +0.77 /Ce3+ (E 1 =by cations, butCo not
3+ by anions.
/Co2+ (E 1 = +1.81
Thus
and,
When d as
determining
Ag E (aq) is positive,
2+
1 + Fe (aq)
cell E 1
cell, the
all
→Fe reaction
solutions
(aq) + have
Ag(s) a1 +1.70
is− feasible and V) and
concentrationshould oftake
1.00place
mol dm −3
if zinc V)
is
. This added
is
b Use
are the E data
all effective. given above
Anion-pairs such toas ClO /Cl E (E for= each
calculate − 1
+0.89ofV)the aretwonot redox reactions,
effective, and
however.
to2hence
copper
unlikely
Iodide sulfate
toshow
be
reactsthe solution.
case
slowly if
with theIn this
reaction
aqueous case,
is experiment
carried
peroxydisulfate(VI) out inconfi
ionsa rms
test
to that
tube.
produce the
For prediction
the
iodine is
zinc/copper
and sulfate
a Suggest whythat each reaction
the reaction can be is catalysed
feasible. by cations, but not by anions.
ions:
correct.
sulfate In other
reaction, cases,
the voltage this isdoes not happen.
so large and positive Therethatarechanging
two reasons the why this may be
concentrations
b Use the E data given above to calculate E 1 for each1of the two redox reactions, and
1
so,hence
has and
no −we shall
effect.
2I (aq)
show + that look
However,
2S2Oeach 2− atthe
8 (aq)
each in
situation
→ I2(aq)
reaction turn.
is different
2−
+ 2SO4 (aq)
is feasible. if E cell is less than +0.2 V – under
theseIt conditions, a fairly
has been found thatsmall change
the best in concentration
catalysts for this reaction could make themetal
are transition voltage
cation-
Non-standard
pairs whose E values conditions
become negative 1and the lie between those of I2/I (+0.54 V) and S2O8 /SO42− (+2.01are
reaction is then not feasible.
− Non-standard 2− conditions
V).
discussed
Thus Fe further
3+
/Fe2+ in
(E 1section
=1 +0.7723.3.
V), Ce4+/Ce3+ (E 1 = +1.70 V) and Co3+/Co2+ (E 1 =−3+1.81 V)
Bilal Hameed
When determining E cell, all solutions have a concentration of 1.00 mol dm . This is Electrochemistry 1
are all effective. Anion-pairs such as ClO−/Cl− (E 1 = +0.89 V) are not effective, however.
unlikely to be the case if the reaction is carried out in a test tube. For the zinc/copper
a Suggest why the reaction can be catalysed by cations, but not by anions.
sulfate reaction,1 the voltage is so large and positive
b Use the E data given above to calculate E for each 1 thatofchanging the concentrations
the two redox reactions, and
has nohence
effect. However, the situation is
show that each reaction is feasible. different if E 1
cell is less than +0.2 V – under
 A ten-fold change in concentration only affects the E value by 0.059 V for a single
However if the concentration changes are very large, the change in E 1cell becomes
electron transfer and 0.030 V for the transfer of two electrons. These are very small
significant. We will look at the following three examples:
changes and this is the reason why E 1 values are such a good guide to the feasibility
offor
theareaction,
sparinglyeven under
soluble saltnon-standard conditions.
2
for changes in pH
Worked exampleof1complex ions. (This will be considered in section 24.4.)
for the formation
RY
What is E for a copper electrode dipping into a solution of 0.000 10 mol dm –3 Cu2+ (aq) ions?
8 Sparingly soluble salt
[Cu2+ + 2e – Cu E 1 = +0.34 V]
Electrochemistry
Worked example 2
Answer +
for the accurate measurement of pH.
[oxidised species ] Because pH = −log[H ], we can write the Nernst
E = E electrode
A silver
1
+ (0.059/z)
dipslog
into a saturated
−10 2 −6 9 equation in the form [reduced species] solution of silver bromide which has a solubility of
0 mol dm . −7 –3
The×reduced
7.1 10 mol1species
dm . What is E for
is metallic this half-cell?
copper which is also the reduced species in the standard
electrode when it + Ecell− = E cell − 0.059
Thus: × pH
[Ag + e potential.
electrode Ag E 1This = 0.80
meansV] that the value of [reduced species] has been incorporated
into EL 1×and can×be −19
1.603 10ignored.
= 96 500
naluminium
of silver chloride Worked example
Answer 0.059 3 −4
er chloride in A is E = +0.34 + 2 log 1.0 × 10
96500
[oxidised species]
rent of 1000 E = E 1
+ (0.059/z) log
L =in
e system as in3+ 10 The reference electrode a pH meter
(0.059 × −4 ) 1.603 × 10] −19
[reduced species is a silver/silver chloride electrode with
containing Al 1= +0.34 +
at is the
ated Ecell value
sodium EThe
cell = +0.23
value of [reduced
V 2 species] is incorporated in E 1 and is ignored.
−1
= +0.34E− 0.118 = 6.03 × 10 23
mol
−7 =when
+0.22it and a glass electrode dip into a solution of pH 3?
e dips
ose into a
concentration What
mol of oxygen is [Ag+is] the
= 7.1cell value
× 10 mol dm−3
en this solution
urrent of 1.0 A is = +0.22 V
ne gasacid
furic is formed
solution
Answer
Worked example
E = 0.80
0.059
+ 1 × (−6.15)
tion is formed. Ecell = E cell − 0.059 × pH
1
ic acid =
ts with water, 11 Calculate
However
Ecell = +0.23 if+0.44
the mass
the Vof copper that
− 3concentration
× 0.059
dissolves
changes arewhen
veryalarge,
current ofchange
the 0.75 A isinpassed through a
E 1cell becomes
m−3of)?oxygen that
me zinc/copper cell for 45 minutes. [A (Cu) = 63.5]
free
. chlorine signifi=cant.
+0.053 WeVwill look at the following three examples:
r

n is only
ctual volume Answer
ulate E for the
Changes in pH soluble salt
for a sparingly
ss than this. for I × t in 0.75
changes × 45 × 60
−
2Cl (aq) under typical= pH meter
amount
A = pHconsists of a = electrode (which allows the passage of H+ ions)
0.0105mol
glass
en are evolved
for23.4 The Faraday constant
the zF
formation 2of× 96 500 ions. (This will be considered in section
complex
attached to a reference electrode by a salt bridge. Frequently the H+ concentration
mass of copper = 0.0105 × 63.5 −3 = 0.67 g −3 −14 −3
24.4.)
ium hydroxide is varies between 1.0 mol dm (e.g.1.0 mol dm HCl ) and 10 mol dm (e.g.
When current
Sparingly flows from the copper/zinc cell, the following changes take place:
soluble
1.0 mol dm−3 NaOH).salt
This has a profound effect on the Ecell values and forms the basis
per sulfate is at the negative electrode: Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e−
atinum electrodes, 23.5
Worked Electrolysis
example
at the positive 2
electrode: Cu2+(aq) + 2e− → Cu(s)
mes plated with
10is−10 mol2 dm −6
.
During
A silver electrolysis,
electrode dips however, current solution
into a saturated is forcedofthrough the cell
silver bromide in the
which hasother
a solubility 389
direction
of
evolved at the
electrode when it Pushing the cell reaction in the opposite direction
7.1
and × 10
the −7
mol dm
reverse –3
. What
processes is E for
take this
place: half-cell?
[Ag + + e − Ag E 1 = 0.80
2+ V] −
per sulfate is If theatelectrodes
the cathode: Zn are
of a cell + 2e → Zn(s)
(aq)connected together, electrons flow from the negative
n of silver
opper chloride
electrodes, to at positive
Answer
the the anode:terminal.Cu(s) → Cu2+the
If, instead, + 2e− are connected to an external
(aq)terminals
s.er chloride in voltage
In = E 1supply
Eorder + (0.059/z)
to deposit the [applied
and one
log
oxidised species
mole of voltage
zinc]
andis dissolve
graduallyone increased,
mole of electrons
copper, twostillmoles
flow as of
[reduced species]
before until the external voltage
electrons need to be passed through the cell.equals E . At
cell One this voltage no current fl ows. If the
1 mole of electrons carries a charge
rated sodium The value of [reduced species] is incorporated in E and is ignored.
external
of −96 500voltage
C. Thisisisincreased
the samestill further,
charge current
as the chargeflows in the
on one opposite
electron, × 10−19and
direction
1.603 C,
ose concentration + −7place (see−3 Figure 23.9). −1
] =
electrolysis 7.1 ×
takes
multiplied by the Avogadro constant, 6.022 × 10 mol . Numerically, the same
[Ag 10 mol dm 23
en this solution
ne gas is formed amount Eof= charge
0.80 + is carried
0.059 by one mole of protons; this quantity is called the
× (−6.15)
rrent graph for a
tion is formed. Faraday constant, 1F, and has a value of 96 500 C mol−1.
no current flows. = +0.44 (symbol
V
cts with
akes place. water,
The The coulomb C) is the unit of electrical charge. One coulomb is the
free
d it ischlorine
Zn2+(aq) that amount of charge that is passed when one ampere electrolysis
flows for one second. Hence the
n is only amount of charge passed in time t is:
ulate E for the
Changes in pH
aday 2Cl(1791–1867). I×t
−
(aq) under A typical pH meter consists of a glass electrode (which allows the passage of H+ ions)
current/A

ents was to establish

The amount
attached to aofreference
charge on one mole
electrode byof z+ ions
a salt is zF,
bridge. and so the
Frequently H+ concentration
thenumber of moles
ctrochemistry.
deposited is given
varies between mol dm (e.g.1.0 mol dm HCl ) and 10 mol dm−3 (e.g.
1.0by: −3 −3 −14

1.0 mol dm−3 NaOH).charge

This
1.10has a profound effect on the Ecell values and forms the basis
passed I × tp.d./ V
external
amount = = mol
charge per mole of ions zF
where z is the charge on the ion, I the current in amperes and t the time in seconds. 389
acting as a cell
The amount liberated may be converted to a mass by multiplying by the molar
mass. Alternatively, if the products are gaseous, the amount may be multiplied by
24 dm3 to obtain the volume of gas produced at room temperature and pressure.
Electrolysis may also be used to find the value of the Avogadro constant. The
Duringofelectrolysis,
value the Faradaypositively
constant charged
is first determined cations,
ions, calledfrom gain electrons
an electrolysis at the for
experiment,
cathode). 2+
example by depositing copper from a solution containing Cu (aq) ions. A steadyions,
negatively
23_07 Cam/Chem charged
AS&A2 electrode (the At the same time negatively charged
called anions,
current, give for
I, is passed up electrons
a measured at the positively
time, chargedand
t (in seconds), electrode anode).
(them,
the mass, of copper
Barking Dog Art
E
deposited
cell therefore is the minimum
is measured. We have: voltage required to bring about electrolysis. In
practice, the voltage used for electrolysis is always greater than this minimum. There
are two m reasonsI × for
t this.
=
63.5 2F
The cell has resistance, so an additional voltage is needed to drive current through
Thetheelectrolysis
cell. experiment gives a value for the Faraday constant of 96 500 C mol−1,
that
Theis, cell
96 500 C is oneoften
discharge molerequires
of electrons. Experiments
an ‘overvoltage’ to in physics have
overcome a highshown that the
activation
−19
charge on each electron is 1.60 × 10 C.
energy associated with the discharge. This is particularly important when hydrogen
Electrochemistry
or oxygen is 1being produced by electrolysis of aqueous solutions. Bilal Hameed

391
 3

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 1

 Electrolysis is also used Chapter
to produce 20: Electrochemistry Gain
they
at of
themay electrons
form
cathode. aIfmolten
2
is of
metalreduction.layeron
atoms inReduction
are the cell. Ifalways
formed, hydrogen
they occurs
may gas is
be
as chlorine
generally carried and toout purify in an +some electrolysis – non-metals
metals. Electrolysis
cell (Figure such20.2).
is deposited as a layer metal the cathode. Alternatively
se(II)
se(II) as
as Mn
2+
Mn2+(aq) ions; cc
(aq) ions; Redox
as chlorine
generally reactions
manganese(III)
manganese(III)
carried and toout purify in an in
Chapter
as
assome electrolysis
Mn
Mn
3+
3+
electrolysis (aq)
(aq)
metals.
20: ions;
ions; Electrochemistry
d
ddirect
Electrolysis
cell manganese(IV)
current20.2).
manganese(IV)
(Figure is Gain
at the
formed, of
deposited electrons
cathode.
it bubbles
as a If
layer is
metal
off.reduction.
of atoms
metal
they may form a molten layer in the cell. If hydrogen gas ison Reduction
are the formed,
cathode. always
they occurs
may be
Alternatively
+ –
f
;;se(II)
f Mn(VII)
as
Mn(VII)
se(II) as Mn (aq) Mnas
2+
as
2+ Redox
MnO
During
(aq)
MnO ions;
generally
ions;
4
4
–
– as
as c reactions
with
electrolysis,
with
c carried parts
manganese(III)
parts
manganese(III) out inean b
b the and
and in c
positive
c– as
as electrolysis
ions.
ions.Mn
+ electrolysis
Mn (aq)
3+
3+Manganese
ions
(aq)
Manganese –
–e ions;
(cations)
ions; cell d power
metal
metal
d (Figure
direct supply
move is
manganese(IV)
is
current
manganese(IV) a
a good
to the
good
20.2). at the
deposited
theyThe
formed,maycathode.as
negative
itform
bubbles aIfions
a layer metal
molten
off. atoms
of(anions)
metallayeron are
move
in the
theformed,
cathode.
to they
theIfanode.
cell. hydrogenmay be
Alternatively
When gas is
ood
s;
s;ood se(II)
f
se(II) oxidant.
as
Mn(VII)
oxidant.
f Mn(VII) Mn 2+
as
2+
as Mnas(aq) Redox
(aq)
MnO ions;
cathode.
During
MnO ions; –
– as c
44 aselectrolysis,
reactions
When
with
cwith manganese(III)
parts
parts bthe
manganese(III) they b reach
and
andepositive in c as
cas electrolysis
theMn
ions.
–+ions.
3+
cathode
3+
Mn Manganese (aq)
Manganese
–ions
(aq) ions;
e– ions;
they
(cations) d power
d metal manganese(IV)
gain
metal
direct move electrons
supply
is
current
manganese(IV) a good
is a goodto the 4 deposited
they
they
formed,
Themay
reach as
thea anode
itform
bubbles
negative layer
a ions
moltenofthey
off. metal
(anions) layer
lose onin the
thecathode.
electrons
move cell.
to to
the the Alternatively
Ifanode.
hydrogen
anode.
When gas is
s;
nto
s; ood
ood
se(II)
f
se(II) itsas
Mn(VII)
oxidant.
f Mn(VII)
oxidant.
Mn 2+
as
2+
as Mnas(aq) Redox
(aq)
MnO
from
MnO ions;
During
ions;
cathode.
–
– as
44 the
aspositivec reactions
with
cathode.
electrolysis,
cwith
When manganese(III)
parts
manganese(III)
parts they For b
bthe and
reach
and example: in c as
epositive
cas+ the
– ions.electrolysis
Mn
ions. 3+
3+
Mn cathode (aq)
Manganese
–ions
(aq) ions;
e– ions;
Manganese (cations)
they d power
d metal manganese(IV)
metal
direct supply
move is
current
manganese(IV)
gain a good
to the
electrons
is
negative a good 4 they
they reach the anode they lose electrons to the anode.gas is
formed,
For may
example:
The it form
bubbles
negative a molten
ions off. (anions) layer in
move the cell.
to the If hydrogen
anode. When
s; ood
extract
s;nto se(II)
f
se(II)
ooditsf as
Mn(VII)
oxidant.
as
Mn(VII) Mn
Mn
2+
as Redox
2+(aq)
as MnO
(aq)
MnO ions;
During
cathode.
ions;
oxidant. from4 thepositive
4
–
– as
as c
c
electrode reactions
with
electrolysis,
When
with
cathode. manganese(III)
parts
manganese(III)
parts they b
b
For example: and
the
reach
and
Electrochemistry WS 2
in
e
c
c as
positive
as
– electrolysis
Mn
ions.
the
Mn
ions.
3+
3+ (aq)
Manganese
cathode ions
(aq)
Manganese
e – ions;
ions; (cations)
they d
d powermetal
direct gain
metal supply
manganese(IV)
move is
current a good
to
electrons
electrode
manganese(IV)
is
negative a good 4
the formed,
theyThe
For reach
example:it bubbles
negative
the anode ions off.(anions)
they losemove electrons to the to anode.
the anode. When
Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry WS
WS 2
Cu4 –the2+ + 2e parts –
bCu power supply 4
ff Mn(VII) – b cc– ions. – –
s; ood
metals
s;nto
ood
extract oxidant.
its
Mn(VII)
oxidant. as
as MnO
During
cathode.
from
MnO 4 as
QUESTIONS as with
electrolysis,
(anode)
When
cathode.
with
electrode
positive parts they For and
the
reach
and example: epositive the cathode
ions. Manganese
ions
e– (cations)
Manganese theymetal gain
metal move is
(cathode)
is
electrode
negative
a
a good
to the
electrons
good 2Cl
ForThe
they reach negative
example: Cl + 2e
2 ions (anions)
the anode they losemove electrons to the to anode.
the anode. When
QUESTIONS
ood
nto
bon.oodits
extract
metals oxidant.
oxidant. cathode. Cu
from
2H
2+ + 2e–
+the
QUESTIONS + When
cathode.
(anode)
electrode
2e
positive – they For H2reach Cu example:
2 the cathode they gain electrons4
(cathode)
electrode
negative 2Cl
they
For
4OH–
–
reach
example:
– theCl anode + 2e
O2 + 2H O + 4e
–
they lose electrons
– to the anode.
uations
uations
nto
h its
extract
metals
bon.
Cu
from
2H
QUESTIONS
1
1 +2+
2+ + 2e–
the
QUESTIONS In
In cathode.
(anode)
each
electrode
each
++positive
2e – of of the theFor H
Cu
chemical
chemical Electrochemistry WS 2
example: reactions a
reactions a to to c:c: electrodes (cathode)
electrode
negative For2Clexample: Cl22 + 2e– 2
Electrochemistry WS 2
QUESTIONS 4OH – –
You
uations also ClO2 2+ +2e 2H – 2O + 4e
Cu 2e – Cu
You
uations
extract
metals also Gain of (anode)
electrons is 2
reduction. Reduction always (cathode)
occurs 2Clof
Loss
–
electrons is oxidation. Oxidation always occurs at
bon.
ch
hether
uations
is
aa 2H 1 2+In
QUESTIONS
1 +
QUESTIONS In electrode
+ each i
2e
i –Which
each – Which
of
of the theH species
chemical
species
chemical gains
reactions
gains
reactions electrons?
electrons? a
a to to c: c: electrode electrodes 4OH – O + 2H – 2O + 4e
–
You
hether
uations
You also
also at Cu
the cathode. +(anode)2e Cu 2 (cathode) 2Cl – Cl2 2+is 2e
metals
bon.
ch
suations 20.2).
is also Gain
2H11 of +
QUESTIONS In
electrolyte
In each
+electrons
2e
iiii Which
each – ofIfthe
of
Which the metal isH chemical
species reduction.
species
chemical atoms loses
gains are
reactions
reactions Reduction formed,
electrons?
electrons? a
a to to c: c: theyelectrodes
always may occursbe the
Loss anode.
4OH of – electrons oxidation.
O2 + 2HChapter Oxidation
– always occurs at
uring
You
hether
uations
uring
You alsoaaa
a
QUESTIONS ii Which
Which species
species 2 loses
gains electrons?
electrons? 2O + 4e 20: Electrochemistry
hether
bon.
ch
suations is also deposited
Gain
at 1
the +of
2H electrolyte In
cathode.+ 2e eachas
electrons i – a of
Which layer If the metal is of reduction.
chemical
species metal atoms on
reactions
gains are the
Reduction cathode.
formed,
electrons? a to c:always
they Alternatively
may occurs be LossElectrolysis
of electrons is a
is redox
oxidation. reaction. Oxidation For example,
always occurs when at
WhichH
20.2). 1 In each
iii ii Which of the chemical
species is reactions
the a to c: the4OH
anode.– O2 + 2H2Chapter –
O + 4e 20: Electrochemistry
You
hether
uations
You uring also a iii
iii Which
Which species
species
species 2 is the oxidising
loses
gains
loses electrons?agent?
electrons?
oxidising agent?electrodes
hetheruring a Gain
they
at the of
may In
cathode. electrons
each
form of a If the
molten metal is reduction.
chemical layer
atoms reactions
in Reduction
are the cell.
formed, a to If c:always
theyhydrogen may occurs gas is
ch
s 20.2).
You
hether
ons.
is
uring also aa
1
deposited
Figure1 electrolyte
In 20.2 each
iv
iv
i
ii
iii
iii
iii
as The Which
aWhich
oflayer
Which
Which
Which
Which
the
main species
ofparts
chemical
species
species
species
species
species
metal gains
loses
gains
is
is on
the
loses
is
is anthe
ofreactions
the
the
the
electrons?
electrons?cathode.
electrolysis
reducing
oxidising
electrons?
reducing
oxidising
a toagent? c: cell.
agent?
agent?
agent? The be
Alternatively
electrodes Loss
molten of
anode. electrons
zinc chloride
the Electrolysis is oxidation.
is a redox is Chapter
electrolysed Oxidation
reaction.20: electrodewhen at
always
theElectrochemistry
For example, occurs
You
hether
ons.
nt uring also Gain
at the
formed,
deposited of
cathode. electrons
it form bubbles
as aWhich layer If metal is off. reduction.
ofcell metal atoms Reduction
are formed, always
they may occurs be
s 20.2). is they
actual
Figure may
electrolyte
structure
20.2
iii
iiii
iii
ii The Which a+ofmain molten the species
species parts layerwill is on
gains
loses
gains
loses in+the
vary
the the
electrons?cathode.
cell. agent?
according
oxidising
electrons? If hydrogen Alternatively
to theThe elementgas is Loss
the
molten of electrons
anode.
reactions
Electrolysisare:chloride
zinc is isa oxidation.
redox
is Chapter reaction.
electrolysed Oxidation
20:For
the always occurs
example,
electrode
Electrochemistry when at
hether
hether
ons.
ons.
ssntlyuring
uring
is aa at the
deposited
a
a
cathode.
CuCl
CuCl iv
iv as a
Which
Which22layer If–+ions
Fe
Fe
metal species
species
of metal atoms
FeCl
FeCl isofon
is the
the an
22are +the electrolysis
Cu
reducing
oxidising
Cu
reducing
formed,
cathode.
agent?
agent? they
cell.
may
Alternatively be
is being
20.2). they The may negative
form a molten (anions) layer move
in the tocell. the If anode.
hydrogen When gas is the anode.
Electrolysis
Calculating is a
the redox reaction. For example,
electrodewhen
– Avogadro constant by an
being formed,
extracted.
Figure
actual a electrolyteit
20.2
structure ii bubbles
The
iii The
ii Which e shows
main off. species parts the direction
loses
isofthe
loses the electrons?
oxidising
an+electrons? of
electrolysis travel agent? of
cell.the The electrons molten
reactions zincare:chloride is Chapter
electrolysed 20:the Electrochemistry
ons. uring aa iv
iii
iv
CuCl Which
Which +of Fe the species
species cell FeCl willis
is vary
the according
reducing
oxidising
Cu
reducing agent?
agent? to the element
ssuring WORKED EXAMPLES (CONTINUED)
ons.
ply cathode: Zn 2+ + 2e Zn (reduction)
nt is being deposited
they
they
formed,
around may
reachb a
Thebastructure it
the form
CuCl
Cu
negative
Cu as
the
bubbles a+
external
+Which layer
22anodeBr a
eBr+of
+ molten
ions Fe off. of
circuit. they
(anions)metal Cu
Cu layer FeCl
2+
lose
2+ + on
+the 22in
2Br+
move
2Br the
electronsthe
Cu
–
– cathode.
cell.
to travel toIf
theagent? Alternatively
hydrogen
the
anode. anode. When gas is Electrolysis
molten
reactions zincare: is a redox
chloride reaction. For
is electrolysed theexample,
electrodewhen
ons.
ply
ons.
ctsnt
is being
an
actual
extracted.
Figure
they
formed,
WORKED may a
20.2
form
itPbO
iii
iv
iii
CuCl
iv
CuCl
The
bubbles
The Which
EXAMPLES a
–
+
22shows
main
molten
Fe
Fe
the
off.
species
species cell
parts theFeCl
layer
will
FeClis vary
direction
isof the an
in
oxidising
according
oxidising
Cu
reducing
Cu
the
of
electrolysis
++reducing
cell. agent?
If
to
of the
cell.
hydrogen
theThe element
electrons
gas is
Calculating
electrolytic the
method – Avogadro constant by an
Cu(CONTINUED)
For example: 2+ + 2e
s is being The negative ions (anions) move to travel the anode. When cathode: Zn –Zn (reduction)
2 2
cts
ve s isan being they
extracted.
around
actual
Figure reach b the
structure
20.2 Cuthe
The ++Which
external 2e anode
Br+++of– shows the circuit. theycell Cu
the 2+
lose
will of++the22Br
direction
vary electrons –
of
–according to the anode.
of the
to the electrons
element molten
reactions
Calculating
anode: zincare:
2Cl chloride
–
the Cl isAvogadro
electrolysed
+ 2e (oxidation) the electrode by an
constant
cca The main
SO 22 parts PbSO an electrolysis cell. The
b Cu 2+
iv 222Br
Which species is 2Br++44reducing agent?
electrolytic +method
ons. a CuCl
PbO iv 22Fe
SO species FeCl
PbSO
is the Cu
reducing agent?
ply
ons.
ode nt
ctsss is is anbeing In
they 2
WORKED
formed,
The
the Calculate
reach b it Cu
negative
electrolysis CuCl bubbles
Cuthe EXAMPLES
++ 2eanode
the
Brof + ions Fecell: volume
off. (anions)
they Cu FeCl
of
Cu(CONTINUED)
2+
lose oxygen
++vary
2
move
22BrelectronsCu
– produced
to travel the to anode. the at r.t.p.
anode. When The Avogadro
cathode:
reactions Zn– 2+constant,
are: 2e–2 L, isZn the(reduction)
number of specified
ply
cts
ve
de)
being
an around
extracted.
For
actual
2
2Cl
example:
WORKED ccb
a
the
structure
Construct
– whena CuCl
CuClPbO
PbO
Theexternal
aCl 222 +
concentrated
EXAMPLES
Br
–
++full
+the full
+
shows
22SO
SO Fe the
Fe2e redox
circuit.
22 –
cell the will
2+ direction
PbSO
FeCl
equations
aqueous
PbSO
FeCl
(CONTINUED)
2Br ++4 Cu Cu
of
–according
from
solution the
of the
to the
following
of sulfuric
electrons
element
pairs Calculating
electrolytic
anode:
particles
The Avogadro 2Cl
in 1 mole
2+ the
method
constant, Cl
(see
+at 2e – Avogadro
+
page 2e
L, isZn
– (oxidation)
5).
the number
constant
(reduction) ofelectron
specified
by an
cts
scts is an
being they 2The Construct
Calculate
reach b negative Cuthe + anode
Br ions redox
volume (anions)
they Cu equations
of
2+
lose + oxygen
move
222Br
electrons – from
produced
to the
the to following
at
anode.
the r.t.p.
anode. Whenpairs Thecathode:
electron Znloss the 2
anode balances the gain
eeve
ode s is an being ■
around
For
In 2theexample:
extracted.
the
WORKED
2 of
acid,
of
ccb the
electrolysis
electrolyte
Calculate
when
PbO
PbO
Cu
half-equations.
half-equations.
Construct
external
The+ e2Br
H a SO
EXAMPLES
2
2
concentrated
–
++ ,shows
thefull
22SO
SO iscell:
is volume
circuit.
the
electrolysed
redox
2
the
Cu PbSO
compound
2+ direction
PbSO
+ 2Br that
(CONTINUED)
equations
of
aqueous oxygen
4
for
4
– of istravel
30.0min
from
produced
solution
decomposed;
the
of the electrons
using
following
of at a
r.t.p.
sulfuric currentit is
pairs
Calculating
electrolytic
anode:
The We
particles can
Avogadro 2Cl
inZn
–
use 2+
1Overall,
mole
the
an+method Avogadro
Cl– 2 +L,2e
electrolytic
constant, (see
2e page isZn
–
5).
(oxidation)
method
the number
constant
(reduction)to find by
a value
of specified
anat
for
cts
ode)
ode
cts
r
ve 7 an
an For
In2Cl
they 2
around
the
2
4OH
–
reach
example: –c b
Construct
b the
electrolysis Cu
Cuthe Cl
2
external
++ O
2 anode
Br
Br
4 +
full + cell: 2e redox
circuit.
2
2H
–
they Cu
Cu
O
2+
lose
equations
2+
+ ++ 4e electrons
2Br
2Br 4 –
– from
– or a concentrated to
the the anode.
following pairs the
Thecathode:
cathode.
electron –loss at thethe reaction
anode – balancesis: the electron gain at
rer 7
re
ode)
cts
ve7 an 2Cl
either
■ 2the
2 –of
a
awhen
acid,of
Calculate
a
0.50A.
cConstruct
electrolyte
The
The
Construct
PbO
PbO molten
half-equations. HaCl 22 +
reaction
concentrated
SO
reaction
2 + 2full
the4+
2 SO
2SO
, is
ionic
isvolume
2e
the
redox
22electrolysed–of
compound
of2compound iodide
iodide
PbSO
PbSO
equations
aqueous
of oxygenions
ions 44forthatwith
from
solution
30.0min
produced
with
ishydrogen
decomposed;
the
hydrogen following
of sulfuric
using
at
aqueous
peroxide:
aperoxide:
r.t.p.currentit is
pairs electrolytic
anode:
The
the Avogadro
Avogadro
particles
We can
2Cl constant,
in use constant
1–loss
molean method
Cl2 +L,2e
(see by
electrolyticpage is–5). (oxidation)
the
calculating number
method the
to of specified
charge
find a associated
value for
ode
re cts
odes
er an In4OH
For the
2 example:
solution c
of half-equations.
electrolysis
–electrolyte PbO of2 ions 2+full SO cell: redox equations
PbSO – or
from the following pairs The electron
theanode:
cathode. 2Cl at
Overall,Clthe the anode
+L,reaction
2e balancesis:
(oxidation) the electron gain at
re
er the
either (F c = a 96500Cmol molten O _11+ is
ionic the 2H –1;compound 1 O
compound mole + 4e of gas that a
occupies is decomposed;
concentrated 24.0 dm 3 it is
aqueous
ode7
■ acid,
– of
when 0.50A.
Construct PbO
half-equations.
–HaCl
– SO
2concentrated
+ full SO
,_2isIIvolume 2electrolysed
redox – PbSO
equations
aqueous 4for 30.0min
from
solution the using
following
of aperoxide:
sulfuric current
pairs The Avogadro
particles in use1of constant,
mole (see 2 page is5).the number of specified
2 of ++rods,–of ee2–iodide with 1 mole electrons.
2 2 4
ode)
In2Cl
Loss the Calculate
a
aof IIThe
half-equations.
Construct
electrons
electrolysis 2 the
reaction 4+
2full
is cell: 2e
22redox
oxidation. iodide of
equations oxygenions
Oxidation produced
with
from hydrogen
the
always at r.t.p.
followingoccurs pairs at the
The We
ZnCl can
Avogadro
electron Zn an
constant
loss +
atelectrolytic
Cl
the by
anode method
calculating
balances to
the
the find
charge a
electronvalue for
associated
gain at
re
er
re
er
odes 77 ■ 2the
■ 4OH
2either
solution
the atof
acid,
when
(F aThe
electrodes
–electrolyte
r.t.p.)
0.50A.
half-equations.
Construct
= molten
Hof
a
96500Cmol SO
reaction
ionsO+2 2full
concentrated ,
2are
11+ ionic
is
is ++redox the 2H
electrolysed
–1
of
; 1O
compound
compound made
+ 4e
equations
aqueous
mole
ions
of
–from
for or
gas
with
that either
aoccupies
30.0min
from
solution ishydrogen
concentrated
decomposed;
the
carbon
using
following
of a
sulfuric
24.0
peroxide:
dm aqueous
currentit is
3pairs the cathode.
2 Overall, the 2 reaction is:
ode)
the2Cl2
anode.
– a
aof H The
half-equations.
ConstructH I
The – O
O Cl reaction
22reaction + 2H
+
full
42H _
_ I2e redox +
+ + – 2e
of
2e
of e 2– –
iodide
–
iodideequations ions
ions2H
2H O
Owith
from
with hydrogen
the
hydrogen following peroxide:
pairs
peroxide: particles
the
withWe
theZnCl
The 1 can
Avogadro
mole
electron in 1
use
of molean
constant (see
electrolytic
electrons.
Zn1atmole
loss +the Cl page
by 5). method
calculating to
the find
charge a value for
associated
2anode balancesis: the electron gain at
– –
Loss 2(graphite)
ofStep electrons 2ofor O2metal, +rods, ecompound cathode.
charge Overall,
on the ofreaction
electrons
,is
Ioxidation. which +conduct Oxidation electricity always 24.0occurs
re
er
odes
re
er 77 ■ 4OH solution
either
the – aI96500Cmol
electrodes
electrolyte
2
molten 2ions 2
+is
__211areionic
is 222H
the O
compound made 4e –
from
2
or
2that aoccupies
concentrated
eitherishydrogen
decomposed; to andaqueous
carbon 3 it isat ________________________
of
(F
acid,
at a =0.50A.
r.t.p.) IIH––1H
half-equations.
The 2SO
Write
reaction the++electrolysed
–1 half-equation
of ee;21––chloride
iodidemole of
ions forgas for
30.0min
with the reaction.
using dm
aperoxide:
current
peroxide: L We
the = 2
can use
Avogadro an +electrolytic
constant byreaction method
calculating to find a value for
of half-equations. ++is242H 22a IIredox with 1 mole of electrons. is: the charge associated
H O –
er 7 Loss
the Electrolysis
from of
anode.
solution b a –electrons
the The The reaction
electrolyte
O
of reaction
ions 2H is 22 +
oxidation. + of
of 2e
2e iodide
–reaction. ions 2H
Oxidation
2H
– ions O
with
For
O with hydrogen
example,
always
acidified when
occurs at theZnCl
cathode.
QUESTION Zn
Overall,
charge on Cl
1 theelectron
odes
er 7 ■ 4OHbof
the
(graphite)
either at
(F
Stepa
electrodes
a The
r.t.p.)
=0.50A. The –
–1O
molten
2
96500Cmol or2O2 _
2 – reaction
2
reaction
Write
metal, + +2H
are
ionic
_112 IIthe
rods,
–1 of;21–O
which
of
compound
chloride
iodide
half-equation
eeO–oxide: mole + 4eof
made conduct
ions
from
ionsor
gas
2
with
either
electricity
a concentrated
with acidified
2 occupies
for+the hydrogen
carbonto
– 24.0peroxide:
reaction.
and
dm aqueous
3 charge
2 on 1 mole of electrons
________________________
2
Loss
molten
the – of
anode. a 4OH
electrons
zinc
IThe
H
manganese(IV)
I
H O (aq)
chloridereaction ++ 2H 2H is +2 +
oxidation. + is of 2e
2e
–
–(g) + 2H
iodide
electrolysed ions 2H
Oxidation
2H O(l)
O
with
O the 4e
hydrogen
always
electrode peroxide:
occurs at the
with
L Avogadro
= 1 mole
ZnClcharge of constant
electrons.
Zn1 +mole by calculating
Cl2 of electrons the charge associated
odes
e ■ Electrolysis
(graphite)
from
solution
the(F at the
b the
belectrodes
=r.t.p.) anode
manganese(IV)
The
The or
electrolyte
of ions
2 2reaction
2 2
reaction is
is __11aare
metal, 2 the redox2
++ +–1of
rods, positive
which
of; 1–oxide: reaction.
chloride
2 made conduct electrodefrom
ions
2 2 For
2 electricity
witheither example, carbonwhen
acidified to and QUESTION2 on
charge on charge
1 electron
eeO–chloride ions with acidified
96500Cmol 3
Step 4OH HIIH–1
–
–O
O Write
–(aq) ++ 2H 2H __11IIthe + half-equation
2e
2e –mole
–
(g)
– +
of2H
2H 2H
gas Ofor
O(l)
O
occupies
+the4e – 24.0 dm
reaction. We275
L4can
with
ZnCl
________________________
=1charge
a calculate
mole of
Explain Zn the
electrons.
+
why Cl
cations on thetowards
move electron thebycathode
experiment.
Loss
the
molten of
anode.
reactions
■ Electrolysis
–the
from
– Step
(graphite) b electrons
the the
zinc Cl
are: The
manganese(IV)
cathode
2–electrolyte
22 chloride
or
Find
2reaction
2 is
metal, is
is2aare
2 the 22is oxidation.
Cl
redox2
2 the +
which
number
of e
e2– reaction.
chloride
oxide:
negative – conduct Oxidation
ofelectrode 22 For
coulombs
ions2
electrodeelectricity
with always
example,
required
acidified occurs
to and when
to at QUESTION on
charge 1 mole
on of electrons
1 2electron
++ +22is
element e at
Step b electrodes
the Cl anode
The
manganese(IV)
r.t.p.) 1O–(aq) reaction
Write the
theCl rods, of +electrolysed
positive chloride
oxide:
half-equation made from
ions forthe
witheither theelectrode carbon
acidified
reaction. 2
________________________
H + 2H 2e 2H O – TheL4can
275
We =
results showelectrolysis.
a calculate us
the that the charge on the theelectron is
1charge on thetowards electron bycathode
experiment.
the 4OH H O + 2H _ + 2e O ––(g) + 2H 2H O(l)
O + 4e during
–anode.
1 + 2+
electrons
elemente moltenElectrolysis
from
reactions
■ the
produce
(graphite)
Step bthe the
zinc
bpower MnO
are:
MnO The
Cl
The 2–electrolyte
manganese(IV)
2
anode
2
manganese(IV)–
cathode
Cl
2
Find221+
2reaction
chloride
or reaction +ismole
metal,is 4H
4H athe _12is theredox + of
Cl
Cl the ++is of
which ++2e
positive
number
of gas.
2e oxide:–reaction.
chloride
electrolysed
ee2be
oxide:
chloride
negative
–
– conduct ofelectrodeMn
Mnions2
222+
coulombs
ions For ++ 2H
with
the
electricity
electrodewith 2Hexample, O
22acidified
electrode
O
required
acidified to and when
to charge
QUESTION Explainon 1why
charge mole
on of
cations electrons
electron move
Step 4OH 1 –supply
Write
(aq) __2112ethe must –22 half-equation O (g)
direct
+ 2H
current.
for
O(l) +the4e reaction.
– 275
WeL4can ________________________
=results
approximately calculate 1.60 the × 10
charge–19 C.
on the electron by experiment.
cathode:
moltenElectrolysis
from
–
reactions Step bthe4the
zinc are:
moles Zn
manganese(IV)
Cl
The
anode
MnO 2– 2+
electrolyte
chloride
reaction
Find is
+of+ is aelectrons
the
4H theredox Cl ++ of is+ of
positive
number + 2e oxide:
e
chloride
– areZn
reaction.
–
electrolysed of (reduction)
electrode
released ions
coulombs
Mn For
2+ the
with+ example,
2Helectrode
acidified
required
O when The ba When
QUESTION show
Explain
during
charge lead us that
oniodide,
why 1cations
electrolysis. the
electronPbI charge
move on the
2, is electrolysed
electron
towards the the cathode is
produce manganese(IV) 1 mole gas.
oxide: Feto
cb The cathode
– reaction 2isCl the 2
negative– 2
electrode – 2+
element
electrons
e Cl
The
MnO reaction
22 + 4H 22+ofof+2e acidified
ebe direct
chloride
– MnO
ions
Mn 2+ with – ions
44+ 2H –with
acidified
22O with Fe 2+ ions:
■ thecpower 4OH The reaction
–supply
(aq) __211 Cl must of O acidified
(g) +of2H MnO current.
O(l) ions
+2H 4e ions: 275
We
The can
resultscalculate
show the
us thatcharge the
–19 on
charge the electron
on the by
electron experiment.
is
cathode:
molten –
reactions produce
Step zinc manganese(IV)
are: Cl
MnO Zn
2– 2+
chloride 1 + +
mole 4H 2e ++ of –+
is + 2e oxide:
gas. e –
electrolysed
– Zn (reduction)
Mn 2+
the + electrode
O approximately
4 b When1.60
a following
during
Explain lead ×
electrolysis.
why 10 PbI
reactions
cations
iodide, C.
occur:
move towards the cathode
the anode
cathode Find is the the number
positive coulombs
electrode required to 2, is electrolysed the
electrons
element manganese(IV)
Cl –2+
– 22is Cl the 3+ + negative
oxide:
e2 –– – – electrode
2 2+
e anode:
■ thecpower c 4 2ClFe
moles
Fe MnO
The 2+ reaction
supply + of 4H electrons Fe
Fe Cl must 2+3+of +
+
2e e
acidified
be 2e– are
e directMnO (oxidation)
Mn
released MnO per
current. + – mole
2H
ions O of
with O Fe formed
2+ ions:
2 +acidified
2 – 2 275
cathode: The
Cl Zn– reaction
2+ 2
+4H __112e Cl ++the
–2of ++2e ee–––––––are Zn (reduction)
2+ + 44 ions 2 with Fe 2 2+ ions: We
The can
4results
approximately
b calculate
show
2+ +1.60
during
a following
Explain
When leadthe
us
why that
× charge
electrolysis.10 thePbI
–19
cations
iodide, C. on
charge
move the electron
on thethe
towards by
electron experiment.
cathode is
electrons reactions
– produce
Step are: MnO 2
cathode Find 1––++of mole the ++of ++number gas. of Mn
coulombs 2H O
required to –reactions occur:2, 2I
is –electrolysed
I + 2ethe
element the4 = moles Cl 4F– electrons is Cl negative released electrode
2+
thecpower c MnO MnO
The 2+– reaction
supply + 4H
8H 2 must +
of
3+ 2e5e
acidified
be direct
– MnMn
MnO 2+
current.
per + –
+ 2H
4H
ions
mole O Owith
of OFe 2+ ions:
formed FINDING Pb THE 2eCHARGE PbON and 1 MOLE
–
■ anode: 2Cl Fe Fe Cl ++ e 2e (oxidation) on OFthe2 ELECTRONS
2 2 2+ – 2 2+
QUESTION MnO The
Fe 2+ reaction
2+ 4 2
4 ++4H + 8H 2 Fe +
of
3+ 5e
acidified
– 2 + –e Zn (reduction)
2 – Mn
MnO 4 + 4H
ions 2 2 Owith Fe ions: The results
approximately show
during 1.60 10 –19
usreactions
that
×
electrolysis. the C. charge electron is
electrons Thecathode:
electronproduce 4 = moles MnO Zn
4 loss
× 96500 1 mole
of at electrons 2e the ++ of + 2e
anode
gas. – ––are balances Mn
released
2+
2+2++ 4 – 2H O
the 2
electron
2
2+gain at b following
When lead iodide, occur:
PbI , is electrolysed the
ed; it is theccpower
■ anode: =MnO
2Cl MnO
The
Fe
MnO
The
Fe 2+4F2+
2+– reaction
supply 22 – + 8H
reaction – +
+ 8H
4H Fe Cl must
Fe– 2+ +5ee+
+ + of
3+
3++
of 2e+acidified
+
5e e
be
acidified2e
– – –
direct Mn
(oxidation)MnO
Mn
MnO 2+per
current.
Mn 4–+ 4H22O
+ –+ 2H
ions
mole
4H
ions O
22 O with
of
with OFe
Fe 2+ ions:
formed
ions: FINDING
approximately Pb2+
i THE +1.60
Which 2e –
CHARGE
of
× these
10 –19PbONand 2
1
equations
C. 2I –
MOLE OF + 2ethe
I2 ELECTRONS
describes
–
the QUESTION
cathode:
cathode. 4 moles Zn Overall,
44 +
of electrons 2e the reactionare Zn (reduction)
released is:
4 2
b Whenfollowing reactions occur:
lead– iodide, PbI2, is electrolysed the
aqueous The 3electron
anode: acc 2Cl ==Why The
Fe
MnO 42+×loss
4F2+–
386000Cmol reaction
does 4496500
–
– + +at8H an the
Fe Cl + 3+
+anode
of
ionic –1 acidified
++
5e ee2e
– – – balances
– (oxidation)
–compound MnO
Mn 2+per 44have the
–+ionsmole
4Hto
4H 22O
electron
with
of O
be Fe
molten 2+ gain
2+
to at
ions:
2 formed The charge Pb2+ +on 2e 1reactions Pb and 1 2I
– +your –
2efound
I2 ELECTRONS
ofmole of electrons can be
The
Fe reaction Fe +3+ of acidified MnO +ions with Fe ions: FINDING THE CHARGE ON MOLE OF
ed; it is QUESTION MnO 8H 2+ + 5e Mn2+ O i 2+ reaction
Which
following atthesethe cathode?
equations
occur: Explain
describes theanswer.
ed; aqueous it is The
theanode: electron
cathode. a 2Cl =undergoFe
MnO 4F
4 2+–
×loss
Overall, 96500 – + at electrolysis?
8H the
Fe Clionic ++the 3+
+ anode
++
+
–15e reaction
e–
2e – – balances
(oxidation) Mnis: 2+per + the
mole
4H electron
O of O gain
formed to at FINDING aiiPb THE +on 2e –
CHARGE Pb and
ON 1 2I –
MOLE OF +be –
2efound
I2 ELECTRONS
33 Step 3386000Cmol from simple electrolytic experiment. The
Calculate the –
QUESTION =MnO Fe
Why 2+
44does
– + 8H an Fe 3+
2+ 5eecharge– compound transferred
2+
Mn have + 4Hto 22O during
be molten2 The charge i 2+WhatWhich
reaction 1 mole
isofthe these
at ox.
theno.of electrons
changeExplain
equations
cathode? can
of eachyour
describes iodide
the ion in
answer.
TheZnCl electron loss Zn at + the Cl anode balances the electron
ed; aqueous it is the cathode.
33 the 2 =
ba electrolysis.
=Give MnO
Why 4F
4 Overall,
×
386000Cmol
undergo two 96500
44does
–
– + + properties 8H an+ ionic
electrolysis? + the ++the
2 –15e reaction
–
of graphite
–compound Mnis: 2+
Mn2+ have ++that
4H
4Hto O
22makebe moltenit a to at
gain FINDING aPb THE +on 2e –
CHARGE Pb and
ON 1 2I –
MOLE +your
I20.3. –
2ethe
d The
the
QUESTION
ZnCl
Step
electron
cathode.
MnO 3 Calculate
loss
Overall, Zn at +
8H
the Cl the
5echarge
anode reaction balances
transferred
is: the
Oduring
electron gain at
apparatus
The
fromcharge the
iiisimple for
reaction
Which
What this
1ofthe
reaction
is mole isthe
electrolytic
at
these shown
ox. of
cathode?
equations
no. in
electrons
experiment.
change ofOF
Figure can
Explain 2 ELECTRONS
describes
each be
The found
iodideanswer.
ion in
aqueous b2 Q =suitable =4386000Cmol
3I××Calculate 96500 –1
ed; it is 3 Step the a undergo
Why
electrolysis.
Give twot material
does electrolysis?
an ionic
properties 2 for
the charge use
compound
of graphiteas an have
transferred electrode.
thattomake during Explain
be moltenit a to The
from
apparatuscharge
aiiisimple on
reaction
for
Which
What
the 1
this
isofmole
electrolytic
the
reaction at is
thesethe of
shown
ox. electrons
cathode?experiment.
equations
no. in
change can
Explain
Figure
of be
The
your
20.3.
describes
each found
the
iodideanswer.
ion in
ZnCl
theQUESTION
3cathode. Overall, Zn + an×the
Cl 2 reaction is:anhave 2I– I + 2e –?
daqueous the
Step b2 =your
a undergo
==386000Cmol
Why
electrolysis.
Give 30.50
suitableI Calculate
answers.
does
two t × material 30
electrolysis?
properties ionic the
–1
for compound
charge of
use graphite as
transferred thattomake
electrode. be molten
during it a to
Explain The
from
apparatuscharge
aiisimple foron
reaction 1 the
mole
electrolytic
this at2isthe of
d.c.
shown electrons
power
cathode? supply
experiment.
in Figure can
Explain be
20.3.The
your found
answer.
d ZnCl2 Q undergo ×Zn + Cl60 the
What
2Ifor–
reaction
is
Iis
ox.
+shown
2e
no.
–?
change of each iodide ion in
QUESTION the
Step b electrolysis. suitable
your
Give ×two answers. electrolysis?
material properties 2 forof use graphite as an electrode. that make Explain
it a
4 a2 QExplain
ZnCl ===3900I0.50Calculate
Zn tC×why
+30Cl × the
cations 60 charge transferred during from
apparatus aiisimple the
What electrolytic
this
reaction 2
is the ox. no. d.c. experiment.
power in Figure
supply 20.3.
–– change of each iodide ion in
The
d QUESTION the b Qelectrolysis. your
suitable
Give answers.
two material properties 2 formove use
of graphite
towards the cathode
as an electrode. that make Explain
it a 2I– + I2 + 2e d.c. ?power
= I
== 0.50 × t
C×why 30 × 60 apparatusthe for this is shown
reaction in Figure
supply 20.3.
d 4 Step
QUESTION a during Explainyour4 900
suitable Calculate answers.
electrolysis.
material cationsthe volume for move
use by
as towards
simple
an electrode. the cathode
proportion Explain 2I –
+ I2 + 2e
–
d.c. –?power supply
Q == I0.50 900 × t C× 30 × 60
4 using b a When Explain
during 4theCalculate lead why
electrolysis.
relationship iodide, cations 1PbI move
mole 2, is of electrolysed
towards
gas occupies the the
cathode
24.0 dm3 2I– + I2 + 2e –
QUESTION Step your
= 0.50
answers.
×why 30 ×cations
the volume
60 occur:
by simple proportion d.c. –?power supply
4
4 Step at a
b When following
during
Explain
r.t.p. 900 C
electrolysis.
lead iodide, reactions move towards the cathode + –
using 4the Calculate relationship the volume 1PbImole 2, is of electrolysed
by simple
gas occupies the24.0 dm3
proportion A ammeter
a during
Explain = 900 C
electrolysis.
why cations move variable
4 at b 386000C When
following lead –reactions iodide, 1PbI
occur: 2, O is of,towards
electrolysed the cathode
2ethe
using 3 + –
Step r.t.p.
Pb 4the
2+Calculate +relationshipproduces
2e thePb 1volume
molemole
and 2I by
– gas
simple
which occupies
is
I 24dm –324.0
+proportion O dm resistor
2 2 2 A ammeter
during
following
b r.t.p.
When electrolysis.
lead reactions
iodide, occur:
PbI variable
at
using
Step
386000C4the relationship
2+Calculate
–
produces
1900
the_______
1 volume
mole 2, O
mole is of
electrolysed
by gas occupies
simple
–, which is
the
–324.0
proportion
24dm O
dm3
Pb
i +
Which2e of these Pb and 2I
equations I
describes + 2ethe A ammeter resistor
b so
at 900C
following
r.t.p.
usingWhen produces
lead reactions
– iodide,
the relationship occur:
PbI is×of
2, O
2 24.0
electrolysed2 2
the24.0 dm3 variable
lten to 386000C
Pb2+reaction
+ 2eproducesat 1 1mole
386000
Pb
the
mole
and
900
cathode?
_______
gas occupies
2I2–, which is
I224dm
Explain 2e3–3answer.
+your O2 A ammeter resistor
variable
so i Which
following
900C
at 386000C of these
reactions
produces
r.t.p.2+ produces equations
occur: × = describes
0.0560dm
24.0 the
O2 at r.t.p.
lten to Pb + 2e– 1386000
Pb mole
and O
900
_______ 2I2–, which is + 2e–3 O
I224dm A +
ammeter – resistor
soiii 900CWhat
Which
reactionisofthe
produces at ox.
these
the no. change
equations
cathode? × of each
describes
Explain
24.0
= 0.0560dm iodide
yourthe
3
–O
2ion in
answer. variable
alten to 386000C
Pb2+the + 2e –
produces 1386000
Pb mole
and O
900
_______ 2I2–, which is
I224dm
+your
2ethe3O2 at r.t.p. + – resistor
soiii900C Which
What reaction
reaction
produces at
isofthe the
these cathode?
equations
ox.386000
no. =Explain
× 24.0
change describes
of each
0.0560dm answer.
iodide
3O 2
ion in
plain
lten 900 2 at r.t.p. + –
a to so iii900Creaction
Which
What
the is
reactionat
ofthe
produces the
these _______
ox. cathode?
equations
no. ×
change Explain
describes
24.0
= of each
0.0560dm yourtheanswer.
iodide
3 O ation in
r.t.p. copper copper
lten QUESTIONS 2I– I + 386000
2e ?–
2 anode + –
a to
plain reaction
the
ii What reaction
is at2 the
the ox. cathode?
no. change Explain
of each your answer.
iodide
3O ion in copper cathode
copper
QUESTIONS = 0.0560dm at r.t.p.
plain
a 2I– I2 + 2e–? 2
anode
copper + – cathode
ii
5 Calculate the
What reaction
is the ox. no. change of each iodide ion in copper
plain
a
5
QUESTIONS 2I–the mass I2 +of2esilver
–? deposited at the cathode
anode cathode
the
during electrolysisreaction when –?a current of 1.80 A flows copper copper
plain 55 Calculate
QUESTIONS 2I–the mass I2 +of2e silver deposited at the cathode anode
copper cathode
5 through
Calculate
during an aqueous
the mass
electrolysis ofsolution
when silver
a of silver
deposited
current of nitrate
at
1.80 the
A for
cathode
flows copper
QUESTIONS
5 2I – I2 + 2e ? –
anode cathode
55 45.0
during
through min.
Calculate electrolysis
anthe masswhen
aqueous a current
ofsolution
silver of 1.80
of silver
deposited A flows
nitrate
at the for
cathode aqueous
through
45.0
duringmin. an aqueous
electrolysis Fsolution
= 108;when 96a500of silver
current )nitrate
of–11.80 for
A flows copper(II) sulfate
55 (A r value: [Ag]
Calculate the mass of =silver C mol
deposited at the cathode aqueous
45.0
through
during min.
(Ar value: an aqueous
electrolysis
[Ag] Fsolution
= 108;when = 96 a500 of
C silver
current
mol )nitrate
of–11.80 for
A flows copper(II)
aqueoussulfate
6 Calculate the volume of hydrogen produced at r.t.p. Figure 20.3 Apparatus for calculating the mass of
45.0
through min.
(Ar value: an aqueous
[Ag] = 108; Fsolution
= 96 500of silver
mol–1)nitrate
Csolution for copper(II)
aqueoussulfate
6 when
Calculate
45.0
a concentrated
the volume aqueous
min. [Ag] of hydrogen produced
–1)
of sulfuric
at r.t.p.acid copper deposited during
copper(II)
Figure 20.3 Apparatus thecalculating
sulfate
for electrolysis
theofmass
aqueous
of
(A
is value:
electrolysed = 108;
for F
15.0 = 96
min 500 C
using mol
a current of 1.40A. aqueous
6 Calculate
r the volume of
when a concentrated hydrogen
aqueous produced
solution at r.t.p.
of sulfuric acid copper(II)
Figure
copper 20.3sulfate.
Apparatus
deposited during for
thecalculating theofmass
electrolysis of
aqueous
(Aelectrolysed
value: [Ag] =for
108; =min
F of 96 500 Csolution
mol –1) copper(II) sulfate
when
is
6 (F
Calculate a concentrated
=r 96500Cmol –1; 15.0
the volume aqueous
1 mole ofusing
hydrogen aproduced
current
gas occupies of24.0
sulfuric
ofat1.40
r.t.p.
dm acid
3A.
copper deposited duringfor
the electrolysis
copper(II)
Figure 20.3sulfate.
Apparatus calculating theofmass
aqueous
of
is
6 at electrolysed
r.t.p.)
Calculate the for
volume
–1 15.0 min
aqueous
of using
hydrogen a current
(F = 96500Cmol ; 1 mole of gas occupies 24.0 dm acid
when a concentrated solution
produced of of 1.40
sulfuric
at A.
r.t.p.
3
The procedure
copper(II)
copper
Figure 20.3 is:duringfor
sulfate.
deposited
Apparatus the electrolysis
calculating theofmass
aqueous
of
is electrolysed
when
(F
at =r.t.p.)
96500Cmol for
–1;15.0
a concentrated 1 moleminofusing
aqueous a current
gassolution
occupies of 1.40
of 24.0 dmA.
sulfuric 3acid
copper(II) sulfate.
7 Calculate the volume of oxygen produced at r.t.p. copper deposited
weigh the pure
The procedure is:
■ during
copper the electrolysis
anode and pure of aqueous
copper
Electrochemistry
is electrolysed 2for
–1 15.0 min using a current of 1.40 A. Bilal Hameed
at
(F =r.t.p.)
when 96500Cmol
a concentrated ; 1 mole of gas
aqueous occupies
solution 24.0 dm3
of sodium copper(II)
Thecathode sulfate.
procedure separately
is:copper anode and pure copper
7 Calculate the volume of oxygen produced at r.t.p. 3 ■ weigh the pure
Electrochemistry
at
(F =r.t.p.)
sulfate96500Cmol 2 ; 1 mole
–1
isconcentrated
electrolysed of gassolution
foroxygen
55.0min occupies
using of 24.0
a currentdm Bilal Hameed
7 Calculate
when a the volume of
aqueous produced at r.t.p.
sodium Thearrange
■
■ procedure
weigh
cathode the
the is:copper as
apparatus
pure
separately shown
anode andinpure
Figure 20.3; the
copper
Electrochemistry
at r.t.p.) 2 Bilal Hameed
7 of
when0.70A.
sulfate
Calculate
Electrochemistry
aisconcentrated
electrolysed
the volume
2
aqueous
foroxygen
of 55.0minsolution
usingof
produced sodium
a current
at r.t.p. Thevariable
■ procedure
cathode
weigh resistor
the is: is
separately
pure used
copper to keep
anode
arrange the apparatus as shownBilal the
and current
pure
in Figure constant
copper
20.3; the
–1 3
Hameed
 QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS = 0.0560dm O22 at r.t.p. anode ++ –– cathode
5 Calculate the mass of silver deposited at anode
copper cathode
copper
5 Calculate
QUESTIONS the mass of silver deposited at the
the cathode
cathode copper copper
QUESTIONS
during electrolysis when a current of 1.80 A flows anode
anode
copper cathode
cathode
5
5 Calculate the mass of silver deposited at the cathode
Calculate
during the mass
electrolysis of
when silver
a deposited
current of 1.80 at the
A flows
cathode copper copper
copper
QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS
through an aqueous solution of anode
5 during
through
Calculate
during
QUESTIONS
5 Calculate electrolysis
an
the
theaqueous
mass
electrolysis
mass when
of
when
of solution
silver
silver a
a of silver
current
deposited
current
depositedof
silver
of 1.80
1.80
nitrate
at
at A
nitrate
the
A
the
for
flows
for
cathode
flows
cathode
copper
anode
copper cathode
copper
cathode
copper
QUESTIONS
45.0min.
through an aqueous solution of silver nitrate for 5 anode
anode cathode
cathode
45.0min.
during
through electrolysis
an when a current of 1.80 A flows aqueous
5
5 Calculate
during
Calculate theaqueous
the mass
electrolysis
masswhen ofsolution
of silver
silver of silver
deposited
a current
depositedof 1.80nitrate
at
at the for
cathode
A flows
the cathode 5 aqueous
copper(II) sulfate
45.0min. –1nitrate
5 through
5 (A
through
(A rr value:
45.0min.
Calculate
during
Calculate
during value: an
the
an
theaqueous
[Ag] == 108;
mass
electrolysis
aqueous
[Ag]mass
electrolysis 108; ofsolution
of
when
when
== 96500C
FFsilver
solution
silver a
96500Cof
of silver
current
mol
deposited
a currentmol
depositedof ))at
of 1.80
silver–1
1.80at the
A for
cathode
A flows
nitrate
the for
cathode
flows 5
copper(II)
aqueous
aqueous sulfate
45.0min.
during
through
(A
45.0min.
during electrolysis
value: an aqueous
[Ag]
electrolysis== 108; when
whensolution
FF of a current
current
== 96500C
a of molof
silver
of 1.80
–1 )) A
1.80
–1 A flows
nitrate flows
for copper(II)
copper(II)
aqueous sulfate
sulfate
66 through
(A
Calculate
6 through r
Calculate value: an aqueous
[Ag]
the
the volume108;
volumesolution solution 96500Cof
hydrogen
of hydrogen silver
mol nitrate
produced
produced for
at r.t.p.
at r.t.p. 5 aqueous
45.0min.
r
an aqueous ofsolution
silver
–1)nitrate for Figure 20.3 Apparatus
Figure 20.3 Apparatus for
for calculating
copper(II) sulfate
sulfatecalculating the
the mass
mass of
of
(A rr value:
through
45.0min.
when a [Ag]
an == 108;
aqueous
concentrated ==of
108; FFsolution 96500C
aqueous of mol
silver
–1 )nitrate
of for acid
sulfuric copper(II)
aqueous
6 (A
66 Calculate
when
Calculate
45.0min.
value:
a [Ag]
the
the volume
concentrated
volume of 96500C
hydrogen
aqueous
hydrogen molproduced
solution
produced of at
at r.t.p.
sulfuric acid5
r.t.p. copper
Figure
copper deposited
20.3 aqueous
during
Apparatus
deposited
Figure 20.3 during
Apparatus
copper(II)
the
for electrolysis
calculating
the
for
sulfate
of
the
electrolysis
calculating
aqueous
ofmass
the of
aqueous
mass of
45.0min.
is
(A
when electrolysed
value:
a [Ag] ==for108; 15.0
FF of min
==aqueous using
96500C a
molcurrent
–1 ofat1.40
–1)) of sulfuric1.40 A. aqueous
copper(II) sulfate
66 is
(A
6 Calculate
when
Calculate a concentrated
rrelectrolysed
value: [Ag]
the
the volume
concentratedfor
volume108; 15.0 of min
96500C
hydrogen
aqueous
hydrogensolution
using aproduced
molcurrent
solution
produced of ofat r.t.p.
sulfuric
r.t.p.acid
A.
acid5 copper(II)
copper
Figure
copper deposited
copper(II)
20.3
aqueous
sulfate.
sulfate. during
Apparatus
copper(II)
deposited during forthe
sulfate electrolysis
calculating
the the
electrolysis of
of aqueous
mass of
aqueous
(A
is
(A
when value:
electrolysed
value:
a [Ag]
[Ag] =
=
concentrated 108;
for
108;
–1 15.0F
F =
= 96500C
min using
96500C
aqueous mol
a
mol
–1
–1))
current
solution of of 1.40
sulfuric A.
3
acid Figure 20.3 Apparatus for calculating the mass of
copper(II) sulfate
6 (F
is
Calculate
when = 96
(F = 96500Cmola500
rrelectrolysed C
the mol for
volume
concentrated –1; 1
15.0
; 1 molemole
of min
aqueous of gas
using
hydrogen occupies
a current
produced
solution
of gas occupies of 24.0
ofat dm
1.40 A.
r.t.p.
sulfuric
24.0 3
acid copper(II) sulfate.
66 Calculate the volume of hydrogen produced at dm
r.t.p. copper
copper
Figure
deposited
copper(II)
Figure 20.3sulfate.
deposited
20.3
during
Apparatus
duringfor
Apparatus
the
the
for
electrolysis
calculating
electrolysis
calculating theof aqueous
theofmass of
aqueous
mass of
66 is
atelectrolysed
6 Calculate
when ==r.t.p.)
a the for
volume
concentrated –115.0
for–1 of min
aqueous using
hydrogen a current
aproduced
solution of ofat1.40 A.
r.t.p.
33
(F
is
at
Calculate
when 96
(Felectrolyseda500
r.t.p.)
96500CmolC mol
the volume
concentrated ;; 11 mole
15.0 of
mole min
aqueous of
of gas
using
hydrogen occupies
current
produced
solution
gas occupies of sulfuric
24.0
of dm
1.40
at
sulfuric
24.0 dm acid
A.
r.t.p.
acid The
Figure
copper
copper
procedure
copper(II)
20.3sulfate.
The procedure is:
Apparatus
deposited
copper(II)
Figure 20.3sulfate. during
Apparatus
deposited for
is:duringforthe
thecalculating
electrolysis
calculating
electrolysis theofmass of
aqueous
theofmass of
aqueous
when
is
isat
7 (F
when 96a concentrated
atelectrolysed
=r.t.p.)
a500 for
C mol–1
concentrated
electrolysed
r.t.p.) for aqueous
–1;15.0 min
1 mole
aqueous
15.0 min gassolution
ofusing
using a
solution of
a current
occupies sulfuric
of
of 24.0
current 1.40
dmA.
sulfuric
of
at 1.40
33acid
A.acid The procedure
weigh the pureis: copper anode and pure copper
Calculate
(F
77 at
Calculate the
= 96500Cmol volume
the volumeof oxygen
; 1 mole
15.0of
produced
of gas produced
oxygen r.t.p.
occupies 24.0 dm
at 1.40
r.t.p. copper
Theweigh
■
copper deposited
copper(II) sulfate.
procedure
copper(II)
■ the pure
deposited
sulfate. duringChapter
is:during
copper the
anode
the 20:
andElectrochemistry
electrolysis of aqueous
pureofcopper
electrolysis aqueous
stry 7
is
(F
at
electrolysed
=r.t.p.)
iswhen
electrolysed
96 a500
r.t.p.) C mol
for
for
–1;;15.0
concentrated
–1 1
min
min
mole
using
using
aqueous
of gas
a
a current
current
solution
occupies of of
of
24.0 1.40
sodiumdm
A.
A.
3
The cathode
copper(II)
procedure
weigh theseparately
sulfate.is:
pure
is:copper
Chapteranode
anode20:and pure
pure copper
andElectrochemistry
stry Calculate
when
(F
77 (F = a
96500Cmol the volume
concentrated
Calculate the volume 1 of
mole oxygen
aqueous
of gas produced
solution
occupies of at
24.0
of oxygen produced at r.t.p.r.t.p.
sodiumdm3 ■ cathode
copper(II)
The
■ theseparately
sulfate.
procedure
weigh pure copper copper
stry 7 at
(F
at = 96
sulfate 500
r.t.p.)
when a
=r.t.p.) is
96500Cmol
sulfate
Calculate C mol –1
–1
the volume;
electrolysed
isconcentrated 1 mole
for
; 1 mole
electrolysed
volume offor of
aqueous gas
55.0min
of gas
55.0
oxygen occupies
using
solution
occupies
min
produced a
usingof 24.0
a24.0 dm
current
sodiumdm3
current
at r.t.p.
3
The
■ arrange
cathode
weigh the
procedure
arrange the apparatus
separately
pure
the is: copper
Chapter
apparatus as
anodeshown
anode20:
as and in Figure
pure 20.3;
20.3; the
copper
andElectrochemistry
shown in Figure the
stry 7
7 at when
Calculatea concentrated
the aqueous
of oxygen solution
produced of sodium
at r.t.p. ■
■
■ cathode
Theweigh
procedure separately
the pure is:copper pure copper
stry 7 at
of
of
whenr.t.p.)
0.70A.
sulfate
r.t.p.)
0.70a
sulfate aA.is electrolysed
concentrated
is electrolysed for 55.0min
aqueous
for using
solution
55.0 min ofa
usingof current
sodium
a at
current The
The
variable
procedure
arrange
cathode
variable
procedure
■ weigh
arrangethe
resistor
the is:
separately
resistor
pure
thethe
is
apparatus
is
is:copper
apparatus
used
used asto
to
anode
keep
shown
keep
as shownand
the
in
the
andinpure
current
Figure
current constant
20.3;
20.3; the
constant
copper
Figure the
stry Chapter 20: Electrochemistry
Calculate the volume
volume of of oxygen produced r.t.p. ■ cathode separately
when concentrated aqueous solution sodium ■ weigh pure copper anode pure copper
77 Calculate the oxygen produced at r.t.p. 3 ■
stry 7
7
of
of
when 0.70A.
sulfate
(F =0.70
Calculate
sulfate
(F = 96
Calculatea is
96500Cmol
A.
500 the
C
the
–1
electrolysed
volume
concentrated
is mol –1 ;
electrolysed
volume; 1
1 for
mole
of
mole
of 55.0min
of gas
oxygen
aqueous
for 55.0
of gas
oxygen using
occupies
produced
solution
min using
occupies
produced a
of
a current
24.0
at dm
r.t.p.
sodium
current
24.0
at dm3
r.t.p.
■
■ pass
arrange
■ weigh
pass
cathodea
variable
a
variable
arrange
weigh
constant
resistor
the
theseparately
resistor
the
the
electric
apparatus
pure
constant
apparatus
pure
is
copper
is
copper
used
Chapter
electric
usedas
as
current
to
to keep
shown
anode and
20:
current
keep
shown
anode and
for
the
in
the
in
a measured
current
Figure
purecurrent
Figure
pure
constant
20.3;
copper
Electrochemistry
for a measured the
constant
20.3;
copper the
stry
stry 7 when a concentrated
COMBINING
of
at0.70 HALF-CELLS
0.70A.
r.t.p.)
aqueous solution of sodium
(CONTINUED) ■ cathode separately
time
pass interval
a
RONS
stry QUESTIONS when
sulfate
(F
of
at
when
sulfate
(F ==r.t.p.)
96a aA.
–1 concentrated
isconcentrated
96500Cmol
is
500 electrolysed
C mol–1;; 11 mole
electrolysed
3 aqueous
for 55.0
aqueous
for
mole 55.0min
of
of gas
gasminsolution
using
occupies
solution
usingof
occupies of
a sodium
a current
24.0
24.0 dm
sodium
current dm3 ■ variable
■
■ cathode
time
arrangea constant
variable
cathode
arrange
resistor
separately
pass interval
the
the
electric
is
is used
apparatus
constant
resistor
separately
apparatus usedas
electric current
to
asto
keep
shown
current
shown
for
keep the
in a measured
acurrent
in Figure
for
the Figure
constant
20.3;
measured
current20.3; the
constant
the
RONS QUESTIONS
COMBINING sulfate
of
at 0.70A.
r.t.p.) is HALF-CELLS
electrolysed for (CONTINUED)
55.0min using a current
■
time
pass a
arrangeinterval
constant
the electric
apparatus ascurrent
shown for
in a measured
Figure 20.3; the
RONS QUESTIONS (F
sulfate
of
at=0.70
(F = 96500Cmol
r.t.p.)
96 500 is electrolysed –1
A. C mol ; 1 mole of gas occupies 24.0 dm33
–1 ; 1 mole
for of
55.0 gas min occupies
using a 24.0
current dm ■ variable
time resistor
interval
pass a constant
arrange
■ variable the
resistor is used
electric
apparatus to keep
current
is usedasto the
keep for
shown current
acurrent constant
measured
in Figure
the 20.3; the
constant
RONS 88The
QUESTIONS
COMBINING at
of
voltages
A student
of 0.70A.
r.t.p.)
0.70 A. HALF-CELLS
passedfor –1 the half-cells
a constant (CONTINUED) in Figure
electric current 20.7ofcan 0.15 be
A time
pass interval
variable
a resistor
constant is used
electric to keep
current the
for a current constant
measured
ONS QUESTIONS
8 (F (F
A student
at ==r.t.p.)
96500Cmol
96 500 passed
C mol –1;;a1 1 mole
constant
mole of
of gas
electric
gas occupies
occupies current 24.0
24.0 ofdmdm0.15A33 time interval
variable
■ pass
■ resistorelectric
a constant is used to keep for
current theacurrent
high-resistance constant
measured
ONS represented
The
QUESTIONS
COMBINING throughvoltages a byfor –1
solution the following
the1constant
of half-cells
silver half-equations:
nitrate, inoccupies
Figure
using 20.7
pure can
silver 33 be
dry
ONS 88
QUESTIONS
8 (F
A
(F
at student
==r.t.p.)
through
A student
at 96500Cmol
96
r.t.p.) 500 aHALF-CELLS
passed
solution
C mol45
passed –1;;a1
a of mole
silver
mole
constant
(CONTINUED)
of
electric
ofnitrate,
gas
gas
electric
current
using
occupies current 24.0of
pure
24.0 ofdmdm0.15
silver
0.15A
A ■ pass
■ time
time a
a constant
constant electric
pass interval
interval electric current
current for
for a
voltmetera measured
high-resistancemeasured
dry
ONS COMBINING
The
QUESTIONS
8 Aelectrodes,
represented voltages
through
student a for
HALF-CELLS
by
for
solution
passed –the
the aminof exactly.
following
half-cells
silver
constant (CONTINUED) The
nitrate,
electric mass
half-equations:
in Figure
using
currentof
20.7
puretheof anode
can
silver
0.15 be
A time interval
88 Cu at r.t.p.)
2+ (aq)a+passed 2e 45amin Cu(s) The voltage =of+0.340.15AV time interval
one
ONS
dry QUESTIONS electrodes,
at
through r.t.p.) for
solution ofUse exactly.
silver nitrate, mass
using of
purethe anode
silver voltmeter
V high-resistance
one QUESTIONS A student
decreased
electrodes, byfor0.45 45 minconstant
g. this
exactly. electric
dataThe to current
calculate
mass of the the
anode
ONS
dry 8 represented
The through
A voltages
student
decreased 2+ a passed by
solution
byfor the
the
0.45g.
– a following
of silver
half-cells
constant
Use this half-equations:
nitrate, in
electric
data using
Figure
to currentpure
20.7
calculate of silver
can
0.15be
the AV voltmeter
one
ry 88 Zn Cu electrodes,
through
Acharge 2+
student
decreased
(aq)
(aq) ona+ +passed2e
for
2e
solution
aby mole –45aof
0.45
min
of Cu(s)
exactly.
Zn(s)
silver
electrons.
constant
g. Use nitrate,
this
The voltage
electric
data
mass
voltage
using
to currentof
pure
calculate
==of+0.34
the –0.76anode
silver
0.15A
the V V high-resistance
one
ry 8 The
represented
88 Cu A voltages
electrodes,
student
through
charge
decreased
2+ ona by
passedfor
for
solution
a by mole 45the
the
0.45g.
– min
aof half-cells
exactly.
following
constant
of silver
electrons.
Use this
Thein
electric
nitrate,
data
Figure
mass
half-equations:
to
of
current
using 20.7
pure
calculate
the of can
anode
0.15
silver
the
be
A + –
one
ry is
er Zn electrodes,
A
through
charge
(A 2+
student (aq)
(aq)on +
a +[Ag] aby2e
for
passed2e
solution
mole 45
– min
a Cu(s)
exactly.
constant
g.of
of Zn(s)
silver
electrons. The
electric
nitrate, voltage
mass of
current
voltage
using pure =
the +0.34
of anode
= –0.760.15A
silver VV voltmeter
V high-resistance
one decreased
represented
through r value:
electrodes, a by
solution
for 0.45=the108)
ofof
Use
following
silver this data
Theto calculate
half-equations:
nitrate, using pure the
thesilver + voltmeter – zinc rod
ry
er
ry is
one TheCu charge
(A
decreased
through 2+r value:
relative
electrodes,
2+ ona aby
[Ag] mole
values
solution
for =45
0.45g.
––45 108)min
min of
of
exactly.
electrons.
Usethese
silver
Cu(s)
exactly.this data
voltages
nitrate,
The
mass
tousing
voltage
mass
of
calculate
tell
pure
of us
=
the
anode
the
that
silver
+0.34
anode copper
ause
er
ry is Zn charge
(A
9 electrodes, (aq) on
value: [Ag] + a 2e
mole = 108) of Zn(s)
electrons. –0.76 V V
stry
one
ause
er is Cu
An
decreased
2+2+
charge
(A r accurate
(aq)
value: on aby
+[Ag]
for
value
mole
2e
0.45–45
–=45 108)
min
of
ofUse
g. exactly.
the
electrons.
Cu(s)
Faraday
this Theconstant
data mass
to
voltage
of the
calculate is the
= +0.34
anode
2+ ions.V rod + –
one
The
ause
er
one is 99Zn
The
9 Zn
electrodes,
An
decreased
charge
(A 2+
decreased
96485Cmol
accurate
rions
relative(aq)
value: onare + a
[Ag]
by
by
for
2e
value
more
values 0.45g.
–10.45
mole =. 108)
An
min
of
of
g.of exactly.
the
difficult
Use
Usethese
Zn(s)
electrons.
accurate
Faraday
this
this to The
data
data
value
reduce
voltages mass
constant
to
voltage
to
for
of the
than
calculate
tell
calculate
the
isus
=
charge
Cu anode
the
that
–0.76
the on V
copper V zinc rod
stry
The
ause
er is 9So
Zn
The
An
decreased
(A
96+r2+
charge
2Cu
An relative
accurate
2+ ions
value:
485
accurate
ions on
C mol
are a
[Ag] by value
–10.45g.
mole
will
value
more
values =.
– 108)
An of
accept
of the
Use
electrons.
accurate
of the
difficult
of these
Faraday
this data
value
electrons
Faraday
to
constant
reduce
voltages to
for calculate
the
from
constant
is
charge
than
tell the
is
us Cu the
Zn
that 22++/Zn
on ions. rod +
copper
– zinc rod
99 Zn is= –0.76
his charger (aq) on+a2e mole of Zn(s)
electrons. voltage V
erThe
ause
stry isis one
(A+ r value:
96485Cmol
An electron
+ on[Ag]
accurate –1is
value =. An1.6022
108) accurate
of the × 10 –19 C. Use
valueconstant
Faraday for these
the chargevalues on to + salt bridge –
Socharge a mole of electrons.
his 2+ rod
er
er
The
ause isis 99 Zn
The 2one
half-cell
(A
96
An Cu 2electron
value:
485
accurate
ions
relative and
C
ions mol
are [Ag] –1is
zinc
value
will
more
values =. 1.6022
will
108)
An accurate
of
accept the
difficult
of × 10
lose
these
–19
Faraday
electrons
to C.reduce
electrons
value
voltages Use for these
constant
fromto
the values
the
charge
than
tell is
the
us Cu
CuZn
that 2+to
2on +
/Cu
/Zn
ions. copper zinc rod
hisisis
‘stick’
The
ause 9 (A (A
calculate
one r
96485Cmol value:
electron [Ag]
a value–1 is=
.=An 108)of
1.6022 the
accurate Avogadro
–19
×Avogadro
10 valueC. Use constant
for these
the charge to onto
values
stry
erhisisis
‘stick’
The
ause The
An
half-cell.
one
96
half-cell
r accurate
2calculate
+relative
485value:
2+electron
Cand
mol [Ag]
avaluesvalue
value
–1
zinc is
. An 108)of
1.6022
will
ofthe the
ofthe
accuratethese
Faraday
–19voltages
× electrons
lose 10 valueC.reduce
electrons
constant
Use constant
for the tell
these
to
isto
us
values
charge
the Cuthat 22+
on +
2+to /Cu rod
copper salt bridge zinc rod
9So
99 Zn An
5Cu ions ions
accurate are will
value
more acceptof the
difficult Faraday
to from
constant than istoCuZn /Zn
ions.
rsignificant figures.
tions
ause
‘stick’
his
stry
The
ause
is
‘stick’
his
The is QUESTION
9 Zn 2
calculate
An
one
96485Cmol
5+
calculate
An
one
half-cell.
accurate
electron
significant
accurate
ions +
electronare
a
a
value
value
–1is
value
value
more
is
.
figures. of
1.6022
An of
1.6022
of
of
the
accurate
the
the
×
difficult
×
Avogadro
Faraday
10 –19
Avogadro
Faraday
10 –19to
C.
value
C.
Use
reduce
Use
constant
constant
for these
the
constant
constant
these than
is
values
charge
isto
values Cu
on
2+
2 to
+
to+ions. rod salt bridge
The 9half-cell
So 96
5Cu 485 2
significant and
C
ions mol zinc
–1
will .
figures. An will
accept belose
accurate electrons
value
electrons for the
from to the
charge
theto Zn on2 /Cu
/Zn
tions
stick’
his
how
The is
stick’
his is
Half-equations
QUESTION
calculate
96485Cmol
one
5Cu
So5calculate
96
half-cell.
one 485 2electron
+
significant C
ions
electron mol
a value
a value
–1
–1
will
is.. An
figures.
is
can
An
ofaccurate
1.6022 the
ofaccurate
accept
1.6022 the ×used
×
Avogadro
10–19
Avogadro
to
value
C. Use
value
electrons
10 –19 C.
show
Use
constant
for the
these
constant
for the
from
these
uscharge
the
values
thetoCu
charge
values Zn
contents
on
on2to
2+
to
+
/Zn salt bridge
his is half-cell significant and zinc
figures. will lose electrons to the /Cu
ions
stick’
howis
his
stick’
1010 of
QUESTION
half-cells.
one
Refer
Half-equations
5calculate
one
half-cell significant
calculate
electron
to the
electron
and
a value
a
Alist
ishalf-cell
figures.
is
zinc
value
1.6022
1.6022
will
of
be×used
ofofelectrode
can the
the ×
lose
does
10
–19
Avogadro not
10–19potentials
C.
to
C.
electrons
Avogadro
Use
show
Use
have
these
constant
these
constant to
tothe
below
us
the
beto
values
to
values
to Cu
a 2+to
contents
to /Cu
salt bridge
stick’
ions
how
3stick’
g Electrode
1010 potentials
half-cell.
of 5calculate
5answer
metal/metalsignificant
half-cells.
Half-equations
Electrode
Refer
potentials
QUESTION calculate
half-cell. significant
toparts
the a value
a value list acan
figures.
Aion
figures.
to
ofofd.
system.
half-cell theused
be
ofelectrode
Avogadro
does
the Avogadro Wepotentials
tocan
not showconstant
construct
have
constant us tothe
below to half-cells
becontents
to to a
ions
3g
how
e3 g Electrode
1010 forpotentials
5
metal/metal
of Refer
Ag significant
answer
any
half-cells.
Half-equations
Electrode potentials
potentials
QUESTION
+ (aq)to
5 significant figures. parts
half-equation
the
+ e A
– figures.
ion
list a to
half-cell
of
can d.
system. written.
electrode
Ag(s)
be does
used We can
not For
potentials
to show example:
construct
have to
below
voltage
us be
the tohalf-cells
a = +0.80 V
contents
Cu2+, 1.00 mol dm–3
298 K
Zn2+, 1.00 mol dm–3
3g
e3how
left-hand
g Electrode
Introducing
1010Half-equations
for
Electrode
answer
metal/metal
of Fe any
half-cells.
Refer
Ag3+
potentials
Introducing Co2+(aq)
+ (aq) parts
half-equation
to the + eAe
(aq) ++ 2e
– electrode
ion
list a can
to
–half-cell d.
system.
– of electrode
electrode
be used
written.
Fedoes
Ag(s)
Co(s)
We
2+(aq)potentials
to
can show
For
not havevoltage
potentials
potentials
us
example:
construct the
to beto
below
voltage contents
half-cells
a== –0.28
+0.80 V
V Cu2+, 1.00 mol dm–3
298 K
Zn2+, 1.00 mol dm–3
3g
3left-hand Electrode
A10 10of
Electrode
A redox potentials
Introducing
forAg
redox half-cells.
Refer
any
answer
metal/metal
potentials
Introducing
Fe Co
+(aq)
3+ 2+(aq)
toparts
(aq)
equilibrium
the
half-equation
equilibrium +
++e –A electrode
list
ion half-cell
a
–electrode
e
2e – –
of
to electrode
d.
exists
system.
exists
Ag(s)Fe
Co(s)
does
written.
between
2+We
between
potentials
(aq)
not
potentials
can For
potentials two
two
have
construct to
below
example:
voltage
voltage
be
chemically
chemically
toa
half-cells
=
=
+0.80
–0.28
related
V
relatedV
298 K
g
Electrode
Electrode potentials
2+ –3
Cl
Introducing answer
metal/metal
Cu (g)
2+(aq) +parts 2e
+ein electrode
ion
–2e a– to d. 2Cl
system. Cu(s) –(aq)
We potentials
can construct
voltage half-cells
=+0.80
+0.34 V FigureCu20.7
, 1.00One
moltype
dm of electrochemical
298 K Zn2+, 1.00
cell mol dm–3 by
is made
species that are different oxidation states. For example,
33 g
3g
g
left-hand A redox
species
A redox
when
species
A redox
potentials
forFe
IntroducingAg
foraCl
IntroducingAg
MnO
any
Cothat
any
Cu
Pb
2+equilibrium
3+
copper
that
2+ (aq)
2+(aq)
(g)
(aq)
2equilibrium
2+
half-equation
(aq)
+equilibriumare
+
+(aq)++in
+2e
half-equation
(aq)
–are
(aq)
+rod
+ ein
2eeelectrode
–2e
2e
––
– different
– exists
electrode
–is
+––different
8H
exists
placed
exists
Ag(s)
Ag(s)
+(aq)
written.
Co(s)
2Cl
between
2+
Febetween
oxidation
–(aq)
written.
Cu(s)
Pb(s) +in(aq)
oxidation
between 5e – For
contact
For
potentials
(aq)
potentials
two
two
two
example:
chemically
states.
voltage
voltage
chemically
example:
with
states.
Mn voltage
voltage
an
2+For
chemically
voltage(aq)
= –0.28
For ==example,
=++0.80
aqueous +0.34
example,
=
related
related
4H
–0.13
V
V
relatedV
VO(l)
V
Figure 2+ a Cu2+/Cu–3half-cell
connecting
Cu20.7
, 1.00One
moltype 298 toK a ZnZn
dm of electrochemical
2+2+
/Zn half-cell.
cell
, 1.00 dm–3
is made
mol The
by
left-hand
potential,
Introducing
when
species
A redox
solution
when
species
Fe
a
Introducing
Cl
a
Co
Cu
3+
copper
that
copper
that
2+(aq)
equilibrium
(g)
2+
of
(aq)
4
(aq) are
+
its
are
+
2e
+
+
ions
rod
rod
in
in
2e
2e–electrode
e
electrode
– is
different
the
is
different
placed
exists 2ClFe
Co(s)
Cu(s)
following
placed
2+
in
(aq)
in
oxidation
potentials
contact
–oxidation
between potentials two
equilibrium
contact
with
states.
with
states.
an
voltage
voltageFor
chemically
an
aqueous
exists:
For
=
=
aqueous
–0.28
example,
+0.34
example,
related2V
V voltage 2+
generated
connecting
Figure , 1.00
Cu20.7 by
moltype
aOne
Cu 2+ –3this cell is +1.10 2+
dm half-cell
/Cu V.2+
to a ZnZn /Zn
of electrochemical , 1.00
cell mol
is
–3
dm The
half-cell.
made by
left-hand Introducing
A redox
solution
when
species
A redox
MnO
Fe
Note
aCuCoPb
Zn
2 equilibrium
3+
copper
that
2+
of
2+(aq)
that
equilibrium
2+
–
(aq)
(aq)
4its
are
(aq)
(aq)++
ions
the+rod
in 2e–electrode
e+different
2e
2e
–– –
–the
oxidised
–is 8H exists
+
placed
exists
(aq) Fe between
Pb(s)
Co(s)
following + (aq)
2+ 5e
species
in
oxidation
between
Zn(s)– potentials
– two chemically
equilibrium
contact (having
two
Mn
with
states.
2+
voltage
voltage
an
chemically
voltage
(aq)
exists:
the
For ===+–0.28
higher
aqueous
example,
related
4H
–0.13
related
–0.76 2VO(l)
V
V voltage20.7
generated
connecting by half-cell
Cu2+type
aOne /Cu this cell is
to+1.10
a Zn2+V./Zncell
half-cell. The
metal A redox aCl (g)
2equilibrium +(aq)2e exists 2Cl (aq)
between two chemically related Figure of electrochemical is made by
2+ (aq) ++rod 2e Cu(s) voltage ==++0.34 V
potential, solution
when
species MnO
Pb copper
that of
2+ its
–are
(aq) ions in 2e + –isthe
different
8H +following
placed (aq) Pb(s) in
oxidation
+ 5e –equilibrium
contact with
states.
Mn an
2+ exists:
For
voltage(aq) aqueous
example, 4H
–0.13 O(l)
V
A redox
when
speciesoxidation
solution
CuNoteaCl
2+ thatequilibrium
copper of
(g) that
2+ 4 its
are
+ 2e number)
ions
+rod
the
2e +in –– the
oxidised
2edifferent
– exists
is placed is
following
2Cl between
alwaysin
species
–
oxidation
(aq) two
written
equilibrium
contact (having chemically
with
states. on an the
exists:
the
For aqueous
higher
example, related
left-hand
–0.76VV 2 voltage generated by this cell is +1.10 V.
a(aq)
Zn
–+
(aq) Cu(s)
Zn(s) voltage ==agent? Figure 20.7aOne Cu type of electrochemical
to a Zn /Zncell is made by
Cu 2+ (aq) 2e – Cu(s) voltage +0.34 2+ 2+
ly poor species that are in – +different oxidation states. For example, connecting /Cu half-cell half-cell. The
metal
otential, solution
when
Cu aMnO
2+
Pb
2of
copper
(aq) 2+Which its
(aq)+ ions
(aq)2e+rod
metal
2e –the in
is8Hplaced the
+following
Cu(s)
(aq) Pb(s)
list
+in5e is equilibrium
–the best
contact with
Mnreducing
an
2+
voltageexists:
(aq) aqueous
+–0.13
4H2O(l)
==left-hand V
species
when
Cu2+side
solution
oxidation
Note
a
2+ Zn that of
copper 2+and
that
(aq)are
4its the
ions
the
+ in
number)
rod –
2e different
reduced
–the
oxidised
is following
placed is Zn(s)oxidation
form
always
species
in on
contact the
equilibrium
written states.
(having right-hand
with on For
exists:
the
an
voltagethe example,
higher
aqueous side.
–0.76 V connecting a Cu2+/Cu
voltage generated half-cell
by this a Zn2+
cell isto+1.10 V./Zn half-cell. The
ly poor
metal
otential, when
solution
Cu aMnO
Pb a(aq)
b copper
(aq) of 2+Which –+(aq)
its
(aq)+
2e
ions
2e+rod metal
– +–the
2e is8Hplaced
in
+(aq)
ion Cu(s)
thein
following
Pb(s)
Cu(s) in5e
list
the
+ contact
is –the
list best
is most
equilibrium with
Mn an
reducing
2+
difficult
voltage(aq) aqueous
exists: = agent?
+ 4H
–0.13 O(l)
V
y=poor
There
when
solution
CuNote a
side
2+ Znare
oxidation copper
(aq) and
ofthat
2+ two
4
its opposing
the
ions
the
+reduce?
(aq) 2e rod
number)–
+ metal reduced
– is
the
2eoxidised placed reactions
is
following
Cu(s) form
always
Zn(s) in
species contact
on in the
written
equilibriumthis
(having withequilibrium.
on an
right-hand the aqueous
exists:
the
voltage side.
left-hand
higher–0.76 V
=agent?
2 voltage generated by this cell is +1.10 V.
otential,
metal+0.80 V There
solution2+a
CuMetal are
b of
(aq) two
to its
Which
Which
+ the opposing
ions
2e –metal thein ion reactions
following
the in
Cu(s) list
theislistthe in
equilibrium
is bestthisreducing
most equilibrium.
exists:
difficult
solution
There Note
side
2+Zn are
oxidation of
and
2+ two
that its
(aq)
atoms ions
opposing
the
+
number) 2e
from
–
–the following
oxidised
reduced the reactions
is
rod form
Zn(s)species
always
entering onequilibrium
inthe
written this
(having
the right-hand exists:
equilibrium.
the
voltage
on
solution the higher
as = side. V
–0.76
left-hand
metal
yat
metal
=poor
+0.80 V
■ Cu
There 2+a
Metalb (aq)
are
c atoms two
to
Which+reduce?
Which 2e
opposing
–metal
metal
from inCu(s)
in
ion
the reactions
the
the
rodin the listis
list isthe
list
entering inmost
most
is this
best
the equilibrium.
reactive?
reducing
difficult
solution agent?
asleft-hand
metal
atpoor
potential, ■ Cu
There 2+are
oxidation
ions. (aq) This two + 2e
opposing
number)
leaves – reduced electrons Cu(s)
reactions
is always behind in
written
on thisthe equilibrium.
on
surfacethe of the rod.
yat
mole
=mole
So+0.80
at the V
Cu
There
■ Cu
side
■ Metal
ions.
Metal
a
2+are
QUESTION (aq)
c This
d
b(aq)
and atoms
Which
two
to +
Which
Which
atoms
2e
the
leaves
2e
from
metal
opposing
+reduce? –metal
metal
from
the
in
electrons
Cu(s)
rod
the
inCu(s)
ion
ion
the the
rod
form
reactions
inthe
in
entering
list
list ison
is
behind
the the
list
list
entering in
most
the
onthe
best
isisthethis
the
most
the
right-hand
solution
reducing
equilibrium.
reactive?
the surface
easiest
difficult
solution toas
asof
side.
metal
agent?
the rod.
reduce?
metal Standard electrode potential
potential, There side
For are
ions. and
example:
This two the
opposing
leaves reduced electrons form
reactions behindon in on this right-hand
the equilibrium.
surface asof side.
the rod.
atmole
=mole
atSo+0.80
tively the V
■ Metal
There For
QUESTION
ions.
■ Metal
There
b
are
c
are dexample:atoms
This Which
two
to
atomsWhich
two leaves
from
metal
opposing
reduce? metal
from the rod
opposing
theion
in
electronsion
rod in
in
entering
the
reactions
the list list
is
behind
the
entering
reactions most
list is
in
is
inon
the
onmost
this
the
the
solution
difficult
equilibrium.
reactive?
thisthe surface
easiest
solution
equilibrium. to of
metal
as metal the rod.
reduce? Standard
The position ofelectrode potential
equilibrium of a reaction may be affected
otential, For
ions.
11 aexample:
This leaves electrons behind the surface of the rod.
mole
at
= +0.80 V
tively
mole
So the
at
■ 11
There
Metal
For
■ QUESTION
ions.
Metal
are
Cu(s)
Cu(s)
example:
cd This
Suggest
two
atoms
to
Which
atoms
opposing
reduce?
Cu
leaves
Cu
from 2+
metal
from
why
(aq)
2+electrons
(aq)
the
thein
ion
aqueous
+
+
reactions
rod
the
rod
2e
2e
–
entering
–list
in entering
the
silver
is in
listmost
behind ison thenitrate
this
the
the
solution
reactive?
the
is
surface
easiest
solution
not
equilibrium. as
toasof
used
metal
reduce?the rod.
metal
Standard
by changes in electrode
the potential
concentration of reagents,
The position of equilibrium of a reaction maytemperature
be affected
otential, For
Metal
11
ions. example:
a This atomsin a
Suggest salt
leaves from bridge
2+why
electronsthe when
rod
aqueous –behindconnecting
entering silver the
onnitrate a half-cell
solution
the surface is notofas metal
usedthe rod.
at
mole
at
tively
mole
otential,
So= –the 1 V
■ 11
Cu(s)
For
■ QUESTION
Metal
ions.
Cu(s)
Ions
ions.
cdexample:
This
in
This
Which
atoms
Which
containing
solution
Cu
leaves
Cu
leaves
metal
from 2+electrons
metal (aq)
(aq)
accepting
electrons
the
Zn
in
ion +rod
the
+and
2e
2e
list
in entering
the is
behind
–1.00
most
list
mol
electrons
behind ison
on
the
the
dm
reactive?
the
from
the
solution
–3 surface
easiest
ZnCl
the
surface toasof
(aq)
metal metal
reduce?
of tothe
rodrod.
the and
rod.
Standard
and pressure
by changes
The position electrode
of
inof gases.
the potential
The voltage
concentration
equilibrium of ofofreagents,
an electrochemical
a reaction maytemperature
be affected
mole
08
mole
So
0.76
× __12__
■ 11
■11
For
Cu(s)
QUESTION
Ions
ions.
For
a d
example:
in
This
example:
in
Suggest
Which
a
solution
salt
Cumetal
leaves 2+ bridge
why
(aq)
accepting
electrons aqueous
ion+ when
2e
in – connecting
silver
electrons
thebehind
list is on nitrate
from
the the
a half-cell
is
the
surface
easiest not
2
metal
to used
of
reduce? rodrod.
the and Standard
cell
and
by
The will also
pressure
changes
positioninofelectrode
depend
of
the on
gases. The
equilibrium potential
these factors,
voltage
concentration
of of of soelectrochemical
an we
mayshould
reagents,
a reaction use
temperature
be affected
= –×the
tively being another
deposited half-cell.
as metal atoms on the surface of the rod.
For example: 2+ –
08 1 V
0.76 ■ Cu(s)
Ions indepositedcontaining
solution
in a saltCu2+bridge (aq)
accepting +and
Znaqueous 2e–1.00
when mol dm
electrons
connecting from –3
aZnCl
the (aq)used
2metal
half-cell torod and
08 × _122__
tively
_ ■11 11being
For
Ions
Cu(s)
For
being
aexample:
in
example:
Suggest
solution
another Cu why as metal
accepting
(aq)
half-cell. + 2e atoms silver
electrons onnitrate
the
from is not
surface
the metalof the rod rod.
and The
and
by position
standard
cellchanges
pressureinof
of equilibrium
conditions
will also depend
thegases. when
on
Thethese
concentration of factors,
a reaction
comparing
voltage anso mayshould
electrode
we
ofofreagents, be potentials.
affected
use
electrochemical
temperature
08
= –×0.76
_12_ V ■ 11Ions
Cu(s)
11For
Cu(s) indeposited
abexample: Write
containing
solution
Suggest
in a Cu
salt
Cu
half-equations
2+ (aq)
why
bridge
(aq)
asZnmetal
2+accepting ++and
aqueous 2e
when
2e
atoms
–1.00 for
–electrons the
mol
silver ondm
connecting the –3surface
reactions
from
nitrate ZnCl
a the taking
(aq)
metal
is 2not
half-cell ofusedthe
torodrod. and
08 × _12_ being deposited as
■ Ions in solution2+accepting–electrons from the metal rod and
For2+bexample: place in– bridge
the half-cells
metal
below.
atoms
Write each
on the
equation
surface of the rod. by changes
These
standard
cell
and willare: independ
also
pressure ofthe
conditionsconcentration
gases. when
on
Thethese ofofreagents,
comparing
factors,
voltage anso temperature
electrode
we should potentials.
use
electrochemical
08
= –×0.761 V ■ Cu(s)
being
Ions
Cu in
(aq)another
deposited
inWrite
solution
For2+example:
Cu
a+ salt
containing 2e (aq)
half-cell.
asZn
half-equations
accepting +and
metal 2e atoms
when
Cu(s) for
1.00 ondm
the
connecting
mol
electrons the
from–3surface
reactionsathe
half-cell
ZnCl of the
taking
(aq)
2metal
rod.
torod and
08 × __122__ V
elating
= –×0.76
■ being
Ions
Cu
For
WeIons
use b
indeposited
(aq)solution
example:
the
in as
place
containing
solution
another +
a 2e
reduction
followingin
as metal
– accepting
the Zn
accepting
half-cell. Cu(s) atoms
electrons
(electrons
standard
half-cells
and 1.00 mol
electrons
on
on the
from
the
conditions
below. dmfrom–3
Write
surface
the
left-hand
each
ZnCl
the to
ofside
metal
make
the
equation
(aq)
metal to
rod.
rod
of
rod and
and
and
These pressure
standard
cell willare:
also
■ concentration
of gases.when
conditions
depend
of ions
The
on at
voltage
comparing
these
1.00
of anelectrode
factors,
mol dm–so 3 electrochemical
we shouldpotentials.
use
08 1 ■ being Write
deposited half-equations
– as metal for
atoms theon reactions
the surface taking
of the rod.
08 × _122__
_ 2+
Cu2+example:
(aq) + 2e– accepting Cu(s)
For
■ Ions
being in solution
deposited
the equation). as metal electrons
atoms on from
the surface
2
the metal of therod and
rod. cell
Thesewill
standard also
are: depend
conditions on
whenthese factors,
comparing so we should
electrode use
potentials.
elating
08 × 2 The
the Cu
redox
Webeing
use
For (aq) as
deposited
half-cell:
theplace
example: +
a 2e
reduction
equilibrium
another in
following half-cell.
theashalf-cells
metal Cu(s)
(electrons
is
standardestablished
atomsbelow.on the
when
Write
conditions left-hand
surface
eachthe
to of side
rate
equation
make of
theofrod. –3
Cu
Thebeing b
2+
redox (aq) Write
deposited + 2e
equilibrium half-equations
–
as Cu(s)
metalis for
established
atoms theon reactions
when
the surface taking
the rate
of the of
rod. ■ concentration
■ a temperature of
of ions
25 °Cat(298
1.00K)mol dm
For 2+example:ithe +a Cr – /Cr3+ Cu(s)
equation).
2+ standard
These are:conditions when comparing–3electrode potentials.
lating
gures) theFor
The
We Cu
electron bexample:
redox (aq)
gain
half-cell:
use
the the
Cu as
Write
place
2+ 2e
equals
reduction
equilibrium
following
(aq) half-equations
in– thehave
ions the israte
(electrons
standard
half-cells of
aestablished
for electron
theonreactions
thewhen
conditions
below.
concentration Write loss.
left-hand
the
totaking
ofeach sideofof
rate
make
equation ■ concentration of
ofions at 1.00K)mol dm
TheFor example: ■ a temperature 25
be°C
at(298
■
gures) electron
Cu 2+
redox gain
(aq) the
i
+ equals
2e
equilibrium
equation).
Cr –
2+ /Cr 3+–the israte
Cu(s) of electron
established when loss.theequation
rate of These
■ anyare:
gases should a pressure of 1 atmosphere (101 kPa)
lating
gures) The
the
We
■ Cu For
electron
Curedox unreactive
2+(aq)
half-cell:
use
1.00
the 2+Cuthe
mol
(aq) place
gain
as
2+ +
+dm
(aq) 2e
iiequilibrium
a Br
following
2e in
equals
reduction
– the
2–/2Br
3
–
ions metalshalf-cells
the
have is such
rate
Cu(s)
(electrons
standard
Cu(s) as
below. copper,
of electron
aestablished on
concentration Write
when
the
conditions if
each
loss.
left-handthis
ofifthe
to rate
sideofof
make concentration of ions at 1.00K)mol dm –3
For unreactive metals such as copper, this ■ athe
temperature theofelectrode
25
be°Cat(298
■
alue
ugures)
2+(aq) electron
The Curedox
2+(aq)gain
as equilibrium
+ a equals
2e
reduction
2+ 3+ the is rate
Cu(s)
(electrons of
established electron
on when
the loss.
the
left-hand rate
side ofof ■ any value
gasesof
should potential
a pressure ofof the half-cell is
1 atmosphere (101 kPa)
lating
alue
ures) equilibrium
We
The
the use
For
electron
redox the
half-cell:
1.00
the
the Cu the
iii
unreactive
gain
2+
mol equation).
Cr
is
following
equals
equilibrium
iii
temperature dm
(aq) Br
O /Cr
compared
–3/2Br
ions
+ Hmetals
the
–
have
is
O/OHstandard
25is a
°C –with
ratesuch of the
established
concentration
(298
(make K) equilibrium
conditions
as copper,
electron
sure when
that ofyou to
ifthe
loss. this set
make
rate
balance up
of by ■ concentration of ions at 1.00 mol dm–3
alue
ures)
uThis
2+(aq)
■
equilibrium
The For
electron
■
redox unreactive
gain
the isequation).
compared
equals
equilibrium 2 2 metals
3+–theis
2 ratewith
such of the
establishedas equilibrium
copper,
electron when ifthe
loss. set up
thisrate of by ameasured
the gases
■ any
■
■ relative
temperature
value of of 25to°Cthe
the electrode
should standard
(298 K)
potential
be at a pressure hydrogen
of of electrode.
the half-cell (101
1 atmosphere is kPa)
alue
ures) The
other
the redox
electron
1.00
the metals,
half-cell:
equilibrium
For Cu i
gain
mol equilibrium
unreactive
iiiii(aq)
2+
temperature dm is
Crthe2+
equals
Br –
the 3
ions equilibrium
compared
/Cr
2/2Br
metals
the
+equation)
have is established
rate
–with
such set
the
as
ofset
aestablished up
electron
concentration when
by copper
equilibrium
copper, if
loss.
ofif the
this rate
lies
set of
further
up by ■ ameasured
temperature of 25to°Cthe
(298 K)
alue The
■other
■ Forthe
redox
electron copper
metals,
equilibrium unreactive
gain O
equilibrium
is rod
the
equals H 2is
must O/OH
metals
the 25isbe
equilibrium
2compared °C
rate (298
(make
pure.
with
such of K)
the
as sure
up that
when
by
equilibrium
copper,
electron you
copper
loss.the
this balance
rate
lies
set of
further
up by the value
any gases relative
of the electrode standard
potential hydrogen
of the electrode.
half-cell is
ures)
6).
2+
This(aq)
ures)
alue electron
over
other
equilibrium
For
the i
gain
tometals,
theiiiii
unreactive
Cu 2+ (aq) Cr
right.
isBr
2+
equals
the /Cr
compared
–ions
the 3/2Br
3+
the
equilibrium
metals
have
–
2+equation) rate
a–with
such of electron
+ +set
the
as up by
+copper,
concentration loss.
copper
equilibrium if this
ofyou lies
set upfurther
by Under
■ these should be at athe
conditions, pressure of 1 potential
electrode atmosphere we(101 kPa)
ures)
■
■over1.00
the
electron
othertheto
equilibrium mol
gain
copper
the
metals, iv
temperature dm O
right.VO
equals
istherod +
comparedH+ is
must H 25
O/OH
the
equilibriumO/VO
°C
berate (298
(make
of
pure.
with H
K)
set
the (make
sure
electron
up that
bywe sure
loss.
copper
equilibrium that you
balance
lies
set upfurther
by measured
any gases relative
should tostandard
be the
at standard
a pressure hydrogen
of electrode.
1 atmosphere (101 kPa)
alue
6).(aq)
This
2+
■ For
If we
For unreactive
connect
unreactive
2 2
two metals
2
metals
–
2
half-cells such
2
such as
as copper,
together
copper, if this
ifhave
this made ■ the value
measure
Under
■ of the electrode
is called
these the
conditions, thepotential of
electrode
electrode thepotential.
half-cell
potential weis This
alue over
other1.00to
equilibrium theiiiii
metals,
mol ivdm right.the
Br
isthe–
balance
OVO 2+ equilibrium
3/2Br
compared Hthe
equation)
H+metals O/VO –with + +set
equation) the +up
Hsure by copper
equilibrium
(make sure that lies
set up
you further
by
alue
2+(aq) over
otherFor
the to
equilibrium
■
an
If Cu
we 2+ unreactive
temperature
copper
the
metals,
(aq)
electrochemical
connect right.
+is rod
the 2+
compared
2e
two
isO/OH
must
–equilibrium25
cell.
2
half-cells
be°C such
(298
(make
pure.
with
Cu(s)
We 2 as
K)
set
the
can copper,
up that
by
equilibrium
measure
together we if
you
copper this
the
have
balance
lies
set up
voltage
made further
by hasthe
■
thevalue
measured ofrelative
symbol, theE electrode potential
O to the standard
—
. Itstandard
isthe
spoken of‘E
the
hydrogen
of as half-cell is
electrode.
standard’.
6).
This
alue equilibrium
over
other
■ Cu thetometals,
2+ theiv
(aq) iiiright.
temperature is 2
compared
the
+isVO2e
Obalance–
2
equilibrium
the with
Cu(s)
– the
+ +set
equation) upequilibrium
by copper set
lies up by
further measure
Under is called
these the
conditions, electrode
electrode potential.
potential we This
equilibrium
over theto the
copper right.the 2+
compared
rod + 2isH
+–equation)
H
must 25
O/OHO/VO
be°C (298
(make
with
pure. K)
H+sure
the (make that
equilibrium youthat
sure balance
setyouup by measured relative O to the standard hydrogen electrode.
This other
■
between
an
If Cu
we
other metals,
2+ (aq)
connect
metals, these
electrochemical + the
2
2e
two
the equilibrium
two half-cells
equilibrium Cu(s)
half-cells.
2
cell. We 2 set
can
togetherup
Figure by
measure copper
20.7
we shows
the
have lies a
voltage
made further has thethese
measure symbol,
is called Ethe
—
. Itstandard
isthe
spoken electrode
of as ‘E potential.
standard’.we2 This
6). Bilal
over 2+to
Cu
the Hameed
2+ theions
(aq)
copper right.
+ the
2e
rod 2+–
balance equation)
must the be + +set
equation)
Cu(s)
pure. + up by copper lies further Under conditions, electrode potential
Electrochemistry
6).
■Cu
other
over
Cu 2+
Cu
between (aq)
tometals,
the
2+(aq)
2+/Cu
iv
theseright.
half-cell+ 2e
VOare
the –twotherefore
equilibrium
+ H
connected O/VO
2 Cu(s)
half-cells. relatively
set
H up
(make
toFigure
ameasureby
2+easy
Zn easy copper
/Znsure
20.7 to reduce.
that
half-cell
shows lies
you
atoThey
further Under these conditions, the electrode potential we2 This
an
If
Cu
over electrochemical
we connect
(aq) ions two
are cell.
half-cells
therefore We 2 can
together
+relatively we the
have
to voltage
made
reduce.
you They is calledE the
has the symbol, —
O
. Itstandard
is spoken of as ‘E standard’.
2+to the ivright.
Bilal 2+ Hameed 2+
– + H+ (make measure electrode potential.
Electrochemistry
over
Cu Cu
gain to (aq)
electrons
(aq)the ions + VO
right. 2e
balance
readily
are Hthe
2O/VO
therefore to Cu(s)
equation)
form + copper
2 relatively sure
metal.
easy to that
reduce.
If
an
Cu we
make
Cu 2+
Cu
gain connect
2+/Cu
between 2+ a(aq)
complete
half-cell
these
electrochemical
Bilal electrons
(aq)
2+ Hameed ions two
+ balance
2e
are –
two
readily half-cells
electrochemical
connected
half-cells.
cell.
– therefore thetoCu(s)
equation)
together
tocopperZncell.
ameasure
Figure
Werelatively
form can 2+ we have
/Zn
20.7
metal.
easy half-cell
shows
the
to madeatoThey
voltage
reduce. They
The
measure standard
has the symbol,
electrode
is calledE the
—
O potential
. Itstandard
is spoken
for
electrodea half-cell
of as ‘E standard’.
Electrochemistry
is
potential. theThis
2
Cu
an Cu
gain2+(aq)
Cu 2+ (aq)
electrons
(aq) ions
electrochemical +
+ 2e
2ereadily
are – therefore
cell.to Cu(s)
form
Cu(s)
We cancopper
relatively metal.
easy
measure tothereduce.
voltage They voltage
The measured
standard O underpotential
electrode standardforconditions
a with
half-cell is a
the
Cu 2+
make
between
gain
Cu
Bilal2+/Cu a complete
half-cell
electrons
(aq)
2+Hameed
Half-cells these
ions are two
readily electrochemical
connected
half-cells.
– therefore toCu(s)
form to a Zn
Figure
copper
relatively
2+
cell.
/Zn half-cell
20.7toshows
metal.
easy reduce. to
a They has the symbol, E . It is spoken
—
of as ‘E standard’.
Electrochemistry 2
2+ (aq)are
Cu + 2e connected together using: standard hydrogen electrode as the other half-cell.
y poor Cu2+a(aq)Which
+ 2emetal in Cu(s)
the list is the best reducing agent?
(aq)
Cuside 2e– reduced
and+ the Cu(s)
form on the right-hand side.
b Which metal ion in the list is most difficult
There are two opposing reactions in this equilibrium.
= +0.80 V There are two opposing reactions in this equilibrium.
to reduce?
at ■ Metal
c atoms
Whichfrom the
in rod
the entering thereactive?
solution as metal
at
otential, ■ Metal atoms metal
from the rod list is most
entering the solution as metal 6
mole ions. This leaves electrons behind on the surface of the rod. Standard electrode potential
mole
So the QUESTION
d This
ions.
For example:
leaves
Which electrons
metal behind
ion in the list ison
thethe surface
easiest to of the rod.
reduce?
tively For example: The position of equilibrium of a reaction may be affected
1111 a Suggest
Cu(s) Cu2+ why
(aq) aqueous
+ 2e–– silver nitrate is not used by changes in the concentration of reagents, temperature
Cu2+bridge
Cu(s) in a salt (aq) + when
2e connecting a half-cell
–3 ZnCl (aq) to and pressure of gases. The voltage of an electrochemical
= – 0.76
1 V containing
■ Ions in solution Zn and 1.00
accepting mol dm
electrons from the 2metal rod and
08 × __12__ ■ Ions in solution accepting electrons from the metal rod and
another half-cell.
being deposited as metal atoms on the surface of the rod. cell will also depend on these factors, so we should use
08 × 2 being deposited as metal atoms on the surface of the rod.
For bexample: standard conditions when comparing electrode potentials.
Write half-equations for the reactions taking
For example:
place These are:
Cu2+ (aq) + 2ein– the half-cells
2+(aq) + 2e–
Cu(s) below. Write each equation
lating Cu as a reduction
We use the following standard Cu(s)
(electronsconditions
on the left-hand side of
to make ■ concentration of ions at 1.00 mol dm–3
The the equation).
redox equilibrium is established when the rate of
the half-cell:
The redoxiequilibrium2+/Cr3+ is established when the rate of
■ a temperature of 25 °CChapter
(298 K) 20: Electrochemistry
ures) electron
■ the Cugain
2+(aq) Cr
equals
ions the rate
have of electron loss.
a concentration of
ures) electron gain equals the rate of electron loss. ■ any gases should be at a pressure of 1 atmosphere (101 kPa)
For unreactive
ii
1.00 mol dm 2 Br– 3 metals
/2Br – such as copper, if this
alue
2+(aq) For unreactive metals such as copper, if this ■ the value of the electrode potential
Chapter 20:of the half-cell is
Electrochemistry
alue equilibrium is compared
iii isO2compared
■ the temperature + H2isO/OH with
–
25 °Cwith the
(298the
(make equilibrium
K)sure set up by
that you balance
This equilibrium equilibrium set up by measured relative to the standard hydrogen electrode.
other metals,
copperthe the equilibrium
must be pure.set
rodequation) up by copper lies further
■ themetals,
other the equilibrium set up by copper lies further Figure 20.11 shows a Cl /Cl– half-cell connected
6). overQUESTION
to theivright. 2+ + H O/VO + + H+ (make sure that you Under these conditions, the2electrode potential we
over VO to a standard hydrogen electrode. The voltage of the
If weto the right.
connect 2
two half-cells
balance
2
together we have made
the equation) measure is called the standard electrode –potential. This
12 a Write half-equations for the three reactions taking Cl2/Cl – half-cell is +1.36 V. So the Cl2/Cl connected
half-cell forms
anCu 2+ (aq) +
electrochemical 2e –
cell. Cu(s)
We can measure the voltage 6 has Figure
the 20.11Eshows
symbol, —
O Cl2/Cl–of
. It isaspoken half-cell
as ‘E standard’.
CuQUESTION
2+(aq) + 2e– Cu(s) shown on the left in Figure
place in the half-cells the positive terminal of the cell and the hydrogen electrode
between these two half-cells. Figure 20.7 shows a to a standard hydrogen electrode. The voltage of the
2+ 20.10. is
Cu
Cu
Cu12
122+
2+
Bilal
(aq)
12
/Cu
(aq)
Hameed
ions
ahalf-cell
Write
ions
arehalf-equations
therefore relatively
are connectedChapter
therefore to
Chapterforathe
Zn
relatively
easy
2+
three
20:20:/Zn to reduce.taking
reactions
half-cell They
reduce.toThey
Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry
easy to Clthe negative
– terminal. The two the half-equations
2/Cl half-cell is +1.36 V. SoElectrochemistry Cl2/Cl– half-cell are:
2 forms
gain electrons readily
place in the to form copper
half-cells showncell. metal.
on the left in Figure the The standard
positive electrode
terminal of potential
the cell for
and a half-cell
the is
hydrogen the
make a complete
gain electrons electrochemical
readily to form copper metal. _ Cl
1
2 2(g) + e
– –
Cl (aq) E =electrode
—
O
+1.36 V
Fe20.10.
2+/Fe half-cell – 0.44 V + voltage
is the measured
negative underThe
terminal. standard
two conditions withare:
half-equations a
Half-cells are connected together using: H + –
(aq) +hydrogen
e _1
E = 0.00 V
2 H2(g)
—
O
standard electrode as the other half-cell.
voltmeter _1 Cl (g) + e– –(aq)
■ wires connecting
iron the metal rods
rod shows –in each half-cell
H2(g) 2 2 — Cl E —
O
= +1.36 V
Figure
Figure Fe20.11
2+ 20.11
/Fe shows
half-cell a a
Cl Cl
–/Cl /Cl
–
0.44
2 V half-cell
half-cell
+ connected
connected The E O
values show us that Cl molecules are easier to reduce
to a high-resistance voltmeter; 2 the electrons flow ■
+(aq) + e– _1 H (g) 2
to to a standard
around
standard hydrogen
hydrogen salt bridge
electrode.
electrode.
voltmeterThe The voltage
voltage of of
the the Hthan H + ions (they have2 2 a more positive E —
O
value). E —O = 0.00 V
this external circuit from the metal with the
– half-cell – half-cell
ns taking
taking Cl2Cl 2/Cl
/Cl
more
– half-cell
iron rodis(or
negative isless
+1.36
+1.36 V. V.
SoSothethe
positive) Cl2Cl
/Cl2/Cl
electrode
– half-cell
H2(g) forms
potential forms ■ Cl2 molecules
— are more likely to gain electrons than H+ ions.
■ The E values show us that Cl2 molecules are easier to reduce
O
Figure
gure the
theto positive
positive
the metal terminal
terminal
with the of
of less the cell
the negative and
cell and the
salt bridge the hydrogen
hydrogen
(or more electrode
electrode
positive) ■ So ClH O the H+/_ H half-cell
1
2 molecules
standard than + ions (they will
havegain electrons
a more from
positive E— value). 2 2
iselectrode
is the the negative
negative terminal.
potential
terminal. TheThetwo two half-equations
298 Khalf-equations are:are:
hydrogen ■ Cl andmolecules
H molecules will lose
are more electrons
likely to gain to
_
1
/Cl– half-cell.
the 2 Cl than
electrons H+ ions.
2 2 2
1 a_1salt bridge to complete2+ – the electrical circuitelectrode
allowing
+ e+– e– Fe
■ _ + _
1
2 2Cl 2(g) Cl–Cl (aq) E —OE= +1.36
= +1.36
VV
—O
+ 1.36 V – from the H /2 H2 half-cell
2 Cl (g) (aq) standard ■ So Cl2 molecules will gain electrons
the movement of ions between the two half-cells so
electrons to the _2 Cl2/Cl– half-cell.
hydrogen 1
+(aq) – e– _1is _maintained;
1 298 K a+salt bridge does and H2 molecules will lose
voltmeter
+H +2+e+/Cr 22H 2(g) E OE=not= 0.00
VV
—
O
Hthat(aq)ionic
Cr balance
half-cellH2+
2Fe (g) – 0.91 V
—
electrode 0.00
allow the movement of electrons. + 1.36 V –
— voltmeter Cl2(g),
■ ■The The
OE
E— values
O
values
chromium show
show us that
us that Cl2Cl2 molecules
molecules areareH2easier
easier to reduce
(g) to reduce H2(g),
A salt bridge can be made –from a strip of—Ofilter 1 atmosphere voltmeter
than+ 2++/Cr
Cr
H H half-cell +
rodions (they have asalt
more
0.91 Vpositive value).
E Evalue).
—
than ions (they have a more positive
bridge
O
1 atmosphere
paper (or other inert porous material) soaked inthan
aH+ H + ions. salt bridge
Cl molecules
■ Cl2 molecules
■ 2 are more voltmeter
likely to gain electrons
are more likely to gain electrons than ions. Cl2(g),
saturated solution
chromium of potassium nitrate. H2+(g)_1 + _1 1 atmosphere H2(g),
dard
d ■ ■SoSoCl2Cl molecules
molecules
2rod willwill
gaingain electrons
electrons from
from thethe
H /H2 H/22 H 2 half-cell
half-cell 1 atmosphere
salt bridge _ _
1 – salt bridge
ogen and
H2 H
1 standard–
2 moleculeswillwill lose electrons to the Cl2/Cl half-cell.
n and molecules lose electrons to the 2 Cl22/Cl half-cell.
rode
e 298 K– – hydrogen
+ +1.361.36
V V electrode platinum
Cr2+
standard
voltmeter
voltmeter 298 K
298 K – hydrogen
+
Ag /Ag half-cell2+ + 0.80 V electrode platinum
Cl2(g),
Cl2(g), Cr platinum Cl–, 1.00 mol dm–3 H+, 1.00 mol dm–3
1 atmosphere voltmeter H2(g),
H2(g),
1 atmosphere 298 K
silver rod 1 atmosphere
H12(g)
atmosphere Figure 20.11 Measuring the standard electrode potential of a
Ag+/Ag half-cell salt+salt V –
bridge
bridge
0.80
salt bridge platinum Cl–, 1.00 mol dm–3
Cl2/Cl– half-cell. H+, 1.00 mol dm–3
voltmeter
silver rod H2(g) Figure 20.11 Measuring the standard electrode potential of a
dard
d
ogen
salt bridge
standard Cl2QUESTION
/Cl– half-cell.
n
rode hydrogen platinum
platinum
e 298 K 13 a Look at Figure 20.12. Write a half-equation for the
Ag+ electrode QUESTION
283
298298
K K standard 283 half-cell on the left-hand side.
platinum – –
platinumCl ,Cl1.00
, 1.00
mol mol
298dm –3 –3
K dm +,hydrogen
H+, H1.001.00
molmol
dmdm–3 –3 b What
13 a is the
Look at E—
Figure
O
value for
20.12. thisa half-cell?
Write half-equation for the
Figure 20.10 Measuring
Ag+ standard electrode potentials.
electrode
half-cell on+the left-hand
– side.
Figure
Figure 20.11
20.11 Measuring
Measuring thethe standard
standard electrode
electrode potential
potential of a
of a 0.51 V
– half-cell. b What is the Evoltmeter
—
O
value for this half-cell?
Cl
Cl2/Cl /Cl
– b What
2 half-cell.
Figure 20.10are the standard
Measuring electrode
standard potentials
electrode for
potentials.
these half-cell reactions? + 0.51 V – H2(g),
QUESTION 1 atmosphere
dard
QUESTION
cb List
Whatallare
thethe
necessary
standardconditions
electrodein each cell.for
potentials platinum
voltmeter
d salt bridge
ogen
n these half-cell reactions? H2(g),
rode
e 1313 13
a aLook
Look at Figure
at Figure 20.12.
20.12. Write
Write a half-equation
a half-equation forfor
thethe 1 atmosphere
c half-cell
List all the
half-cell
ononnecessary
thethe conditions
left-hand
left-hand side. in each cell.
side. platinum
Half-cells
b bWhat
containing
What is the
is the O —
E Evalue
— O
valuenon-metals
forfor
thisthis half-cell? and
half-cell?
salt bridge

 platinum
tentials.
ntials. non-metal
Electrochemistry ions 2
+ + – –
Bilal Hameed
Half-cells
In containing
half-cells that do not 0.51 V V non-metals
0.51
contain a metal, electrical and
contact 298 K
ls voltmeter
voltmeter platinum
orfor non-metal
with the solution ions
is made by using platinum wire or sulfur (solid) S2–, 1.00 mol dm–3 H+, 1.00 mol dm–3
H2(g),
H (g),
platinum foil as an electrode. The redox equilibrium is 298 K
 Figure 20.10 MeasuringAg+ standard electrodeelectrode
potentials.
half-cell on+the left-hand
– side.
Figure
Figure 20.11
20.11 Measuring
Measuring thethe standard
standard electrode
electrode potential
potential of a
of a 0.51 V
– half-cell. b What is the Evoltmeter
—
O
value for this half-cell?
Cl2Cl
/Cl /Cl
– half-cell.
Figure
2 b What are the standard electrode potentials
20.10 Measuring standard electrode potentials. for
these half-cell reactions? 7 + 0.51 V – H2(g),
stry QUESTION
QUESTION
cb List
Whatallare
thethe
necessary
standardconditions
electrodein each cell.for voltmeter 1 atmosphere
stry
dard
stry
d potentials platinum salt bridge
stry
ogen
en these half-cell reactions? H2(g),
stry 1313 13
a aLook
Look at Figure
at Figure 20.12.
20.12. Write
Write a half-equation
a half-equation forfor
thethe 1 atmosphere
stry
rode
e
stry
c half-cell
List all the
half-cell necessary
on the conditions
left-hand
on the left-hand side. side. in each cell.
platinum
stry Half-cells containing non-metals half-cell? and
salt bridge
stry b bWhat
What is the
is the OE —
+E —
+ 1.52
O
value
value
V – for
for thisthis
half-cell? 
 platinum
stry
otentials.
ntials.
stry non-metal ions 1.52 V ––
+++ voltmeter
+1.52 –
Half-cells
In containing
half-cells that do +not0.51 VVV V– –non-metals
0.51
contain
voltmeter
1.52 and
a metal, electrical contact 298 K
e the voltmeter
1.52 V – –
elsthe
for voltmeter
+voltmeter Hwire
2(g), or platinum
for
e the
e the
non-metal ions+ voltmeter
with the solution is made
+ voltmeter
1.52 by
V
1.52 V –
using
– platinum H (g),
1 2atmosphere
H (g),
sulfur (solid) S2–, 1.00 mol dm–3 H+, 1.00 mol dm–3
e the platinum voltmeter
platinumfoil as an electrode.
1.52
+ salt H
H2(g),
V ––The redox equilibrium (g), is
1H22atmosphere 298 K
In half-cells
platinum that do ++not contain (g), contact
e the 1.52
1.52
salt VV – a metal, electrical
bridge
voltmeter
bridge
voltmeter 1H222atmosphere
1 atmosphere (g), Figure 20.12 Measuring the standard electrode
ell.
e the platinum
established at the surface1.52of V the platinum. The 1 platinum
atmosphere
agram.
e the withplatinum
theplatinum
solution is made
platinum + salt by
voltmeter
voltmeter
salt 1.52
salt
salt V using platinum 1Hwire
bridge
bridge
bridge
bridge
– H (g), or
2atmosphere
(g),
sulfur (solid) S2–, 1.00 mol dm–3
potential of an S/S2– half-cell.
H+, 1.00 mol dm–3
agram.
ee the electrode
platinumis inert so plays no
voltmeter part in the reaction.
1H22atmosphere
the
agram. platinum
platinum foil as an electrode.
salt bridge
voltmeter The redox equilibrium (g),
1H2atmosphere is
e the
agram. saltbebridge H (g),
(g),
e the platinum
The platinum must in contact with both the
1H2atmosphere element Figure 20.12 Measuring the standard electrode
agram. established
platinum at the surface salt of the platinum.
bridge
Chapter The platinum
(g),
11H22atmosphere
atmosphere
and
agram.
nd
agram. Cambridge
and platinum
the aqueous
platinum
electrode is inert
salt
International
solution
salt
so plays
salt
bridge
Chapter
of
noits
bridge
bridge A20:
ions.
part in
Electrochemistry
Level
20:the Chemistry
Electrochemistry
reaction.
(g),
1 platinum
atmosphere potential of an S/S2– half-cell.
me
agram.
me
agram. Cambridge
platinum
platinum International Chapter
salt bridge A20:
Chapter Level
20: Electrochemistry
platinum
Chemistry
platinum
Electrochemistry
platinum
platinum
1 atmosphere
me
agram. The platinum mustsaltChapter
bebridge
298 in
K contact 20: with bothplatinum
the element
Electrochemistry
es
me
agram.
es Cambridge
andMnO
the4–, aqueous International
solution Chapter
298
298 K
298
K
298of K AH +
K its ions.Level
20:
, 1.00 mol Chemistry
Electrochemistry
dm platinum
–3
meal contact – 1.00 mol dm –3
agram.
contact
me
es
me Cambridge
MnO 2+4,–,1.001.00mol
mol dm–3–3
International Chapter
–32– Chapter
298 K –3 –3 AH20:
+, 1.00
+Level
H20:
Electrochemistry
mol dm–3 platinum
Chemistry
Electrochemistry
platinum
es
me
or
es
on
e orstates
on
Mn
MnO
sulfursulfur, 1.00 mol
(solid)
dm
dm
(solid)S 2– S
, ,
1.001.00
298
mol mol
Kdm dm
–ChapterH+20: H, 1.00+mol
+,H1.00
, dm
1.00
mol
–3
mol
dm –3 –3
dm
platinum
Electrochemistry
ssiumstates
2+ –3
Mn
MnO
4,–,1.00
1.00mol
mol dm
dm –3 + , 1.00 mol dm –3
me
me
on
xture
m
on isstates
of
is
states
Cambridge
H
Mn
+ , 1.00
2+
QUESTION
MnO – mol
4,– 1.00
4–4, ,1.00
H++, 2+1.00 1.00molInternational
dm
mol
molmol
dm
–3
dm
dm
–3–3
–3 –3–3 –298 0.43V
K
–Chapter
2980.43V
K AH+20:
H+ Level
+, 1.00 mol dm–3
+ platinum
Chemistry
Electrochemistry
platinum
–3
platinum 7 + 1.52 V –

meons
xture
xture
s
inum
of
of
states
Mn
MnO
H , 2+
Figure
Mn
QUESTION
MnO
1.00
2+
+, Figure 4,–,1.00
4,–,1.00
dm
–3 –3
1.00
mol
20.12
1.00
mol
dmdm
20.12
mol
mol
dm–3
dm
–3
+, 1.00 mol dm–3
–3Measuring
–3Measuring
–298voltmeter
0.43V
Kthethe
voltmeter
0.43V H+standard
standard
+, 1.00 mol platinum
electrode
electrode
dm–3 7 + voltmeter
1.52 V –
melatinum
inum Figure
H 1.00 20.14 mol Measuring
dm 298
the Kstandard electrode –3potential of
ons
xture
inum
xture
onon
inum
ture
of
states
states
of of 14
Mn
H
Figure
14
Mn
+, 2+
MnO
+ 1.00 20.14
Draw
potential
2+
potential
,
4,– 1.00 a 1.00
mol mol
mol
mol
ofdm of
–3 –3–3
dm
dm
Measuring
diagram
–3
dm
an an
–3
S/S S/S
2–to
–298
– the
show
2–
298
K
voltmeter
0.43V
K standard
half-cell.
half-cell. how H
H
++, 1.00
+you
+ , 1.00
mol
electrode
would
mol
dm
dm potential
measure
–3 the of + voltmeter
1.52 V –
s voltmeter mol dm–3potential of7
–3
.c rod
onon
inum
turestates
of of theQUESTION
MnO
Figure
MnO
MnO
H
Mn
+ , 2+1.0044, ,,1.00
20.14
– –1.00
/Mn
1.00
molmol mol
mol
dm dm–3
Measuring
2+ –3
half-cell.
dm
–3
dm the0.43V
–298 Kstandard
+
H++, 1.00 electrode –3
H2(g),
ononsture
inum
ws
on
che rodstates
of
theof
states
element
Figure
the
14 14
Hcopper
MnO
Mn
+, 2+
MnO
QUESTION
Mn
Figure
the +, 2+
copper
MnO
MnO
H
standard
1.00
1.00
20.14
Draw –4 –
4,,–,41.00
20.14 ,1.00 /Mn
1.00
mol
–1.00
/Mn
mol
amol
mol
mol
electrode
Measuring
diagram
2+
mol
dm –3
dm–3
dm
dm
Measuring
2+
dm
–3–3 to
half-cell.
–3
half-cell.
dm
–3
potential
voltmeter
– the
show0.43V
voltmeter
the 0.43V
howH
standard
standard H+for
you , 1.00
the
+, 1.00
mol
electrode
would dm
half-cell:
potential
measure
mol dm–3potential of7
electrode
theof + voltmeter
1.52 V – 1H2atmosphere
on element
ture
cinum
ws
on of
rodtheof
states the
Figure
14rod
Mn+
MnO
H ,
2+4, 41.00
copper standard
_
1.00120.14
Draw – /Mn
mol amol2+
dm dm
–3 –3
electrode
half-cell.
Measuring
diagram to – potential
voltmeter
the
show0.43Vstandard
how +for
you the
electrode
would half-cell:
potential
measure the of platinum (g),
on ture
cinum
ws
on
n
rode
ture
rod of
ofthe
states
of 14
the
+
Hcopper
rod
Mn , 1.00
QUESTION
Figure
MnO
2+
220.14 2–– +
,I41.00 mol emol–dm
2+ dm
–3
Measuring
2+
–3 –
I (aq) – voltmeter +
the standard
salt0.43V electrode potential of7 + salt V –
bridge
voltmeter
1.52 1 atmosphere
4–/Mn half-cell. bridge
+, 1.00 –3
cinum
ws
n oftheof
rode
ture
rod Hrod _
standard
120.14 mol–dm electrode potential for the half-cell: platinum H (g),
inum
ws
n the
of
rode
ture Figure
the 14copper
MnO Draw
Electrochemistry
14 H +
rod, 1.00 4
I42–/Mn+mol ea dmMeasuring
2+
diagram
half-cell.
–3
I2to
– (aq)the
show
salt standard
how you would
bridge
voltmeter electrode potential
V on measure theof salt bridge
2
Bilal Hameed
rod of
—
cinum the QUESTIONS
Figure
Figurecopper
MnO Include
220.14
20.14 /Mn2+ the
Measuringactual
half-cell.
Measuring Ethe
O
value
bridgeof +0.54
standard
voltmeter
salt
the standard electrode
electrode your diagram.
potential
potential of
of voltmeter 1 atmosphere
H2(g),
cwsnrod
inumof
rodethe the QUESTIONS
rod
copper
MnO
Figure
14 _standard
1
20.14
Draw
4 –
I42––/Mn
2+
+ ea–diagram electrode
half-cell.
Measuring toEthe
I–(aq) potential
salt bridge
O standard
show how for
you the
electrode
wouldhalf-cell:potential
measure theof platinum
cwsnrod
inum
rode
n of
the
of 14
the QUESTIONS
Figure
the
rod
copper
MnO
MnO
Include
2 20.14 /Mn
/Mn
the
2+
2+ actual
half-cell.
Measuring
half-cell.
—
the
salt value
standard
bridge of +0.54 electrodeV on your diagram.
potential of
salt bridge 1H atmosphere
ws
rode
nrodthe
of QUESTIONS
rod
15 _standard
What 4
+ eis the —
value O for theof half-cell on platinum (g),
E— onthe left-hand
1 O
cws 15
the copper
MnO I442––/Mn –2+ electrode
half-cell. –
O I (aq) potential
Esalt bridge for theVhalf-cell: 2
nrodthe
rodeof rod salt bridge
—
cws the theQUESTIONS
15
copper
MnO Include
2What /Mn is the
the
2+ actual
E
half-cell. value value
for
salt the
bridge +0.54
half-cell on your
the diagram.
left-hand 1 atmosphere
rode
ws the QUESTIONS
rod_1What
15 side 4 of–Figure —
20.14?
I2 +ofeis the actual
E— value O for theof half-cell
+0.54 Von onthe left-hand
15 O
platinum platinum
rode
ws
rode the rodInclude
QUESTIONS the O I–(aq) Esalt
— bridge
value your diagram. salt bridge
rode Half-cells
15
15
QUESTIONS
Cambridge
15
16
side
2What
side
What
Why of
is is containing
isFigure
the
Figure
the
platinum
E—
International
E —
O
20.14?
O value
20.14?
value
used
saltfor
for
salt in ions
the
bridge
the
half-cell
A
preference
bridge Level
half-cell of tothe
on
on
the same
left-hand
Chemistry
the
other
platinum
left-hand
platinum
metals platinum
rode QUESTIONS
Half-cells
QUESTIONS
15
16 side
Include
What
Why of
is is containing
Figure
the
platinum E O20.14?
actual
—
value E
used
—
O
forvalue
in ions
the of +0.54
half-cell
preference of V
tothe
on
on the
other same
your diagram.
platinum
left-hand
metals 298 K
element
16
Cambridge
15QUESTIONS
16 What
15
QUESTIONS
side
in half-cells
Why isisin
of different
Figure
platinum
the O20.14?
International
—
used
value in oxidation
O20.14? 298 K A Level Chemistry
Ewhere thefor reaction
preference
the half-celldoestoon not states
involve
other
the platinum
metalsa
left-hand MnO4–, 1.00 mol dm–3 H+, 1.00 mol dm–3platinum
Half-cells
16 What
15 side
in of
half-cells containing
Figure where the Kions
reaction 3+of
does the
not thesame
involve a 298 K
—
Why isisplatinum
the E— usedfor
value in preference
the half-cell toonother metals
left-hand
–3 platinum
phere
phere element
16
Cambridge
15
16 Cu
Half-cells
1515 metallic
in
side
What
Why
What
metallic
, of
2+half-cells
is
can is
isin
1.00moldmFiguredifferent
element?
platinum
contain
the E
element?
where
International
the E O–3
O
— 20.14?
value
used
value the
two
298
for
forin
298ions oxidation
reaction
the A
preference
the
K of
half-celldoes
Level
half-cell
Fe ,
different not
on
1.00moldm
toon states
involve
Chemistry
the
other
the a states
left-hand
platinum
metals
oxidation
left-hand 2+
Mn 4, ,1.00
MnO – 1.00mol
moldmdm
–3–3 H+, 1.00 mol dm–3platinum
Half-cells in2+half-cells
side of containing
Figure where 20.14? thefor Kions
inreaction Fedoes3+of tothe
not same
involve a
2+ –3 3+ –3
16Cu
15 Why
What , 1.00moldm
isisplatinum
the E —
used
value preference
the half-cell , 1.00moldm
onother
the –3 platinum
metals
left-hand 298 K
element isisin different oxidation states
O
phere 16 metallic
side of element?
Figure 20.14? 298 Fe 2+ , 1.00moldm –3
phere Cambridge
17
derived
17
16
Cu
16CuWhat
Half-cells
15 in
Show,
Why
side
metallic
in
Show, 2+ ,
from 1.00moldm
half-cells
of
can
, 1.00moldm
half-cells International
with
platinum
Figure
contain
the
the
with
where
the
Esame
element?
—
O
where
the
–3
–3 aid
20.14?used
value
aid
the
of
two
the
of
a
forin
element.
298
a
reaction
diagram,
ions the
reaction
diagram,A Fe
preference
K of Level
half-cell
ForFe
Fe
does,
how
different
example
2+, 1.00moldm
3+
does,
how Chemistry
1.00moldm
not
you
1.00moldm
not
you
involve
toonother
thewould
a metals
oxidation a
platinum
left-hand
mixture
–3
–3
involve
would a states
of H +, 2+
1.00
Mn –, ,1.00
MnO
mol dm –3 –3
mol dm –3
4 1.00 mol dm 298 K H+, 1.00—mol dm–3platinum
phere
l. Half-cells
element
16
17
3+So
17
16 Cu
Cambridge
derived
Half-cells
Why
side
the
metallic
measure
Show,
in
Why
side
is
of
electron
2+half-cells
,
from is
of
1.00moldm
2+
canwith containing
platinum
Figure
in
with different
element?
the
platinum
Figure the E
where
International
the
contain same
20.14?
flow
—O
20.14?
–3 used
aid
usedis
value
of
the298
a
in
from
in
element.
two forKions
preference
oxidation
thethe
diagram,
reaction
ions
Fe
preference
For
of Fe 2+of
Zn
2+
3+how
does
,
Aelectrochemical
Level
example
different
to
tothe
other
, 1.00moldm
half-cell 1.00moldm
shown
you
not
othersame
states metals
2+/Zn half-cell
–3
–3by
would
involve
Chemistry
a
platinum
metals
–3
mixture
oxidation a to
platinum of elements
H+, 2+1.00 and
mol ions
dm –3
by comparing Hthe E Omol
values for their
Fe 17and
16 Why 2+,Fe is ions
platinum can form
used in aKhalf-cell
preference using
to awould
other a states
platinum
metals –3–3
phere Figure 20.17
metallic
measure
Show, An Cu
element?
the the
+
+/Cu,
E–3 —O Fe298
value
3+ /Fe
for
2+
the Fe ,
half-cell 1.00moldm
shown cell.
–3by Mn
MnO20.14 ,
– 1.00 mol
4 , 1.00 mol
dm
dm +, 1.00 dm–3potential
Cuin half-cells where Oaid of
the a3+ diagram,
reaction 2+how
does you
not involve Figure
3+, 1.00moldm
l. 16
Figure
So Why
+20.17 1.00moldm
is2+
electronplatinum
An Cu /Cu,
flow used Fe298
is in
from /Fe
Kwords,
the Fe
preference
2+ electrochemical
Zn to/Zn
2+ other metals
–3 cell.
half-cell to Measuring theKstandard
298 electrode of
phere
element
the
16 Ag the /Ag in
equation: different
half-cell. In other oxidation the states
flow is from elements and ions by comparing E
+, 1.00 mol dm–3 for their
the values
— —
l. 17
3+17 Cu measure
metallic
in
Show,
in 2+ half-cells
, 1.00moldm
half-cells with the
element?
the E
where
where–3
aidvalue
the
of
the a for the
reaction
diagram,
reaction Fe
Fe ,
half-cell
does
3+,
how
does 1.00moldm
shown
not
1.00moldm
you
not involve
would–3
involve by a
a halfH +reactions.
, 1.00 mol dm –3 O
phere Half-cells
Fe 16and
derived
electrode.
Figure Why20.17
the
measure
metallic ,Fe
from can
In
equation: contain
ions
is platinum
the
this
An Cu
the same
element? can
type +
+/Cu,
E–3 —O two
form
used
of Fe
value ions
in
element.
half-cell,
3+ /Fe
for of
apreference
Khalf-cell
2+
the For different
the example
electrochemical
Fe 2+ using
,, 1.00moldm
half-cell 1.00moldmoxidation
to othera platinum
concentration
shown metals
mixture
–3
–3by
a of
cell. states
of Mn 2+ , 1.00 mol dm –3
H
Fe298 Figure 20.14 Measuring the standard electrode potential of
2+ 3+ –
l. 17
Figure CuShow,
in+20.17 1.00moldm
half-cells with
An the
where Oaid of
the a3+ diagram,
reaction2+ Fe 2+how
does you
not would
involve the MnO
MnO – 2+
/Mnmol
4 ,4 1.00
–3
half-cell.
dm
+Cu –3/Cu, /Fe electrochemical –3 cell.
phere
phere
l. the Ag
So
negative
3+17
17
derived Cu
electrode.
the
the
metallic
measure
Show,
metallic
in /Ag
2+ half-cells
,
from half-cell.
equation:
electronpole
with
1.00moldm
In2+ element?
thethe
this the
element? Eflow
tocan
where
same
type
—
—
O In
–the
aid other
is
of
the from
positive
value 298
element.
of for
half-cell,
Kwords,
the
a3+Vreaction the
diagram,
–3pole.
For
Fe Zn ,,the
half-cell
Fethe 2+how
does
3+
2+/Znflow
shown
you
not
1.00moldm
example ismixture
Itconcentration
may
1.00moldm help
would–3from
half-cell
involve
a –3byyou
a to
oftoof halfHFigure
+reactions.
elements, 2+1.00 –and
mol ions
20.18
dm –3
–3by comparing
compares the E —O and
the oxidising values for their
reducing
Fe
each
Figure and
ion
Half-cells VO
the
20.17
measure Fe
present
2+
canwith
+
equation: ions
2H
Anthe is
contain
Cu + 1.00
+e /Cu,
— form
mol
two
Fe
value a
dm
a3+ions
3+
/Fehalf-cell
+2+H.
ofFeFeFigure
2different
O , using
20.13
1.00moldm
electrochemical a platinum
shows
oxidation cell. the
states the Mn , 1.00 mol dm
+toE Vfor
3+ the half-cell shown by
phere O
MnO /Mn 2+ half-cell.
ml. 17CuShow,
Figure metallic
the
2+
+20.17 , 2+
1.00moldm + the
element? –3 –aid
+/Cu, of diagram,
+2+ 2+how
3+ you
, 1.00moldm would–3 Figure 20.14 Measuring the standard electrode potential of
phere
ml. the
Fe17
3+
each
So
negative
Ag
remember
17
QUESTIONS
17and
ion
VO
the
measure
Show,
metallic
Show, /Ag Feelectron
that
2+equation:
2+
present
An
+half-cell.
2H
pole
with
with
ions
+Cu
the
the the
element?
the
is can
e—
Eflow
O
1.00–the
+emore In
aid
aid
Fepositive
is
value
of
of
form
mol
from
positive
other
a /Fe
a3+Vfor
diagram,
diagram,
a
dm –3H
the
pole.
3+words,
the Fe
half-cell
.
OZn
2pole
half-cell
Figurehow
how It2+
electrochemical
,the /Zn
may
flow
attracts
shown
you
1.00moldm
you
using
20.13would
would
a
cell.
half-cell
help –3by
showsyouto
isplatinum
–3from
the to
the elements
halfHFigure
powers of–and
reactions.
+ , 1.00
4
ions
20.18
selected
mol dm –3 by
comparescomparing
elements the
and the EThe
oxidising
ions.
—
O
values
and —
O
for their
E reducing
values are
ml. electrode.
set-up
Figure
derived
QUESTIONS
17 Show,
VO
for
the20.17
measure from 2+In
a +cellthis
equation:2H
the
An used
the
+Cu
with the—
+type
same E+ to
/Cu,
—
O of Fe
value half-cell,
measure
element. /Fe
for +2+
the Hthe
For the
O concentration
2+standard
example
electrochemical
half-cell
Fe
Oaid of a diagram, how you would
– 3+ 3+ 2+ 2 , shown
1.00moldm aelectrode
mixture
cell.
by of of Figure
the MnO20.14 /Mn Measuring
half-cell. the standard electrode
2+ potential of
Figure
the Agthe
remember
negative
negative
So +VO
the 20.17
/Ag
measure that
equation:
electrons.
electronpoleAnthe
+half-cell.
2H ++Cu
the
the +toEflow /Cu,
emore
–theInvalue Fepositive
other
positive
is from /Fe
a3+VVfor
for +the
3+words,
the Helectrochemical
pole. O how
2pole
half-cell the flow
attracts
Itconcentration
2+ may shown help isthe cell.
from
by youto to E —Oreducing
QUESTIONS OZn /Zn half-cell half reactions.
powers
listed in4of–order
Figure
elements selected
20.18
and ions elements
ofcompares
by and
the
increasingly
comparing ions.
the EThe
oxidising
negative and
values.
values values
For are
for each
their
— —
ml. 17 17
electrode. measure
Show, 2+
In with
this is+theE
type
O
tovalue
–aid
of of the
diagram,
half-cell, half-cell shown
you would by O
set-up for aequation:
+cell +used measure +–3 the 2the standard cell.of
electrode
each
potential
3+ ion VO present
of
2+ 2+ the 2H Fe 3+ 1.00 /Fe
e++/Cu, 2+
mol dm
half-cell.
3+ 2+H .electrochemical
Figure 20.13 shows the
ml. Fe
Figure
18and
QUESTIONS the
measure
a
the
VO
Fe
20.172+Draw
equation:
ions
An
+half-cell.
2H the
a Cu
+to
can
E
diagram
—
emore
O
– form
value Fe of a
/Fe
for
an
Vfor 3+ half-cell
the half-cell
2
electrochemical
+in H O the
using shown a platinum
cell by QUESTIONS
the MnO20.14
Figure 2+
4 /Mn Measuring
half-cell. the standard electrodeO potential of
m negative
the
Figure
18
each negative
remember
In
Ag the
QUESTIONS
18ion
+20.17
/Ag
measure electrons.
a present that
equation:
Draw poleAn
electrochemical +Cu
the
the
ausedis E
3+
diagram 1.00
—Othe
/Cu, Invaluepositive
2+Fe
other
of
3+
positive
cell
Van
/Fe 2+
words,
the
–3 pole.pole
Figure
half-cell
electrochemical It
electrochemical may
attracts
20.17,
flow
shown
20.13cellhelp isthe from
by you
cell. to
electrons Figure
listed
powers
half 20.18of
inoforder
half-equation,selected
reactions. compares
the increasingly
elements
more theand
oxidised oxidising
negative
ions.
formThe
—
isand
values.
on reducing
E the For
lefteach
values are
and
potential
set-up
electrode. for
QUESTIONS VO
the of
2+
aDraw the
In++cell
equation: 2H
this +Fe +type e/Fe –
–to ofmol
measure dm
half-cell.
half-cell,3+ +H . 2Figure
the 2 O standard
the concentration shows
electrode the
of theQUESTIONS
Using E —
values
m – 2+ half-cell.
18
remember
In
negative
18 the a
VO 2+consisting
that 2H
electrochemical
electrons.
equation: O athe diagram
+ e of
more a Cr of
3+V
positive
cellan
/Cr3+ electrochemical
half-cell
+in H O
pole
Figure and
attracts a
20.17,
2+ Cl cell
/Cl
the
–
electrons MnO 4 /Mn
move
the in
negative the external
pole ++to –the circuit
positive from pole.2the Cu
It may a/Cu
Clhelp half-cell
–you toto powers inoforder
half-equation,selected
the elements
more and
isoxidised ions.
formThe isand
onE thevalues are
lefteach
and
—
QUESTIONS + 15
listedWhat
theQUESTIONS
more
Figure E—
20.18of
is the
reducedO
increasingly
form
compares on
the negative
value for the half-cell on the
the
O
right.
oxidising values.
left-hand For
reducing
m56V
Using E
18 a presentaDraw —
values
Oaused+ diagram of an
set-up
potential
each ionfor
QUESTIONS VO
VO
2+
of
2+consisting
++cell
the 2H
2H OaFe + is
3+
eeof
1.00 of
/Fe
– +toa2+ Cr
mol
3+V
measure /Cr3+
half-cell.
3+VV dm3+ –electrochemical
half-cell
++–3HH
the O and
O standard
. 22Figure 20.13 cell
2/Cl
2electrode
shows the
m
m56V
m56V of
ntial Using
the
18
Using E
18
negative
move In
EFe
remember in
3+
QUESTIONS
set-up18 for
potential
a
the
aVO
VO of /Fe2+half-cell.
consisting
Draw
electrons.
the +
2+
electrochemical
that
half-cell.
consisting
Draw
2+
a + the
cell 2H
—
external
2H—O values
half-cell.
the diagram
values
+
aused
Fe
+
diagram
+ 3+ e
e
– a0.77
more
of
/Fe
– +toa 2+
Crof
circuit
Cr 3+
of
measure
V
V
/Cr
an
cell
positive
/Cr
an from
half-cell.
3+ –
half-cell
3+ electrochemical
+
in H
half-cell the
O
Figure
pole
electrochemical
+ H
the 2 O
and
Cu
and
standard
2+a/Cu
20.17,
attracts a
Clcell
Cl 2
cell
/Cl
the
the
/Cl
electrode
–
half-cell
– electrons to the 15
listed
more
powers side
What
in
■ QUESTIONS
The more
of
orderisFigure
reduced
half-equation, the
of
the
of selected E —
20.14?
form
positive
O
value
increasingly
more is
elements for
on the
oxidised
the valueand the half-cell
negative
right.
form
of Eions.
—
O is
, theThe
on
on the
values.
greater
O left-hand
—
For
the
E valueslefteach
and
are
the tendency
m56V
ntial
56V of Using
Using
the
move
18
UsingE
QUESTIONS
18
In
Fe
negative 3+a
the
in b E
/Fe Draw
the 2+ values
—
O
half-cell.
consisting
Use
electrochemical
electrons.
— —
O
the
values
a
half-cell.
external
values
diagram
data of a
in to
voltmeter
0.77
Cr
circuit
to
Appendixpredict
3+V/Cr
of an
cell fromelectrochemical
half-cell
in 22 (page
Figure
the cell
and
Cu 2+a/Cu
474)
20.17, voltages
Cl to
2
cell/Cl
the
–
calculate
half-cell electrons to side
half-equation,
15
16 What
Why of Figure O20.14?
theEincreasingly
isisplatinum
the more
—
value
used oxidised
for the form
half-cell
in preference is
to on
on theFor
the
other left and
left-hand
metals
3+Vpredict cell voltages
183+ ab E the more reduced form isvalue
on the right.
Using E half-cell. —
values listed in order of negativein, the values. each
Draw O O a diagram of
3+ an–electrochemical cell
2 –
ntial of potential consisting
ofUse Othe the – Fe
3+of
data /Fe a
in2+ Cr
Appendix
+ voltmeter /Cr
half-cell. half-cell2 (page and 474)a Cl to 2/Clcalculate for
The the
■ QUESTIONS half-equation
more positive theto proceed of E —
O
forward
greater direction.
the tendency
56V
ntial of Using
Using
We
theFe
move
UsingE
18
can
Fe
In (aq)
in
3+ab
the E
use
/Fe
E
the
Use
—
half-cell.
+
consisting
Draw
the 2+
— E values
—
O
the
external
—
O
values
electrochemical values
ehalf-cell.
cell voltage.
avalues data
diagram of Fe
in
ato to
0.77
circuit
to
2+
Appendix
Cr of predict
3+(aq)
/Cr
anfrom
calculate
predict
cell half-cell
in 2the
electrochemical(page
the
Figure cell
and 474)
voltage
Cu
cell
2+a/Cu
20.17, voltages
ClHto E/Cl
cell
2of
voltages (g),
the
—O–
–=
calculate
half-cell
an +0.77
electrons toV the 16
15
moreside
in
Why
What of Figure
half-cells
isisplatinum
reducedthe O20.14?
theEwhere
—
form the
used
value
is reaction
in
for
on Epreference
the
O half-cell
the does
right. tonot
on involve
other
the aand
metals
left-hand
Using
18
E —
values
O
56V of
ntial We 18
can b
a use half-cell.
the
Use
consisting
Draw E O
cell
the
— a voltage.
data
diagram
values of + in
ato Appendix
Cr of /Cr
an
calculate – half-cell2
electrochemical(page
the and 474)
voltage a Cl to 2
cell
ofcalculate
/Cl Oan half-equation,
for
■ The the
less
morehalf-equation
positive more
the
positive to
value
the oxidised
proceed
valueof —
of,Etheform
—
O theis
in,greater
the on
forward
the
greater the left
direction.
tendency
the for
tendency
Using E —
values to predict cell voltages
O
56V of
Using E —
O
values voltmeter
3+ O – 0.77 2+ V
ntial We
theFe can
Fe (aq)
3+b
electrochemicalc use
/Fe the
Which+
half-cell.
Use OEexternal
consisting
2+ e
cell
—
O
the
—
O
half-cell. voltage.
values
celldata
half-cell of a
madeFe
in
toCrCr (aq)
Appendix
is the
3+
calculate
up/Cr positive 2
half-cell
of two (page
the pole? 474)
voltage
and
half-cells,
2+ a Cl1
Hto
2
E
22of/Cl
(g),
—
–= +0.77 V
atmosphere
calculate
Oan
even when metallic
in element?
half-cells
side of Figurewhere
20.14?the reaction does not involve a
move
Using in the circuit from 2the Cu a/Cu half-cell toV 16 Why isisplatinum used in Epreference the to other metals
—
E Evalues atoto
Vpredict cell voltages 15 —
the
half-cell. cell voltage. the moreWhatreducedthe Ethe
form
O
value
is for
on the
O half-cell
the right. on thetendency
left-hand
Using
Using E
b c(aq) —
O
values the half-equation to proceed inofthe reverse direction.
—
56V of
ntial We Cu 2+
can
electrochemical use Use
WhichO+
consisting the
—
O
2e –
– values
celldata
half-cell of in
+made Appendix
is
Cu(s)the
3+
up/Cr
calculate –positive
half-cell
of two (page
the pole?
and 474)
voltage
half-cells, Cl to 2of
calculate
E/Cl
—
Oan
even
–
= +0.34
when ■285for
The less
the
more positive
half-equation
positive value
theto
valueof
proceed ,Ethe
—
Oin,greater the
forward
greater the for
direction.
tendency
56V 284
ntial of Using
We Fe
Using E
3+(aq)
can
19
neither 3+bplatinum
electrochemicalc
a E
use
of the —
Which
Use +
half-cell.
them
Draw—2+ E values
e——
O
cell
the
—
O
O
values
a voltage.
half-cell
cell
values
is data
a
diagram standardFe
in
madeto to
voltmeter
0.77
is 2+ the
Appendixpredict
(aq)
up
calculate
of an positive
of two
hydrogen 2 (page
the
electrochemical cell
pole? 474)
half-cells,
voltage
electrode.voltages
1to
H E
of
cell
—
atmosphere
even
(g), an =
calculateThe +0.77
when V
■
metallic
17 in
285
16 element?
half-cells
Show,
Why
theside with where
the aid the
is platinum
of Figurethe of areaction
used
20.14? O does
diagram, hownot
youinvolve
in Epreference would a
the to otherit metals
theCu Fe Ethe
/Fe E values
half-cell. toto predict cell 474)voltages
O cell voltage. salt bridge half-equation to proceed inof
Othe reverse direction.
ntial
ntial of
of We 19 2+b
electrochemical
can ca(aq)
use Which
Use
half-cell.
Draw + the
2eais half-cell
celldata
–diagram in
made is ofthe
Appendix
Cu(s) up anpositive
of two2the
electrochemical(pagepole?
half-cells, tocell
2
Ecalculate
— O
even =The +0.34
whenV V The
for
The more
the
less positive
half-equation
positive thetovalue
value
—
proceed
of —
, Ethe
in,greater
easier
forward is to reduce
direction.
the tendency for
O–values calculate voltage of an
—
neither
19 of them
—O O
a of standard hydrogen electrode. ■ 285
■ The more positive —
Othe value of E , the greater the tendency
O
Using
Fe 3+(aq) platinum
E the —
+ values
e
cell voltage. Fe to
voltmeter2+
predict
(aq) cell voltages E = +0.77
O —O
=6V 284
+0.77
ntial of V We 19
can
neither
voltage c
electrochemical
b a use
of Which
consisting
them
Draw
Use
measured E —
the a cell
half-cell
values
is a
diagram
data
is made
a
standard
the to
in is
Mn of 2+
up
the
calculate
Appendix
difference /Mn
an of
positivetwo
half-cell
hydrogen the
electrochemical
2 (pagehalf-cells,
pole?
between and
voltage
electrode.
474) a1
H
theto atmosphere
Pb
of
cell
2PbE
2+
evenan /Pb
calculate
(g), —
O
The when
values
2+ 17
285 metallic
measure
Show,
in with
half-cells the
—
element?
the E
where value
aid of
the afor the
diagram,
reaction half-cell
how
does shown
you
not would
involveby areduce
=6V ntial of V The
Using
We Cu19negative
2+
can c
b a(aq) E
use the
Which—O
consisting
Draw
Use O+
pole
cell
E values of
voltage.
half-cell
2eavalues
the –diagram
data of this
salt
atoto
in is
Mn cell
bridge
Cu(s)the
of2+
Appendixpredict
2+/Mn is provided
positive
anhydrogen
calculate half-cell
electrochemical
2the (page cell
pole? andby
474)the
voltage the
voltages
a to Cu
Eeven
cell
of
— 2+— /Pb
=The
calculate /Cu
+0.34
whenV ■ 16The
the
The species
Why
more
less is on
positivethe
platinum
positive
half-equation to
the left
used
the of
value the
in
value
proceedof Einhalf-equation.
preference
of
—
Othe
, E —
O
the , the
reverse to
greater other
easier
the it metals
is
direction. to
tendency for
E—O2+an
O
+0.77 neither
electrochemical
voltage
19 of
measured them —O
is
cell a of
is standard
made
the up
difference of two electrode.
half-cells,
between O
values ■ for the half-equation to proceed in the forward direction.
285 metallic
=6V
=6V
+0.77
+0.77
284V
V
Using
We
The
We Fe
Cu
can
19
platinum
3+(aq)caof
electrochemical
voltage
of 19
neither
the 2+two
negative
can
half-cell. c
a
EThis
use
use
(aq)
Which
the
measured
—
half-cell.
consisting
+E
them
Draw Epole
half-cell.
consisting
Which
the +
values
e—
half-cells.—O–a
cell
O
cell
2e
half-cell
is voltage.
values
cell
values
because is
a standard
diagram
of
half-cell
– voltage. of made
theWeaFe
this
ato
to
salt to
Mn
is
the
Mn
is
2+
ofthe
call
cell predict
(aq)
calculate
up
difference an
calculate
bridge
Cu(s) Cu
2+
the
/Mnpositive
of
this
/Mnis
2+ half-cell
two
hydrogen
provided
/Cu
positive the
electrochemical
value
the
half-cell cell
pole?
half-cell
pole?
and
voltage
half-cells,
between the
voltage
and voltages
1 cell
aH
the
bystandard
electrode. the
a is
atmosphere
PbEbetter
of
of
Pb ECu
even
(g),
E
2cell —
O an
an
2+
—
O/Pb
=The
/Pb
=
2++0.77
when
values
/Cu
at V
+0.34
V 17
■285
the
the equation:
measure
TheShow,
in the E —
element?
with
half-cells
species
less
half-equation
more
O
on thevalue for the
where
positive
positiveto aid
left
the of
the
value
proceed
the
O half-cell shown by
ofathe
diagram,
reaction
—
value of
inofEthe—
Ethe
O how
does
half-equation.
,reverse
the youinvolve
not
easier
,greater
the would
theittendency
easier areduce
itisistotooxidise
direction.
electrochemical
voltage Draw
measured a diagram
cell is made
the of up
difference an electrochemical
of two half-cells,
between the E2+an
even when
values
— —
xample: neither
of19
We thecantwo
platinumof
use them
half-cells.
E —Othe
half-cell.
—O
is
values a of standard
We toMn call
calculate
2+/Mn hydrogen
this value
the the
voltage standard
electrode. ofeven OThe
O
The
■285 less
the positive
equation: theO value of E , —
O
for
=6V +0.77284V electrochemical
of
We 19
neither
the
cell
voltagecan c
twoab
potential.
half-cell. of
use consisting
Use
them
Draw
Which
measured
This half-cells.
E a iscelldata
a
diagram
half-cell
values
because is made
theWea
in
standardto is of
callup
Appendix
the an
calculate
difference of two
half-cell
hydrogen 2
electrochemical
this
positive
2+ value
the half-cells,
(pagepole?
between and
the474)
electrode.
voltage a 1
theto Pb
standardatmosphere
cell
of E an
——
O/Pb
calculateThe when
values 17
285 measure
Show,
metallic the
with E
+ the
element?
—
value
aid of afor the
diagram, half-cell
how shown
you would by
electrochemical cell madeinthe Cu
up of /Cu
two half-cell
half-cells, ais better
even at
when
The negative 3+ 2+ 2+ the species on right of the half-equation.
losing electrons +pole than of this
the cell
Fe is/Fe provided half-cell. bystandard
the Cu /Cu
xample: cab half-cell.
consisting salt bridge 2+ 2+ The
■ the VO less
2+ positive
2H +the
more+ positive the
–
e the value
left of the
value of
3+ E O—
, the easier
half-equation.
V inof+the
EH2reverse
O
O
, the easierit is to oxidise
it is to reduce
Use the a of
data a Mn
Appendix /Mn half-cell
2value
(page and
474) to Pb /Pb
calculate half-equation to proceed direction.
6V 19 Draw ■
=6V xample: +0.77
tive than V neither
of the
Cu
cell
voltage
19 2+two
potential.
electrochemical Which
of half-cell.
(aq)
measured them
the half-cells. 2eais
cell
–diagram
half-cell
cell is
voltage. standard
theWe
made is of
Cu(s)the
call
difference
up
2+ an electrochemical
positive
hydrogen
this
of two pole?
between electrode.
the
half-cells, the cell
Eeven
platinum
—
E2+
O— O
=The +0.34
whenV
values 285 measure
the equation:
ab
platinum Use
consisting the data of inMn
a Appendix /Mn 2value
half-cell (page 474)
and aisto Pb
standard calculate
/Pb + E—
the value for the
O half-cell shown by
O
=6V xample: +0.77
tive 284
than V neither
of
Thethe
cell
voltage
19
losing
neither two
potential.
electrochemical
For
negative
half-cell. of
measured
the
electrons
of them
half-cells.
electrochemical
them
Draw
This pole ais
is
becausecell
than aa of
is
of
diagram standard
theWe
made
this
the
standard the call
difference
cell
Fe
of up
Cu ancell
3+ishydrogen
this
of
/Fe two
shown
hydrogen 2+
provided between
electrochemical
2+ /Cu half-cell.
half-cellelectrode.
the
half-cells,
in by
electrode.the
Figure
the cell ECu
even
better
—O
2+20.15,The
values
2+
The when
/Cu
at the theShow,
17
285 species
2+ + on the
with right
–aid
left ofof
of— the
athe ofE+half-equation.
Vdiagram, how
3+half-equation. youitwould
half-cell.
the cell voltage. salt bridge WeThe less
VO positive
2H ethe value
an+ +electrochemical of ,O2cell
EH— the
O easier itisis
totooxidise
b Use
consisting the data in
a Mn 2+
Appendix /Mn 2
half-cell (page 474)
and a to Pb calculate
/Pb
=xample:
4H +0.77O(l) V cell
voltage
of potential.
19
the twoathemeasured half-cells. is theWe difference
call this between the
standard E2+20.15,
—
values ■ The more
canthe
make positive the value , the easier
from the two reduce
2value the
O
tive
s the than 19 For
neither Draw electrochemical
of half-cell.
them
the cell aisdiagram a of
voltage. standard of2+an cell electrochemical
shown
hydrogen in Figure
electrode. cell
platinum OThe the ■
equation:
=6V
= 4H
xample: +0.77
tive
s 2O(l)
2
+0.77
the than V
V voltage
of
cellthe
For
neither
two
voltage
losing
The b
two
negative
QUESTION b
celectrons
potential.
relevant
half-cell. c the
of Use
Which
measured
consisting
This
measured
the half-cells.
half-cell.
Use
Which
the
electrochemical
them pole
cell
the is
half-equations
becausethandata
half-cell
is
a
is
of
voltage.
data
half-cell the
theWein
a
standard
the
this
in
298
the Appendix
is the
difference
Mn callK
Cu
difference
Fe
cell
Appendix
is the
/Mn
3+
ispositive
this
cell
are:/Fe half-cell
shown
hydrogen
2+/Cu 2+ value
provided
positive 2
(pagepole?
between
half-cell
between
half-cell.
(pagepole? the
in 474)
and
by
474) the
Figure
electrode.the
theto
standard
a is
to
Pb calculate
E
better
ECu
—
—O/Pb
20.15,
calculate values
The
2+ at
values
/Cu the the
■ The measure
species
less
VO 2+ + the
on
2H E
the
positive
+ e
—
O
value
–right
the of
value for
Vthe
of
3+ the
E
+
O half-cell shown by
half-equation.
—
H,
the species on the left of the half-equation. the
O easier it is to oxidise
6V4H
=xample: s+0.77
the O(l)
than V of
cell
twothe
For
voltage two
potential.
relevant the consisting
measured half-cells.
electrochemical
half-equations is
–3 the
of Wea Mn call2+
difference /Mn
this
cell
are: half-cell
shownvalue
between inand
the a
Figure
the Pb
standard
platinum
2+
E20.15,
— /Pb
O values
O
the We can make an+ electrochemical 2cell from the two
half-cells:
4Htive
=xample: +0.77pole
2O(l)
theV of
cell
twothe
voltageFe 3+ b
two c
potential.
relevant
For , the
Which
Use
half-cell.
1.00
measured
the mol cell
half-cells. the
electrochemical dm
half-equations voltage.
half-cell
data
is theWein is
298 the
Appendix
callK
difference are:
cell positive
this H +2
shownvalue
, (page
1.00 pole?
between molthe
in 474)
dm the
Figure to
–3
standard calculate
E 20.15,
—
values the the equation:
theVO
species on the right ofVthe
4H ls for
tive the than
pole
2O(l) losing
of
cell
two
the two
QUESTION
half-cell. b celectrons
potential.
relevant This
the half-cells.
Which
Use
half-cell. cell
thebecausethan
half-equations voltage.
half-cell
data the
Weintheis Fe
callCu
the
Appendix
3+
are:
/Fe
this
2+ /Cu
positive
2+
2value half-cell.
half-cell
(pagepole? the474) standard
is
to better
calculate at The
canless
half-cells:
We make
2+
+positive
2H –
an +electrochemical
ethe value of +Ehalf-equation.
3+
H,2cell
O easier
the —
O
it is two
from the to oxidise
Using —
an values
E+ 2H—
■
xample:
sll 2+
tive
xample: for the
than
pole
theO(l) of For
theFe+ two
2+ the
, 1.00
the electrochemical
half-cells.
mol cell
– dm –3 We
voltage. call cell
this shownvalue in
the Figure platinum
standard O20.15, the
Ecalculate O
Ag +(aq) +electrochemical
ecell Ag(s) = +0.80 theV
2 3+ –3 + –3 —
cell 20
Fe cState
potential. , 1.00Which the
mol – dm direction
half-cell is of Kthe
the electron
positive flow
pole? in the
n4Htive
sl 2+
xample: for
the the
2ions.
than
pole of
two20
cell For
the
losing
QUESTION
Ag
b
two
relevant
potential.
(aq)
cb the Use
electrons
the
Whichhalf-cells. the
half-equations
+electrochemical
ethe thandataWe
–3 the
voltage.
half-cell
in298
Ag(s)
in is
Appendix
call
Fe
the cell
3+this
are: H2+
/Feshown
positive
2, 1.00
2value
(page mol
in
half-cell.
pole? the dm
474)
Figure to
standard O20.15,
Ecalculate
—
= +0.80 theV We
2+
the species
Cu (aq)
canVOmake
+ –
on the–rightCu(s)
2+ + 2e of the
3+ half-equation. E —
+electrochemical
e V + H cell
O from the two
O
= +0.34 V
n4H
xample:
s
tive for
the
0.17, O(l)
the
ions.
pole
the
than two
cell
E —
O
AgFor
relevant
potential.
Fe
20
2+
values
+3+
(aq)
c the
,
State
Use
1.00
Which
the +
electrochemical mol
thehalf-equations
e –and
– dm
cell
data
direction
half-cell
–3
voltage. the
Ag(s)
cells
Appendix
is of cell
are:
direction
represented
the
the shown
electron
positive
(page in
inof
by
flow
pole?
474)
Figure
thein
to
platinum
E
following
the O20.15,
—
= +0.80 V half-cells:
Using E O
values 2
n4H
2 O(l) + –3
l4H for
2+ the
ions. two20
cell— For
Fe
relevant
potential. thethe
, 1.00 electrochemical
mol dm
half-equations 298 K cell
are: Hshown , 1.00 mol Figure
dm 20.15, the
E values
For the electrochemicaland the direction
cell shown inof Figure O20.15, the 2+
Cucan(aq) O+ — 2e – Cu(s) Etwo= +0.34 V —
s0.17,
tive the pole
the
than
2O(l) OQUESTION
Figure
Ag
Zn
+
2+(aq)
c 20.13
(aq) Which+ + eMeasuring
cell
2e half-cell
–voltage. Ag(s)the
is
Zn(s) the standard
positive electrode
pole? Epotential
E
—
O—
= = +0.80
–0.76 of V
V half-cells:
O
n4H
l4H
tive 2+
for
lss0.17,
2
the O(l)
ions.
the
pole
2O(l)the two
E
two Ag
Zn
20
—
relevant
OFor
—
values
Fe
+
electron
20
Fe2+2+
(aq)
3+
relevant
OFor 3+c the
pairs
,
State
(aq)1.00
, 1.00 +
electrochemical
2++
Which of
molhalf-equations
electrochemical
e
flow
the
mol –and
–
2e dm
dm
half-equations– –3
half-equations.
–3
direction
half-cell the
Ag(s)
cells
isofthe
Zn(s)
are:
cell
direction
Use
represented
Kthe are: shown
the
+
electron
H
positive , 1.00data in
by
flow
mol
pole? ofinFigure
the
dm Appendix E
following
–3
in the
—
O
—
O O20.15,
=
E—O—O20.15,
— 2
+0.80
= –0.76 the V
V Using
Using
WeZn E—
make
2+(aq)
E+ values
O2e –values to predict
an–electrochemical
Zn(s) cell the
cell from voltages
E = –0.76 V —
O
n4Htive for
2+
0.17,
the the
ions.
pole
the
O(l) E
the
two
Figure
Ag
ZnFevalues
relevant
+2+(aq)
QUESTION
electron c(aq) the
/Fe
20.13 Which+electrochemical
+ e
flow 2e and
half-cell.
half-equations
Measuring –
half-cell the 298
Ag(s)the
Zn(s)
is direction
the cell
are:
standard shown
positive pole?inof
electrode Figure Epotential
E = = +0.80
–0.76 the
of V Cu
Using
2+(aq) + 2e
E E++Evalues
— Cu(s)
toto predict the cell
E
voltages= +0.34 V —
O

Using —
–values
2 O
l0.17,
ntive for2ions.
2+ the two — relevant
2+ (page
pairs of474)
half-equations to –3help you.
half-equations. are:
Use the data in Appendix 2 half-cells: O
E O
values
Fe
+ , 1.00 mol
–and
– dm –3 the ofdirection byof Epotential Zn 2+(aq) –
2evalues Zn(s) E an= –0.76 V —
l0.17, for the
pole
the Ag
electron
O20
Zn
20 Fe2+(aq)
3+ (aq)
State
, deduce
1.00 ++of
electrochemical
2+ the
moleMeasuring
flow 2e –
direction
dm Ag(s)
cellsZn(s) represented
the electron
+, 1.00 mol flow the in–3following
the
—
O
E O——
—O
== +0.80
–0.76 V We can use —
O
calculate voltage of
O
ntive 2+ ions. the
two
EThe— Fe
relevant
values
voltage /Fe half-cell.
half-equations
and
this – cell the isyou.+0.80 are:
direction of–Helectron
(–0.76) of=dm +1.56 OV Cu 2+(aq) 2e Cu(s) E = +0.34 V —
ln= for the
theV Figure
We O can
+ 20.13 the direction the standard electrode flow in
EE— the wires of V O
pole
+0.77 electron
Ag
Zn 2+(aq)
2+(aq) (page ++of flow
e2e
474) to help Ag(s)Zn(s) O == +0.80
–0.76 Using —
E —E
O —–
values toto predict cell voltages
Using values
2+ When these
l0.17, for ions.
the EThe
We —
Ag voltage
values
can
+ (aq) deduce
pairs + of e – this
and the
half-equations.–3cell
the
direction is
Ag(s) +0.80
direction
Useof – (–0.76)
electron
the data of=
flow
in +1.56
Appendix in
E V
the = wires
2
+0.80 V Etwo
O half-cells areofconnected together,an=a–0.76
—
theV Fe
electron
Ag
Zn
O20 +2+(aq) electrochemical
,
(aq)
State1.00 F+2+of mol
flow –
+eMeasuring
the 2e dm – –
direction cells
Ag(s)Zn(s) –
of+0.80represented
the electron 2+ by
flow– the in following
the
O
Epotential
EMn
—
—
O O
V= =for +0.80
–0.76 of V We Zncan use
2+(aq)
electrochemical+ 2evalues
—
O
cell made calculate
Zn(s)
up thehalf-cells,
two voltage of
Eeven whenV
—
O
n= +0.77 The voltage a/Fe 2e
–this – half-cell 2F and
is of Mn
+0.77 +electrode
V. 2e
n 2+ ions. —
values and cell the isthe direction –electron
(–0.76) of=— +1.56
3+ 2+
n=
l=0.17, for
2+
2++0.77the
theV
ions.
ions.
EWe
the
in20
The
We
Fe
(Figure
Figure can
the
electron
Zn
Ag +2+ external
(aq)
voltage
can
(Figure
in —the (aq)20.16).
20.13
deduce
(page
external deduce
20.16).
pairs + + half-cell.
of
offlow
e
474) 2e this
the
circuit
to
the
half-equations.
circuit cell
helpdirection
by
Ag(s)
direction
by Zn(s)
Chapter
is
you. +0.80
standard
comparing
comparingUseof – the 20:
(–0.76)
electron the
data
flow
E O values
O
Electrochemistry
the =
flow
in
E —
+1.56
Appendix
in
E
in
values E —
—
O the
O
V
the == wires
–0.76
+0.80
wires
2
for
the
the V When
2+
Cu2+ (aq)
Using
reaction E
theseO+ 2e–
takes two
–
values
half-cells
place in Cu(s)
to
eachpredict
are
of connected
the cell E E=a+0.34 V
voltages
together,
half-cells. The
—
O
—
O
E values and the direction 2eof
Zn (aq) + 2e cell made
electrochemical up of two half-cells,Eeven
Zn(s) = –0.76
whenV —
=0.17, +0.77theV V The
the
O
electron
Ag
Zn +2+(aq)
voltage
Fe
(Figure
Note
3+ a
b/Fe
20.16).
that +2+of
electrochemical
(aq) FSn
2+
flow –
+eMeasuring
2e
half-cell.
in 2e
this – –
–2ehalf-cell
order –cell Ag(s)
cells
to Zn(s)
2F
isthe –
+0.80represented
and
calculateis2+of Mn
+0.77
–electron2+
I2V.
(–0.76)
the by–=the
+electrode
2e
cell
–
+1.56
Evoltage, Epotential
EMn
following—
O
— O
V–== +0.80
–0.76 of V
We can of
neither E values
usethem —
O
to calculate
is a standard hydrogenthe voltage of anThe
electrode.
O

=we
n= 2++0.34
ions. in the external +circuit by comparing +the O values for the
—
E values and the direction of
4+ —
0.17, theV We
twoO
Zn
Zn can
electron
Figure half-cells
2+
2+ (aq)
(aq)deduce
20.13 +
+offlow which
2e
2e the
– direction
make Zn(s)
Chapter
Zn(s) Sn up and
the
standard electrochemical
20: flow O
Electrochemistry in E2I
E —
— the
O
= wires
cell.
–0.76
–0.76 For V
V Using —
EtakesE values to predict cell voltages
O
+0.77
+0.34 (Figure
The
in
We
two voltage
the
Note
can (page
external
half-cells
3+ 20.16).
pairs that
deduce 474)
in –this
which to
– cell
circuit
order
the
half-equations. help by
to
direction
make you.
is +0.80
comparing
calculate
2+ up of
Use the– (–0.76)
electron
the the the
cell
electrochemical
data E
=
in
—
+1.56
values
voltage,
––flow Appendixin V
the wefor
wires
cell.
2 the
For reaction
When
values
We 2+these
can can
use be O place
O two
used ato
values inpredict
toeach
–half-cells ofhydrogen
are the
whether
calculate half-cells.
connected
the the The
together,
reaction
voltage of EThe—
aO–0.76
E neither of them is standard electrode.E—Oan
—
286 Fe (aq) + e Fe –(aq)
—
O
= +0.77 V electrochemical
voltage
Zn measured
(aq) + 2e cell
is made
the up of
difference
Zn(s) two half-cells,
between the Eeven
—
O
when V
=values
electron
Zn 2+ (aq) + flow 2e – Zn(s) 2+
E = –0.76 V
—
=the +0.77
+0.34 V The
We
the
two
in thevoltage
Note
(Figure
alwayscan
Fe
example
3+ a
half-cellsb
external that
20.16).
subtract
deduce
/Fe in F 2+
Sn of+
4+ in
half-cell.
Figure 2e
this
+
which order
the
the 2e
circuit half-cell
cell
–
20.15 less to
direction
make
byis2F +0.80
Sn and
calculate
positive up is
comparing
these
2+
of Mn
+0.77
–
and
the E (–0.76)
electron
voltages the
— +
V.
value
+ 2e
cell
2e
electrochemical
O
O2 the
I are:=
flow
E +1.56
voltage,
from
O values
—
O
in Mn
the
2I
O
V
the– wemore
wires
cell.
for For
the
electron
Zn 2+ (aq) + flow 2e – Zn(s) E = –0.76 V
2 —
Chapter 20: Electrochemistry
O
V. =the +0.77
286V
+0.34 The
We
(Figure
two
always
in thevoltage
Note
can
example
Fe half-cells
3+ (aq) that
deduce
20.16).
csubtract
(page
external in— Cr
O+
of in
2474)
O
Figuree –this
which order
the
2–
the
to
–+ 20.15
7circuit cell
helpless
14H to
direction
make
by
Feis
+
+0.80
calculate
positive
you.
+these
2+ –6eup
comparing
(aq)
–
ofthe–electron
E(–0.76)
voltages 2+the
—
2Cr cell
electrochemical
value
the 3+
are:=
–flow
+from
E —
+1.56
voltage,
7H 2in
valuesO
E the
—
O V–=we
the wires
cell.
more
for
+0.77 ForV
the When
values
reaction
happening these
can
electrochemical
voltage
neither
of the
We cantwo be
takes
in
measured
of
usethemtwo
Oused half-cells
place
each
cell
istoinpredict
made
the each
half-cell
is a standard
half-cells.
E values
—
We are
upof
is connected
whether
the
a
of
difference two
hydrogen
call this
to calculate the together,
half-cells.
reduction reaction
half-cells,
between
value the
the voltage The
(i.e.
the E
even
standard
electrode. E
forward
—
of anThe
O a
—O
when
values
V. =
=cell. the+0.77
+0.34 V V The
(Figure
always
in
The
two
We thevoltage
Note
positive
example a
external
voltage
half-cells
can that
20.16).
subtract
Ein
bdeduce FSn of+
2Figure
of4+ in
value. 2e
this order
the
+circuit
this
which the2e half-cell
–cell
20.15
cell less to
make
directionbyis
is2F +0.80and
calculate
positive is
comparing
these
+0.80
Sn up 2+
of
Mn
+0.77
– E
voltages
–
and
the (–0.76)
the
—
O +
V.
value
I2 +the
(–0.76) 2e
cell
2e
electrochemical
electron
–
are:=
E
=
flow
—
O+1.56
voltage,
from values
+1.56 in
Mn
the
2I V
V
the wemore
for
cell.
wiresthe
For
= the+0.34
+0.77
cell. V Some
(Figure
always
in
The
We the
Fe Note
example
positive
two reactions
half-cells
voltage
can
3+ (aq) 20.16).
csubtract
external Ethat
in—
deduce
—
Cr
and
O
O+
O
Figure
of in
value. –Cu
which
2–
–this involve
the–+ 20.15
7circuit
order
the
2+ +14H
–cell
less2eto
make
directionbyChapter
+
–
isseveral
positive
+2+ –6e
comparing
calculate
these
+0.80up
–
of ionic
voltages
Cu
the 20:
E(–0.76)
—
the
O
value
O 2Cr Electrochemistry
species.
the 3+
cell
are:
electrochemical
–electron +from
E
= 7H
voltage,
––flow
—
O
+1.56 For
values
2in Othe
E O example:
V–=we
the more
for
cell.
wiresthe
ForV reaction
happening
values
direction)
When cantakes
these in
be place
each
used
reaction,
two toin
or each
half-cell
predict
an
half-cells of
is the
a
whether
oxidation
are half-cells.
reductionthe
(i.e.
connected The
(i.e.
reaction
backwards
together,
standard E
forward —
a
O
+eein Fe (aq) +0.77 neither
of
cellthe of them
two iscell
half-cells.a standard
Wedifference
call hydrogen
upthis value electrode.
the E The
—
V.e 286
positive Ag +(aq) +2Figure Ag(s) EMn potential.
voltage measured
electrochemical is the
made of two between the even
half-cells,
—O
values
when
OV= +0.80ForV
—
V.e=
predict +0.77 V
+0.34
cell.
the
positive (Figure
The
always
two
(Figure
example
in thevoltage
Note
positive
half-cellsa 20.16).
Ethat
bsubtract
external
+(aq) 20.16).
in— FSn 24+
of
value. 2e
–this
which order
the
+circuit
2e half-cell
2+ 20.15cell less to
make +is
by 2F
positive
Sn
these and
calculate
+0.80up is2+
comparing– +0.77
Mn
and
the
voltages
2+
–E(–0.76)
—
I2V.
the
—
O ++the
value2e
cell
2e
electrochemical
are:E voltage,
=from
—
O+1.56
values
O
the
2I wemore
cell.
for the
e=cell. +0.34
286V SomeAgNote
positive reactions Ethat O+
and ein
value. Cu 2–involve
order + 2e to –several
Ag(s)
Chapter
calculate Cu ionic
E 20:
the species.
Electrochemistry
cell
3+
voltage,For E —
example:
= we +0.80 V values
direction)
happening can be
in used
reaction,
each to
or predict
an whether
oxidation the
(i.e. reaction
backwards
two
always half-cellsc subtract which the lessmake positive up the electrochemical
value from the cell.
more ForV ahalf-cell is a reduction (i.e. forward
—
V. the
positive
lf-cell example
(Figure
in Fe
the3+ (aq)
external
QUESTIONS in
20.16).CrO+ O
Figuree – circuit + 20.1514H Fe
by + 2+ 6e
these
(aq)
comparing voltages
O
2Cr the are:+
E —
O7H O
valuesE —
O
= +0.77
for the reaction
cell
of thepotential.
voltage
For two reaction.
oftakes
measured
the place
is is
half-cells. If
in
the
electrochemical Wethe
eachreactions
of the
difference
call this
cell happening
half-cells.
between
value
shown inthe The
the in
E
standard
Figure
—
E each
O — O
values
20.15, the
+0.34is neither them standard hydrogen electrode. The
Ag + (aq) +Figure ein – Ag(s) EFe –= +0.80 V
—
O
V.e=the
predict cell.
the
positive
lf-cell isV Bilal
always
twoMnONote
(Figure
positive
example
Note Hameed
half-cells
+ b –that
dsubtract
E
20.16).
in
—
that
—
(aq)Ni
O
Sn
2+
2
value.
4+ in +
7
–++2–
which order
2e
the
order
8H
2e
––+less
20.15 (aq) to
to
make calculate
Ni
positive
these
calculate
+ Sn up and
5e Fe
voltages
2+–and
the the
3+
—
O
the
I ++Mn
valuecell
E electrochemical
3e
2e
–
are:
cell – 2+voltage,
from
voltage,
(aq)
2
the
+
2I we
we
4Hmore
cell. O(l)
For Electrochemistry 2
which SomeAg
always
Zn 2+(aq)
reactions
subtract
c(aq) in—Cr + e
+value.
O 2e involve
–7 the – less Ag(s)
+
– several
positive
Zn(s) – ionic —
species.
E electrochemical
value 3+
from For EEFe
—
O
the
—O=
example:
=we +0.80
more
–0.76
2 ForV V happening in each
reaction. half-cell
If the is a
reactionsreduction
happening(i.e. forward
in Oeach
– +–20.15+14H +these6e 2Cr –+2+ 7H2O
example
positive 4E —
and Figure –Cu
2+ 2e voltages
Cu O
are: direction)
half-cell arereaction,
combined, or anweoxidation
can (i.e.
produce backwards
an ionic equation
e=cell. +0.34
286isV
O
V.
negative lf-cell
positive twoFe
Ag
Zn
alwaysNote
half-cells
QUESTIONS
3+
+2+(aq)
(aq) d
(aq) that
subtract Ni+
+ +2e
2+ in
e which
2e + order
the
2e less to
make
Fe
Ag(s) calculate
2+
Zn(s) up
(aq)
positive
Ni and the E
Fe the
3+
—
O
2
value
+ cell
3e voltage,
from EE
—
O
—
O
the
—O=
=cell.
+0.77
+0.80
–0.76
more V
V values
of the
twoFor
cell can
twothe
potential.
relevant
voltage be
measured used
half-cells. to
electrochemical
half-equationspredict
We call
is the differencewhether
this
cell
are:shownvalue the
between thereaction
standard
in Figure
the E20.15,
—
the
values
V.
edure
negative
predict the
cell.
lf-cell
the is is
positive
which positive
MnO
alwaysNote
example
Ag
Some +
21+2+(aq)
reactions E
–that
(aq)
subtract
in
O
+ value.
Figurein
eO2e–+ order
8H
the
involve 20.15 + (aq)
less to
Ag(s) calculate
+
positive
these
+several 5e –
E
voltages
ionic the
—
O
cell
Mn
value are:
species. voltage,
(aq)
from For +
the
EEthe
— we
4Hmore
==more+0.80O(l) V
Oexample:
O
+Use the –data in Appendix 2voltages
(page 474)
Zn
positive 2+
c(aq)
4E — +2+ –
2+ –
Zn(s) 3+ +to predict —O
–0.76 direction) reaction, or an oxidation (i.e.inbackwards
++value. half-cell are incombined, we can a produce an ionic equation
—
ecell. 21
always subtract and
O
Cu 2– +14H 2e 6e– –Cu E they value from 2 forthe
the
happening reaction.
reaction Iftakes
the
thathalf-cell
each reactions
place
is happening
invalue
the
reduction in20.15,
electrochemical
(i.e. forwardeach the
cell
+7orthe +less positive —
example Cr – +–20.15 +these O 2Cr 7H 2O
Ein O Figure are:
O
negative
V. the
cell. positive
lf-cell is TheAgQUESTIONS
Zn H
positive (aq) d ions
(aq) Ni 2are
e2e
value. included
2e Ag(s) Zn(s)because
Nivoltages
and Fe 3+ + Mn 3e are
– 2+ essential EEFe
—
O—
==4H for
+0.80
–0.76 the V cell
two
of potential.
relevant
For the
two half-equations
electrochemical
half-cells. We callare:
cell
this shown Figure
the standard
e
negative
predict
dure
V. the
cell. positive
lf-cell
which is is always
positive
MnO
The
Ag relative
21+ (aq) subtract
–E
whether
Use
—
(aq)O
O+the value.
values
e +
–data the
8H not in of less
(aq)these
Ag(s)
the positive
Appendix +
following 5e 2 Ereactions
(page
—
value
tell474) us from
to (aq)
that
are
predict E the
+
Zn
—
O=
feasible.
O 2+more
ions
+0.80O(l)
If a V
cell.
lf-cell is Some
Zn
21
positive
The
2+reactions
relative
QUESTIONS (aq)
4 E —
and + value.
values 2e
Cu involve
–2+ + of 2e –
theseseveral
Zn(s) Cu
voltages ionic species.
tell us that For E —
Zn example:
O = 2+ 2+ –0.76
2
ions V asAg
for
two
+
the
half-cell
aFor (aq)
whole.
direction) the
relevant +
reaction
are –
e thator
reaction.
combined,
reaction,
electrochemical
half-equationsAg(s)
Iftakes
the
an reactions
place
weoxidation
can
are:produce
cell shown happening
in the
(i.e.inan ionicEin20.15,
electrochemical
backwards
Figure
—
O
=each
+0.80
equation theV
cell
negative
ecell. positive
lf-cell is Using
Ag H
conversion
positive
MnO
The
are
+
Znmore2++
(aq)
relative
+2+ (aq)–EE
dions
reaction
whether
—Ni
(aq)O
—
O
+of
difficult
2+
evalues
are
+value.
values
–
2e
+ +orincluded
MnO
–does
–
2e
–8H
–
toof
not
–
+occur,
4(aq) Ag(s)
these
reduce
the to
Zn(s)Ni
write
followingpredict
+because
(manganate(VII) and
5e – aFe
voltages
than
they
3+
balanced
Ag + Mn
tell
+
reactions ifare
3e
ions. usa
ions)
– 2+ reaction
essential
(aq)
that
equation
So:
are to EEFeMn
—
—
O
+
Zn O=
feasible.
—
O
— =4H
2+
forfor
+0.80
ions the
ions.
–0.76 aV
O(l)
it.
If
cell potential.
+ – —
O
=6V +0.77
284V neither
voltage of consisting
platinum
ameasured
electrochemical
The19negative them pole ais aa of
is
cell
of of
the a Mn
standard
made
this difference
cellup /Mn of
is half-cell
hydrogentwo
providedbetween and
electrode.
by the
half-cells, a Pb
the 2+O/Pb
ECu
even The
values
2+ when
/Cu themeasure
17 thetheE aid value for the— half-cell shown by
=6V+0.77 V neither
voltage of consisting
19 ameasured them
Draw
Draw ais
diagram
is
diagram standard
salt
the a Mn of
bridge2+an
difference
of2+an /Mnhydrogen
electrochemical
half-cell
between
electrochemical electrode.
and cell
a Pb
the cell E2+— The
/Pbvalues
285
■ The
Show,
more with
species on
positive left
the of
of athe
value diagram,
of how
half-equation.
E O , the you
easier would
it is to reduce
= +0.77 neither
19 of them
half-cell. is a standard hydrogen electrode. OThe the equation:
+0.77 V voltage measured is the difference between the E values
—
of the two half-cells. We call this value the bystandard
—
=6V neither
half-cell. consisting
ofThisthem is is
because of a
a standard Mn /Mn 2+ half-cell
hydrogen and
electrode. a Pb /Pb
The themeasure thetheEthe
O
value for the
E ,half-cell shown byoxidise
V voltage measured the athe Cu
difference /Cu half-cell
between aisPb
the better
ECu at
values
— —
■ The less positive value ofhalf-equation.
the easier it is to
O 2+ O
The negative half-cell.
pole of this cell2+ is provided the 2+O/Pb /Cu species on left of the
=6V +0.77 V
xample: of the
voltage two
b
consisting
measured
Usehalf-cells.
thethan is of
data We
the Mn call
in difference
Appendix
/Mnthis half-cell
2value
between
(page
and
the 474) standard
the E— O values
to calculate
=xample:
+0.77 V of
of the
cell
voltage
losing
the
half-cell. two
potential.
two
b This
half-cell.
measured
electrons
Usehalf-cells.
half-cells.
because
the
half-cell. is
dataWe We
the the
inthe call
call 3+this
difference
FeCuthis
Appendix /Fe
2+ /Cu
2+value
between
2value the
half-cell.
the
half-cell
(page 474) standard
the
standard
is
to E —
better values
calculate at the the
VO 2+equation:
species + 2Hon+ the–right of the
+ e V 3+ +half-equation.
H
— O
■ The less positive the value of E ,2the easier it is to oxidise
O
xample: cell
of thepotential.
two half-cells. platinum
standard
tive than
xample:
tiveO(l)
than cell
of the
cell potential.
For b the
two
potential.
the
Use
the
cell
half-cells.
cell dataWe
voltage.
electrochemical
thethan voltage. We
callcell
in Appendix
call
thisshown
3+this 2value
(page
value
the
in
the Figure
474) 20.15,
to calculate
standard the8 + the–right of the
Wethe species on V3+ +half-equation.
losing electrons the Fe /Fe 2+ half-cell.
xample:
4H cell For btheUse
potential. the data in Appendix
electrochemical cell 2 (page
shown in474) Figure to calculate
20.15, the canVO 2+ + 2H
make an +electrochemical
e H2cell
O from the two
4H s the
xample:
tive than
2O(l)
For
twoQUESTION
cell c the
relevant
potential. Which
the cell half-cell
voltage.
electrochemical
half-equations is
298 the
K cellpositive
are: shown pole?
in Figure platinum
20.15, the
4H s the
tive2O(l)
2 than For
twoFor the
c the
relevant electrochemical
Which cellhalf-cell
voltage.
half-equations cell
is theare: shown
positive in
pole? –3 Figure 20.15, the half-cells:
We can make an electrochemical cell from the two
4H O(l) 3+the electrochemical
tive pole K cell shown in Figure 20.15, the
–3 +, 1.00 mol
lss for
4H
tive the
2O(l)
the the
pole two Fe
For
twoQUESTION
, 1.00
relevant
cthe
relevant Which mol dm
half-equations
half-cell298
electrochemical
half-equations is the are:
cell
are: H
positive
shown pole? dm
in Figure 20.15, the
4H for2O(l) c Which half-cell is the positive pole?
Using E values —
O
2 half-cells:
l 2+ the two Fe
+ 2+
relevant
, 1.00 mol– dm –3
half-equations are: E —O = +0.80 V
+(aq) +mole– dm
Ag –3 Ag(s)
—
O
tive pole 20
19 20 3+State the direction of the electron H+, 1.00 mol flowdm in–3the
lnl 2+
ntive forions.
for the
the
pole twoAg Fe , 1.00
relevant
(aq) + half-equations
e Ag(s) are: E = +0.80 V Cu 2+(aq) + 2e– Cu(s) E —O = +0.34 V
forions. Using E values —
—
E O
Ag values
+ (aq) + e –
and theAg(s) direction of E = +0.80 V O
—
l0.17, the electrochemical cells represented by the following
O
n 2+ the
ions. Ag
— Fe
+ 2+ ,
20+2+(aq) 1.00
State+the mol–
e–and dm –3
direction Ag(s) of the electron flow in the Epotential
O = +0.80
—
O
V
0.17,
nl 2+2+
n0.17,
the
forions.
the
ions.
E20O
Figure
Zn
Ag
— values
20.13
(aq)
(aq)
pairs ++ofeMeasuring
2e –
half-equations. the the
Zn(s)
Ag(s) direction
standard
Use the data
electrodeofin EE—
Appendix
—
O=
O
= +0.80
–0.76
2
of V Cu2+(aq)
Using
Zn2+(aq) E O+ 2e––
—
+ values
2e
Cu(s)
to
Zn(s)predict cell E —O—O = +0.34 V
voltages
E = –0.76 V
E O +
Zn
Ag values
electron2+ (aq)
(aq) + + flow
e 2eand
– –
the Zn(s)
Ag(s) direction byof EE == –0.76
+0.80 V
—
—
2+
n0.17,ions. the the Fe 3+ electrochemical
/Fe 2+ half-cell. cells represented the following
O

Znvalues
—
E Zn
electron
O
Figure 2+ (aq)
2+20.13 + flow
2eand –
the Zn(s) direction of E O = –0.76 of V
—
the (aq)
(page + Measuring
2e
474) –to help the
Zn(s)
you. standard electrode potential
E
O
—
= –0.76 V
electron
The
We
theZncan
Fe 3+pairs
2+
2+(aq)
voltage 2++
deduce
/Fe
of 2e
of half-equations.
flowthis –
– cell
the
half-cell. isZn(s)
direction +0.80 Use the data in Appendix
of–electron
(–0.76) flow = +1.56 inE —Othe
—
O
V= –0.762
wires V Using
WeZn can(aq)
2+ E +Evalues
use
—
O —
2evalues toto
O
– Zn(s)predict
calculate the cell
voltage voltages
of
E —Oan= –0.76 V
= +0.77 V
= +0.77 V electron
The
The
Zn
We can
(Figure
in the
(aq)
voltage deduce
(page
a20.16).
voltage
externalF2of
+
offlow
2e
474) this
+ this
2e theto cell
– help
circuit half-cell
cell
is
direction Zn(s)
you.
is
by
+0.80
is of
– and
2F+0.80
comparing
–
Mn
+0.77
–
(–0.76)
electron
2+ + 2e–flow
V.the flow
(–0.76)
=
=
E —
O
+1.56
+1.56
E
inMn
values
V
V
= –0.76
the wires
for the
V When these
electrochemical
We can use E values two
—O half-cells
cell made are connected
up of two
to calculate together,
thehalf-cells,
voltage ofeven ana—Owhen
The
We voltage
can deduce of this
the cell is
direction +0.80
Chapter of – (–0.76)
electron
20: = +1.56
Electrochemistry in V
the wires reaction EThe
(Figure
in the 20.16).
external circuit by comparing 2+ +the E values for the oftakes place in eachup ofhydrogen
the half-cells. The
—
= +0.77 V The
We voltage
can deduce of this
the– –cell is
direction +0.80 –electron
(–0.76)
O
=voltage,
+1.56 V– we When
neither these themtwo half-cells
iscell
a standard are ofconnected together,
electrode. a when
= +0.34+0.77 V (Figure
The
two Note b20.16).
a
voltage
half-cells
(Figure
in the that
FSn
20.16).
external 2of+in
4+ 2e
this order
+circuit
which 2e cell to
half-cell
make is2F
by +0.80
Sn is2+of
– and
calculate
up
comparing Mn
+0.77
and
the the
I2V.
– (–0.76) +the2e––flow
cell
2e
electrochemical =—
E
in2Ithe
+1.56Mn
O values
O
OVwe
wires
cell.
for For
the
electrochemical made two half-cells, even
= +0.34 286V two
Fe Note
half-cells
3+
(Figure (aq) that
20.16). in
which
– order
+ 4+eincircuit to
makeFeChapter
calculate
2+ up
(aq) the 20:
the Electrochemistry
cell
electrochemical voltage, Ethe —
cell.
=we +0.77 For
theV values can
reactionmeasured
oftakesbe used
themplace to predict
in each whether
ofhydrogen
the betweenthe
half-cells. reaction
TheE EThe
O —
in the external by comparing –Efrom voltage is is the difference the values
O the values for
— — O

=the +0.34 V Note

always
(Figure
example
Note b that
subtract
20.16).
inCr
thatSn Figure
in + order
the
order
2e – less
20.15 to
to calculate
+ positive
these
calculate
Sn voltages
2+ and the
—
the value
+ cell
E electrochemical
2eare:
cell voltage,
voltage, 2I – wemore neither a standard electrode.
two half-cells which
2– make up – the I
E electrochemical
3+ cell. For happening in used
eachishalf-cell
always csubtract –7 the less positive value are:from 2E the more callisthis
a reduction (i.e.
theforward
—
=the +0.34
286V example O
in—O+Figure + 14H
20.15 + 6e
these voltages
O
2Cr + 7H O values can be tothepredict whether thethereaction
FeNote Ethat in order to calculate the cell voltage, =we of the two half-cells. We value standard
2
V. two half-cells
3+ (aq) 2e which makeFe 2+
Chapter up the
(aq) —
O
cell.
+0.77 ForV voltage measured difference between E O values
—
always subtract the less positive E20:
E valueElectrochemistry
from the more
—
O
V.thethe
cell. positive
Note
always
example
Some that
subtract
in—
reactions value.
in
O Figure order
the
2+ 20.15
involve less to calculate
positive
these
several
+Chapter voltages
ionic the
O value
—
O
cell
are:
species. voltage,
from For the wemore
example:
ecell.
V. the
positive positive
always
example+
Ag+(aq)
positive c E
E
and
subtract
Cr value.
inO+FigureO–
2e–7
Cu
value.
2–
the+ + 2e
less
14H
20.15
–
positive
Ag(s) + 6e – Cu
these voltages E 20:
—
value
2Cr Electrochemistry
3+ + from
7H O
are: 2E —O = +0.80 V the
—
O more direction)
happening
cellthe
of potential. reaction,
in each or an
half-cell oxidation
is a
two half-cells. We call this value the standard (i.e.
reduction backwards
(i.e. forward
Chapter
positive E20: Electrochemistry
— O
cell.
the
ecell.positive
predict
V. always
positive
Ag (aq) subtract
E— O+value. the
e involve 2+ +less Ag(s)
—
O
value fromEthe= more +0.80 V
Some reactions – + 2e Chapter 20: Electrochemistry
–several ionic
positive E O value. 3+ +species. – 2+ For O example: direction) the reaction.
reaction, If the
or reactions
an oxidation happening
Figurein20.15,
(i.e.inbackwards each the
—
cell.
lf-cell
ecell.positiveis QUESTIONS
+ d and
Ni 2+ –Cu
+ 2e Ni and Cu Fe 3e Fe cell For
potential. electrochemical cell shown
Ag+2+(aq) +value.
e+ Chapter
Ag(s) 20:Mn Electrochemistry
(aq)E O= +0.80 V
—
MnO – –
positive 4 E(aq) – –8H (aq) + 5e + 4H O(l)V
—
elf-cell
which
positive
predict is Zn2+(aq)
Ag (aq) ++2+e2e Ag(s)
Zn(s) EE —
—
O
== +0.80
–0.76 half-cell are combined, wereactions
can
are:produce
Chapter 20: Electrochemistry inan ionicin20.15,
equation
2
negative
lf-cell is QUESTIONS
Zn (aq) Ni+ 2e
– – Zn(s) EFe —
O
= –0.76 V direction)
two relevant
For the reaction.
half-equations
electrochemical If the cell shown happening
Figure each the
negative
durelf-cellis
whichis MnO
21
d –(aq)
212++Use4 the ++ 2e
data +
–8Hin(aq)
Chapter
Appendix +Ni5e and – Fe20:
2 (page
3+ + 3e
MnElectrochemistry
474)
– 2+
to(aq)predict +
O 4H O(l)
predict TheZn H (aq) +
ions+valuesare2e included Chapter
Zn(s)
because 20:
they Electrochemistry
are E —
= –0.76
2 V for the
half-cell reaction
are combined,that takes place
we can in the electrochemical
are:produce an ionic—O equation cell
ustoessential
negative 2+(aq) – O 2+for the two relevant half-equations
predict
negative
dure is TheZn relative
whether
QUESTIONS 2e or not of–thetheseZn(s) voltages
following tell
reactions that
are EZn —
feasible. =2+–0.76If a V
ions +(aq) + e–
The
20
21 21 Use
relative the data
ofvalues in Appendix
of these 2
voltages (page 474)
tellif usaessential
thatpredict
toZn 2+ions as Ag
a whole. Ag(s)
for the reaction that takes place in the electrochemical cell E = +0.80 V
which
predict
which
predict
Using
conversion
The
are
The
QUESTIONS
H
more
+ ions
reaction
relative
QUESTIONS
whether
—
Edifficult
O
values
areMnO
valuesor
included
does toof
not 4occur,
reduceto
these
the
predict
(manganate(VII)
because
writethan
voltages
following Agthey
a balanced tell
reactions
ions)
are
+ ions.
us reaction
equation
So:
that
are
Mn2+
Zn
feasible. forfor ions.
it.
ions
If
the
a 2+
are more +
aCu + (aq)has + ae greater Ag(s)
– tendency to gain electrons E —O than
Edifficult toin –reduce than Agtell ions. So: Ag = +0.80 V
—
O
dure which is The
So relative
the half-cell
QUESTIONS ofvalues contains:of these voltages usatothat Zn 2+2+ions asZn whole.
predict
dure which
predict is Using
will
are
21
conversion
more occur
■ QUESTIONS
21
Zn
Use
reaction
a
Use
metal Can
—
the
O
difficult
the values
will
data
MnO
MnOdoes
data lose to –4occur,
in reduce
ions to
Appendix
Appendix
electrons predict
(manganate(VII)
write
oxidisethanto
2 (page
2athe
Clbalanced
Ag
(page– ions
Ag iftoions)
+ 474)
+ions.
474)
/Ag Cl
to reaction
So:
predict
equationtoacidic
in
predict
half-cell
Mnfor ions.
it. Zn
2+
2+, so (aq) + 2e–
2+ the chemical
Zn(s)
reaction that proceeds in
E = –0.76 V
this half-
dure
predict
which is are more
■ QUESTIONS
So Zn
the
21 metal difficult
whether
half-cell
Use will
the –or
data lose toinelectrons
not4
3contains: reduce
the
Appendix than
following to2 the Ag
(page
+
reactions+ions.
Ag474) /Ag
O to So:
are2
half-cell feasible. If a
predict Cu has a greater tendency to gain electrons—O than
dure
predict
which is will
Standard
■ 1.00 +occur
QUESTIONS
21
Ag
■ Zn+metal
■ mol
whether
aions
Use electrode
conditions?
Can
reaction
dm
will
the
will or
data
MnO MnO
accept
lose
does
not in
–(aq)
–potential
the
Appendix
ions
electrons
4 occur,
4 ions
following
electrons
oxidise
write
values,
2from
(page
Cl
to2from
athe Ag
balanced
E
reactions
– ions
the
—
474)
+
+/Ag
to,
Zn give
2+are
to
Cl /Zn us
predict
in
half-cell
equation
a
feasible.
acidic measure
half-cell.
for it.
If a Zn
cell 2+
2+(aq)
is, so
Zn voltage
The in theof + 2e –
forward
chemical
this cell
Zn(s)
direction:
reaction
is +0.80 that
– proceeds
(–0.76) =
E
in this
+1.56 V
= –0.76
half-
V
dure which is ■ QUESTIONS
Ag
21
Zn whether
ions
Use
metal
reaction will
the
will or
accept
data lose
does
not in the
Appendix
electrons
–occur,
following
electrons write to reactions
(page
the
a(page Agthe474)
/AgZn 2+
toare2 feasible.
/Zn
predict
half-cell half-cell. If a
of how easy ordata
– difficult – itfollowing
is tovalues, Fbalanced
2oxidise or equation
, Freduce for it.
aa species.
■ 2+
dure which is Standard
■ 21++ whether
1.00 mol
bions
Use electrode
conditions?
Can dm
the MnO 3
or Mn
not
MnO 4in
(aq)
–potential
the
ions (aq)
Appendix ionsions
oxidise –ions E474)
–reactions —
O
to give
2+are
to in us
feasible.
acidic
predict measureIf a
dure is TheAg
■
21
Ag reaction
electrons
whether
a
Use
ions Can will
the
will MnOaccept
does
move
or
data
acceptnot4in
4electrons
occur,
through
the
ions
Appendix write
following
oxidise
electrons the2from
a(page
Clbalanced
from wires the
reactions
ions
the in
474) Zn
to
Zn
/Zn
equation
the
2are
Cl
to
2+ in half-cell.
external
feasible.
2predict
/Zn acidic for it.
half-cell. If a cell voltage
(Figure
The is2+in20.16).
theofforward
this direction:
– cell isCu(s) +0.80 – (–0.76) = +1.56 V
dure is We
The
■
of howcan
electrons
1.00 a
Use
b compare
reaction
easy
21 whether
mol Can
Canthe
dm move
conditions?
or –
MnOdoes
data
MnO 3 Hthe
difficult
or not
Mn+ –
(aq)
2+
in
– oxidising
through
occur,
the
ions it
Appendix
(aq)
ions write
is to
following
ions.oxidise
ions
oxidise the2 aand
Clwires reducing
balanced
oxidise –
reactions
(page
F – ions
ions in
or
474)
toto Fthe
equation
reduce
Cl
toare
in inpowers
externala
feasible.
predictacidic
acidic for of
it.
species.If a Cu (aq) + 2e
ction.
■
circuit.
The reaction
a They
whether
electrons conditions?
Can do
MnOdoes
or
move not
not4 –occur,
4 travel
the
ions
through write
through
following
oxidise the a Clbalanced
the
reactions
– ions
wires to
in equation
electrolyte
Cl
the
2are2 feasible.
in acidic
2 external
for it.
solution.
If a Note
(Figure that
20.16). –in order to calculate the cell voltage, we
circuit.
We1.00
The can They
reaction
whether
electrons
cmol
a Can do
conditions?
compare move
H
MnO
conditions?
dm 3+not
–does
or the
+4(aq)
not
ions
H travel
–occur,
oxidising
the
through
oxidise
ions ions. through
write
following
oxidise 2+ a
Vthe andwires
ions the
Clbalanced
reducing
reactions
– ions
to Vinelectrolyte
3+ equation
the
toions?Clare inpowers
feasible.
external
acidic solution.
forof it.
If a Cu2+(aq) + 2ethe less positiveCu(s) E —O value from the more
Figure reaction
circuit.20.14
■
a
bThey Can shows
conditions?
do
MnOdoesnotthe
4 – occur,
set-up
travel
ions write
of a cell
through
oxidise a Clbalanced
– – used toFCl
thestrongest
ions
Fbalanced
ions to equation
measure
electrolyte
to 2
2 in acidic for
the it.
solution. always subtract
Note that in order to calculate the cell voltage, we
ction. 2 in acidic weakest
circuit.reaction
standard cThey
a
b
d Can
electrode Hdoes
conditions?
do
MnO
conditions?
+not
ions
4 –occur,
4 –travel
ions
potentialoxidise write
through
oxidise
of VFe2+2+
the
aions
Cl ––ions
Fions
MnO the
– ions
totoVto Fe
3+
/Mn
equation
–electrolyte
3+
toFions?
Cl
2 in
inacidic
ions?
22+ acidic
half-cell.
for it.
solution. positive E —O
value.
always subtract theweakest positive E value from the more
less —O
Figure 20.14
a
b Can shows the
MnO
conditions? 4 – set-up of a2+cell
ions oxidise Cl –
F––ions used
ions 4toto
oxidisingto
strongestF2measure
Cl 2 acidicthe
in
agentin acidic reducing agent
ction. 22 d a
b Can
Suggest
Can MnO
Ha+suitable
+ ions ions
oxidise oxidise
reagent Cl
F
that ions
ions to
can–3+ to F
carry Cl
3+ in in acidic
acidic
22+out each of
conditions? ofVFe ions toto4VtoFe 2 ions? positive E O value.—
ction. standard c electrode
b Can MnO H potential
ions4 – oxidise
ions oxidise the FMnO
2+ ions – ions
oxidising /Mn
3+ F
ions?in
2agent
half-cell.
acidic reducing agent
ction. 22 d bthe conditions?
cSuggest
Can Ha++suitable
following
MnO ions4oxidations
oxidise
– ions oxidise
reagent V 2+
or ions
F – ions
that to
reductions.
can Vto F
carryions?
Use
in the
acidic
out eachdata of–in 8 –
c Can
b conditions?
H+ ions
MnO 4 – ions
oxidise oxidise VFe2+ 2+ions
F – ions
ions to toVto3+
Fe Fions?
2 in
3+ Cl
ions? 2(aq) + 2e
acidic 2Cl (aq) E = +1.36 V
ction. Appendix H+2ions (page 474) to help you. –in 8
conditions? 4– 2+ – ions 3+ ions?2
ction. cthe
b
d Can MnO
following oxidise
ions
4oxidations oxidise VFeor 2+ions
Fions totoVto
reductions. FeF3+ in
ions?
2Use acidic
the data –
22 c
d conditions?
Can
Suggest H a ions
suitable oxidisereagent VFe2+ 2+ions
ions
that to to
can V 3+
Fe
carryions?
3+ Cl
ions?
out
Ag 2+(aq)
each
(aq) ++2e e– 8 2Cl
of Ag(s)(aq) EE = = +1.36
+0.80 VV
ction. 22
21 a conditions?
The
Appendix
cSuggest reduction
+2
Can Ha++suitable (page
ions oxidise of
474) Zn to 2+
VFe ions
help
2+ 2+ions to
you.
to Zn.
V 3+ ions?
3+
ction. 22 d cthe ions
Ha+suitable oxidisereagent VFe2+ ions
that to
can Fe
carry
3+ ions?
out each of
ction. 2222 d Suggestfollowing
Can oxidations increasing
reagent or2+ionsions to
reductions.
oxidising
that toV3+
can Fe
carryions?
3+Use
ions?
out the
+ eachdata e–in
++of increasing reducing
22 d cb
the
a Can following
The
Suggest ions
Ha++suitable
reduction
oxidation oxidise
oxidationsof
of Zn
Br
reagent –V2+2+
Feor 2+ions
ions
ions ions
that toto
reductions.
toyou.
Br V.Fe
Zn.
to
can carryions?
3+Use Ag
Cu
ions?
out
2+
the(aq)
(aq)
eachdata in–8 Ag(s)
of2e Cu(s) EE = = +0.34
+0.80 VV
ction Cambridge
2222 d
Appendix
the following
Can
Suggest
Appendix International
H 2 (page
ions
a+2suitable
(page
power
oxidations474)
oxidise of
reagent to
increasing
474) to
help Aions
ions/molecules
Feor 2+
2+that
help Level
reductions.
oxidising
you. to Fe
can 2
carry Chemistry
3+ Use
ions?
3+Use out the
2+each
dataofin– power of element on the
increasing reducing
gction 22 cd the
Suggest
b following
Can
The Ha ions oxidations
suitable
oxidation
reduction oxidise
onof the
reagent
Br Fe
acidified or
–left
ions reductions.
ions
(increasing
thatto
SO to
can
Br Fe
carry
2– .ions ions?
to Cu
out
SO+the (aq)
each
. data+ –2e
of in  Cu(s) E = +0.34 V right (increasing tendency
Cambridge
22
22 Hameed
Bilal
Appendix
a
the
Suggest
Appendix
a The
the
International
a 2suitable
reduction
following (page
2 (page
reduction
following
power
oxidations
tendency
oxidations
474)
of Zn
of
reagent
474)
of Zn
to
toto
2+ help
ions
2+help
gain
orions
A
ions/molecules
or that Level
you.
to
reductions.
you.
Zn.
can
4
electrons)
2 carry Chemistry
Use
to Zn. Use the data in 
reductions.
H
out (aq)
the2 each + eofin  H2(g)
data E = +0.00 V power of element on the
Electrochemistry 2
to lose electrons)
gdata 22 cSuggest a 2suitableonreagent
the––left that can
(increasing carry out
+2+each of – right (increasing tendency
ction
n.
Cambridge
Appendix
a The
d
the
b
a
the
The
Appendix
The
International
2
(page
reduction
reduction
following
oxidation
(page
reduction
following
474)
of
of
of
474)
of
Znto
oxidations
Cl
Br
Zn
oxidations to
2+help
acidified
2+ionsAtoto
ions
or
ions
help
ions
or
Level
you.
SO
to 2– ions
4Zn.
reductions.
Cl
Br
you.
to 22. .
Zn.
reductions.
Chemistry
toH
Use
Use
SO
Zn (aq)
the
+ +e–2e
2.(aq)
the data
data
in
in  HZn(s)
2(g) EE =
= –0.76
+0.00 VV
data Bilal Hameed
b The tendency
oxidation of to
Br –gain
ionselectrons)
to Br . Electrochemistry 2
to lose electrons)
ction
gction Cambridge
Appendix
a The
23 cd
Use
b The
The
Appendix International
2 (page
reduction
the reduction
cell
oxidation
2 (page
474)
voltageof
of
474) Cl
Brto
ofmethod2+
Zn––2+
ions
ions
acidified
to A
help
ions
help toLevel
you.
to
to
SOClZn.
Br2–
you. . .ionsChemistry
described
2 in
toWorked
SO
Zn2+ .(aq) + ––
EE =
gstry a The reduction of Zn ions to Zn.
The effect 22 2+ 2e + 2eof Zn(s) = –2.38
–0.76 VV
a of concentration and temperature on the value
n. b The – oxidation of Br ions to Mg 2 (aq) Mg(s)
toBr
+1.07V 42– .
cexamples The reduction 7 of acidified SO 2 ions to SO 2. parts
gstry
ction
data b The 6 and
reduction
oxidation ofmethod
above
of Zn
Br –2+ions
toionsanswer
to BrZn. .question 21,
23 cd Use the
The cell
reduction voltage of
ofacidified described
SO 42– in
2 ions to SO2+ Worked WORKED EXAMPLE
2.(aq)
ction a beof – 2+
gstry Ecell effect
The cancd The reduction
oxidation
deduced
concentration using of Zn
Clthe
and–ions ions
Nernst to toCl
temperature Zn.
22. .ions to
equation. on For
the a given –
data
+1.07V b
a toTheThe
d. oxidation
reduction of
of Br
acidified ions to
SOCl Br
42– Mg
SO . value + 2eof Mg(s) E = –2.38 V
gstry
ction
n. V
–0.80
data examples
b The oxidation
6 and 7 of
aboveCl
Br ––ions
to
ions to
answer
to Br
42– . .question 21,
2 parts WORKED EXAMPLE
ction canccd The reduction of acidified SOCl 2 ionsin
theto SO2.
2weakest
stry
n.
data
gstry
ction electrode,
E
The 23effect Use
b be
a toof
The
e.g.
the
The
d.
oxidation
areduction
cell
deduced Cu(s)/Cu
concentration voltage
using of2+method
of
Cl
Brthe
––ions to
(aq)
and
acidified ions
– ions electrode,
Nernst described
temperature
to Br 22. .ions
equation.
42–
SOoxidising to relationship
onWorked
SO For
the2..
a given
value is:
of strongest
n. V
gdata
–0.80
+1.07V 2323 cd
cell23 Use The
the
The oxidation
cell voltage
reduction ofmethod
of Cl
acidified to Cl42–
described
SO . ionsagentin
to Worked
SO 8 Calculate
WORKED the
EXAMPLE
reducingvalue of the electrode potential at 298 K
agent
gstry cancd examples The 6 and
oxidation 7 above
of2+method
Cl – to
ions answer
to 2 question 21, parts
n.are
data
+1.07V
stry
n.E —
data
electrode,
The
Ecell effect
23
Use beof
O The
examples
d
Use
e.g.
the
The
the RT
___
areduction
cell
deduced
cell
Cu(s)/Cu
concentration
6
oxidation
voltage
and using
[oxidised
voltage 7 of
above
of
______________
(aq)
and
the
acidified
Cl
method
Nernst
– form]
to
ions SOCl
electrode,
temperature
described
answer
to Cl
described
. ions
2weakest
equation.
42–
.
thein
question to
in
relationship
on SO the
Worked
For
Worked
2 value
. aparts
21, given is:
of
8 of a Cu(s)/Cu
Calculate the
strongest
2+(aq) electrode that has a concentration of
value of the electrode potential at 298 K
e–0.80
+1.07V O
23
E22 =can Ed —
to+The
a20.18 d. Standard ln 4
to oxidising agent 2 WORKED EXAMPLE
reducing agent
EFigure 7 electrode potentials for some oxidising
givenis: and reducing agents.
examples 6 and above – ionsto answer 2. question 21, aparts
n.are
data
e–0.80
n. E—
+1.07V O V
electrode,
cell
23
QUESTIONS Use
a be
to
examples
d e.g.
the
d.
The zF
RT aoxidation
deduced
cellCu(s)/Cu
6
oxidation and using
voltage
[reduced
[oxidised7
of2+method
above
of
Cl
Clthe
(aq)
–form]Nernst
form]
to
ions electrode,
answer
to
Clequation.
described
Cl 2
. the
question
in For
relationship
Worked
21, parts
289
Cu
of a2+(aq) ions2+
Cu(s)/Cu of 0.001moldm
(aq) electrode –3. E —
that O
has= potential
+0.34V
a concentration of
e–0.80 E
+1.07V — O V
23
E — 23
QUESTIONS
EUse
=values the
d.___ cell voltage
______________ method described in Worked 8 Calculate the value of the electrode at 298 K
E to+ and
ln oxidising and
—
n.E — O V Figure
electrode,
O
23 a
Use
O
examples
20.18 e.g.
the acell 6
Standard and
Cu(s)/Cuvoltage 7 above
2+
electrode
(aq)
method to answer
potentials
electrode,
described2 question
the for
in some21,
relationship
Worked parts
oxidising
is: and reducing
289 agents.
e–0.80
+1.07V
are where QUESTIONS
23 a to
examples d. zF
RTcell O6 and [reduced
[oxidised7 above form]
form]
tohalogens
answer question 21, parts Cu
of 2+(aq) ions
a Cu(s)/Cu
Substituting
8 Calculate 2+
thetheof 0.001moldm
(aq) electrode
values
value in the
of the
–3
that —
. E has
O
= potential
+0.34V
a concentration
relationship:
electrode of
at 298 K
= EUse O the voltage method described (seeinpage Worked
O V
+1.07V
e–0.80 E 23 QUESTIONS d.___ ______________
—
E
24— 24 Use
a —
to+the E— 6 values
ln for theto 474) to
24values Eand oxidising and
EE
are V reducing
O examples agents and 7 above answer (see page21,
question parts
e–0.80
4H
s Eis—2OOO(l)
+1.07V
are
—
V where is QUESTIONS
the Use
a to
examples
electrode
explain
the
d. zF
RT
___
—
O
6 values
and [reduced
[oxidised
potential 7 for the
above
______________ underform]
form]
to halogens
answer
non-standard question 474)
21,
conditions to
parts 289 of
Cu a2+Cu(s)/Cu
(aq)
Substituting ions
0.059
2+(aq) electrode that
of
the 0.001moldm
values in the –3. E has
—
O
= a concentration
+0.34V
relationship: of
e4H
–0.80 E —2OO(l) E
24 QUESTIONS
= EaUse
24 —O
to+the d. the E— —
O following:
lnvalues for the halogens (see page 474) to 289 E =2+E — O
+ _____ log10 [Cu2+(aq)]
e4H
value
–0.80
s
4H
are
E O(l)
are
is 2
V
V
O(l)
reducing
Look
Eis24
where
E —OO
—
—
QUESTIONS
24
the
is values
the
QUESTIONS
explain
back
Use
a to
aelectrode
explain at
the
d.
standard
zF
the the
Why agents
the
Figure
E and
O following:
Opotential
Ebromine
[reduced
values 20.18
electrode
following:
for
oxidising
forunder
can
form]
(page
the
potential
oxidise
286).
halogens and
non-standard
an
Note
aqueous
(see the
page following
474)
conditions
solution
to
of
as Cu (aq)
289 Substituting ionsz
0.059 of 0.001moldm
the values in
–3. E —O
=
the relationship: +0.34V
E 24 values and oxidising and
—
are2O(l) 23O Use
explain the O values
following: the halogens (see page 474) to 289 E = E — O
+ _____0.059 log10 [Cu2+(aq)]
the —values
OO24 a Why
Use of
the E Ebromine
—O—
for
values each can oxidise
forof(page
thethese an
halogens aqueous
reduction (see the solution
reactions
page 474) to ofgetsas z_____
4H
action
value
e4H are
than
is2O(l)
2 E E
Look
where
Rreducing
—
is
is—O24thevalues
isthe back
the a electrode
Usegas
explain at
iodide
standard
Why and
Figure
agents
constant,
the the potential
ions.
Ebromine
—
O oxidising
20.18
electrode
following:
values 8.314,
can underinpotential
for oxidise
the –1
J K anmol
halogens and
286).
non-standardNote
aqueous–1
(see page following
conditions
solution 474) to of 289 E = +0.34
Substituting +
0.0592the log
values (0.001)
10 2+ the relationship:
in
E 24— values
reducing and
agents oxidising and 289 E = E — + _____ log10 [Cu (aq)]
O
sare
e4H than more
OO24
explain
a
negative.
Use iodide
Why
the the Oions.
Ebromine
O— following:
values can
forofoxidise
the an
halogens aqueous (see solution
page 474) of
to z0.059
–2O(l) values and oxidising and
RE
the values of E —
for each these reduction reactions gets _____
action
Os
evalue
4H is
than ions
4 –2O(l)
E
T reducing
—
is
is—
Look Oisthe
thethe belectrode
explain
a
back gas standard
kelviniodide
Why agents
the
constant,
at potential
ions.
temperature
Figure
bromine electrode
following: does
8.314,
20.18 can undernot
in
(page potential
oxidise J non-standard
–1
react
K 286).
an molwith
Note
aqueous–1 chloride
the conditions
ions.of as
following
solution 289 E = +0.34 +
0.059
_____ log 10 (0.001)
E OO values and oxidising and E = +0.34
—
+ – 0.0892 log= +0.25V
[Cu 2+(aq)]
reducing at agents
E O
eO 289
4 – ions
s than
is explain
b Why
a iodide the ions.
following: does(page not react with chloride ions.of as 0.059 10
bromine can oxidise an aqueous solution E = +0.34 + z_____
— back
eO
so
value
snsthan
is toions E
zR■
T
Look
E
more
reducing
—
isis—
the
Look O25The
is values
the negative.
the
values b
a species
Use
back gas standard
kelviniodide
Why
of and
Figure
Eagents
on
constant,
the
at
O ions.
bromine
—
data the
for
temperature
Figure in oxidising
20.18
left
electrode
each8.314,ofof(page
does
can
Appendix
20.18 the
in
not
oxidise
these 2equation
potential –1
J react
K an
(page and
286).
mol
Note
with
aqueous
reduction
286). 474)
Note become
–1 the
inchloride
tothe
the
following
weaker
solution
reactions
answer ions.ofgetsas
following 2 =log 10 (0.001)
action
value
eOsns
action
so
4 –to
4 – ions
than
is E
reducing
the
Look
25
the
25 values
values b
a number
Use
back
oxidising iodide
Why
the
of
at E and
Oof
agents
data
—
Figure
agents. ions.
bromine for in oxidising
electrons does
can
Appendix
each
20.18
They of
transferred
not
oxidise
these
(page
accept 2 react
an
(page and
286).
electrons with
aqueous
474)
reduction
Note chloride
to
less theanswerreaction
solution
reactions ions.
following
readily. ofgetsas
E
Note how–log
= +0.34 0.089
0.059
_____ +0.25V
10 [oxidised form] changes the sign of the
value
eOsns
action than
is toions zT
F reducing
Rmore
theis25
Look
■
is
is the
The
values
the
the these
Use
back gas
species
bnumber
negative.
kelvin
value
iodide
Why
of
the
at Eagents
questions.
constant,
of on
— ions.
bromine the
for
temperature
data
Figure
O
Oof
the each8.314,
left
inFaraday
Appendix
20.18
electrons in
ofof(page
does the
not
these K –1
J react
2equation
(page
transferred
constant mol
reduction
286). 474)
Note
–1
inbecome
with Cchloride
in to the
the
mol weaker
reactions
answer ions. getsas
following
reaction
–1
E =
second
E
+0.34
= +0.34
+
term
–log in
0.0892 thelog 10 (0.001)
equation:
= +0.25V
value
eOsns
action
value
4 –to
than
is ions reducing
the2525
more
Look values
The these
bspecies
negative.
Use
back
oxidising
iodide
Why
the
of
at Eagents
questions.
data
—
Figure
on ions.
bromine for
thein each
20.18 does
Appendix
right of
Chapterof not
these
(pagethe 2 react
(page with
474)
reduction
286).
equation
Fe20: Note chloride
to the
become answer
reactions
Electrochemistry
ions.
following
stronger getsas
Note how 10 [oxidised form] changes the sign of the
4 –
atagents. O ionsThey , accept electrons less readily.
■
Os is
ns4–to ions zT theisis25
more
Look the
values these
b
a kelvin
negative.
back Why
Ofof questions.
the bromine
temperature
EFigure for Ag
20.18
each
+does
Cr 2+not
ofof(page and
these react
286).2+,with
which
Note chloride
one
the ions. getsas
needs
following
Fereduction reactions is 1 moldm–3,
—
so is the Use the data inFaraday
Appendix 2equation
(page 474) to answer second –log
theterm in the equation:
action anumber Oof electrons transferred in the reaction E = +0.34
If how 0.089
concentration= +0.25V
value F is the value of the constant in Cmore
mol –1
4H
O ns
so4 2O(l)
ction.
action O(l)
toions lnmore
■
Look
the25
The
25 the
reducing
values b
Use natural
species
these
negative.
back Why
Ofthe
at
of E on
questions.
thedata
agents.
Figure
— logarithm
bromine
ions the
for Ag
inThey left
+does
Appendix
20.18
each of the
2+
, release
Cr not
(page and
these react
2equation
(page 2+,with
electrons
286). which
474)
Note
reduction become
chloride
to one
theanswer weaker
ions. getsas
needs
readily.
following
reactions
Note
■
10 [oxidised form] changes the sign of the
4H
value
ns 2to The species
these
a the on
strongest
questions.
Eof the right
left
+Chapter
of of
reducing the
2+
, accept
Cr the
and equation
Fe20:
agent 2+ to become
Electrochemistry
become
reduce it stronger
weaker
to
the is25values Of the
ofagents. ionsfor Ag
each ofof these 2+,, to
which
reduction one needs
reactions gets
■ —
so
action
4Hns O(l)
to Fmore
z[oxidised]
ln is
is the
the
Thethenegative.
oxidisingUse
number
value
natural
species
these
the
the
refers
data
O
Oof
on the
questions.
inThey
logarithm
strongest
to the Appendix
electrons
Faraday
the +reducing
left the
concentration
2+ 2equation
constant(page
transferred
electrons
agent 474)
in
of in
C to
less
reduce
become
the the
mol answerreaction
readily.
–1
it
oxidised to form
weaker second
Note
■ log [oxidised
10term
If how
the log10 theform]
in[oxidised
concentration is 10 moldm
equation:
is
form] and E =–E3,—
changes
O
.the sign of the
=4H so+1.52
action V the
more
■
25
24 25
values a
Use
negative.
reducing
oxidising Ofthe
of
metal the
E data
—
agents. ionsfor
atoms? in Ag
each
They ,
AppendixCrof
release
accept and
these 2 Fe
(page which
474)
reduction
electrons
electrons to
more
less one
answer needs
reactions
readily.
readily. gets
=ction.
so+1.52
2O(l)
V Cu
more
■ will
The
The not
species
these
negative.
a the
Of reduceon
strongest
questions.
the ions the Zn Ag 2+
leftChapter
, ions
of
+reducing
Cr the
2+ to
and Zn.
equation
agent
Fe 20:
2+So
, toElectrochemistry
whichhow
become
reduce can
one it we
weaker
to
needs reduce
–1 stronger secondlog [oxidised
10term in theform] is 1less
equation: 0 moldm
and than – —
E = E1,moldm
O
. –3,
F aspecies metal on tothe
atoms? right ofof the equation become 3
■ is the
oxidising value of
agents. the Faraday
They , accept constantelectrons inbecomeC
lessmol readily. If the concentration is
2
=4H O(l) ln
in is
the
[oxidised]Thethe natural
half-equation.
these
speciesthe questions.
refers on logarithm
strongest the the +reducing
left the
concentration agent
equation , to
of reduce
the itweaker
oxidised to form
■ 2+
so 2O(l)V
+1.52 more The negative.
oxidising speciesOf the on
agents. ions the Ag
They right Cr of
accept and
the Fe2+
equation
electrons which one
become
less readily.needs
stronger
■
=4H 4H +1.52
so+1.36
ction. V Zn
■ 2+
The
Cu Fortunately
■ will
reducing b
ions? species
not
aspecies metal
Of
the
Of Thethe
reduce
theonon
agents. atoms?
atoms
answer
strongest
ions the Zn Ag
They left
2+
+Chapter
Ag,
is of Cr
to
reducing
ions 2+
, release
Cr and
react
the Fe,
toequation
and Zn.
Fe 20:
the
equation
agent 2+
electronswhich
, Zn
SotoElectrochemistry
whichhow
2+ one
become
reduceions
more can
one needs
itwith
weaker
to
we
needs
readily. the
a
reduce ■ log If the [oxidised form] is 1negative 0 moldm
and E =and
–E —
O
. E is less
13,moldm –3,
2O(l) ln
■ is
in
■
the
[oxidised]The
oxidising
the b metal
Of
natural
the
half-equation.
aspecies agents.
refersthe fortothe
atoms?
atoms
logarithm
strongest They
us,
the right
Ag,
for
left of aof
accept
Cr
+reducing the
and
metal/metal
the
concentration
2+
, release
Cr and equation
electrons
Fe,
Feto2+which
agent ofbecome
, to
which become
less
one
ion
reduce
the readily.
needs
electrode, stronger
weaker
itan
oxidised to the we
form 10 concentration is less than
=4H so+1.36
+1.52
ction. 2O(l) V stronger
■ 2+
reducing
The
oxidisingb
Of
metal
reducing
Of
the
the
agents.
strongest
the on
agents. ions
atoms?
atoms
strongest the Ag
They
oxidising
They
agent, right
Ag,
left of ofthe
accept
which
Cr
reducing agent
the
and electrons
equation
electrons
should
Fe,
equation
agent oxidise
which
to havemore
one
become
reduce
2+ itone
become
less to
readily.
anneeds
it
needs
readily.
E —Oion?
stronger
weaker
to value
the positive than E —
O
.
=ction. +1.52
+1.36 V Zn
■
ions?
QUESTION
reducing
oxidising The
agents.
strongest answer They
oxidisingis to
release
accept react
agent the
electrons
toways:Zn
oxidise ions
moreitcan
to with
readily.
itan ion?a log
■ If the [oxidised form] is negative
0 and
10 concentration less than 1 moldm , E = and
E —
O
. E is less
–3
=mes
2
+1.52
+1.36
more
ction. V can
Cuthe
[oxidised]
in
■ The
oxidising
The
bspecies
simplify
will
Fortunately notOf
species
metal
the
refers
half-equation.
reducing the
this on
agents.
strongest
metal on
atoms?
atoms
strongest
reduce forto
atoms?
the
equation
the Zn
us,
the
They
right
Ag,
2+
for
oxidising aof
Cr
reducing
ions
concentration
right release
accept
of
the
andtoelectrons
inmetal/metal
three
agent
the
equation
Fe,
agent
Zn.
electrons
to
electrons
equation
which
Soto
ofhow
oxidise
less
become
one
reduce
ion
the
more
less
2+ it
become
readily.
needs
electrode,
oxidised
to
stronger
to
we
readily.
readily.an
the
reduce
Oion?
stronger we
form
+1.52 V
more more
CuQUESTION
stronger
■ negative
b
willbspecies not Of
reducing the
reducethan
atoms Znthe
agent, 2+
Ag, E —O
Cr
ions
whichvalue
and for
Fe,
to electrons
Zn.
should Zn
which
So how
have /Zn.
oneitcan
an In
needs Ewe —
Figure
the
reduce
value ■ log positive
If the
the than
concentrationE —
O
. is less
greater than 1E moldm–3, –3,
=ction. +1.36 Zn
can
in
Cuthe
■ reducing
The
2+ ions?
simplify metal
Of
half-equation.
Fortunately
will not
agents.
strongest
Thethe
this
reduceon atoms?
atoms
answer
for the They
oxidising
equation
us,
Zn 2+isrelease
right
Ag,
for to
a
ionsof
Cr in agent
the
and
react
three
metal/metal
to Zn. toways:
equation
Fe,
the oxidise
which
SoZn how2+more
become
one
ion ions to readily.
needs an
with
electrode,
can we ion?
stronger
the
a10we
reduce ■ If 10 [oxidised
concentration form] is negative
than and
1 moldm is less
=mes the
+1.36 V
more
ction. 20.18
26 reducing
The
26
The
2+ we natural
The
species
bnot see
Of agents.
half-cell
strongest
that
the logarithm,
on atoms the
the They right
oxidising release
ln, of
half-equation
Ag, is related
the
agent
Crvalueand electrons
equation
Fe,to Mgto log
oxidise
which 2+ 2+more
to
become
/Mg
oneit the
to readily.
has
needs base
an stronger
ion?
aion?
more
the by log [oxidised
than Eform] is greater
positivethanand
Zn ions? The answer isErelease
to react the Znhow ions with a andE1Eis ismore
■ 2+
Cu will reduce Zn ions to electrons
Zn. So 2+
itcan we reduce less –3,
—
=ction.the
more
+1.36 V more
■
negative
reducing
QUESTION bnot Of than
agents.
strongest
the atoms the
They
oxidising
Ag,
—O
Cr agent
and for
Fe, Zn
toways:
oxidise
which /Zn.
more
one to In
readily.
needs an Figure
the ■ positive
If the
log 10 concentration
10 [oxidised form]
O
. is negative moldm
=mesectrons
+1.36 V
the
more
ction. stronger
can
Zn
Cu Fortunately
2+
thesimplify
will ions?
reducing
The
26 reducing
relationship
natural Thethis
reduce
agents.
strongest for
answer
logarithm, agent,
us,
equation
Zn
They for
2+
oxidisingis which
a
to
ions in
release
ln, metal/metal
is three
reactto
related
agent should
Zn.the
electrons
to So
toZn have
how
log
oxidise ion
2+ ions
more
to an
can
the
itcan
to E
electrode,
with
we
—
readily.
base
an
O
value
a
reduce
10 we
by
The half-cell aion?
—
negative E value. So
+ Mg
Ois react
ato suitable positive than E .. is
Eform]
O
+reducing Eagent.
—
O
ectrons
the
more
■
stronger
Zn
How26
20.18
Cu 2+
will ions?
we
QUESTION Cr reducing
not
does see Thethat
reduce
2–
Ostrongest +theanswer
14H theagent,
Znvalue
2+
6e
oxidising –which
isions
to
+half-equation of
agent should
Zn.
E
2Crthe
—
toOMg
3+SoZn
vary
oxidise have
2+
how
7H2+ ions
2+/Mg
2O
an has
with
itcan
to with
anwe
—O
value
a
more
reduce
ion
ion? log
■ positive
If 10 [oxidised
the than
concentration
—
O
is greater
positivethanand E1is more –3,
moldm
more negative than the isEln, value for Zn /Zn. In Figure
—
ed
mes
ectrons
more
the forless can
stronger
Cu
Zn
How
2+
ln
the
The
26simplify
willxions? 2reducing
not
does
=natural
2.303
relationship
The this
reduce
7The
half-cell answer
the
log
logarithm,equation
agent,
xZnvalue
2+
Oin
which
ions
to is three
react
ofto should
related Zn.
E the
—Oways:
So
toZn
vary have
how
log
2+
2+ ions
to an
with
the Ebase
we
with
—
O value
O
reduce
a10 by
ion positive than E —
O
.
more negative than the isE+1.33
Oisvalue for Zn /Zn. anIn Figure
2+ —
ectrons
more
■
Cu
Zn 26
stronger
negative2+
will ions? reducing
E
not —
O
reduce
Thevalue. answer10
agent,
Zn
So
+
Mg –which
ions
to aof
reactto should
Zn.
suitable the 3+So have
how2+
+reducing
Zn can
ions Eagent.
we
with
—
O value
reduce
a ■ log 10 [oxidised
If the concentration form] is is greater
positivethanand E1is more –3,
moldm
ed
the
fthe
ectrons
mes forless How
concentration?
20.18
more
Zn
stronger
How Zn 2+
At
ln 2+
x we Crdoes
negative
ions?
has
(aq)
standard
=
Oan
see
2reducing
does
2.303
2–
7The
+
+—
that
e the
O
the
log
14H
than
–answer the
value
Etemperature value
the
agent,
x
+half-equation
valueof6e
isE
Zn(s) to
—
which
the value
react E
2Cr
V. should
of should
values Efor
—
for
the
—
O
OMg
of vary
Zn
Zn
vary
R,
7H
2+ 2+
2+
have
T 2O
/Mg
/Zn.
ions
and with
an has
with
F In
E with
E
are O—
— a= ion
more
Figure
a
value
ion
–0.76
constant V
fthe
ectrons
■
■ 20.18
Zn
stronger
How
the
concentration?
The
26
26 ions?
more 2+ werelationship
Cr
natural
The
negative
does see
O
half-cell
2–that
The
reducing +
logarithm,
than
answer
the14H the
10 +the
agent,
value
+ is
6e
ln,
half-equation
E–which
to
—O is
O value
related
react
of E
2Crthe
—OMg
3+to
Zn
Zn
vary
+
log
2+ 2+
2+
have
7H
to
/Mg
/Zn.
ions
O
the
an has
with In base
with
E —
a more
Figure
O
a10
value
ion
by Feasibility positive
log predictions
than Eform]
[oxidised
—
O
based
. is positive and Eon E
is more
—
O
don’t
+0.54V
feddeforless
ectrons
mes concentration?
negative
20.18
stronger
more
In
How Zn Chapter
For
At
the
ln x
2+
concentration?
we
negative
a has
a 2Esee
—
O
an78value.
reducing
Suggest
metal/metal
does
standard
relationship
= 2.303
(aq) + that
E than
—
O
(pages
the
temperature
log
e – the
valuehow
xSo
agent,
the
ion Mg
of
the
119–123)
value E —
is
half-equation
which
+1.33
electrode,
Zn(s) the a
value
value
of suitable
V.we
values should
of
E for
E
saw
e.g.—OMg
—
O
of Zn reducing
2+
changes
that
vary
R, T2+
have/Mg
/Zn.
2the
and an has
if
with
F InEagent.
the
—
a
position
are
E — more
value
OFigure
O
other
O=ion
constant
–0.76 V Feasibility
10
predictions based on E don’t
— —
O
always work!
■ positive than E O
.
fdefor
ectrons negative
20.18
stronger
more
In Chapterwe
negative Esee
—
O
reducing
O8 value.
that than
(pages the
10 So
agent,
+
the Mg
119–123) is
+half-equation
which
EMg(s)
—
O value
O
a suitable
weshouldfor
saw Mg Zn reducing
+that
2+ 2+
have/Mg
/Zn.
the an has agent.
InE Figure
—
a=more
position value
How Mg 2+
does
(aq) 7+ the
+2e –
value –
aof E —O
vary 2O with isE ion
–2.38 V
2– 3+ —
Cr Ospecies 14H 6e 2Cr 7H O
ed
mes
fdefor
+0.54V less
292 ■ concentration?
negative
more
20.18
How
of an
In Cu
Chapter
For
ln
At2+ negative
we
2+ has 2E
=(aq)
does see
equilibrium
aa
xstandard
concentration? 2.303
—
an
O+ 8value.
Suggest
metal/metal that
E2e than
—
the
O
(pages
log
temperaturethe
+value
arexSo
how the
value
reaction
ion Mg
of
kept
the
119–123)E —
isvalue
half-equation
+1.33
at
Cu(s)
electrode,
the 1.00
is
value of suitable
V.
the mol
affected
we
values ofE for
E—
saw
e.g. OO Zn
Mg
reduced
—
dm
of vary
by–3
changes
that
R,
2+
reducing
2+ /Zn.
T2+/Mg
but:
form
the
and with
changes In
Fifhas agent.
the
the Figure
aconstant
position
are more
metal.
ion
other
Feasibility predictions based O on E
—
O
don’t
–0.80V negative
more negative E value.
than Sothe Mg E is a
value suitable for Zn reducing
2+ /Zn. In agent.
OFigure
always work!
— —
edfde 20.18
ofMg
In ZnanChapterwe (aq) see
equilibrium O+ 8 that
(pages
e – the
10 half-equation
reaction
119–123)
Zn(s)
O
is affected
we saw Mg by
that /Mg
changes
the has a
position
E —
= more
–0.76 V The feasibility of a reaction based on E —
values is no
concentration?2+ (aq) + 2e – Mg(s) E = –2.38 V
—
O
20.18 we 2+
edfde
mes for less
292 negative
in
of
In ZnanThe
At 2+
Chapter
For has
concentration,
Cu 2+ (aq)Esee
concentration
equilibrium
a a
standard
(aq)
—
an
species
O+
Suggest
8
metal/metal
+ that
value.
E2e —
O
– +
temperature
(pages
e the
value
are So half-equation
of
reaction
how ion Mg
of
temperature
kept the
the
119–123) +1.33
at
Cu(s) metal
isis
the
value
electrode,
Zn(s) athe
1.00 V. does
suitable
and
mol
affected
values
we of E
saw
e.g. Mg
reduced
—
dm
of
O not
R,by–3
pressure.
changes
that T /Mg
change.
reducing
but:
form
changes
and
the F has
Redox
ifisare
Ethe So
the a
agent.
position
—
O more
metal.
constant
=other
–0.76 V Feasibility predictions based on E —
don’t
2–
=–0.80V
ed +2.87
fde
+0.54V for V
■
concentration?
Zn
20.18
negative
in
of
In
2+ is
we
concentration,
anChapter theE
equilibrium
Electrochemistry
Zn 2+ i
see — [Cr
better
that
value.
8value.
(pages
– Othe So ]
oxidising is
temperature
reaction Mg increased
half-equation
2119–123) is agent.
a suitable
we and
isa affected It
saw Mgis more
2+/Mglikely
reducing
pressure.
by
that changes
the has
Redox a
agent.
position
E to
moreaccept always work! onBilal Hameed
O
a(aq) + e–++–are Zn(s) =other
–0.76 V
—
=+0.54V the aratio
O[oxidised
EiiSuggest
2 7
form]/[reduced form] –3 can be
O
written guarantee
The thatof
feasibility a reaction
a reaction will proceed
based E quickly.
—
O
values Itis only
no tells
deforlessV
+2.87 negative So Mg ismetal suitable reducing agent.
—
ed
mes for 292 ■ in
In
of Zn
MganThe
equilibria
Cu2+ 2+
Chapter
For 2+ concentration
concentration,
(aq)
equilibrium
(aq)
(aq) i are
O+ 8
metal/metal
species
++ 2e
eno
(pages
2e
[Cr O how ion of
different.
temperature
reaction
2–
2+ ] is the
the
119–123)
keptZn(s) at
Cu(s)
Mg(s)
increasedWhen
value
electrode, 1.00
is thewe ofdoes
and
molEwe
saw
e.g. O not
—
reduced
affected dm compare
pressure.
changes
that
by change.
the
but:
form
changes ifRedox
isEtheOSo
the
position
the
—
= voltage
metal.
–0.76
–2.38 V
=+0.54V
ed +2.87 V
de electrons
negative
Zn 2+
equilibria
in
In
of is
concentration,
anChapter
2+ theE
equilibriumthan
—
are8 [H
value.
better noMg
(pages
– ] is
2–different. ions.
decreased
So
oxidising
temperatureMg
119–123)
7reaction Mg
2+is a
agent.
When
is is
we the
suitable
and
affected It
we
saw better
is reducing
more
compare
pressure.
that
by reducing
the likely
changes Redox agent.
the
position toagent.
accept
voltage always
us that work!
a reaction
Zn
Mg 2+
[oxidised (aq)
(aq)species++ e2e
form],
+ half-cell, e.g. Zn(s)
[Cu Mg(s)(aq)]
isE –0.76 V
=voltage
–2.38 guarantee thatof aisreaction
a reactionpossible, willand that
proceedon Ethe reverse
quickly. reaction
Itis only
no tells
O
—
=+0.54V
ed+2.87
–0.80V lessV the
The 2+ratio [oxidised
concentration 2–form]/[reduced form] –3 can be written The feasibility based —
O
values
mes +1.36
for 292 of
inMgisaaan
equilibria
Zn Cu standard
2+ (aq)
equilibrium
concentration,
2+ (aq)
(aq) are++2e eno
2e +]–Ois
–+3+ ]of
different.
are kept
reaction
temperature the
X,
Cu(s)
isZn(s)
Mg(s)metal
atwith
When
1.00
is the does
amolstandard
we
reduced
affected
is—Oand
dm not
compare
by
pressure. change.
but:
formhydrogen
changes Ethe
Redox OSo
the metal.
–0.76
agent.V
O = –2.38
—
=–0.80V +1.36 V
+2.87 It
electrons
of
equilibria
an more
standard
equilibrium ilikely
ii
iii
than
are [Cr
[H – 2to
Mg
half-cell,
no release
]e.g.
is
72+decreased
–different.
reaction increased
increased.
ions. X, 2+electrons
Mg
with
When
is a the
affected than
better
standard
we compare
by Zn.
reducing
hydrogen
changes the voltage
+0.54V in
Zn Zn
Mg concentration,
2+ 2+
2+
[oxidised
is (aq)
(aq)
the + e
form],
+
better 2e temperature
oxidising Zn(s)
[Cu Mg(s)(aq)]
agent. and pressure.
Itpressure.
isnot more Redox
likelyE
—
—
O
= –0.76
–2.38 V does
us
The not
that
guarantee a occur.
reaction
feasibility
that of
aSome
ais
reaction reactions
possible,
reaction and
based
will are
proceedonfeasible,
that Ethe
—
O
values
quickly. but
reverse they
is
It reaction
no tells
only
=toIfaccept
the
The ratio [oxidised
concentration form]/[reduced form] can be written
=–0.80V
mes
+0.54V +2.87
so+2.87 V
+1.36 electrode,
of
in aconcentration,
equilibria
Zn standard
2+ (aq) we
are++[H are
half-cell,
eno–+3+ ]of
]measuring
temperature
different. the
X,
Zn(s) metal
with
When E —Oand does
for
aagent, the
standard
we compare change.
half-cell
ithydrogen
Redox
EtheOSo
X. we V
voltage
–0.76
—
Zn Mg So
Nitric
2+ the
2+
is (aq)
the relationship
ilikely
acid
ii
iii better 2e
[Cr
is ]––Ogood
a2to 2–becomes:
oxidising
is decreased Mg(s)
isoxidising
increased agent. It is but
more will
likely not –2.38
oxidise
to accept
=–0.80V
+0.54V +1.36
+1.07 V It
of
in is
electrode,
Mga more
2+
[oxidised
the ratio
2+ b
standard
concentration,
equilibria we
What
are [Cr
are
form],
(aq) [oxidised effect
half-cell,
no release
is
72+
e.g.
+ 2e form]/[reduced
increased.
measuringwould
temperature
different. [Cu X, 2+electrons
each
with
When
(aq)] E aof
andfor
Mg(s) O form] can beEwritten
—
than
the
these
standard
we pressure.
compare Zn.
half-cell
concentration
hydrogen
Redox OX.
the If we
voltage
— = –2.38 V
—
proceed
does not
guarantee so slowly
occur.
that aSome that
reaction they
reactions do
will not
are
proceed seem
feasible,
us that a reaction is possible, and that the reverse reaction to
quickly.be
but taking
Itthey
onlyplace.
tells
 so more
F
■ is the
= +0.34
Ethese
aspecies
negative. Ofquestions.
the –+ ions
0.089
0.059 2 Ag =log Chapter
+0.25V10 (0.001)
, Cr and Fe20: Electrochemistry
2+,, which one–1weaker needs second
If theterm is 1 moldm–3,
in the equation:
concentration
tion
4H
so 2O(l) ln
moreisThe
the E a=value
Note
thesenatural
negative. +0.34
Ofhow theof–on
+log
questions. the
_____
logarithm
0.089
ions the2 Faraday
left
102[oxidised
Ag =log of
++0.25V
, Cr the
10 2+ constant
form]
and
10 (0.001)
equation Fechanges in
which Cthe
become mol
one sign needs of the ■
4H
tion 2O(l) ■ The Note
E species
= +0.34
aspecies the
how on
strongest
log
– ions
0.089 the left
[oxidised Chapter
= ++0.25V
+ of
reducing the
2+
,equation:
Cr form]
and equation
agentFe20:
changes
2+ toElectrochemistry
become
reduce the it
sign weaker
toof the
Ofagents.
the Ag 2+,, to
which one needs ■ log
If the[oxidised form] is and E =–E3,—
is 10 moldm .
O
so
4H ■ isoxidising
second term–on They
inthe the accept electrons less readily. concentration
2O(l) ln the
tion
=4H
so+1.52 V The
[oxidised] E a
Note =natural
+0.34
the
refers
Ofhow thestrongest
log logarithm
0.089
to
ions 10
the Ag = reducing
left
[oxidised +0.25V
, of 2+
Cr the
concentration and
form] agent
equation Fe changes of
which reduce
become
the the itweaker
oxidised
one sign toof the
needs form 10
=tion 2O(l)
+1.52 V ■ oxidising
The second
E
Note = +0.34
species metal
the
how agents.
term–on atoms?
0.089
strongest
log inThey
the
10 the
left
[oxidised accept
equation:
= reducing
+0.25V
ofofthe form] electrons
equation
agent changes to–becomeless
3reduce thereadily. itweaker
sign to of the log E = E1 — –3,
10 [oxidised form] is
is less
0 and .
O
tion in The
■ oxidising speciesIfmetal
thetheagents. on atoms?
concentration
strongest the Theyright accept
reducing the
is 1 equation
electrons
moldm
agent to , become
less
reduce readily.
it stronger
to If the concentration than moldm
■ the half-equation.
=tion +1.52 V [oxidised] second
Note
■ how
refers term log tothe in
10the
10 the
[oxidised equation:
concentration form] changes of–3 the the sign
oxidised of the
form ■
The■ bspecies
oxidising Ifmetal
Of theagents.
the on atoms?
atoms
concentration Theyright
Ag, of is
accept
Cr the
and equation
electrons
Fe,changes
which become
less
one readily.
needs stronger
ofthe
=ction.+1.52 V
+1.36 second
Note
reducing
The species
second
■ Fortunately
in the b log how
metal
Of
half-equation.
If the
term
agents. log
on
[oxidised
term
the atoms?
atoms
for
concentration
inThey
the
in
10
us,
the
[oxidised
right
the form]
Ag,
for
equation:
release
equation:
Cr
a is 110 moldm
form]
ofmetal/metal
the
and
is
electrons
equation
andFe,
moldm E =–E3,,—
which O
.theelectrode,
more
become
ionone
sign
readily.
needs strongerthe 9
the we ■ log 10 [oxidised
If the form] is
concentration is less
negative
thanand E is less
1 moldm –3,
=ed +1.36
ction.formV ■ The reducing
■
bspecies
second log
Of agents.
10
strongest
the onatoms
[oxidised
term They
inoxidising
the right
the form]
Ag, release
of agent
equation:
Cr the
and electrons
equation
is 10 moldm
andFe, towhich
Eoxidise
=––E3,— —
O more
. it to
become
one readily.
needsanstronger
ion?the positive —
than Eform]
O
. is negative and E is less
=ed+1.36
ction.formV QUESTION
reducing
■
b If
IfOf the
theagents.
strongest
10
the concentration
atoms
concentration They
oxidising
Ag, release
Cr is
agent
and
is less electrons
Fe, to oxidise
which
than 13,O more
one
moldm it to readily.
needsan
– 3, ion? the log10 [oxidised
=ed
mes +1.36
more
ction.formV can simplify
Cu Fortunately
will notstrongest
■
reducing log this
reduce[oxidised
10 for us,
agents. equation
Zn
They form]
2+ ions
forrelease
oxidising in is three
10
a metal/metal and
moldm
to electrons
Zn. ways:
ESo = E howion.
more can
electrode,
toreadily.
– 3we reduce we
Ifstrongest
the concentration ionsagent
is less to
thanoxidise
–E13,2+ . Eit
moldm an , ion?
2+ —
ed moreform CuQUESTION
will
2+
■ not log
log reduce[oxidised
10 [oxidised Zn
oxidisingform]
form] isto
agent
is 0 moldm
0 and
and
Zn.
1negative to ESo =and
= E1how
oxidise
ESo
O
—
O
. ions can
itis tolessan
– 3we ion?reduce ■ positive than E —
O
If the concentration. is greater than 1 moldm–3,
ode,
ed the
more
mes we
form Zn
can
Cu will
The ions?
simplify
■ not
naturalIf The
the 10this
reduce answer
concentration
logarithm, equation
Zn 2+is
Oln,
to
ionsin react
is
isis three
to
less
isrelated Zn. the ways:
than Zn
toZn how
log moldm
.to can
the with
–basewe
, a
reduce
26 The Ifhalf-cell
10 [oxidised ZnE2+form] negative =and Eionsis less a10 by
—
Cu25
■ 26
Zn 2+ ions? log 0 and ESo E1howO
2+ log [oxidised form] is greater
positivethan
and E1is more –3,
will If The answer is— .to react the –with
■ not reduce ions isto Zn. can 3weO reduce
the concentration less than moldm 3,
ode,
ed the
more we
form positive
log than ■ If the
10 concentration is moldm
stronger the
reducing 10 [oxidised
concentration agent, form]
O which negative
less should than and
1have
moldm Eionsisanless Ebase,—
O value
Zn 2+ ions? The answer is to react the Zn 2+ with a10 by
ectrons
ode, thewe the
The
26
■relationship
natural
The positive
loghalf-cell logarithm, than E —
.
ln, is related to log to the – 3 positive than E —
O
.
stronger
26 ions? If
■Cr reducing the 10 [oxidised
concentration agent, form]
is—O .–which is negative
less should than and
17H moldm
have EO isan less E,—O–value
2+ 2+ —
ectrons Zn
■
The answer +
to
O react the 3+ Zn ions with 3,a log10 [oxidised form] is positive and E is more
ode,
ode,
thewe
10we
ectrons
mes less How
more
How
■does
ln xnegative
stronger
the =does
O
If
log
reducing
2.303
2
■relationship
7
If the
2–
the
positive +
10 log the
than
the
14H
concentration
[oxidised
concentration
than value
x+the
agent,+
value
E 6e
form]E.which of
is
O value
— greater
negative
ofgreater
is
E
2Cr
Efor
should
—
—
O
O vary
+
than
Zn and
vary
than
2+
have /Zn.
2 1E with
moldm
is less
iswith InE —
anless Figureion
O value
–3,
ion
E211EOismoldm
—
se by more negative positive
log 10 [oxidised
than than the Eform]
O
E.–which negative and 2+/Zn. positive than E — O
.
O value for 3+ Zn InE Figure
—
ectrons stronger
How does reducing the
10 agent,
value of should —
vary have an
with –value
E 3ion
ode, we ■Cr log
positive
Oan 2– [oxidised
+— 14H than form]
E6e —
O
+half-equation is positive
2Cr O +and 7H more
se
f
mes 10 by
less concentration?
20.18
more
How At we
negative
has
ln x■=does
standard
concentration?
■
20.18 we
If
see
2.303
2 log 7the
positive
If
see the
10that
E concentration
than
O
the value
temperature
log
[oxidised
that concentration
the
than
thethe
the
x value of
E form]
— E
O .—
O
half-equation
—
+1.33
the
O is
is
value
of
is greater
V.
values
positive
greater E for
—O Mg
of
for—OMg
than
Zn
vary
R,2+
and
than
2+
2+
T /Mg
/Zn.
and
E 1
moldm
is Fhas
with
more
moldm
In
are a 3,
–more
Figure
3ion
constant
, Feasibility predictions based on E —O don’t
2+/Mg has a–more
se more negative positive than than —
Eform] E. value Zn 2+ /Zn. In Figure
f 10 by log
If the
10
[oxidised
10
concentration isV.suitable
is positive
greater and
than E1is more
moldm ,
fde10
se by concentration?
negative
20.18
In we
Chapter
■has
Forstandard
At
concentration?
■ Esee
log
If
—O
an
positive
aametal/metal
Suggest
8
the value.
10that —
E(pages
O
value
temperature
[oxidised
concentrationthe
than
howSo EMg
half-equation
of
the
119–123)
ion —
O
is
+1.33
. value
electrode,
form] the a
is
is we
values of
positive
greater e.g.E
saw Mg
of reducing
changes
that
R,
and
than T /Mg
and
E 1 the
is Fhas
if
more
moldm theagent.
position
are a more
other
constant
– 3 , Feasibility predictions based on E —O don’t
se
fde10forby negative we Esee value. So119–123)
EMg O is a suitable reducing agent. always work!
— 2+/Mg has
ed 20.18
In Chapter ■ O
O8
positive
log 10that
(pages
[oxidised the
than half-equation
—
form] . is we positive saw Mgandthat Ethe is more position a more
se
eddeforby
mes 10
for
onstant less
292 negative
of Cu
an
In Chapter
■ For 2+
aa (aq)E
equilibrium
—
species
+
Suggest
positive
log value.
10 2e +
O8 (pages 119–123)
metal/metal [oxidised are
how
than So
ionkept
reaction EMg
the is
at
Cu(s)
value
electrode,
—
O
form] . a
1.00
isis suitable
the
affected
of mol
reduced
we saw that
positivee.g.E —
O
dm reducing
by–3
changes
and but:
form
changes
E ifis
the position
is more theagent.
the metal.
other
edde
onstant Feasibility
negative
ofZn
In an
Chapter
2+ (aq) Epositive
equilibrium
—
+ e––predictions
810value.
(pages than So119–123)
reaction EMg —
O
Zn(s) . isisa affected
suitable
wedoes based
saw not reducing
by
that on the E
changes position
E —
O—
O
agent. =don’t
–0.76 V always work!
The feasibility of a reaction based on E values is no
—
O
ed
mes for
onstant
=+0.54V
less
292
+2.87 V Feasibility
inZn
of The
Cu2+
an concentration
concentration,
2+ (aq)
equilibrium
(aq) positive
species
i ++ 2e e
[Cr predictions
+O 2–]of
temperature
than
are kept
reactionis the
O metal
—
EZn(s) .at is
Cu(s)
increased1.00
the and
affected based
mol
reduced pressure.
dmby on
change.
–3 form
but:
changes isE
Redox
E the OO=don’t
—
O—
So
O metal.
–0.76 V
onstant
=+0.54V
+2.87 V Feasibility
in
ofZn concentration,
always
an
the
The equilibrium
2+ (aq)
ratio
concentration + e–predictions
work!
[oxidised – 2 temperature
7reaction Zn(s)
form]/[reduced
of the metal
and
is affected based
does
pressure.
form] bycan
not on
changes
change. beEthe
Redox ——
written
So =don’t
–0.76 V guarantee
The thatof
feasibility a reaction
a reactionwill proceed
based on E quickly.
—
O
values Itis only
no tells
metal.
onstant
=+0.54V
+2.87 V Feasibility
equilibria
always
in Zn
Mgconcentration,
2+
Feasibility
equilibria
in
2+ (aq)
concentration,
are
(aq)iiiwork!
are ++[H no
eno
[Cr2e predictions
+ –different.
2]–O is
predictions
temperature
2– ] isZn(s)
7 decreased
different.
temperature Mg(s) When
increased
When
and
and based
based
we
we
compare
pressure.
O onRedox
compare
pressure. on E
Redox
E the
—
OO=don’t
O—
O
— voltage
–0.76 V
–2.38
don’t
voltage
always
Mg 2+(aq)
[oxidised work!form],
+ 2e e.g. [Cu 2+(aq)]
Mg(s) E = –2.38 V us that a reaction
guarantee is possible,
that a reaction willand that the
proceed reverse
quickly. reaction
It only tells
—
metal.
onstant The the 2+ratio
feasibility [oxidised ofpredictions
–adifferent.form]/[reduced
reaction based on form]Ecompare canhydrogen be the written
O values is—OOno
—
=–0.80V
=
omes +2.87
+1.36 V
+0.54V
metal.
+1.36 V
–0.80V Feasibility
of
The
of
a
always
Mg
a
standard
equilibria (aq)
feasibility
standard
equilibria
are
work!
ii
iii
are + half-cell,
[Hno
[Cr2e
of
+3+
]
half-cell,
no a is
] isdecreased
reaction X,
increased.
different. X,
with
Mg(s) When
based
with
When
a
a based
standard
we
on
standard
we E —
compare
on
values hydrogen EE is
the
—
O no= don’t
voltage
–2.38
voltage V
=
oten
metal.
–0.80V
omes +1.36 V always
TheMg
guarantee
Zn 2+
electrode,
of a
2+
[oxidised
isthe
standard(aq)
the
feasibility work!
that
we
form],
+ are
better 2e
of
half-cell,
–
a3+reaction
a e.g.
oxidising
reaction
measuring
[CuMg(s)
X,
2+ (aq)]
will proceed
agent.
based
with E —O
a for It the
on
standard quickly.
isEmore
—
O
values
half-cell EItisX.
likely
hydrogen
—
=to–2.38
only
no If tellsV
accept
we does
us nota reaction
that occur. Some reactions
is possible, andarethat
feasible, but they
the reverse reaction
= metal.
+1.36
–0.80V
ten
oten +1.07 V always
Zn
of
So
2+
guarantee
electrode,
The athat isbtheiii
2+feasibility
standard work!
relationship
that
webetter
What [Cr
are
ofaeffect
half-cell, reaction becomes:
oxidising
aa]measuring
is
reaction
would X,will
increased. based
each
with proceed
agent.
E —
Oathe
O
offor It
on
these
standard quickly.
isEmore
the O
half-cell
values
Oconcentration
—
likely
hydrogen ItisX.only
no tells
toIfaccept
we proceed
does notso slowly
occur. Somethatreactions areseem
they do not to be
feasible, buttaking
they place.
ometal. us
electrons
The athe
feasibility reaction
than ofMg is2+ possible,
ions.
reaction Mg and
based is— that isEthe
It better
on reverse
values reducing ItisX. reaction
no agent.
—
= +1.07 V Zn
guarantee
change
electrode,
So isthe the webetter
that0.059
O relationship
_____ are a reaction
concentration oxidising
measuring
2+ becomes: will
or agent.
E proceed
temperature for the more
quickly.
O half-cell of likely
half-cell onlytoIf accept
tells
X,
we
=
oten +1.07 V us
The
Zn that
electrons
2+
guarantee
electrode,isEbathe
Efeasibility
change =not
—
thereaction
than
changes
better
that
we
+What ofMg
concentration
are aaeffect is2+
aloghave
reaction possible,
ions.
reaction
oxidising
measuringwould on
[oxidised Mg
the
or
will
eachEand
based
agent.isform]
strength the
temperature
proceed
—O
of that
foron
It
theseisEthe
better
theof —
more the
quickly. reverse
values
half-cellreducing
of acidified
concentration likely isX.
half-cell
It reaction
no
only agent.
toIf accept
X,
tells
we Take,
proceedforso
example, the they
slowly that lack of
doreactivity
not seemof tozinc with cold
be taking place.
ten
=ten +1.07 V
+0.54 does
It
us is more
guarantee
electrons
that
theis electrode
change a theoccur.
likely
that
than
reaction z Mg Some
to
potential
concentration isrelease
reaction reactions
ions.
possible,
10
also electrons
will
Mg
oran and
changes. are
proceed
is the
temperature that feasible,
than
betterquickly.
the
Under Zn. but
reducing
reverse
of these It
half-celltheyonly tells
agent.
reaction
non- X,
effects does
It
guarantee
electrons
the
us not
more
electrode
that
change a—O occur.
the Cr
that
than 0.059
_____
likely
changes
reaction O 2– solution
a
Mg Some
to
potential
concentration release
2+
reaction
have
is reactions
ions.
possible,on
also aselectrons
will
Mg
the
or is are
oxidising
proceed
strength
changes.
and the
temperature that feasible,
than
better
of agent?
quickly.
Under
the theZn. but
reducing
acidified
reverse
of these It
half-celltheyonly tells
agent.
non-
reaction X, +
so+0.54 V us E
proceed =
Nitric
isthat E
notathat so +
acid slowly
reaction 2 7
is2–aSome log
that
good
isrelease [oxidised
they
oxidising
possible, do form]
not agent, seem but to be
itreversewill taking
not place.
oxidise water.for
Take, Remember
example,thatthe water
lack ofcontains
reactivityH ofions.
zincThe
withrelevant
cold
so +0.54 V
effects It
does
standard
the
proceed
more
electrode
Note so
likely
occur.
conditions
ifOthe
slowly
z to
potential temperature
that
10 we reactions
also
they use isand
electrons
the
changes.
do not
not
are that
symbol
25 than
seem
the
feasible,
°CUnder
the EtoZn. for
fullbe
but the
these
form
taking
they reaction
non-
of theplace.
us
It is Nitric
that
standardmore a acid
reaction
likely
Cr
conditions is ato good
isrelease
solution oxidising
possible, as and
electrons
an agent,
oxidising that than but
theagent?it
Zn.
E for will
reverse not oxidise
reaction
thewe usehow the symbol the
7so+0.54
from FV does
the not c
electrode What
occur. 2 potential conditions
Some reactions
also wouldchanges. you
are use
feasible,
Underto make but
these a solution
they non- half-equations
water. Remember are:that water contains H+ ions. The relevant
7ction Take,
chloride
does
proceed
electrode
Nernst
standard
Note forthat
not
Nitric ions
so example,
occur.
acid slowlyto
potential.
equation
conditions
ifCr is7chlorine.
the aSome good
that
must
temperature we lack
they
be So
reactions
oxidising
use of
do
used. isreactivity
the can
not
not are
agent,
symbol
25 we
feasible,
seem°Cbutthe of
oxidise
Etoit zinc
for
fullbebut
will Cl
the
form with
–
they
not
taking ions? cold
ofoxidise
the The
place.
sofrom F22 Take,
chloride
does
electrode
proceed
standard for
not
Nitric c ionsso example,
occur.
acid to
potential.
ofslowly
conditions
What is2chlorine.
OaSome good
conditions2– the
thatas we lack
strong
they So
reactions
oxidising
use of
how
wouldan
do
the reactivity
can
are
agent,
oxidising
not symbol
you we
seem
use of
oxidise
feasible,
but it
agent
toEto zinc
for
make bebut
will Cl
as –
with
they
not
taking
the a ions? cold
oxidise
possible?
solution The
place.
7 and fromthe F2 water.
answer
proceed
chloride
Take, Remember
is soto
ions
for example, react
slowlyto 7the
chlorine. that Cl
thethe –water
they
lack ions
So do
how contains
with not
can
of reactivity a seem
stronger
we H +
oxidisetoions. oxidising
be The
taking
Cl – ions? relevant
agent,
place.
The half-equations are:
7of and
swer
ctionthe the
from F water.What
electrode
Nernst
Remember happens
potential.
equation to
must
that
beelectrode
–water used.
contains potential
H +ofions. zinc when with
The we cold
relevant H+ + e– _1 H (g) E —O = 0.00 V
the the2
eases.
and answer
proceed
chloride
Take, What
electrode for
d is soto
ions react
slowly
happens
example, to
potential.
of
Use Cr Le O the
chlorine. 2–
to
Chatelier’sthe
asClthe they
lack
strong ions
So howwith
do
electrode
ofan not
can
reactivity
principle a
oxidising stronger
seem
we oxidise
potential
to to
of
agent
explain oxidising
be
zinc whentaking
Cl
as
your –possible?
with ions?
we
answeragent,
place.
coldThe 2 2
of half-equations
Take,
answer
water.
changeWhat for isthe
Remember example,
to react 2 are:
concentration
happens 7the the
that
to Clthe
–lack
waterions ofofwithreactivity
contains
ions
electrode ainstronger H+ofions.
+
a half-cell?
potential zinc
oxidising
when with
The
Letwe cold
agent,
relevant
us take
eases.
ofandthe the
volved
swer QUESTION
half-equations
Take,
answer
change for
disthe example,
to to react are:
concentration
part the
c. theCl –lack ions ofofwithreactivity
ions ainstronger of zinc
a half-cell? oxidising with
Letanswer us cold
agent,
take e– + 2e–_12 H2(g)Zn(s)
H+ 2++(aq) EE—O ==–0.76
—
O
0.00 VV
eases.
of theby
eases.
cted
water.
water.What
anQUESTION
example
change
Remember
Remember
half-equations the
happens
Use Le Chatelier’s
of aare:
– toconcentration
that
to
that
metal/metal
the water
water contains
electrode
principle
contains
ion equilibrium:
of ions H++ ions.
H
potential
to explain
in a half-cell? ions. when
your The
The
Let
relevant
we
relevant
O us take
Zn
volved
of the water.
an + +Remember
Hexample
half-equations
change e
the of aare:
concentration
part _1c.H that
metal/metal (g) water of contains
ion
ions equilibrium:
in a H
half-cell?ions. The
E
Let
—
relevant
=us 0.00
takeV
of the half-equations
H27
an27 + +a e–Calculate
example of aare: _12 Hthe
metal/metal 2 value of the electrode potential
(g) ion equilibrium: E—O—O = 0.00 V
—
O Zn2+(aq) + 2e– Zn(s) + E —O = –0.76 V
is likely
cted by half-equations
anH example
+ – are: _
ofea–K–metal/metal1
2 2
2+ion equilibrium: Even when the low concentration of H ions is taken into
Zn +a(aq)
2+
+ 2+
e–Calculate +298 Hthea2(g) Zn(s) EE O = 0.00 V
= –0.76 V
+ 2e Zn(s) —
tandard.
is likely H
26
27
Zn
Zn
27+ 2++
2+ (aq)
(aq)ee–at+ e–– –__212 H
2e
1of Ni(s)/Ni
2(g)
value
Zn(s)Zn(s)
of(aq)
theelectrode electrodethat potentialhas
EE
E E
—O—
—
O
Oa
O==–0.76
= 0.00
–0.76 V
V account,
Even whenE —Othe
values +
predict that a reaction
low concentration of H ionsshould occur.
is taken into
TheH Nernst
+ e–K–equation H (g) = 0.00
—
2+ 2+ –3
Zn+ 2+
Zn (aq)
(aq) at+ +298
e–concentration _12of a2(g) Zn(s)
ofZn(s)
Ni(s)/Ni Ni (aq)
2+ (aq)ions of +1.5 mol
electrode thatdm EE——O—O=
has
E
—
O
a=
. –0.76 V
+ =2e O ==–0.76 V
—
l
0.59
tandard. V, H
Zn2+
Even +
2+ (aq)
when the e–0.25 –2 Hconcentration
low 2 Zn(s) of–of H ions isdmEtaken
O
0.00
–0.76
into V V The rate of
account, E reaction
—
O
betweenthat
values predict zinc and water,
a reaction however,
should is
occur.
l
a0.59 V,
The
If Zn
we
■ Zn
Even
■ If
If
2+Nernst
[Zn
[Zn
(aq)
consider
(aq)
when
2+]Eis
2+] —
—
O

is
+
concentration
+greater
Othe
2e
greater
a
2elow –equation
cell V.
than
made of
concentration
than
Zn(s)
1.00
Ni
Zn(s)
1.00
2+(aq)
up mol
from
mol
dm
ions
dm a
of–H
3, +
3, +the
silver/silver
1.5
the ions value
mol
value
E of
isEtaken
of
—O–3E
ion
O E
=. –0.76
= –0.76 into V extremely
The rate ofslow. It is between
reaction the rate of reaction
zinc rather
and water, than theis
however,
al account,
Zn 2+
b(aq) E values
+less =2e
– predict Zn(s) that a reaction should isEtaken occur.
E= −0.61
–0.76 V
—
Even
electrode when
becomes E— Othe
—
O
2+]Calculate low
aa–0.25 negative concentration
theV. electrode / more positive of
potential a––H3, + ions
(for ofvalue aexample
silver/silver intoV).
all If
■ we
Even If
account, [Zn
consider
when
becomes 2+Eand is
Othe
greater
values
less copper/copper(II)
cell
lownegative than
made
predict
concentration 1.00
up
/ more mol
that from adm
positive ion
reaction
of H3,electrode,
the
silver/silver
ions
(for should is
example ofthe
ofion
taken occur.
E −0.61 into V). value of E —
which is determining the lack of reactivity.
■ If
The
Even
account, [Zn
ratewhen
becomes of
E ]—
ion
isthe greater
reaction
values low
electrode,
less negative
than
between
concentration
predict 1.00
Ag(s)/Ag
mol
that
/ more zinc a
+–(aq), dm and
of H
reaction
at
+
0
the
water,
°Cions value
should
when however,
is taken
the occur. is
into extremely
291 slow.
O
It is the rate of reaction rather than the
al +1.36 V –positive (for aexample −0.61 is V).
■ If [Zn 2+ ]and
is— 3
O less than 1.00moldm
b2+of aa3,,ions
the value ofof isbecomes
Esilver/silver more
reaction Calculate
taking place the is:electrode potential +
= electrode
The
Even rate
account, when E reaction
the a low
values copper/copper(II)
between
concentration zinc ionH
and
of electrode,
water,ions Ehowever,
taken the –3into
a becomes less negative ispredict that
/ more positivereaction (for should
example occur.
−0.61 V).
291 of E which is determining the lack of reactivity.
value —
■ If [Zn E]]concentration
is less than 1.00moldm the value of becomes .more
O
a extremely
account,
The rate
negative
If [Zn 2+of slow.
ion
is
—
O
/ values
reaction
less
less It
positive
electrode,
than theAg(s)/Ag
predict
between
1.00moldmof rate
(for Ag +of
thatzinc
(aq)
example +–reaction
(aq), reaction
3, theand−0.80V).
at 0
value rather
iswater,
0.0002
°C should
when
of E mol than
however,
the
becomes occur.
dm the is
more
=ilver
+1.36 V reaction
extremely
account,
The
■
rate
negative
■ Ifrate [Zn 2+ taking
E
of slow.
—
O
values
reaction
/ less
]concentration
is less place
It
positive
than is theis:
predict
between
1.00moldm rate
(for of
thatzinc
example –reaction
a3 reaction
and
,ions
the rather
water,
−0.80V). should than
however, occur.the is QUESTIONS
value of+Eof /which isisV. determining the+ value
lack of becomes
ofEhowever,
reactivity. –3.more
— —
=ilver
+0.77 V The
extremely
Cu(s)
O
E— reaction
O
slow. =++0.80 It between
the rate of
+2+zinc reaction and water,
rather Ethan the is V
Eof2Ag (aq) Cu (aq) 2Ag(s) = +0.46
—
negative less positive of
(for Ag (aq)
example is
−0.80V). 0.0002 mol O
dm
ilver value
The
We rate
extremely of apply
negative
can
O
/ which
reaction
slow. less Le It
positive isisbetween
determining
the
Chatelier’s rate
(for ofzinc
example reaction
principle the
and lack
water,
−0.80V).
to rather
redox of however,
reactivity.
than
equilibria. the is QUESTIONS
=milver
+0.77
–3. V extremely
value
We Cu(s)
can of + E
applyE—
O
slow.
2Ag
—
O
=
which + +0.80
Le(aq)It isis the
V.determining
Chatelier’s rate
Cu of
2+ (aq)reaction
principle the+ lack
2Ag(s)
to rather
redox of E than
reactivity.
—
O
=
equilibria. the
+0.46 V 28 An industrial process relies on a reaction that is
ilver extremely
value of E slow.which ItChatelier’s
isis the
determiningrate of reaction ofthe lack rather of than ofthe
of reactivity.
—
O
m –3.
her
ilver the If we
We can
standard increase
of apply
QUESTIONS
value Econditions
—
O
which the
Le concentration
is and
determining change principle thethe the tospecies
redox
concentration
lack on the
equilibria.
reactivity. the 9 impractically slow under normal conditions.
–3
m–3. If
We we can increase
QUESTIONS apply the
Le concentration
Chatelier’s principle of the to species
redox on
equilibria.the 28 An industrial process relies on a reaction thatHow
is
value oftheEconditions which isthedetermining the lack of reactivity.
—
O
mce if
her the
. the leftwe
If
silver ofincrease
standard ions,
QUESTIONS equation,
we the
obtain andtheposition
concentration graph shown
change of
the equilibrium
the species
in
concentration Figure on will the
20.23.of the 9 might you try slow
to solve thisnormal
problem? Use yourHow
m–3 . left
If we of
28
QUESTIONS
27
28 the
increase
An equation,
industrial the the
concentration
process position
relies onof a equilibrium
the species
reaction that on will the
ispositive impractically under conditions.
–3.
ce if the shift
Note
silver to
leftQUESTIONS
ofthatthe
ions, the we right.
equation,
we haveobtain So the
the
plotted value
theposition the
graph of
value E becomes
ofaequilibrium
of Ein more
(non-standard will 9/
ofshown cellFigure 20.23.
m 28 An industrial knowledge of to
reaction rates to suggest
Useseveral
shift
left oftothe
QUESTIONS
28 An the right.
equation,
impractically
industrial Soprocess
the
the
slow
process
relies
value
position
underrelies normal on
onof reaction
E abecomes
equilibrium
conditions.
reaction
thatHow
more
that
is
will
is positive / might you try solve this problem? your
28
less28
shift negative.
to the right. So the value of Eagainst
conditions
Note
less that
toAn
we
impractically
negative.
for
industrial havethe cell
plotted
slow
Soprocess
asunder athe
whole)
thisvalue
relies normal on abecomes
of Ecell
conditions.
reaction the morelogarithm
(non-standard
that Howispositive of / different approaches.
knowledge of reaction rates to suggest several
4H2O(l) shift
Cambridge
28 28
If twoAn the
might
impractically right.
industrialyou
different International
try tothe
slow
process
ions
solve value
under
are relies of
normal
present AEagainst
problem?
on abecomes
Level
in
Use
conditions.
reaction
the Chemistrymore
your
thatHow
half-cell, ispositive
we have
/
Cambridge
less
the
less
negative.
silver
conditions
28 might
An
knowledge
Ifnegative.
two
Electrochemistry
ion
impractically for
industrialyou
different International
concentration.
the try of to
cell
slow
processsolve
reaction
ions as
2 solve
a
under this
whole)
relies
arethis ratesnormal
present A
problem?
on to Level
a Use
conditions.
reaction
suggest
inconditions.
the Chemistry
the your logarithm
that
several
half-cell, How
yourHowwe have is of 29 different
Describe approaches.
two limitations to using E — O
Bilal
values to predict
Hameed
=4H 2O(l)
+1.52 V Cambridge
to consider
the If two
silver
might
impractically
knowledge ion
you
both
different International
try
ions.
concentration.
to
slow
ofionsreaction under
arethis ratesnormal
present AtoLevel
problem? suggest Use
inconditions.
the Chemistry
several
half-cell,
your we have the feasibility of a reaction.
Cambridge
to consider
If
Cambridge two
might
impractically
different
knowledge
might
Electrochemistry
0.5different
you
both
different
you International
try
approaches.
ions.
International
try
approaches.of to
slow
ions
solve
reaction
to2 solve under
are normal
present
rates
this A
problem?
problem?to Level
AtoLevel in
suggestthe
Use
Use Chemistry
yourHowwe have
half-cell,
several
Chemistry
3+ 2+
29 Describe two limitations —
to using E O values to predict
Bilal Hameed
= +1.52 V to Let
consider
Cambridge
29 us
knowledge
might
Describe
different
knowledge
take both
you the
twotry ions.
International
approaches.of equilibrium
reaction
to solve
limitations
ofequilibrium
reaction rates
rates
this between
AtoLevel
problem?
tobetweenusing suggest
E—
suggest
—O Fe
Use Chemistry
values 3+ ions
several
your
several
Vions
and Fe
to predict O 2+ the feasibility of a reaction.
=
om +1.36
a V Let
to consider
29
us
Describe
take both the
two ions. limitations tobetweenusing E O Fe
O Fe0.46
values
and
to predict
E Fe
—
ions 0.5 different
asknowledge
an take example. approaches.ofequilibrium
reaction rates to suggest several
3+ cell
2+
om a 29
ions
Let
0.4
Let
us
the
asdifferent
an take
us feasibility
example.
the
approaches.
the
twoequilibrium of a reaction. tobetween 3+Vionsions
and Fe
andE Fe O 2+
O Fe
to 29 Describe limitations using E — values
0.46 to predict —
=
om +1.36
a V ionsQUESTIONS the
different feasibility approaches. of a reaction. cell
29as an feasibility
example.
om to a 28
29 290.4 Describe two limitations to using E — —
O values to predict
V, which
halogen ionsQUESTIONS
as the
Describe
an3+ example. two limitations
+ e–– two limitations
of a reaction. 2+ to using E — values to O predict
FeDescribe Fereaction. valuesE = +0.77 V
—
to 290.3
QUESTIONS the feasibility of a to using E O
to O predict
V /V

halogen
to 29 Fe the 3+ + e
feasibility of aFe 2+
reaction. E —
= +0.77 V
V,halogen
which QUESTIONS
3030
1.00 The
mol3+
Fe the dm nickel–cadmium
–3
+ e– 1.00 – 1.00 mol2+ dm
aFereaction.
cell
–3 is rechargeable. The Ohalf-
E —Ohalf-
—
= +0.77 V
QUESTIONS dmfeasibility of mol
EcellE/cell

halogen 300.3
1.00 mol
FeThe 3+ nickel–cadmium
–3
+ e Fe dmcell
2+ –3 is rechargeable. The E = +0.77 V
a QUESTIONS
300.2 equations
The nickel–cadmium for the electrode
1.00 mol dmcell reactions
is rechargeable. The half- are:
30
1.00 mol dm–3
equations for1.00
themol
electrode reactions are: The half-
–3
30mol
1.00 The nickel–cadmium
dm–3 dmcell
–3
is rechargeable.
ons
a is a 300.2equations
30
29 for– the electrode
The nickel–cadmium Cdcell reactions are: The
is rechargeable.
– O half-
E— = –0.81 V
300.1Cd(OH) 2 + 2e
equations
The nickel–cadmium
Cd(OH)
+ 2OH
for– the electrode
cell reactions are: The
is rechargeable.
– O half-
—
= –0.81V
0V, is
ons non-
a 2 + 2e
equations Cd + 2OHreactions are: E —
for– the electrode –
Cd(OH) O = –0.81 V
2 + 2e
equations for
O –+the Cd + Ni(OH)
2OHreactions
2e–electrode are: EE
O
0.1NiO – —
2 + 22H 2OH–– 2 ++ 2OH O = +0.49 V
tcome.
0V, non- Cd(OH)
0NiO + + 22e
2H O –+ 2e– Cd + Ni(OH) 2OH – EE——
O=
O –0.81V
= +0.49V
Cd(OH)
–8 2 –7 + 2e
2 2 –6– –5–
Cd +
–4
2OH –3
– 2 –2 –
–1 0
—
–0.81 V
tcome. 0NiO
Cd(OH)
a +
Which
2 2 22H
+ O
2e
of + 2e
these –
Cd + Ni(OH)
2OH
reactions + 2OH
proceeds
2 in
– a E —
O
=
forward
— –0.81V
+0.49 V Figure 20.26 Fuel cells may eventually replace petrol and
NiO 2 +
a–8 Which2H O these
+ 2e lg [AgNi(OH) + 2OH–in a forward
E O = +0.49V
O
Figure 20.26 Fuel cells may eventually replace petrol and
+–72H2of
O–6+ 2e–5– reactions
] –3proceeds
+
NiO –4Ni(OH) 2 +–22OH–1 E0— = +0.49 V diesel engines in cars.
a direction
NiO Which
2
2 + 2H2of
direction
when
2of these
O +when
electricalproceeds
2e– reactions Ni(OH)
electrical
energy
2
2 + 2OH
energy
is –in
being
is in
being
taken
a forward
E—O
= +0.49V
taken
Figure 20.26 Fuel
diesel engines
Figure
cells may eventually replace petrol and
in cars.
20.26 Fuel cells may eventually replace petrol and
a
Figure a20.23 Which
from the these
cell?
Increasing reactions
lg [Ag+] proceeds a forward diesel engines
Figure in cars.
20.26 Fuel cells may eventually replace petrol and
direction
Which
from the whenthe
of these
cell? concentration
electrical
reactions energy isof
proceeds insilver
being ions in the
taken
a forward diesel engines in cars.
direction
a Predict
Which ofthe when
these electricalassuming
reactions energy
2+(aq)is+in
proceeds being
a alltaken
forward Figure 20.26 Fuel cells mayelectron
eventually
flow replace petrol and
cell b
reaction from Cu(s)
direction the + 2Ag
cell?
when +(aq)
cell voltage,
electrical
Figure 20.23 Increasing the concentration of silver ions Cu
energy isthat2Ag(s)
being makes
taken in the diesel engines
porousinnegative
cars. porous positive
b from
Predict
direction the the cell
cell?
when voltage,
electricalassuming
energy isthat
beingalltaken diesel engines
porous in cars.
negative electron flow
the value of E
conditions more positive.
are standard. electrode coated electron porous positive
cell reaction from
b Predict Cu(s)the
cell the
conditions
cell?
+ 2Ag +
cell
are
(aq)
voltage,
standard.
2+
Cu (aq) that
assuming + 2Ag(s)
all makes porous negative
electrode coated V flow
electron
electrode
porous coated
positive
the value
from
b ofWrite
Predict thethe
more
Ecell an
cell?
cell voltage,
positive. assuming that all occurs with platinum
porous negative
electrode coated V flow
electron flow
electrode
with coated
platinum
porous positive
cb conditions
Predict equation
the are
cell for theassuming
standard.
voltage, cell reaction
thatthat
all porous
with negative
platinum V flow
electron electrode
porous
with coated
positive
platinum
cb conditions
Write
Predict anthe equation
are
cell for theassuming
standard.
voltage, cell reaction that
all occurs
thatfrom electrode
porous
with coated
negative
platinum electrode
porous coated
positive
when
conditions electricalare energy
standard. is being taken the cell. electrode coated V with platinum
electrode coated
c Write
when
conditions an equation
electrical for the
energy
are standard. cell reaction
is being that occurs
taken from the cell. with platinum
electrode coated V with platinum
electrode coated
cd Write
Write an equation
equation for the
forthe
the cell reaction
cellreaction
reaction that occurs
thatoccurs
occurs
with platinum
hydrogen H++ V with platinum
oxygen
c when an electrical
equation energy
for is being
cell taken from
that the cell. with platinum
hydrogen with platinum
oxygen
d Write an
when
c when equation
electrical
equation
theequation
electrical
forthe
energy
for
cell is energy
being
the
is cellreaction
being
cell
recharged.
is being
reaction
taken thatoccurs
from
that
taken from
occurs
the
the
cell.
cell. hydrogen Chapter
H
H++
20: Electrochemistry
oxygen
d Write
when an
the cell
electrical is for
being
energy the cell
recharged.
is being reaction
taken that
from occurs
the cell. hydrogen oxygen
31 d d Writeisan
Lithium
when
Write an the
equation
often used
cell
for
asfor
is being
equation
the
the cell reaction
negative
recharged.
the
that
pole inthat
cell reaction
occurs
‘button’
occurs hydrogen Chapter
H
H++ 20: Electrochemistry
oxygen
31 Lithium isanoften used asforthe negative pole inthat
‘button’ hydrogen water
oxygen
31 d when
31 cells
Write
Lithium used
when
the
isthe
cell
to equation
power
often cell
is being
is watches.
used being
as the
recharged.
the cell reaction
recharged.
negative pole in ‘button’
occurs Chapter
H 20: Electrochemistry
water
31 a cells
Lithiumused
when to
the
is oftenpower
cell is
used watches.
being
as the recharged.
negative pole in ‘button’ proton exchange water
3131 cells Explain
Lithium used towhy
is oftenpowerlithium
used as is
watches. often
the used to
negative polemake
in ‘button’ proton exchange electrolyte (acid) water
There
31 area several
Explain
cells
Lithiumused is tolimitations
why
power
often lithium
used to
is
watches.
as hydrogen–oxygen
often
the used to
negative polemake fuel cells.
in ‘button’ membrane
In this section we shall
proton find
exchange out how the naturewaterof the
31 cells electrochemical
used towhy power cells.
watches. membrane electrolyte (acid) water
a Explain
electrochemical lithiumcells.is often used to make proton exchange electrolyte (acid)
There
■ High
cells
are
a The used
several
Explain to power
limitations
why lithium watches.
to hydrogen–oxygen
is often used to make fuel cells. electrolyte
In this and
section the
membrane
we
proton concentration
shall find
exchange out howof aqueous
the natureelectrolytes
of the
a cost:
b the materials
half-equations
electrochemical
Explain why lithium usedfor
cells. to make thetoelectrodes
a lithium/iodine
is often used make button and Figure 20.27 membrane
Figure 20.27
A hydrogen–oxygen
proton
A hydrogen–oxygen
membrane
fuel
exchange electrolyte
fuel
electrolyte
cell.
(acid)
cell.
(acid)
There
Bilal are
a several
b
Hameed
■ membrane
High
The
electrochemical
Explain
cell limitations
half-equations
why
arematerials
are: lithium
expensive. cells.to
for hydrogen–oxygen
a lithium/iodine
is often used make fueland
button
toelectrodes cells. affects the
electrolyte products
In this 20.27
section
and we
membrane of
theshall electrolysis.
find out
concentration how the
of(acid) nature
aqueous
Electrochemistry
electrolyte of2the
electrolytes
b cost:
The
cell
the
electrochemical
half-equations
are:
electrochemical
usedfor to
cells.
cells.
make the
a lithium/iodine button Figure
Figure 20.27
A hydrogen–oxygen
A hydrogen–oxygen
fuel
fuel
cell.
cell.
b The
Manufacturing
membrane
■ High half-equations
are of fuel
expensive.cells for a lithium/iodine
involves the productionbuttonof toxic electrolyte
affects the and the concentration
products of aqueous
of electrolysis. electrolytes
b cost: the materials used to make the electrodes and Figure
so, their20.27
energyA hydrogen–oxygen
isof
used to drive anfuel cell. motor
electric or other
■
b Li
■ by-products.
membrane
cell
The
cell
The
Manufacturing
Li
+ +are:
half-equations
e––
+ +are:
half-equations
are
e
Li for
expensive.
of fuel cells
Li for
a lithium/iodine
a lithium/iodine
involves the
Ebutton
production
E
—
O
= –3.04 V
button
—
O
= of toxic
–3.04 V
Electrolysis
Figure
so, their20.27
affects energy
the molten
A hydrogen–oxygen
is used
products of electrolytes
to drive anfuel
electrolysis. cell. motor or other
electric
cell are: device.
so, The
theirpure overall
energy isofreaction
used is: an electric motor or other
tocompounds
drive
294 ■ Storage
■ by-products.Li
cell
_1 of
Manufacturing
1 I+
e+–– eof– fuelhigh-pressure
+ +are:
hydrogen:
(s) 2
Licells
I –(aq)
involves tanks
the are E—O = –3.04
—
O
needed
production
E — ofin V
order
toxic
O = +0.54V
Electrolysis
When
device.
so, theirThe molten
overall
energy molten
ionic
reaction
is used to drive electrolytes
is: an containing
electric motor two
or other
 b Predict from the the cell? cell voltage, assuming that all porous negative
electrode coated porous positive
b conditions
Predict theare cellstandard.
voltage, assuming that all porous negative electron
V flow
electrode coated
electrode coated porous positive
electron
b conditions
Predict theare cellstandard.
voltage, assuming that all with platinum
porous negative
electrode coated V flow
electrode
with coated
platinum
porous positive
c Write conditions an equation are standard. for the cell reaction that occurs with platinum electrode
V
with coated
platinum
c Write conditions an equation are standard. for the cell reaction that occurs electrode coated
with platinum electrode coated
V
with platinum
c when whenWrite electrical
an equation
electrical
energy
energyfor the is being
cell reaction
is being
taken from
taken from that the occurs cell. with platinum with platinum
c Write an equation for the cell reaction that the occurs cell.
d Write whenan electrical
equation energy
for the is being
cell reaction taken from that the occurs cell.10 hydrogen
hydrogen
H++ oxygen
oxygen
d Write
d when when
whenan
Write the
electrical
the
equation
cell
an equation is
energy
being
for the is being
cell reaction
recharged.
for recharged.
taken from
the cell reaction that occurs
that the occurs cell.
hydrogen Chapter
H
H++ 20: Electrochemistry
oxygen
cell is being
d Write an equation for the cell reaction that occurs hydrogen
Chapter
H oxygen
20: Electrochemistry
31 Lithium when is the often cell used is beingas therecharged.
negative pole in ‘button’ water
30
31 31 Lithium when is the often cell used is beingas therecharged.
negative pole in ‘button’ water
cells
31 cells Lithium used is toto
oftenpower used watches.
as the negative pole in ‘button’
used power
31 Lithium is often used as the negative pole in ‘button’ watches. Chapter 20: Electrochemistry
proton exchange water
31 acells used to
Explain whypower lithium watches.
is often used to make proton exchange water
There are acells severalused to
Explain limitations
whypower lithium to
watches. hydrogen–oxygen
is often used to make fuel cells. membrane
In this section we shall
proton
Chapter
find
exchange out how20:
electrolyte Electrochemistry
(acid)
the nature of the
electrochemical
a electrochemical
Explain why lithium cells. is often used to make membrane electrolyte (acid)
proton exchange electrolyte (acid)
There area several
Explain limitations
why lithium cells. to
is hydrogen–oxygen
often used make fueland cells. electrolyte
In this20.27 membrane
and
section theshall
we concentration
find out howof(acid)
aqueous
the nature electrolytes
of the
■ High b cost: The the
electrochemical materials cells.
half-equations usedfor to make
a lithium/iodine thetoelectrodes button Figure A hydrogen–oxygen
membrane fuel
electrolyte cell.
b The electrochemical
half-equations cells.
for a lithium/iodine button Figure
affects 20.27
electrolyte A hydrogen–oxygen
the products
and the concentration fuel
of electrolysis. cell.
of aqueous electrolytes
■ membrane
High b cost: Thethe
arematerials
expensive. used to make the electrodes
There are cell
several are: limitations
half-equations to hydrogen–oxygen
for a lithium/iodine button fueland cells. Figure
In this 20.27
Figure sectionAA we
20.27
hydrogen–oxygen fuel
shall find out how cell.nature
the of the
■ Manufacturing
membrane b cell Theare: half-equations
are of fuel
expensive. cells for
involvesa lithium/iodine
the production button of toxic affects the products of electrolysis. cell.
so, theirsection
hydrogen–oxygen
energy isof
fuel
used to drive
There are several
Li cell
+ + e–are: limitations to hydrogen–oxygen
Li used to make the electrodes E— —
O fuel
= –3.04 cells.
V In this
Electrolysis
electrolyte andwe the shall find
molten
concentration outan how electric
the nature
electrolytes
of aqueous motor oforthe
electrolytesother
High cost:
■ by-products.
■ Manufacturing Li cell
+ + the
are:e –materials
of fuelLicells involves the production E O
= of
–3.04
and
toxic
V so, their energy is used to drive an electric motor or other
device.
electrolyte
so, their
affects The
energy
the overall
and
products the
isofreaction
concentration
usedof is: anofelectric
tocompounds
drive
electrolysis. aqueous electrolytes
motor or other
294 ■ Storage
■ membrane
High
by-products.cost:
_1Li of
I
+
+
+are
the
hydrogen:
(s)
–
e
expensive.
e+–materials
– Li Iused
–(aq) to make
high-pressure tanks theare electrodes
E—
needed
E O
—
O
= –3.04
O = +0.54Vinand V
order Electrolysis
When
device.
so, their pure
The
energy molten
overall is used molten
ionic
reaction to driveis: an electrolytes
containing
electric motortwo or other
O = –3.04 V
—
294 membrane _21Li 2 +are e+ eexpensive.
– Li I–(aq) E— affects the
device. The products
overall of electrolysis.
reaction is:
■ to Manufacturing
store I
a (s)
sufficient of fuelamount cells involves
of fuel. At the production
present E =
refuelling +0.54
of V
toxic
has simple
When
device. ions
pure
The are
molten
overallelectrolysed,
ionic
reaction a metal iscontaining
compounds
is: formed at the two
2H
Electrolysis+ O 2H
of O
2Hmolten electrolytes
294 ■ Storage2_ 1 of hydrogen:
I2 (s) + e–– high-pressure
I––(aq) tanks are needed E— O in order
= +0.54V
294 ■ to by-products.
Manufacturing
tobe donei_212aI22sufficient
Predict
more
(s) + eofoften fuel
the cells
cell
compared
I (aq)involves
voltage ofAt
with the
this production
cell using
a petrol O the
engine.
E— of toxic
= +0.54 V 2H22 +ions
cathode
simple O22 are
and a non-metal
2O
electrolysed, at the anode.
a metal is Some
formed examples
at the are
store
by-products.
Storage
■ Manufacturing
i Predict —
EPredict
O
i of hydrogen: values
the cell voltage of this cell using the has
amount
for the
high-pressure
of
two
fuel. present
half-equations
tanks are using
refuelling
neededabove. in order Electrolysis
2H
When
2H 2 + +
pure O
O 2 molten of
2H
2H
molten
2
ionicO
2O compounds electrolytes
containing two
■ to be done more
—O hydrogen:oftenthe cell the
compared voltage hydrogen of
with this
a needed
cell
petrol for
engine. fuel
the cells A hydrogen–oxygen
shown
cathode in Table
and 20.1.
2 a non-metal fuel cell
at the anode. Some examplesisare
with an acidic electrolyte
i be EPredict values the for
cell the two half-equations
voltage of this cell above. AWhen 2
hydrogen–oxygen 2
fuel cell with an isacidic electrolyte
two is
■ can to store
Storage only iiaof sufficient
hydrogen:
Eproduced
The —
O
values
actual amount theoftwo
high-pressure
cheaply
for
voltage fuel.
of At
tankspresent
byahalf-equations
using
lithium/iodine are using
fossil refuelling
needed
fuels. thein order
above.
button has simple
shown
pure
ions molten
are ionic
electrolysed, compounds
a metal containing
formed at the
stry ■ Manufacturing
iia sufficient
Emore
The O hydrogen: the hydrogen needed for fuel cells
—
values
actual for
voltagetheoftwo of ahalf-equations
lithium/iodine above.
buttonhas A Let in
shown inFigure
us
hydrogen–oxygentake
Tablethe 20.27.
electrolysis
20.1. fuel cell with of molten
an acidic zincelectrolyte
chloride asis
stry ■ Fuel to be
store
can only done
cells docell not often
isactual
work amount
2.8V. voltage compared
Suggest
well at low fuel.
why with At a petrol
present
this is
byatemperatures: engine.
refuelling
different from
ifbutton
the shown
simple
A
cathode in
ionsFigure
hydrogen–oxygen are
and a non-metal 20.27.
electrolysed,
fuel cellat thea metal
withanode. is formed
an acidic
Some at the
electrolyte
examples is
are
stry ii be The
cell produced
isactual
2.8 cheaply
V. voltage
Suggest of
why using
lithium/iodine
thisa is fossil fuels.
different from an
shownAt
Letthe
example. us negative
in Figure
take the electrode,
electrolysishydrogen
20.27. of moltengas loses
zinc electrons:
chloride as
stry to
■ temperature be done
Manufacturing
■ Fuel cells do
ii the more
The
cell not value
falls often
hydrogen:
is workmuch
2.8V. you compared the
calculated
below
Suggest
well at low
of
0why
awith
hydrogen
°C, lithium/iodine
in
the
this part
temperatures:
petrol
needed
fuel i.cell
is different
engine.
button
for fuel cells
‘freezes’.
from
if the
At the
cathode
shown inandnegative
Figure
Table 20.1.electrode,
a non-metal
20.27. at the hydrogen
anode. gas Some loses electrons:
examples are
can
■ Manufacturing only be the
cell value
is
produced 2.8
hydrogen: you
V. calculated
Suggest
cheaply the why
by
hydrogenusingin
this part is i.
different
fossil
needed fuels.for from
fuel cells an At the negative
example. electrode, hydrogen gas loses electrons:
shown At
HLet in
the Table
negative
us take2H 20.1.
the+ electrode,
electrolysis – hydrogen
of molten zinc gas loses electrons:
chloride as
2(g) +(aq) + 2e
c Givethe
temperature two value
falls advantages
much youbelow calculated
of a0 °C, in part
lithium/iodine
the fueli.cellcell ‘freezes’. Compound Cathode
– Anode product
■ can Fuel conlycellsGive be
do two
the value
produced
not advantages
work youcheaply
well calculated
at oflow by using in part
a lithium/iodine
temperatures: fossil i. fuels.cell
if the 2(g)us take2H
HLet the+(aq) + 2e
electrolysis – of molten zinc chloride as
2– ions
SOQUESTIONS c compared Give
are two
present with an ordinary
advantages inwell the dry cell.
of a lithium/iodine cellions are an H example.
(g) 2H (aq) + 2e
■ SO44Fuel 2– ionsccells
temperature compared
Give
aredotwo not
present with
fallsadvantages
workmuch inan below
the atsolution.
ordinary
of low0a°C,
solution. theHydroxide
dry cell.
temperatures:
lithium/iodine fuel cell ‘freezes’.
Hydroxide if the
cell ions are The
electrolysed
Compound
2(g)
anHexample.
electrons 2H+(aq)
move round + product
Cathode
2ethe–
external circuit Anode where product
they
2–
SOQUESTIONS compared with an ordinary dry cell. 2
2– ions are present inbecause
the solution. Hydroxide ions are
discharged at the anode OH – ions are more easily The electrons move round the external circuit where they
SO 4temperature
discharged ions compared
are falls
present much
with in anbelow
the ordinary 0
solution. °C, the
dry– fuel
cell.
Hydroxide cell ‘freezes’.
ions are electrolysed product
4 A car’satfuel
32 thetank anode holds because
40 kg ofOH petrol.– ions are more easily can
The do
aluminium a
electrons
Compound usefuloxide job
move of work,
round e.g.
aluminium
the
Cathode drive
external an electric
oxygen
circuit
Anode motor.
where they
product
discharged
32
oxidised than at theSO anode
2– ions. because
The OH OH – ions ions are are more
oxidised easily
to can
The do + aions
electronsusefulmove job ofroundwork,the e.g.external
drive ancircuitelectric motor.
where they
ng discharged
oxidised than at oftheSO 4anode
2– because OH – – ions are more easily
ng oxidisedQUESTIONS 1 kgfuel
than SO 42– ions.
petrol releases The 5OH ×of 10 7ions
J of are
–petrol. energy oxidisedwhen itto The
can H
do+ a useful
Compound
aluminium
electrolysed diffuse through
oxidejob of work, the
Cathode
aluminium
product membrane
e.g. drive an electric to the
oxygenmotor.
Anode positive
product
42– ions. offThe OH – ions are oxidised to
32 ■A which car’s tank holds at40the kg
ng Hydrogen–oxygen
31
oxygen,
32
oxidised
oxygen,
Hydrogen–oxygen than
which SObubbles
bubbles ions. fuel
The
off fuelat the OH cells
anode.
anode. ions are oxidised to The
can H
do
magnesium ions
a usefuldiffuse
bromidejob through
of work, the
e.g.
at magnesium
membrane
drive an to
electric
brominethe positive
motor.
ng oxygen, QUESTIONS ■ which burns.
1 kg ofbubbles 4
petrol off
releases at the 5 ×cells107 J of energy when it
anode.
electrode.
The H++ ions
electrolysed
electrode.
The
The
reaction
diffuse
reaction
through thethe
product
at aluminium
the
positive
membrane
positive
electrode
electrode
to theis: positive
is: positive
f Hydrogen–oxygen
A fuel
oxygen, cell
32 ■A–(aq)
Hydrogen–oxygen which
car’s is an
fuel electrochemical
bubbles
tank off+
holds fuel
at40kgtheO(l) cells
cell
anode.
of in
petrol. which a fuel gives The H ions
aluminium
magnesium diffuse
oxide
bromide through the
magnesium membrane to the
oxygen
bromine
+ fuel cells
f A 4OH
fuel cell–(aq) Onlyis an40%
burns. Oof2(g) the
electrochemical 2H
energy released
cell +
in 4e
–
when
which
– athefuel petrol
gives electrode.
sodium The
chloride reaction at the
sodium positive electrode
chlorine is:
f A 4OH
up electrons
32
fuel A car’s
cell
– 1 is
kg at
fuel
anof one Oelectrode
tank (g)
electrochemical
petrol holds
releases 2H
40kgand
2O(l)
5 of
× oxygen
cell
10 7+
petrol.
in
J 4e
ofwhichgains
energy
– a electrons
fuel
when it at
gives electrode.
4H++(aq) The
aluminium Oreaction
+oxide (g) + 4eat the positive
– aluminium 2H2O electrode oxygen is:
f up 4OH
electrons
■ (aq) burns
Only
iskgatan 40%
oneis O 2
converted
of (g)
the + 2H
into
energy
2 O(l)
useful
released + 4e
work. when the petrol 4H +(aq)chloride 2
+ bromide –
O2(g) + 4e – magnesium 2H2O
A
When
the
fuel
4OHother
cell
■
a
– (aq)
concentrated
electrode. Oelectrode
electrochemical
2
Fuel(g)aqueous+ 2H
cells
and2
are O(l) oxygen
cell
solution 7+ in
increasingly 4ewhich
of
–gains
sodium aelectrons
used
fuel gives
instead
at magnesium
sodium
4Hiodide sodium bromine
chlorine
and +(aq) + O2(g) + 4e–zinc 2H2O
up electrons■ burns.
1
1burns at of
× 10 is one
6 petrol
J of releases
electrode
2
work is needed and
2 5 × 10
oxygen J
to drive of energy
gains
the car when
electrons
1 km. it at
and When
the other ■ a concentrated
electrode. converted
Fuel aqueouscells into are solution
useful
increasingly ofgains
work. sodium used instead zinc
magnesium(aq) +bromide
4Helectrons O 4e magnesium iodine
bromine
up
When
iodide electrons a(1.00
concentrated at
mol one
6 dm
electrode
–3 aqueous
)theisand and
electrolysed, oxygen
solution – of
Ifuel sodium
ions and electrons
OH – at The 2(g) +
travel through the2H 2O
external circuit from the
and of
the
When
iodide petrol
other ■a(1.00 burns.
toelectrode.
Only power
concentratedmol 40%
dm buses
ofFuel
–3 ) aqueous
is energy
cells cars.
are
electrolysed, solutionThe
released
increasingly
I –of whenis stored
sodium
ions the
andused OH in
petrol – ions
instead
ions The electrons
sodium chloride travel through sodiumthe external circuit
chlorine from the
and of
the petrol a
other ■ to How1 ×
electrode.10
power many J of
buses work
joules
Fuel
–3 andis
of
cellsneeded
energy
cars.
are to
are
The drive
increasinglyreleased
fuel
– the
is car
when
stored
used 1 km.
in
instead
– zinc
negative iodide
The electrons electrode travel tothrough zinc
the positive electrode.
the external iodine
circuit from the
iodide
arepetrol present (1.00 mol
in dm )theisoxygen
electrolysed, Ifuel ions and OH ions
tanks
of
iodide
arepetrol in
present
■ the
to
a(1.00 40burns
Only kgthe
vehicle
power
mol
in ofisdm
40%
the
solution.
converted
petrolof
and
buses
–3
solution. and
) isburns? Iodide
energyinto
cars.
electrolysed,
ofIodide
useful
comes ionswork.
released
The
ions –are
Ifrom
are
when
ions discharged
isthe the
stored
and
discharged
petrol
air.
OH – at
The
in ions
at negative
The electrons
sodium
Table 20.1 electrode
chloride
The travel to
products the positive
through theatexternal
sodium electrode. circuit
chlorine from the
tanks
of
are
the
energy
tanks
in
present
anode
in
the
to
released
the
How
burns vehicle
power
in
1because
×vehicle
10 in
many
the6 is
J of buses joules
and
solution.
converted
–
aII–fuelionscell
work
and
oxygen
and
isare
oxygen
energy
cars.
Iodide
into
neededmore
produces
comes
useful
comes
Thearework.
ions
toeasily
drive
released
from
fuel
are
aare
from
is the
discharged
oxidised
thethe
voltage
when
stored air.
carwhich The
in
than
1 km.
air. The at
can Fuel
negative
zinc iodidecells have
electrode to theformed
several advantages
positive
zinc
theover
cathode
electrode. petrol and
iodineand
anode
are
the
energy present
anode
b
■
How
released 40 in
because
kg theof
many
6in
solution.
petrol of
aI–fuel ions burns?
these areIodidemore
joules ofions
easily
energy discharged
oxidised
are available than at when Fuel
negative some cells have
electrode
molten several
to the
salts are advantages
positive
electrolysed. over
electrode. petrol and
tanks
theused
OH
be
in
–anode
ions.
a the
toto ×vehicle
because
1power
How 10many Jtheof and
aI–workionscell
electric
joules oxygen
isare produces
ofneededmore
motor
energy comes toeasily afrom
drive
ofenergy
the
voltage
thethe
oxidised
vehicle.car which
air. than
1 km. Thecan Table
diesel
zincFuel 20.1
iodide cellsThe
engines. have products
severalformed advantages
zinc
at theovercathodepetrol and anode
iodine and
moreofare areleased when
■
energy
theused
OH –anode
ions.b released because
How move manyin the fuel
ofions
car these cell
are
forward? produces
joules easily voltage
oxidised
are which
availablethancan diesel
when Fuel engines.
some cellsmolten
have several
salts are advantages
electrolysed. over petrol and
be
energy
OHused – to
areleased power the
inpetrol electric
a joules
fuelburns? cell motor
produces of
are athethe vehicle.
voltagewhen which can diesel engines.
OHOne – ions. 40kg
How of
many of energy released –
be
beI––usedOne c type
ions. toHow
type to of_1far
power
move
of_12 of
fuel
fuel
the
the
can cell
cell car
the iscar
electric
is
the
forward?
–the
hydrogen–oxygen
motor
travel onof
hydrogen–oxygen 40the kg of vehicle.
petrol? fuel
fuel
■TableWater
diesel
Water
20.1 is
engines. the
The only
is the only
product
products made
formed at no
the carbon
cathode
– noelectrons
dioxide
and or
anode
cell.
(aq) b
Hydrogen
to Howpower
40kg I
gas
many (aq)
the
petrol
and of +
electrice
burns?
oxygen
these – motor
joules gas are
of of
bubbled
energy vehicle.
are through
available
■At
Table
when the
harmful cathode,
20.1
some nitrogen
molten
The theproduct
metal
oxides
salts
products are
made
ions
are gain
released.
electrolysed.
formed at the
carbon dioxide
cathode and
and areor
anode
I–33 (aq)
One type
Ac fuel How cell Ivehicle
of_12far 2(aq)
fuel
2
can cell+with
the eiscar
– the
a hydrogen–oxygen
travel
similar on 40
volume kg of
fuelpetrol?
tank fuel can ■ Water is the only product made – no carbon dioxide or
harmful nitrogen oxides are released.
se cell. I–One(aq)
Hydrogen type
b How of I
gas
_21many
toplatinum-coated
move (aq)
fuel and
the cell+
ofcar e
oxygen
theseis the
forward? gas are
hydrogen–oxygen
– joules of energy are available bubbled through
fuel reduced
Water
At They
when
■ the to nitrogen
is
cathode,
some the
molten metal.
only
the product
metal
salts areare made
ions –
gain
electrolysed.no carbon
gramelectrons dioxide
andthanare or
se
of two
cell.
Note I (aq)
porous
Hydrogen
that
store in the
400 I
gas2(aq)
and
2discussion
2 gvehicle
of hydrogen+ e
oxygen electrodes
above,
at gas
high are
we where
bubbled
have
pressure. used the half- 10
through
standard
■ harmful produce more energy
oxides per
released. of fuel burnt
se two ■ They produce more energy per gram of fuel burnt than
of
se
ode Noteporous
cell.
reactions
two
33 A
Hydrogen
that fuel
c take
porous inplatinum-coated
to
How
cell
the
move gas
place.
far
platinum-coated
the
canand
discussion with
caroxygen
Electrons
the
a
carabove,
forward? electrodes
similar
travel gason
flow
electrodes
volume
are
we have
through
40
where
bubbled
kg of
where
fuel
used the
thethe
tank
petrol?
half-
through can
standard
external
half- 10
harmful
reduced
petrol
They to nitrogen
the metal.
engines
2+ +produce
oxides are released.
do. energy per gram of fuel burnt than
more
of Note
electrode
reactions that
■ store 2
take in the
potentials.
g of
400 g
place. discussion
hydrogen
of If
hydrogen conditions
Electrons releaseabove,
at 286
high
flowon we
are
000 have
standard,
pressure.
through J of used
energy
thethe standard
thewhen
external AtZn
■
the
Theycathode,
petrol 2e– the
engines
produce do.Zn
more metal
energy ions per gain
gram electrons
of fuel burntand thanare
ode two
Note porous
that inplatinum-coated
the discussion electrodes where half-
to aabove, we have used standard
of electrode cfrom potentials.
How far Ifthe
canvehicle’s conditions
car travel are 40 standard,
kg offuel
petrol? the ■
■ They petrol areengines
very do.metal
efficient – the transmission of energy from the
ode circuit
reactions
32
33
electrode 33 A
concentration fuel take
used
2 gthe
cell
potentials.
of in
of negative
place.
vehicle
the
the
hydrogen Electrons
If with
conditions
aqueous the
release similar
fuel positive
flow
solution
286 are
cells. through
volume
000 pole.
standard,
isJ 1.00
of Astank
the
mol
energy they
external
thedm
whencan–3do At the
reduced
■ Zn 2+
petrol+cathode,
to the
–
engines the
do.Zn – the transmission of energyare
metal. ions gain electrons and
ode circuit
reactions
electrode
concentration from
■ take the
potentials. negative
place.
ofgvehicle Electrons
thehydrogenIf to
conditions
aqueous the positive
floware
solution through pole.
standard,
ispole.
1.00 As
the
mol they
external
thedm –3do They
fuel
are
cell 2e
to
very efficient
the motor is direct. There are no moving
from the
parts
33
circuit 33
concentration
with
store
A
respect
fuel
from 60%used 400
cell
the
to of
ofinthe
of
negative
theionic
the with
aqueous
energy
vehicle’s to a
compound
at
the high
similar positive
solution
released
fuel cells.pressure.
volume
from fuel
is 1.00 mol
dissolved the fuelAs tank
in they
cell can
dm–3do
is
water. –3 At They
the
reduced
■
fuel are
anode,
to
cell to very
the the
the efficient
non-metal
metal.
motor is –direct.
theionstransmission
loseare
There noofmoving
electrons energy are in
from
andparts the
circuit
concentration
with
■
Bilal respect from
Hameed
store the
toof negative
gthethehydrogen
ionicaqueous to the
compound positive
atsolution isJ pole.
dissolved 1.00 As
molin theydm
water. do They
■ which are
energyvery efficient
is wasted – asthe
heat.transmission
Electrochemistry of energy 2 from in
the
■ converted260%g400
of of
hydrogen into release high
286 pressure.
000 of energy when Znfuel
oxidised 2+ cell
+ to to
2e – the motor
a non-metal. Zn is direct. There are no moving parts
are in
withthe
But
with
respect
■concentration
respect
toof
to
the
the
theionic energy
ionic ofuseful
compound
hydrogen work.
released
compound and dissolved
from hydroxide
dissolved
the fuel incell
in
water.
ions
water.
is At which
the
fuel anode,
energy
cell to the
the non-metal
ismotor
wasted as heat.
is direct. ions loseare
There electrons
no moving andparts in
But Bilal theHameed
■concentration
12used of 6in
×gis10 J the
hydrogen
oflow.work ofuseful
vehicle’s hydrogen
release
is needed fuel 286 and
cells.
topage000 Jhydroxide
drive of energy
the car ions
when Znwhich
2+ energy
+ to – is wasted
2ea non-metal. Zn as heat.Electrochemistry 2
de in
de in
But
in
But
the■ concentration
solution
the■concentration
convertedvery into of
ofWe hydrogen
saw
hydrogen
work.
oncells. and
and
hydroxide
286
hydroxidethat1km. weions can
ions
oxidised
which energy is wasted as heat.
ede
ions.
in in solution used
60% is veryin
of the
the low.
6 J of work We
vehicle’s
energy saw fuel
released on page
from 286
the that
fuel we
cell can
is At2Clthe– anode,Clthe non-metal
2 + 2e
– ions lose electrons and are
in
use solutiona■ How
electrode 1 is× 10 very
many
potential low. joules We isof
values saw
needed
energy
to onpredict
topagedrive
are 286
the
released
whetherthat
car 1km. we
when or can
not
ede
ions.
in in solution
use electrode is
converted
60% very
potential
of the low. into
energy We
useful
values saw on
work.
to predict
released page
from 286
whether
the that
fuel we can
orcells?
cell not
is At the
oxidised – anode,
to a the non-metal
non-metal. – ions lose electrons and are
e ions. use
■
a 400g
electrode of hydrogen
potential values isnon-standard
usedto in the
predict vehicle’s
whether fuel or not 2Cl Cl2 + 2e
e ions. ause reaction ■ converted
electrode will
How
1will× 10 occur
many
potential
6 J of work under
joules
into useful
values
of
is needed
energy
work.
to predict
are
to drive the conditions.
released
whether
car 1 km.
when
or not As oxidised to a non-metal.
d at the a reaction occur under non-standard conditions. As
d at the alongreaction
along
reaction
b
as■the1will
asatheto
How400g
will
How × 10many
difference
of
occur
many
difference hydrogen
6 J of work
occur
of under
these
in is
under
in
joules
is
electrode
needed
of
used
non-standard
joules
non-standard
electrodeenergy
in
of the
energy
topotentials
drive
potentials
are
vehicle’s
conditions.
released
are fuel
km. As
available
is 1greater
theconditions.
caris greater
when
cells?
As Electrolysis
2Cl– Cl2 + of2eaqueous
– solutions
de at the
most long as btheV, move
difference thebe ofcarin forward?
electrode potentials is available
greaterwill
de at the
most than
long
than 0.30
0.30
as a the
How
400
How
V,
we many
difference
g ofcan
many hydrogen
these
in
joules fairly joules
electrode
is
of sure in
used
energy
of
that energy
the
potentials
the
are vehicle’s
released
are
predictions
is greater
fuel
when cells? Electrolysis
2Cl
Aqueous – Cl
solutions 2 of
+ of aqueous
2e –
electrolytes contain solutions more than one
e most
e most than
be c How
0.30
correct. V,to we move
we far can
can the
can bethe
becar
fairlyforward?
car
fairly
sure that
travel
sure in on 400
that
theg of
the
predictions
hydrogen? will
predictions will
than 0.30
b V, 400 we gmanyofcan hydrogen
be fairly isjoules
used
sure that ofthe thevehicle’s
predictions fuel cells? will cation
Aqueous andsolutions
more than one anion. For
of electrolytes example,
contain morean thanaqueous
one
um
um +
be correct.
be correct.
34 Comparec How far
How
and can
of these
commentthe car travel on your
energy
onanswers
400 g of to
are available
hydrogen?
questions Electrolysis
solution of sodium
ofchloride
aqueous contains
solutions
Na +, Cl–, H+ and
um be correct. b How to move many theofcar these forward?joules of energy are available cation and more than
Electrolysis one anion. For
ofofaqueous example, an aqueous
solutions
d Na+
um 34 32 and 33.and comment on your answers to questions
Compare Aqueous
– ions.solutions electrolytes contain +,more than one
d Na+ QUESTIONSc to How move far can the the car forward?
car travel on 400 g of hydrogen? OH
solution ofThesodiumH+ and OH– ions
chloride arise
contains from
Na Clthe ionisation
–, H + and
d Na+
han QUESTIONS 32 and 33. Aqueous
cation and solutions
more thanof electrolytes
one anion. contain
For more
example, than
an one
aqueous
d Na
han QUESTIONScCompare How far can the car travel onanswers
400 g of hydrogen? of
OH water:
– ions. The H+ and OH– ions arise from the ionisation
han
re more 34
QUESTIONS and comment on your to questions cation
solution and of more
sodium than one anion.
chloride containsFor example,
Na+, Cl–, H an+ aqueous
and
han
re more 34 35 An aqueous solution of sodium sulfate, Na2SO4, is of water:
re more 34 32
Compareand 33.
35 An aqueous solution of sodium sulfate, Nato2SO
and comment on your answers questions
, is solution ofThesodium chloride contains +, Cl–, H+ and
OH H–2O ions. HH + ++andOH – – ions
OH arise Nafrom the ionisation
re more More about electrolysis
3435
33 electrolysed
An aqueous solution
32
35 electrolysedand
An aqueous solution
electrolysed
33.
using carbon
using carbon
using
of sodium
of sodium
carbon is
electrodes.
electrodes.
electrodes.
sulfate, Na2SO44, is
sulfate, Na2SO4, is
OH
of – ions. The H+ and OH– ions arise from the ionisation
water:
H 2O +
H + OH –
= 0.00 V
= 0.00 V More about electrolysis
On page
a
a 276
a Explain
Explain why
electrolysed
Explain
we
and not why
using
why
studied
sodium.
hydrogen
carbon is
hydrogen
hydrogen is formedof
the electrolysis
formed at the cathode
electrodes.
formed at molten the cathode
at the cathode sodium So – we have to ask, which ions are discharged (changed
of water:
= 0.00 V a Explain and not why sodium. hydrogen is formed at the cathode O
SoH–2atoms H + + OH–
==–2.71
0.00 V
= –2.71 V More about electrolysis
chloride.
On page b 276
b and
During
andwe
Write
Writenot
not electrolysis:
sodium.the electrolysis
astudied
half-equation
sodium. for the reaction of molten occurring sodium at
into
H
we have
O
or to
H
molecules)
ask, which
+ + OH–
during
ions are thedischarged
electrolysis (changed
of aqueous
= –2.71 V
=
II)–2.71 V
More about electrolysis
chloride. b During
the
Write anode.
a half-equation
a electrolysis:
half-equation
■ cations (positive ions) move towards the cathode where
On page b 276 thewe
Write anode.astudied
half-equation
Chapter for the
for
for the
the electrolysis
Chapter
20:
the
20:
reaction
reaction
reaction of molten
occurring at
Electrochemistry
occurring
occurring
Electrochemistry sodium
at
at
solutions?
into2atoms or molecules) during the electrolysis of aqueous
So –Amongwe have to ask, which ions are discharged (changed
the anode. solutions? other things this depends on:
II) 2+ On ■ they36
cations
page gain
Predict
276 electrons;
the electrolysis
(positive
the weanode. studied ions) gain move
the of products
electrons
towards
electrolysis is
at
the reduction
the
of anode and
cathode
molten where
sodium So
into– atoms
we have orto ask, whichduring
molecules) ions are thedischarged
electrolysis(changed of aqueous
II)
Cu2+ chloride.
3536 During
Predict electrolysis:products at the anode and
the electrolysis Among other thingspotential
this depends on:
II)
Cu2+ ■ anions 36 cathode
theyPredict gain (negative the when
electrons; the
electrolysis
ions) gainfollowing
move ofproducts
towards
electrons are electrolysed:
at
thethe anode
anode whereand they ■ the relative electrode during of the ions
nCu chloride.
35 36 During
cathode
Predict the when electrolysis:
the
electrolysis following products atisthe
are electrolysed: reduction
anode and into atoms
solutions? or molecules) the electrolysis of aqueous
■ lose cations cathode
electrons;(positive when loss ions)
the
of move
following
electrons towards are
is the cathode
electrolysed:
oxidation. where
nCu2+ ■ anions a molten (negative aluminium
ions) move iodidetowards the anode where they ■ thethe
solutions?
■ concentration
relative electrode of the
Among other things this depends on: ions. of the ions
potential
w
nnsitare
if Z ■ ionsacathode
Cl–cations
they inmolten
gain the when
discharge
electrons;
(positive aluminiumthe following
ions) gain series.
move ofiodide Inare
electrons
towards
electrolysed:
reality, is
the the electrolysis
reduction
cathode where of
nns are lose
– ions a
b inmolten molten
electrons;
a concentrated aluminium
loss of electronsiodide
aqueous is oxidation.
solution of the concentration
■ Among other things of the thisions.
depends on:
wnormal.
nsitare
if Z ■ Cl
a dilute
they
anions a aqueous
bgain athe discharge
electrons;
concentrated
(negative aluminium
solution
ions) gain series.
iodide
ofofsodium
aqueous
move Insolution
electrons
towards reality,
chloride thegives
is reduction
the of
anode electrolysis
a mixture
where they of ■ the relative electrode potential of the ions
ns are b a magnesium
concentrated chloride aqueous solution of
normal.
ng ions ■ aofdilute
chlorine
lose
anions b
Electrochemistry aqueous a
electrons; and
magnesium
concentrated
(negative solution
oxygen
lossions) of at
chloride
2chloride of
the sodium
aqueous
electrons
move anode.
towards chloride
solution
is The
oxidation.
the of
anode gives
proportion a
where mixture
of they ■ the relative electrode
concentration potential
of the ions. of the ionsHameed
Bilal
magnesium
=ng ions V
+0.34 loseccelectrons;
of chlorine a
aand
concentrated
magnesium oxygen
lossmore at
chloride
of aqueous
the
electrons anode. solution
is The
oxidation. of sodium
proportion
of sodium of
=er. oxygen increases the dilute the solution.
concentrated aqueous solution ■ the concentration of the ions.
+0.34 V c bromide a concentrated aqueous solution of sodium
=de+0.34
is V
=er.
=+0.34
0.00 V oxygencincreases
d bromide
bromide
a concentrated
molten zinc oxide.
the more dilute the
aqueous solution solution. of sodium
= 0.00
de
ode isin V QUESTION d bromide molten zinc oxide.
= 0.00 V
 electrolysed using carbon electrodes. 2 4 OH– ions. The H+ and OH– ions arise from the ionisation
electrolysed using carbon electrodes.
a Explain why hydrogen is formed at the cathode of water:
= 0.00 V a Explain why hydrogen is formed at the cathode
= 0.00 V and not sodium.
and not sodium. H 2O H+ + OH–
= –2.71 V
= –2.71 V More about electrolysis
b Write a half-equation for the reaction occurring at 11
b Write a half-equation for the reaction occurring at
the anode. Chapter 20: Electrochemistry
II) On page 276 thewe
anode.
studied the electrolysis of molten sodium So – we have to ask, which ions are discharged (changed
II) 2+ 36 Predict the electrolysis products at the anode and into atoms or molecules) during the electrolysis of aqueous
Cu2+ chloride. During
3536 Predict
34 electrolysis:products at the anode and
the electrolysis
Cu cathode when the following are electrolysed:
n cathode when the following are electrolysed: solutions?
■ cations (positive ions) move towards the cathode where
n a molten aluminium iodide Among other things this depends on:
wnsitare
if Z Cl–they
ionsagain
inmolten
the discharge
aluminium
electrons; series.
gain In reality,
ofiodide
electrons the electrolysis of
is reduction
ns are b a concentrated aqueous solution of
normal. a dilute
■ baqueous
anions solution
a concentrated
(negative of sodium
aqueous
ions) move chloride
solution
towards the of gives
anode a mixture
where they ■ the relative electrode potential of the ions
magnesium chloride
ng ions of chlorine and oxygen
magnesium
lose electrons; at the anode.
chloride
loss of electrons The proportion of
is oxidation. ■ the concentration of the ions.
=er.
+0.34 V c a concentrated aqueous solution of sodium
= +0.34 V oxygencincreases the more
a concentrated dilute the
aqueous solution.
solution of sodium
bromide
de is V
= 0.00
bromide
= 0.00 d molten zinc oxide.
ode in V QUESTION
d molten zinc oxide.
ide
f ions
f 3637 A concentrated aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid
ydroxide is electrolysed.
ns in the Electrolysis products
–(aq)
–(aq) Electrolysis products and
a Write half-equations
and solution
to show the reactions at:
solution
concentration
i the cathode
concentration
mely
When aqueous
ii thesolutions
anode. are electrolysed, the ions are
When aqueous solutions are electrolysed, the ions
–3. On
are
rarely present
b A at
very concentrations
dilute solution of of 1.00 moldm
hydrochloric acid
–3 is
rmed rarely present at concentrations of 1.00 moldm . On
sulfate page 290 we saw that the
electrolysed. value
What of E changes
substance with theare
or substances
sulfate page 290 we saw that the value of E changes with the
nd concentration of the
formed ion.
at the An ion,
anode? Z, higher
Explain in the discharge
your answer.
nd
elow concentration of the ion. An ion, Z, higher in the discharge

power more likely to be discharged than those higher in

into the series
– the concentration of the ions in the electrolyte;
sed when different ions are not very far apart in
the redox series, the ion present in greater 297
concentration is more likely to be discharged.
hode
■ The quantity of charge, in coulombs, passed during
ns
electrolysis is found by multiplying the current, in
amps, by time, in seconds, Q = It.
ode
■ The mass and/or volume of substance liberated
ns to
during electrolysis can be calculated from the
quantity of charge and the number of Faradays
, in required to discharge 1 mole of ions.
■ A half-cell can consist of an element in contact with
nt, the Electrochemistry 2 Bilal Hameed
its aqueous ions or two different aqueous ions of the
ectron same element in different oxidation states in contact
with a platinum electrode.
rmined ■ Two half-cells joined together form an
ip electrochemical cell.
■ A standard hydrogen electrode is a half-cell in which
hydrogen gas at a pressure of 101 kPa bubbles
through a solution of 1.00 mol dm–3 H+(aq) ions.
ous);
■ The standard electrode potential of a half-cell (E —
O
) is
ten
the voltage of the half-cell under standard conditions
y be
compared with a standard hydrogen electrode.
us
■ The standard cell potential (E —
cell ) is the voltage
O

in the developed under standard conditions when two half-

are cells are joined.

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 2

 12

Electrochemistry 2 Bilal Hameed

 13

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 2

 14

Electrochemistry 2 Bilal Hameed

 both the is oxidised and reduced forms are − ions in solution, such as ions of the
Electrochemical
system
Figure
both
to
in
same
particularly
developed
equilibrium.
system
Redox
cells
Figure
both
to contact
in
same
2Hg(l) the
measure
contact
the
measure
14.13
element
isreactions,
have
14.13
element
platinum
+electrochemical
oxidised
with
platinum
oxidised
with
2Cl
the
great
the
shows
fuelRedox
shows
in
−(aq)
instandard
their
standard
their
and
different
cells,and
different
(Figures
how
(Figures
like
practical
how
! reduced
ions
reactionsare
reduced
ions
to
to
Hg
allcellsin2214.14
measure
electrode
oxidation Cl
becoming
in14.14
measure
electrode
oxidation
2(s)and
forms
aqueous
2involve
cells
reactions,
and forms
aqueous and
+ the
potentials
based
technological
the
potentials a14.15).
2e
are
states.14.15).
are
states.
standard
solution.
serious
electron
tend
standard
solution.
ions
In these
on
ions
In
in
of
redox
towards
of
these
Eelectrode
1
inalternative
=
solution,
electrode
However,
cases,
transfer
electrode
solution,
electrode
However,
−0.27
changes.
importance
cases, a the and
the
V
potential
such
systems
toitelectrode
state
potential
such
systems
is
Some asalso
chemists
while
itelectrode
is ofions
oil-based
asalso ions
of
in
of
in of metals
of
which
possible
dynamicin the
fuels
these
have
others,
metals
of
which
possible
in the
an electric
Key term potential
Electrochemical cells difference
produce
Electrochemical
Figure
in
same
both
to
system
for
Redox
cells
developed
equilibrium.
Figure
particularly
in
same
both
to
system
contact
measure
contact
measure
14.13
element
the
vehicles.isreactions,
have
14.13
element
the is
with
oxidised
platinum
with
oxidised
platinum
the shows
great
electrochemical
the
in
Measurements
Redox
shows
fuel in
their
different
standard
cells,
their and
different
standard
how
(Figures
like
practical
and how
(Figures
ions
reduced
reactions
ions are
reduced
to
to cells
measure
in
oxidation
electrode
all of 14.14
measure
in
oxidation
electrode and
becoming
14.14
aqueous
theforms
reactions,
cellsinvolve
aqueous
forms
the states.
Vpotentials
and
voltages
technological
and the based are
a
states.
potentials are
standard
solution.
14.15). tend
electron
standard
serious
solution.
14.15).
In
ions
of
on
In
ions
these
in
of
cells
towards
redox
these
in
of
electrode
However,
cases,
solution,
electrode
help
importance
transfer
electrode
alternative
However, changes.
cases,
solution,
electrode toa the thepotential
such
assess
and it
systems
state
potential
to
suchit
systems
is
electrode
is as
the
while
Some
chemistsalso
ofions
oil-based
electrode
as also
of
ions
in
of
in of metals
possible
in
of
which
feasibility
dynamic
others, the
these
have
metals
fuels
possible
in
of
which the
(voltage)
Key from
term
Electrochemical
an electric a redox
cells reaction.
produce In
potential difference
V an electrochemical cell, the two Inhalf
in
to
system
same
both
and
Redox
equilibrium.
particularly
cells
developed
in
for
to
system
same
both
contact
measure
the
contact
measure have
vehicles.
the
298
H
isHreactions,
element
likelihood
is K2oxidised
element
(g)
(g)with
platinum
oxidised
2
with
platinum
and
theat
fuel
great
electrochemical
theat Redox
Measurements
their
inofstandard
different
their
instandard
and
redox
cells,
different
(Figures
like
practical
and (Figures
ions
ions reduced
reactionsare
reduced
high in
electrode
oxidation
reactions.
all 14.14
becoming
inof
electrode
oxidation
high and
14.14
aqueous
forms
resistance
reactions,
cellsinvolve
aqueous
theforms
resistance
and potentials
technological
voltages based
Vpotentials
and
are
states.
solution.
a14.15).
states.
voltmeter
14.15).
are
voltmeter tend
electron
serious
solution. In cells
ions
on
of
In
ions
of
these
redox
of
these
in
However,
inalternative
towards electrode
cases,
solution,
transfer
importance
However,
help
electrode changes.
cases,
solution, toa the the
it
systems
such
state
and to
assessit
systems
such
is
electrode
asalso
chemistsofions
oil-based
iswhile
Somethe
electrode
asalso
in possible
dynamic
of which
in
of
feasibility
in
ions 3+
the
have
fuels
others,
these
possible
which
in
of the
Key term
Electrochemical
electric
(voltage) potential
from cells
a redox difference
produce
reaction.
to
both
system
same
equilibrium.
developed
for
particularly
cells
100measure
to
and
both
system
same
measure
the
vehicles.
kPa is
element
298
have H
pressure
likelihood
the is
element
H
oxidised
K platinum
(g)and
oxidised
2
platinum
(g)
the at in
Redox
electrochemical standard
Measurements
fuel
great
the at in of cells,
standard
and
different (Figures
practical
redox
and
different (Figures
reduced
reactions are
reduced
electrode
oxidation
high
electrode
reactions. of 14.14
becoming
oxidation and
14.14theforms
involve
cells
resistance
forms
Vpotentials
and
voltages
technological
and
V potentials
are
states.
based a14.15).
voltmeter
are
states.14.15). electron
serious ions
In
on
of
ions
In
of
in
these
redox
cells
of
in
these
electrode
solution,
cases,
transfer
help
alternative
importance
electrode
solution,
cases,
15
12
changes.to the
and systems
such
solution
assess
the to
systems
such
solution as
electrode
chemists
Somethe
of ions
oil-based
while
as
electrode
2+ of
Fein
of which
of
3+(aq)in
feasibility
in
ions
Fe of
(aq)
in
the
have
these
fuels
others,
which the
Key term
reactions
(voltage)
electrichappen
from
potential
Electrochemical
an electrochemical in
a redox
cells separate
reaction.
difference
cell,produce half
the two Inhalf
Redox
100 kPa
both
same
system 298
the reactions
pressure
element
isH K
2 and
oxidised
platinum
(g) at in involve
and
different (Figures reduced the
high
oxidation transfer
resistance
14.14 forms V states.
and of
voltmeter
are
14.15). electrons
ions
In in
these from
solution,
cases, athe reducing
and
such
and
solution
Fe2+(aq) both
as
electrode
Fe (aq)
of ions
Fe
agent
3+
both of
in
(aq) the to cells. Thefrom
electrons
Electrochemical
an electrochemical
(voltage)
electric
reactions potential
happen flow
cells
incell,
a redox fromtwo
produce
the
reaction.
difference
separate one cell
half
In
half
developed
cells
and
for
particularly
both
same
system have
likelihood
vehicles.
298
the
element
isH K
2 electrochemical
and
oxidised
2platinum
(g) great
fuel
at of
Measurements
in different practical
redox
cells,and (Figures are
reduced high
reactions. of
oxidation and
becoming
14.14cells
resistance
theforms V
and based
technological
voltages voltmeter
a
are
states.14.15). serious on
of
ions
In redox
cells
in
these help
alternative
solution, changes.
importance
cases, 12 to assess
the
at to
such 1mol Some
while
the
oil-based
as
electrode dm –3
ions of
3+ ofthese
others,
feasibility
infuels
the
Electrochemistry WS 3
100 oxidising
an kPa pressure
298 K and agent. The electron
high resistancesalt bridge
transfer voltmeter can be shown by
solution writing
2+ of Fe
–3 3+(aq) half-
Redox isreactions involve the transfer to the other through a wire connecting
aof electrons from aat reducing
same element at in different oxidation states. In these cases, 1molFe2+dm agent to
to the electrode infuels
the
system HK 2platinum
(g) (Figures 14.14 Vbridge
and 14.15). and (aq) both Electrochemical
an electric
reactions
(voltage) potential
happen
electrochemical
from a cells
in
redox produce
difference
separate
cell, the
reaction. half
two half
In
100 kPa
cells
particularly
and
for
100 vehicles.
same
system
equations. kPa
pressure
have
298
likelihood
element
isreactions
HK
pressure and
2platinum
(g)
So,
great
fuel
at infor cells,
ofdifferent
Measurements practical
redox(Figures
example, are high
oxidation
high
and
becoming
reactions. of 14.14
when thesalt
resistance
resistance
technological
voltages
V states.
and
zinc
voltmeter
14.15).
is
voltmeter
serious of cells
In
added these to
importance
alternative
help
cases, 12
copper(ii)
solution
the
and to
assess
solution
at 1mol while
electrode
Fe
sulfate2+
of
oil-based
the (aq)
of
dm
Fe
–3
Fe both
3+ (aq)
others,
feasibility
in the
(aq)
–3solution,
cells. The electrons flow from one cell
Redox kPa298 and involve the transfersalt bridge of electrons from a reducing
and Fe (aq) agent
both to the electrodes. aThe electric circuit is
Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry WS
WS 3
an
100 oxidising
system
particularly 10 is
pressure
H
Explain platinum
(g) at
fuel agent.
why moist The
(Figures electron
14.14
starch-iodide andV transfer 14.15).
apaper can
ofcan be
be shown
used 12 by
solution
at
as to1mol
a verywriting
2+ of
dm Fe 3+
(aq) half- an
to electric
(voltage)
cells.
the The
reactions potential
from
electrons
happen
electrochemical
other redox
through difference
flow
incell,reaction.
from
separate
the
a wire In
one
half
two cell
half
connecting
for
and
system
100
Zn 10 kPa
atoms
298
vehicles. HK
platinum
likelihood
isreactions
pressure
Explain
platinum
2 and
2platinum
(g)
give at why upofcells,
Measurements redox
(Figures
moist
electrons
are high becoming
reactions. of
14.14
starch-iodide
high to thesalt
resistance
form
resistancesalt
voltages
andVbridge
Zn
bridge 2+serious
voltmeter
14.15).
paper
voltmeter ions. cells
can At
alternative
be
thehelp used
same to assess and
as
solution
at
time, a
1molFeoil-based
verythe
2+
(aq)
of
dm
the
–3
Fe both
3+
(aq)fuels
feasibility
–3electrons

3
an
Redox
equations.
100 oxidising
kPa 298
pressure
electrode
H
sensitive
K (g)and
So, at agent.
for
test involve
example,
for The electron
the when transfer V
zinctransfer of is added can
electrons be
tohelp fromshown
copper(ii)
12 a and
at by
reducing
1mol
solution Fe
sulfatewriting
2+ (aq)
dm
of Fe agent
both
solution,
3+
3+(aq)
half- to completed
(voltage)
an
to the
cells.
reactions
the by
from a
electrochemical
other
The happen
electrodes. salt
redox
through
electrons
The bridge connecting
a reaction.
incell,
flow the
wire two Inhalf
fromcircuit
separate
electric one
half cell
is
2+chlorine. thesalt Vbridge
for
and vehicles.
likelihood
298 HK 2 and
Measurements of moist redox high
reactions.of resistance voltages voltmeter ofcan cells to assess and Fevery the (aq) feasibility
both
100
are 10
10 kPa Explain
electrode
platinum
pressure
sensitive
transferred
coated
298 2(g)
K with
and atwhy test
to Cu for starch-iodide
chlorine.
ions,high which
resistancesalt form
bridge paper
voltmeter Cu atoms. be used as
at
solutiona
1mol 2+dmof
–3
Fe (aq)

Electrochemistry WS 3
equations.
an
100 oxidising
Redox
Zn atoms
kPa Explain
reactions
platinum
coated
298 H2K(g)
pressure So,
give
with
and why
at agent. forinvolve
up example,
moist
electrons The high the when
starch-iodide
electron
to transfer
form
resistancesalt zinc
V transfer
Zn
bridge ofis ions.
paper
2+
voltmeter added can
can
electrons Attobe be
the copper(ii)
used
fromshown
12 aas
same as
and
time,
at
shiny bya
reducing
1mol
solution sulfate
Fe verywriting
2+
Feplatinum
(aq)
the
dm
of
–3
Fe solution,
both
3+
(aq)half-
agent
electrons to the
an two solutions.
electrochemical
reactions
cells. The
completed happen
electrodes.
to the other a The
bythrough
electrons incell,
salt the
separate
electric
a wire
flow
bridge two half
half
circuit
connecting
from one is
cell
and
100 11
10
11
101kPa
finely electrode
likelihood
a)
Explain
a)
platinum
sensitive
Hdivided
pressure
electrode
Explain
298 2Write
K (g)
Write
and atwhy
why
of
the
test
the redox
half-equations
moist for 2+chlorine.
half-equations
moist
reactions.
starch-iodide
high
starch-iodide resistance involved
involved paper
voltmeter
paper
2+ in
incanthe
can
the
can
reaction
reaction
be used
used
between
and
solution
at
shiny
as a
1mol
between very
asulfate
very2+dm
Feplatinum
(aq)
of FeFe
–3
Fe
both
3+ 3+
(aq)
3+
Redox
Zn
equations. atoms reactions
sensitive give
So, uptest
for involve
electrons
for
example, the
chlorine. to
when transfer
form salt zinc bridge
Zn of is electrons
ions.
added At to the from same
copper(ii) a reducing
time,
and the
(aq) agent
electrons
both
solution, to
Electrochemistry WS 3
an
are
100
The oxidising
kPa
two
platinum
platinum
transferred
finely
coated divided
pressure
electrode
298 K with
half-equations
ionsand
black agent.
in to a Cu The
solution ions, electron
forofthe which
iron( reaction transfer
saltsolution
iiibridge
form
)) chloride are: Cu atoms.
and
be iodide
shown
12 ions by
electrode
solution
at
and 1molFein
writing
2+ of
dm
(aq)
–3
Fe
potassium
3+
–3both (aq) half- reactions
cells.
to The
completed
thethe happen
electrons
by
electrodes.
other a
two solutions. The
through in
salt separate
flow from
bridge
electric
a wire half
one
circuit cell
connectingis
100 101kPa sensitive
Explain
platinum
coated
pressure withwhy test moist for 2+chlorine. starch-iodide acid paper can be used as a
electrode
shiny
solution very
platinumof Fe 3+
(aq)
3+
are11 a)
10platinum electrode
sensitive
Explain
finely divided Write
black
ions why in the
testa half-equations
solution
moist for chlorine. of
starch-iodide iron( salt involved
bridge chloride
paper in the
canand reaction
iodide
used at
ions
as 1mol
betweena in
very2+dm
potassium Fe
Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from a reducing agent to
Electrochemistry WS 3
an
Zn oxidising
transferred
atoms give agent.
upto Cu
electrons The ions, electron
to which
form transfer
iiiZn form 2++ions. Cu canatoms.
At be
the shown
same and
time,by Fe writing
(aq)
the both
electrons half-
equations.
100 11 kPa
finelya)platinum
coated
pressure
electrode
coated divided WriteSo,
with
iodide
withwhy
for
the
solution.
example,
half-equations when acid zinc
involved
solution
salt bridge
containing is addedin
H+(aq) can be used asthe to copper(ii)
reaction shiny
between
at 1mol
electrode
and sulfate
platinum
2+
Feplatinum dm –3
Fe
(aq)–3both solution,
3+
cells.
to
thethe The electrons
other through
two solutions.
completed by a The
electrodes. flow
a from
wire
salt electric one
bridge circuit iscell
connecting
The 10 sensitive
Explain
two platinum half-equations test moist for chlorine.
starch-iodide
for the reaction paper are: shiny a very 3+
are11 a) Write the half-equations saltinvolved in the reaction between Fe
platinum
1oxidising
finely electrode
divided black
ions in a solution
2+ of iron( ))form
chloride and iodide at
ions 1mol
electrode in dm
potassium
10 Zn(s)
sensitive iodide → test Zn
solution. for (aq) chlorine. +to 2e containing bridge H (aq)

Electrochemistry WS 3
an
equations.
Zn 11 atomsExplain
a)
transferred
coated
platinum
finely platinum
divided
electrode WriteSo,why
give
with
black
ions agent.
for
up
in to
the a moist
example,
Cu
electrons The
solution 2+
half-equations starch-iodide
ions, electron
when
of acid
which
form
iron(
(1mol
acid salt
iiitransfer
solution
zinc
involved
iiiZn
dm
bridge
solution
paper
–32+
chloride
–3 is ) +ions.added
Cu can
incan atoms.
theAt
and to be
be
the used
iodideshown
copper(ii)
reaction same as
shiny
at by
between
time,
ions asulfate
1mol
electrode very
in writing
platinum
the
potassium
dm Fe
–3 3+ half-
solution,
electrons to
thethe
twoother
completed through
electrodes. a The
solutions.
by abridge
wire connecting
salt electric circuit is
connecting
The 10
11
10
platinum
1 Explain
two
coated
finelya)platinum
sensitive
b)
Explaindivided
electrode half-equations
with
black
Write
ions
iodide why
why in test
a
the afull moist
solution. forredox
solution
half-equations
moist starch-iodide
for
chlorine. of
starch-iodidethe
equation (1mol
iron( reaction
containing
acid dm
involved
solution) for paper
chlorideH
paper ) theare:
(aq) in can
reaction
canand
the be used
iodide
reaction involved. as
shiny
ions
betweena
electrode very
platinum
in potassium Fe 3+
equations.
Zn
are
Figure 11 atoms
platinumsensitive
b)
a)platinum
transferred
coated
14.14Zn(s) So,
give
Write
black
ions
with
iodide The → up
in test
for
a
the
to full
aZn Cu
solution.
apparatus for
example,
electrons
solution 2+chlorine.
redox
half-equations
2+ (aq) ions,
in +a when
to
equation
of 2e
cellform
iron(
which
containing
for
iii
zinc Zn
involved for
)form
measuring
2+
chlorideisH)the
+
added
+ions. Cu
(aq) the At
inreaction
and
the
atoms. tobethe
standard used
copper(ii)
iodide
reaction same
involved. astime,
shiny
ions
electrode betweenasulfate
very
in the
platinumpotassium
potential Fesolution,
electrons
3+
the electrodes.
by aThe
saltelectric circuit is
3+ of completed bridge connecting
finely divided
electrode 2+ acid iii
solution –3 electrode two solutions.
and
The
Figure 10
111 Explain
two
platinum a)
c) Cu
sensitive
platinum
coated
14.14
electrode half-equations
black
with
iodide
ions
Write
Describe The (aq)
why in test
apparatus+solution
moist
solution.
the a 2e
for
half-equations
the change →
chlorine.
for
in a Cu(s)
starch-iodide
ofthe
cell (1mol
iron(
you reaction
containing
for dm
measuring
involved
would ) paper
–3H+are:
chloride (aq)
see in can
the and
the
in be
standard used
iodide
reaction
the solution as
electrode shiny
ions
betweena
electrode very
platinum
in
when potential
potassium Fe
the 3+ of
Zn
are
the 10
11 Explain
finely
atoms
platinum
redox b)
transferred
a)
coated
c) divided
sensitive
platinum
Zn(s)
reaction Write
give
black
iodide
ions
with
Write
Describe why→ up
in a
test
to fullmoist
electrons
Zn Cu
solution.
the a
Fe for
2+redox
solution 2+
half-equations
the
3+ (aq) (aq) changestarch-iodide
chlorine.
ions,
+ e+ equation
to
of
− !2e acid
(1mol
form
which
iron(
containing
you Fe
solution
iiidm
Zn
involved
2+would ) for
form paper
2+
chloride
(aq).–3 H ) theions. Cu
(aq)
see in can
reaction
At
atoms.
and
the
in be
the used
iodide
reaction
the involved.
same
solution as time,
ions
shiny
betweena very
in
when the
platinumpotassium electrons
Fe
the completed by a salt bridge connecting
the two solutions.
Figure
The finelyb)
electrode
14.14divided
sensitive
coated
two Write
with The
half-equations
2+ a
test full
apparatus forredox in
chlorine.
for aequation
cell
the acid
(1mol
for
reaction
iii
solution
dm for
measuring –3H are:) the
+ reaction
the standard involved. electrode electrode
shiny potential
platinum 3+ of
the11
and
The
Figure
are 11
platinum
1redox
finelya)
overall
14.14
transferred
c)
a) Cu
reaction
electrode
b) divided
sensitive black
iodide
ions
reaction
Write
Describe (aq)
balanced
The in the
a Fe
test
intoapparatus+
solution.
afull Cu
3+half-equations
occurs.
the 2e
(aq)
solution
for
2+redox
2+ equation →
chlorine.
ions,
change
−
Cu(s)
+in eaequation
of !
cell
containing
iron(
(1mol
acid
which is:
youfor
2+
Feinvolveddm
solution (aq).
))form
chloride
for
measuring
iii
would –3Hthe
) +(aq) (aq)
Cu in the
and
inreaction
theatoms. reaction
standardiodide involved. electrode between
ions
electrode
shiny in potassium
potential
platinum Fe 3+ of
→ the half-equations involved + see in
the the
reaction solution between when the
Fe3+
coated
platinum b) Zn(s) with
iodide
black
ions
reaction
Write a aZn
solution.
full solution
occurs. redox (aq) + of 2e
equation containing
iron( chloride
for and iodide ions in potassium
Figure
the
The finely
redox
two 14.14
c)
coated divided
reaction Describe
2+ The
half-equations
with apparatus
Fe the
3+ (aq) change +in
for e a − cell
the! (1mol
acid
youfor
Fe iii
2+
reaction dm
measuring
solution
would (aq). )the see
are: reaction
thein standard
the involved.
solution electrode electrode
shiny when potential
platinum the of the two solutions.
and
Figure 11
1platinuma)
finelyb)
14.14
d) Cu
divided black
Write
ions
iodide
Write
How The (aq) inthe
a
many afull
apparatus+
solution. 3+ 2e
half-equations
solution
redox
moles →in a Cu(s)
of
equation
−
of cell
! iron(
Fecontaining
(1mol
acidfor
3+ involved
dm
solution
2+
iii
ions ) chloride
for
measuring
–3 H ) the
react (aq)in the
and
reaction
the
with reaction
standardiodide
one involved.
moleelectrode between
ions
electrode
of in − potassium
potential
ions? Fe of
the11
The
Figure
the
redox
platinum
finely
redox
c)
a)
overall
b)
d)
c) reaction
Zn(s)
divided
14.14reaction
Describe
Write
black
reaction
ions
iodide
Write
How
Describe
reaction balanced
The → inthe
a
many Fe
aZn
Fe
apparatus
the
occurs.
solution.
full the
3+ 2+
occurs.
(aq)
half-equations
solution
2+
redox
moles
(aq) (aq) change
equation
+
change + e+
+in e a of 2e
equation
of !
− cell Fe you
iron(
you
acid
(1mol
Fe
containing
is:3+
Fe
for
would
2+involved
iii
ions
would
solution
2+ dm
(aq).
)Fechloride
for
(aq).
measuring 3+H
–3
)
+
+(aq)
the
react see
see in
inreaction
the
and
with
thein the
reaction
the
standardiodide
one solution
involved.
2+
solutionmoleelectrode
shiny
between
ions of
electrode inII−potential
when
when
platinumpotassium
ions? the
Fe
the
3+
of
The
and
Figure
the
Pt[H
two
platinum
redox b)
2
14.14
(g)]
Zn(s)
Cu half-equations
black
ions
reaction iodide2+ +
(aq)
in Cu
a +
solution.
Fe
2H
2e
solution
3+ (aq) (aq) + (aq)
for
→
+in)e+→ of
−the
Cu(s)!Zniron(
acid reaction
containing
Fenot (aq)
2+ )
solution +
chloride
–3
3+ H (aq) Cu(s)
are:
(aq) and ,
iodideFe 2+ (aq)
ions
electrode in potassium Pt(s)
The
the
Figure
Pt[H
platinum
redox
c)
e)
overall
d)
b)
c)
e)
14.14
(g)]
2Zn(s)
reaction
Write
reaction
Describe
black
Why
ions
iodide
How
Write
reaction
Describe
Why
The
balanced
The
does
→
in a
many
does a
apparatus
a
Fe
full
Zn
full
apparatus
occurs.
solution. the
occurs.
the
3+
2H
2+redox
iron(
solution
moles
redox
iron(
(aq) (aq)
equation (aq)
change
changeiii
+in ) e
aequation
a
cell
iodide
of 2e
equation
−!
iodide
cellFe you
iron( for
(1mol
containing
is:
acid
you
(1mol
3+
Fe
for
3+
iii
2+
not )(aq).
measuring
dm
would
ions
iii
solution
would
dm
for
Fe
for
(aq).
measuring
exist?
chloride
–3H
exist?
)
)
the
(aq)
+
react
the see
+ (aq)
see
the
reaction
in
and
with
reaction
thein
,standard
the
the
standardiodide
one involved.
Fe
solution
solutionmole
involved.
electrode
(aq) ionsof
electrode inI−−potential
when
when potassium
ions?
potential
the
the
Pt(s) of
of
and
the
Figure Pt[H
redox d)
b) 2Cu
14.14 (g)]
Zn(s)
reaction How
iodide
Write
2+
The (aq)
+ many
asolution.
Cu
Fefull
apparatus+ 3+ moles
2e
2+
2Hredox
(aq) (aq)
+
+(aq) →
iii
+in →
e aof
Cu(s)!Zn
equation
−
cellFe
containing
(1mol 2+2+
Fe
for ions
(aq)dm Fe
for
(aq).
measuring
3+
–3
+H)react
+(aq)
(aq)
the Cu(s) with
reaction
the ,standardone Fe
2+
mole
involved. (aq)
electrode of I−potential ions? Pt(s) of
Instead
The
Figure
hydrogen
12 Pt[Hc)
d)
overall
b)
e)
c) of
2Zn(s)
Write
14.14 (g)] iodide
How
Write
Why mixing
reaction
Describe
gas
reaction
Describe a balanced
The → many
balanced
does a Zn
solution.
full
apparatus two
occurs.
the2+
hydrogen
occurs.
the
3+ moles
2Hredox
iron( (aq) change
equation reagents,
equation
(aq)
change in )
ion
+aof 2e
equation
iodide
− !
cellFe you
is:
(1mol
you
3+
containing
for
3+forit
not
2+ions
dm is
would
metal
would each
Fe
for
measuring possible
3+ H
3+) the
–3
exist?
ion
(aq) see
(aq)
react of
see in
with
these
reaction
thein to
, the
the carry
standardone solution
metal
redox
Fe
2+
mole
involved.
solution out
(aq)
2+electrode
ion
reactions:a
of redox
when
when I −
shiny
ions?
potential the
the reaction
platinum
Pt(s) of
theon
and
Figure 122 redox
hydrogen
Pt[H
Pt d)
Write
e)
b) reaction
2Cu(g)]
Zn(s)
electrode
14.14 How
Why
Write
gas2+ aThe (aq)
+ many
balanced
doesa Fe
Cufull + moles
(aq)
hydrogen
2+
2e
2H
iron(
in redox (aq)
solution
+
+)→
iii
+equation
→
(aq) ionof
eequation
Cu(s)
iodide ZnFe
(1mol Fe
for
2+ ions
(aq)
not metal
inFe
dm (aq).
each
for
–3
+
exist?
solution react
ion
(aq)
)the Cu(s) with
ofreaction
these , one metal
redox
Fe
insolutionmole
solution
involved. (aq)ion
reactions:of I−(inert ions?
shiny platinum
Pt(s)
electrode)
the
in
The
Instead on redox
an Pt[H
Pt c)
overall
hydrogen b)
e) reaction
electrochemical
d) (g)]
electrode
a)
c) 2of Describe
reaction
How
Write
Why mixing
gas
manganese(
Describe balanced many
doesa apparatus
Fefull
3+
the
occurs.
in
two (aq)
2H
moles
hydrogen
the redox
iron( solution change
cell
equation )
change
+
(aq)in
iii
) e
reagents,
oxide
a −
so
of !
cell
equation
ioniodide you
that
Fe for
is:
with
you
Fe
3+ 2+
not
it
measuring
would
electron
ions
inis
metal(aq).
Fe
for
3+
exist?
solution
hydrochloric
would (aq)
react
the
possible ion see
see
thein
transfer
with
reaction
in ,standard
to the
acid
the one
carryintakes
Fe
2+
mole
involved.
solution
metal
to
solution
electrode
(aq)
formout
ion place of
a when I
redox
potential
along
ions?
(inert
manganese(
when shiny the
thePt(s)a of
wire
electrode)
reaction
platinum ii)
Figure
the12
and redox
coated
Pt[H
hydrogen
12
14.14
Write
d)
e)
a) reaction
2Cu(g)]
Zn(s) reaction
How
with
Why 2+ a
manganese(
gas The (aq)
does
+ apparatus
balanced
many Fe+
Cu
3+
occurs. (aq)
moles
(oxidised
2e
iron(
2+
2H
hydrogen
iv
(aq)
+
→in
+oxide
equation
iii
(aq) form
+)equation )→eaof
ion
−
−cell
Cu(s)
iodide!ZnFe for
with Fe
3+for
2+ 2+
measuring
ions
(oxidised
not
(aq) metal(aq).
each
Fe
3+
exist?
hydrochloric + react
(aq)
ion of
form
Cu(s) the
these
with ,standard
acid redox
one
(reduced
Feto
metal
2+
moleelectrode
(aq)
form reactions:
formof
ion I potential
−
manganese( ions?
shiny Pt(s)
platinumofii)
Figure
the
connecting
The
Instead on2 redox
coated
Pt Write
14.14
c)
overall
Pt[H
hydrogen
Pt d)
e) reaction
electrode
of
black (g)] Describe
reaction
with
How
Why
a
mixing
gas The
the balanced
balanced apparatus
many
does Fe
two
of
3+
the
occurs.
two (aq)
(oxidised
in2H
moles
hydrogen
iron(
the
ivchange
electrodes.
solutionequation
electrode)
iii
in
+
(aq) formea
reagents,
) ionof
iodide!
cell Feyou for
is:3+for
Fe
of it
2+
measuring
notwould
(oxidised
This in
ions
the is
metaleach
(aq). 3+
harnesses
solution
Feexist? (aq)
react
possible
electrode) ion of
see
form these
the in
with standard
to the
, the of
redox
(reduced
one
carryin
the Fe
2+
solution
energy
solution
metal mole (aq)
electrode) outreactions:
electrode
form
ion when
of
a from
redox
I potential
(inert
− ions?
shiny the
the of
redox
electrode)
Pt(s)
reaction
platinum
inon
the 12 an Ptc)
redox
Pt
hydrogen
Pt[Helectrochemical
Write
d)
a)
e)
2
reaction
electrode ions
Describe
reaction
How a
manganese(
Whygas
ions and
balanced
many
does
and Fe 3+chlorine
the
occurs.
in(aq)
moles
iron(
2+
hydrogen
chlorine solution cell
change
+
)equation
+oxide
iii
)e→
ionso
−!
−
of
iodide that
Feyou
withFe
3+for
2+
2+
notelectron
would
in
ions
metaleach
(aq).
solution
hydrochloric3+
exist? react
ion see
of transfer
in, the
these
with acid one intakes
solution
redox solution
to
metal 2+
moleform ion place
reactions: when
of − along
I−(inert
manganese( ions?
shiny the a wire
electrode)
platinum ii)
the
reaction
The
12
on coated
redox
2an Pt
(reduced black
Write
a) (g)]
Zn(s)
electrode
d)
overall
Pt[H
2
(g)]
with
reaction
reaction
to form
How a
manganese(
produce
balanced +
balanced
many Cu
Fe of(oxidised
3+ the
in
occurs.2H
(aq)
an
moles
2H (aq)
solution electrode)
iv +
equation
iv
(aq)
equation
iii
+
(aq)
form
e
)electrical
oxide of !ZnFe with
is: Fe
3+for (aq)
of(oxidised
2+the Fe
each
(aq).
hydrochloric
in
potential
ions +
solution
3+
Fesolution
(aq)
electrode)
react
(aq) Cu(s)
of
form these
difference
with , acid one inFe
of(reduced
the
redox
Feto
solution
2+ (aq)
electrode)
form
(voltage).
mole (aq)
reactions:
form
ofmanganese(
(inert
ions?
II−(inert
Pt(s)
electrode)
Pt(s) ii)
in
Instead
connecting hydrogen
12
on coated
Pt
(reduced
Pt
Pt[Helectrochemical
e) 2of
Write
electrode
b)
d)
a)
black (g)]
2Zn(s)
with
Why mixing
gas
reaction
copper
form
How a
manganese(
ions the does
balanced
many
and two
metal
of two
hydrogen
(oxidised
iron(
occurs.
in
themoles
chlorine
2+ electrodes.
solution cell
+ reagents,
with
)
electrode) form
)
equation
oxide
iii
)→
ionso
iodide
ofnitrate that
Fe with3+for
of
2+ it electron
inis
metal
(oxidised
This
not ions
ions each
hydrochloric
the possible
3+ inion
harnesses
exist? react
electrode) form
of transfer
these
nitricwith to acid
ofcarry takes
metal
(reduced
the redox
one in
the energy
solution
to 2+
moleform
electrode) out
ion place
form
reactions:a
of redox
from
copper(
manganese( along
shiny
ions? the a
reaction
platinumwire
redox
electrode)
) ions ii)
of hydrogen
12
on2
coated
the
Pt
Ptd)
Pt[H
coated
e)
Write
electrode)
b)
a)
electrode
black (g)]
Why
with gas
copper a balanced
manganese(
ions
How
with
+
does
and
many
Cuof(oxidised
metal 2H
iron(
hydrogen
chlorine
in
themoles
2H
(oxidised
(aq)
solution
iv
iv )
electrode)
(aq)
+with
(aq)
form
equation
oxide
iii
form
ioniodide
of
Zn
nitrate
Fe with
3+ (aq)
not metal
of(oxidised
for ions Fe
each exist?
hydrochloric
in
the
ions
(oxidised Fe
3+
solution
(aq)
+reactin
electrode) ion
(aq) Cu(s)
form
of
form these
nitricwith
,
, acid one in
the
Fe
metal
of(reduced
redox
Fe
(reduced to 2+form
solution
(aq)
electrode)
mole (aq)
ion
formmanganese(
reactions:
form of copper(
I −(inert
ions?
Pt(s)
ii
shinyelectrode)
platinum
ii)
Pt(s) ions ii)
connecting
inon
of
Instead
reaction an
the
hydrogen
(reduced
12 Pt
Pt electrochemical
d)electrode)
e) 2
Writeof
electrode
black
a)
e) to Why
and
How
ions mixing
gas
form
manganese(
Why the
produce
a does
balanced
nitrogen
many
and
does two
of two
iron(
hydrogen
in
the
2+an
moles
chlorine
iron( electrodes.
solution +cell
electrode)
) reagents,
)
equation
dioxide iii
oxide
)
ion
electrical so
iodide
of
iodide Fethat
gas. 3+
with2+ This
for
of it
notelectron
potential
in
the
ions
not is
metaleach harnesses
possible
exist?
solution
hydrochloricelectrode)
3+
exist?
ion
react of transfer
difference
these
with to
, acid the
ofcarry
redox
one in
the energy
takes
metal(voltage).
solution
to electrode)
2+
moleformout
ion place
reactions:a
of from
redox
I along
shiny
−(inert
manganese( ions? the a redox
reaction
platinumwire
electrode) ii)
FigureTest Pt[H
coated
hydrogen
(reduced
12 Pt b)
a) (g)]
Zn(s)
yourself
Write
black
14.15
2 with
copper
gas
form
and
ions a
manganese( The +
balanced
nitrogen
and Cu
cell metal
of 2H
(oxidised
hydrogen
chlorine
the
diagram (aq)
iv (aq)
with
equation
dioxide iii
)(aq)
electrode) →
form
oxideion Zn
nitrate
thegas.
with for
of (aq) Fe
(oxidised
ions
metaleach
hydrochloric
the + (aq)
in
electrode) Cu(s)
ion form
ofnitric
these acid
,toacidof Fe
(reduced
redox
the to
metal
to (aq)
form
form
electrode) form
ion
reactions: copper(
manganese( shiny Pt(s)
) ions
platinum ii)
))for cell in Figure 14.14. Here both theareduced and
+ 3+ 2+ ii
of
Instead
reaction
connecting
in
Figure
of
on
12
on2an Pt
the
Pt[H
coated
(reduced
Pte)
hydrogen
Pt
the
electrode
electrode)
b)
Write
14.15
black
(g)]
2of
electrode
electrode) copper
with
to
Why
electrochemical formmixing
gas produce
a the
The does
balanced metal
two
cell
in2H
two
of(oxidised
hydrogen
an
iron(
diagram
the
in
solutioniv
electrodes.
solution with
cell
electrode) reagents,
iiiform
equation ion
electrical
for nitrate
iodide
sonitrate
the that cell it
This
for
of not in
ions
potential Fe
iseach
(oxidised
metal
electron
in
the
in
solution
possible
exist?
Figure in
(aq)ion
harnesses
electrode)
solution form
ofnitric
difference
transfer
these
14.14. acid
ofcarry
the
Here
in
the
in
Fe
(reduced solution
to
metal(voltage).
energy
takes
redox both form
(aq)
electrode)
solution out form
ion place
reactions:
the copper(
redox
from
reduced
(inert
shiny
along
(inert theelectrode)
ii
and) aions
Pt(s)
reaction
platinum
redox
wire
electrode)
(reduced
hydrogen
12 coated a)
e)
b)
Write ions
manganese(
Why
copper
form
and
with gas
ions a and
does
nitrogen
balanced
and metal chlorine
iron(
hydrogen
(oxidised
chlorine iv )
with
dioxide oxide
equation
iiiformioniodide with
gas. fornot hydrochloric
ions
metal
(oxidised exist?
each inion of
formnitric
these acid to
metal
redox
(reduced form ion
reactions:
form manganese(
copper( shiny ) ions
platinum
ii ii)
of
oxidised
Test
Instead on2 thePt
Pt a)
black
electrode)
forms
electrode
b) yourself
ofto manganese(
copper
and mixing of the
nitrogen of
metal the
chemicals
in
two solutioniv )
electrode)
with
dioxide oxide
reagents, in nitrate with
right-hand
gas. of hydrochloric
the
in
ions
it(oxidised
iseach electrode)
half-cell
solution
possible in nitricare toin acid
in of the
in to
solution.solution form
electrode) As inmanganese(
Figure
copper( (inert 14.11,
electrode)
) ions )
iithe
Figure
in an
hydrogen
(reduced
coated 14.15
electrochemical gas
form
with The cell diagram
hydrogen
(oxidised cell for
ion
form the
sonitrate that cell in
electron
metal Figure ion form 14.14.
transfer ofcarry
Here both
takes
metal
(reduced out
ion the
place
form ainreduced
redox along
shiny reaction
and aions
platinumwire
ii
reaction
connecting
of
oxidised 12
on thePtWrite
Pt electrode)
forms
electrode
a) aproduce
the of balanced
the two inan
ofchemicals electrodes.
solution electrical
equation in right-hand potential
This
for in harnesses
half-cell
solution of difference
these
are the redox
solution.
in (voltage).
energy
solution reactions:
As from
Figure
(inert the14.11, redox
electrode) iithe
14.3
14.3 Redox
Redox titrations
manganese( ) oxide with hydrochloric acid to form manganese( ))
Figure 15 hydrogen
(reduced
coated black
b)
14.15
Write ions
and
copper
gas
form
with twoThe and
nitrogen
cell metal
ionic the
chlorine
diagram
hydrogen
(oxidised electrode)
dioxide
half-equations with for
ion
form the gas. of
cell the
in
ions
metal
(oxidised and electrode)
Figure in the
ion form 14.14.
nitric
overall Here
acid the to electrode)
both
balanced
metal
(reduced form
ion the
form reduced
copper(
equation shiny and) for
platinum
123 a) a balanced iv equation for each of these redox reactions:
titrations
manganese( ) oxide with hydrochloric acid to form manganese( ii
in ofon
reduced
FigureTest
oxidised
connecting 2 Pt
thePt
coated
an
(reduced electrode
electrode)
b) form
yourself
black
14.15
forms ions
and
copper
with
electrochemical form of The
the and
each
ofnitrogencell
the of
metal
two chlorine
in
electrode
the
diagram
(oxidised
chemicals solution electrode)
iv dioxide
cell
electrodes. with system
for
form so
in nitrate
the gas.
that cell
right-hand appears
of
This
in
the
ions solution
in solution
(oxidised
electron electrode)
Figure
half-cell towards
in
harnesses formnitric
14.14.
transfer
arethe the
in of
acid
Here in
outside
the
(reduced
the
solution
to electrode)
both
intakes
solution.energy form of
the
form
place
As the cell
copper(
reduced
in (inert
along
Figure
from the
electrode)
diagram.
ii)aions
and
14.11, ii
wire
redoxthe
reaction
ofon
reduced
Figure
oxidised Pt
thePta)electrode
electrode)
form
black
14.15
forms to produce
manganese(
ions
and of The each
and
ofnitrogencell
the inan
electrode
of(oxidised
the
chlorine
diagram solution electrode)
) electrical
oxide system
for the withcellpotential
appears
of in
the
hydrochloric
in electrode)
Figure towards difference
14.14. outside
of(reduced
acid
Here the to(voltage).
solution
electrode)
both form of
the the cell (inert
manganese(
reduced electrode)
diagram.
and )
coated b)
each with copperof the ofchemicals
metalfollowing dioxide
)with form inredoxright-hand
nitrate gas. ofreactions.
ions
(oxidised half-cell in form In
nitricareeach in ofsolution.
acid example,
to form As inmanganese(
form Figure 14.11,
state
copper( which foriithe
ii) ions
(reduced form iv ii
of
FigureTest
oxidised
connecting
reduced
reaction
Inof
Figure
oxidised
15
athe
Pta)
3coated
the
Ptb)
(reduced black
Write
14.15
redox
(reduced b)
forms
form
black 14.3
yourself
electrode)
14.3
with
electrode)
14.15
forms Redox
to ions
and
Redox
ions titrations
manganese(
copper
copper
form
two
of The
titrations
form the
produce
The
titration, of
and
ofnitrogen
each
and
the
the
ionic
cell
two
cell
metal
metal
chlorine
thehalf-equations
chemicals
diagram
of(oxidised
electrode
thean
chlorine
chemicals
diagram
an
ivelectrode)
electrodes. dioxide
electrode)with oxide
for
form
electricalsystem
for
oxidising
with in
with
thegas.
innitrate
right-hand
cell
right-hand
the
nitrate This
cellappears hydrochloric
the
inand
ions
(oxidised
potential
of the
agent in
ions
electrode)
half-cell
Figure in
harnesses
electrode)
half-cell
Figure
the
form
towards
reacts
in
overall
nitricarethe
14.14.
difference
are
14.14.
nitric with
acid
acid
in
in
Here
the
Here
acid
the
of(reduced
to
balanced
to
solution.both
theenergy
outside
solution.
a
form
electrode)
(voltage).form
electrode)
both
reducing
to form
Asthe
the
form
of
As
the
in
in
equation
copper(
fromFigure
reduced
cell diagram.
Figure
reduced
agent.
copper( the ii) redox
14.11,
and
14.11,
and
ions
During
) ions
)
the
the
reduced
of Test
InofTest
reduced
oxidised
Figure
reaction
Figure
the Test
reduced
oxidised
15 3atheredox
thePt
(reduced
b)
form
atom,
forms
14.15
form
14.15
titration,
(reduced 14.3
yourself
Write
black
electrode)
each
b) yourself
form
14.3
to
yourself
electrode)
forms Redox
and
ions
Redox
and
form
copper
form
and titrations
ofof
two
titration,
copper
titrations
of The
produce
of The
ion each
nitrogen
and
the
ofnitrogen
each
each
the
ofnitrogen
or
ionic
cell
the
thecell
of
metal
metal
electrode
molecule
chlorine
the
following
chemicalsandioxide
electrode
diagram
an
electrode
chemicals
diagram
aim
dioxide
half-equations
electrode) oxidising
with
is
with
dioxide
system
for
electrical system
for
to
is
inredox
nitrate
system
inredox
gas.
thegas.
right-hand
cell
right-hand
the
measure
nitrate gas. cell
appears
oxidised
of the
reactions.
agent
appearsions and
in Figure
potential
appears inand
ions
electrode)
half-cell
half-cell
Figure
the
towards
andthe
reacts
in
towards
towards
in
which
overall
In
nitric
volume
nitric
with
are
14.14.
difference
are
14.14.
the
each
the
in
the
of
acid
Here
inHere
acid
outside
is
the
outside
reduced:
balanced
to
solution.
outside
solution.
of
electrode)
aexample,
reducing
both
(voltage).
both
to aa form
form of
of
Asthe
the
of
Asthe
the
standard
the
in
in
cell
equation
state
agent.
copper(
cell
Figure
reduced
cell
Figure
reduced
copper(
diagram.
ii
which
diagram.
14.11,
and
diagram.
14.11,
and
solution
for
iiDuring
) ions
ii) ions
the
the of
Inof
the
FigureTest
reduced
oxidised
Inof
FigureTest
reduced
oxidised
an
15
19
3athe
athe
each
Write
redox
a)
b)
redox
oxidising
forms14.3
electrode)
atom,
yourself
titration,
14.15
form
14.3
electrode)
yourself
14.15
form
forms
Suggest Redox
copper
and
Redox
and titrations
of
magnesiumtwo
titration,
titrations
The
titration,
of The
ion
ofofeach
of
the
the
each
agent
ionic
nitrogenor
cellmetal following
the chemicals
cell
the
nitrogen
why
aim an
molecule
diagram
electrode
an
diagram
electrode
chemicals
a or
half-equations
hydrogen
metal
a
dioxide
oxidising
is
with
dioxide to
for
oxidising with
system
for
ismeasure
nitrate
the gas.
in right-hand
system
in
reducing the
cell
cell
right-hand
gas.
reactions.
agent
copper(
oxidised
appears
agent
appears
electrode
ions
in
in
agent
the
Figure
half-cell
Figure
half-cell
in the
reacts
and )
towards
ii
reacts
towards
that
is
In
overall
sulfate
volume
nitric
14.14. with
which
are
14.14. with
are
reacts
difficult
eachacid
the
the
in
Here
Here
is a
of example,
balanced
solution
outside
in solution. reducing
reduced:
to
both
aexactly
outside
solution.
to reducing
both
set
form standard
the
ofAsthe
the
of
As
up the
in
with
state
equation
and
agent.
copper(
reduced
cell
in Figure
agent.
reduced
cell
Figure a
which
solution
and
diagram.)
14.11,
ii
and
diagram.
for
During
ions
During
14.11,
measured
maintain.
the
the
of
In
the
InTest
an
Figure
oxidised
reduced
the
FigureTest
oxidised
reduced
volume
15 193a redox
atom,
each
titration,
Write
aoxidising
Suggest
b)
redox
a) form
titration, 14.3
yourself
14.15
forms
14.3
yourself
14.15
forms
form
of Redox
and
Redox titrations
titration,
of two
The
titrations
titration,
aqueous
the
of
magnesium
of The
ion the
ofagentthe
nitrogen
each
ofiteach
why
the
or
ionic
cell
the
other
following
cellchemicals
the aim
aor an
molecule
diagram
electrode
aim
diagram
chemicals
electrode
half-equations
hydrogen
an
chlorine
reagent.
metal oxidising
is
aisoxidising
dioxide to
reducing
for
to inwith
system
for
is
redox
with
inredox
system
the
the
oxidised
measure
gas. cell
right-hand
electrode
measure cell
right-hand
agent
reactions.
agent
agent
acopper(
solution
appears
appearsinand
and
in Figure the
half-cell
the
Figure
half-cell
reacts
andthe
iithat
is) of
reacts
towards
towards
In
volume with
which
overall
14.14. reacts
are
difficult
volume
14.14. with
potassium
sulfate
are
eachinHere
the
inHere
the
is a
of
to
outside
solution
of
reducing
reduced:
example,
balanced
aexactly
both
solution. a
set
reducing
both
solution.
outside a standardstandard
the
As
upthe
bromide
of
the
As
of
with
and agent.
state
equation
reduced
in Figure
agent.
cell
reduced
in
the Figure
cell
asolution
maintain. During
which
solution
measured
and
14.11,
diagram.
and
for
During
14.11,
diagram.
the
the
of
of
the
In
an Test
volume
oxidised
reduced
the
In
anTest
oxidised
reduced
15 20
193a
a titration,
redox
Write
atom,
oxidising
Why
each
Suggest
a)
redox
19oxidising
20 Why
c) form
titration,
Suggest
b) 14.3
yourself
of
forms
14.3
yourself
forms
form Redox
Redox titrations
titration,
isof
the
magnesium
a is
+aqueous
two
titrations
of
titration,
solution
of
ion
of
of
the
agent
the
each
the
itagent
each
ionic
not
why or
other
the
notchemicals
why
the
aim an
molecule
or
possible
following
a
chemicals
electrode
aim
aor an
possible
half-equations
hydrogen
reagent.
ofhydrogen
chlorine
electrode
metal a
silver
is
is to
oxidising
reducing
to
oxidising
a reducing in
in
tois
with
system
to
with
system
measure
oxidised
measure
right-hand
measure
nitrate
agent
agent
reactions.
electrode
copper(
measureappears
electrode
right-hand agent
aappearsagent
with
solution
the
half-cell
the
half-cell
reacts
andthe
that
the
is
reacts
iithat
the )
towards
is of
copper
towards
volume
sulfate
volume with
overall
which
reacts
electrode
In
difficult
arewith
reacts
electrode
difficult
potassium
are
eachin
the
metal.
in
the
isof
a
tobalanced
solution.
solution
outside
of
a
to exactly
solution.
outside
a
reducing
reduced:
exactly
potential
example,
set
a
reducing
potential
set
standard
ofup
As
standard
upthe
bromide
As
of
with
in
the
with
in and
agent.
equation
state
andcell for
Figure
agent. a solution
diagram.
solution
adiagram.
formaintain.
Figure
cell the
During
measured
the
maintain.which
14.11, for
During
measured
14.11,
the
the
of
of
an
the
In
an
the15
volume
Test
reduced
Measuring
In
volume
In Test
Measuring
reduced
volume
an
the
19
3
20
19
20
19
a
a
oxidising
titration,
Write
redox
Suggest
each
Na
atom,
a)
Why
oxidising
a titration,
redox
Suggest
b)
Na
Why
c)
redox
oxidising
each
titration,
Suggest
atom,
of14.3
yourself
form Redox
ofaqueous
of
+
yourself
form a titrations
(aq)
(aq)
two
titration,
of
the
14.3 Redox titrations
isof
magnesium
titration,
the
isof
solution
titration,
the
of
ion
it
it
agent
each
each
the
the
"
agent
itagent
ion the
whyionic
other
Na(s)
not
"the
or
other
whyNa(s)
not
other
the
why
aim
a or
following
electrode
reducing
orreducing
aof
electrode
or
following
aim
a
an
an
half-equations
hydrogen
reagent.
molecule
possible
aimor reagent.
hydrogen
chlorine
possible
an
reagent.
hydrogen
molecule
system
metal
system
a
a
silver
aais
is reducing
to
oxidising
oxidising
reducing
to
redox
system
reducing
isoxidising
to with
system
to
redox
is
with
to measure
using
using
nitrate
electrode
oxidised
measure
ismeasure
aagents
electrode
agent
agent
reactions.
appears
copper(
measure agent the
agent
solution
agents
appears
measure agent
the
with
agent
reactions.
electrode
oxidised
and the
the
the
method
andthat
the
reacts
is
towards
the
that
reacts
ii
method )
is of
towards
the
copper
reacts
andthat
is
volume
In
–
–
In
volume
reacts
overall
with
difficult
which
sulfate
electrode
volume reacts
with
difficult
potassium
electrode
with
reacts
each
difficult
which
each
potassium
of
illustrated
the is
illustrated
potassium
the
metal.
a
to exactly
balanced
outside
solution
of a
reducing
set
example,
reduced:
potential
exactlya standard
a reducing
to
outside
a
isof
to
set
potential
reducing
exactly
example,
aathe
set
reduced:
standard
of
of
up
in
up
bromide
standard
up
thewithequation
and
and
intheFigure
with
agent.
state
Figure
with cell for
agent.
cell
state
and for
agent.
a
a measured
solution
maintain.
14.14?
diagram.
the
measured
solution
maintain.
the
aasolution
for
During
which
During
14.14?
diagram.During
measured
which
maintain.
of
of
of
anTest
In
volume
the Test
20
21
194a a)
Why
redox
Na
oxidising yourself
titration,
Suggest
b) of+magnesium
yourself
is
do
(aq)titration,
the
aqueous "
you
agent not
Na(s)
other
the
why possible
think
aim
a or an
reagent.
hydrogen
chlorine metal
system that
oxidising
is reducing
to to
with measure
platinum
with using
measure
electrode
a agent
copper( the
agent
solution metal
the the
reacts
method
iithat
is ) electrode
is
sulfate
volume
of used
with
reacts
difficult
potassium illustrateda
of
to as
solution potential
reducing
exactly
set in
standard
up
bromide electrode
Figure
with
and formaintain.
agent. the for
During
14.14?
measured
solution of
Measuring
manganate(
In
the
Measuring
One
volume
an
In Test
manganate(
the
volume
an
20
21
19
20
19
a
a
c)
Why
Na
redox
titration,
of
atom,
oxidising
Suggest
a)
Na
Why
redox +a
+
the
of
yourself
systems
titration,
oxidising
Suggestof
is
(aq)
solution
do
(aq)titration,
the
is
magnesium first
ion
titration,
the
itagent
it
you
"
agent
not
"the
why
in
the
Na(s)
other
or
Na(s)
not
other
why
reducing
which
possible
think
aim
a
vii
aim
vii
a
of
reducing
useable or
an
molecule
or reagent.
hydrogen
possible
anreagent.
hydrogen )
system
)
system
metal
silver
a
a
is titrations
that
oxidising
to
cells
reducing
titrations
oxidising
both
is to
reducing
to
to
nitrate
platinum
is
with
using
measure
was
using
the agents
measure agent
agents
oxidised
electrode
measure
measure copper(
agent
oxidised
electrode
with
the
based
agent
the
agent
metal
the
the
the
method
method
copper
reacts
and
iiis
the
reacts on
that
that
is )and –
electrode
is
volume
–the used
with
which
reacts
difficult
electrode
sulfate
volume with
reduced
reacts
difficult
potassium
metal.
illustrated
potassium a
of
reaction
isto
illustrated
as
solution
a
of
to
potential
reducing
seta
reduced:
exactly the
potential
reducing
exactly
seta forms
inelectrode
standard
of
up
in
standard
up
Figure
zinc
with
and
Figure
with
and
formaintain.
agent.
for
agent.
are a
ions
a
the for
14.14?
solution
metal During
measured
14.14?
the
solutionDuring
in
measured
maintain.
with of
of
Measuring
Test
Measuring
the
an
aqueous
manganate(
volume
One
the
an
Potassium
21
20
19
21
20 of
b)
4 titration,
Why
Na
c)
Why
a)
Na
Why
yourself
systems
oxidising
Suggest
titration,of
+
+
the
solution,
oxidising
aqueous
copper(ii)
do
a(aq)
is
solution
do
(aq)the
magnesium
is firstit
manganate(vii)
you
"the
itagent
you
"
agent
in
whyNa(s)
not
other
not
thesuch reducing
which chlorine
think
possible
think
useable
Na(s) aim
ofhydrogen
reducing
aima or
ions reagent.
possible
viior as
system
)
metal
system
silver
a
a is
is
that
both
Fe to
reducing
(Figure
titrations
thatcells
to3+
reducing
is
with
to
to
platinum
using
nitrate
the
measure
platinum
with
(aq)
oftenwas
using
a
agents
measure solution
oxidised
agents
electrode
14.10).
copper(
measure
measure and
the
with
agent
based
the
agent
chosen Fe
metal
the
metal
the
method
In the
method
2+
copper
that
is
the )
on
that
of
and
the
(aq)?
to
–
is
–
volume
is
potassium
sulfate
the
used
electrode
reduced
reacts
difficult
cell,
used
electrode
volume reacts
measure
potassium
illustrated
metal.
potassium of
to
zinc
of
as
as
solution
reaction
illustrated a
exactly
set
the
potential
forms
theis
potential
a
exactly
reducing
bromide
standard
up
electrode
inelectrode
oxidised
ofin
standard
Figure
withareformaintain.
and
zinc
Figure
with for
agents
ions
solution
a
a to
metal
for
14.14?
the in of
measured
zinc(ii)
for
14.14?
the
solution
measured with
because of
manganate(
volume
Measuring
Potassium
Measuring
manganate(
an
ions
One 19
volume
aqueous
19
21
20
21
20
4 c) Suggest
b)
Why
Na
Why
Why
oxidising
Suggest
asof
of
systems
of
+
+a
solution,
copper(ii)
systems
Why the
(aq)
copper(ii)
the
do
aqueous
manganate(vii)
is
solution
do
the
is first
you
you
itagent
other
why
in
"why
itagent Na(s)
not
such
other
in
not
"why
a
think
vii
reducing
think
ions
which
useable or
reagent.
hydrogen
chlorine
reducing
which
apossible
ofhydrogen
as
reagent.
possible
ions
vii
))are
system silver
aathatFetitrations
that
both
titrations
reducing
both
with
is to
3+
reduced
cells
(Figure to
the
using
often
nitrate
(aq) electrode
platinum
platinum
thewas
a and solution
agents
oxidised
measure
agents
electrode
measure
14.10).
the
chosen
agent
to
oxidised with
based Fe metal
metal
copper In
ii
method
2+ is
the
copper
that
is
the
of
and
to
(aq)?
onand
the
difficult
is
–
–
is
used
potassium
reduced
measure
electrode
used
reacts
difficult
metal.
the reduced
electrode
cell, potassium
potassium
to
illustrated
metal. to
reaction
zinc
as
as
set
reducing
exactly
set
the
forms
potential
the
forms
potential
up
bromide
up
of
isbromide with
oxidised
and
electrode
are
inelectrode
Figure
and agents
are
zinc
for
for
maintain.
aaions
ions
metal
the
to
for
14.14?
the forin
because
measured
maintain. inwith
zinc(ii)
manganate(
an
volume
it 19
Measuring
Potassium
it can
21
22
204
can
Na
oxidising
be
Suggest
b)
What of
systems
Why
solution,
Why
c)
be
Na + a
(aq)
aqueousthe
obtained
do are
manganate(vii)
is
solution
obtained
(aq) it you inNa(s)
other
the
such
not
"other
Na(s)which as
a
think
viior reagent.
a
hydrogen
chlorine system
half-equations
reducing as
possible
as of a system) pure,
silver Fe
pure,titrations
reducing
both
that 3+
iswith
to
using
stable
the
(aq)
often electrode
platinum
nitrate a
agents
and
measure
stable
using andthe
agent
solid
solution
oxidised
chosen
with
solid
the Fe metal method
2+ that
which
is
standard
the
method and
(aq)?
copper
which to – reacts
difficult
of ispotassium
reduced
used
measure
electrode
illustrated
reacts to
electrode
potassium
metal.
reacts
illustrated exactly
as in
set
reducingforms
the
potential
in acid
acidupin
in
Figure
withsolution
and
are
electrode
potentialsagents
solution
Figure for maintain.
ions 14.14?
measured
the exactly
for
ofinthe
because
exactly
14.14?
manganate(
Measuring
volume
Potassium
aqueous
One
ions
as 20
manganate(
volume
Measuring
In
Potassium
it
as 20
21
22
215
4in
can
22 in
of
as systems
Why
What
Why
Na
the
of
solution,
copper(ii)
the
+
copper(ii)
of
solution,
systems
electrochemical
right-hand
c)be
Why
Na
the
What + a
do
the
manganate(vii)
is
(aq)the
following
do
arefirst
manganate(vii)
obtained
is
(aq)solution
followingare it
you
ityou
"
inthe
such
"other
not
such
in
not
Na(s)
the
reducing
which
think
useable
Na(s) ions
which ions
reducing
think
electrodeas
vii
reagent.
half-equations
as
possible
vii reagent.
equation:
as
cells,
possible
of
equation:a
system
system
half-equations
)
) are Fe
Fetitrations
both
that
(Figure
both
that
pure,
silver
cells
the
is
3+
3+to
reduced
titrations
is
in to
the
platinum
often
(aq)
(aq)
thewas
platinum
two
often
each
stable agents
measure
using
nitrate
oxidised
and
14.10).
measure
using and
chosen
and
based
to
oxidised
agents
the
half-reactions
chosen
of
solid
andthe
with
Fe
Fe
the
metal
copper
metal In2+
standard
2+the
method
the
method
onand
to
(aq)?
the
(aq)?
and
to –
is
–
the
is
following
which
copper
standard
reduced
used
measure
cell,
electrode
metal.
reduced
used
measure
electrode potassium
electrode
potassium
happen
reacts
zinc
reaction
illustrated as
as
cells?
illustrated
metal.
electrode
reducing
reducing
in
forms
theis of
potential
forms
thein
potential acid
oxidised
in
in
are
electrode
potentials
zinc agents
Figure
are
electrode
separate forions
agents
solution
Figure
potentials for
ions to
metal
the
the
for
for
inthe
because
of
zinc(ii)
14.14? with
inthe
half-cells.
because
exactly
14.14?
of
Measuring
Potassium
manganate(
it
ions
aqueous
One
manganate(
Measuring
The
it
Potassium
as
In
21
can
22
21
225in
4
can as
ofsolution,
systems
Why
be
right-hand
Na
What
Why
+
copper(ii)
copper(ii)
the
solution,
systems
electrons
thebe
Na
What
electrochemical
a) +obtained
right-hand Pt[H
manganate(vii)
do
obtained
(aq)
do arefirst
manganate(vii)
following
(aq) are
you
"
you
"(g)]
such
in
such
in
flow
Na(s)
the
reducing
which
think
electrode
Na(s)
the ions
useable
which
as
ions
"vii
think
reducing
electrodeas
vii
as
+as
from
equation:
a
system
half-equations
aa(aq)
system
half-equations
cells,
2H
))++pure,
are Fe
both
pure,
(Figure
Fe cellsis
3+
titrations
that in
reduced
titrations
that
both
(aq)the
3+
in(aq)
one
is
often
(aq)
the
platinum
stable
each
was
using
platinum
the
often
using
twoSn
each cell
stable agents
and
14.10).
agents
and
chosen
oxidised
oxidised
2+
solid
of
to
based
the
andto
solid
chosen
the
and
half-reactions
(aq)
of
Fe
the
Fe
the
metal
copper
metal
the In
2+
method
2+
method
which
standard
which
standard
"standard
2+ Sn(s)
to
(aq)?
and
(aq)?
and
to ––
measure
is
following
on the is
other
reduced
used
metal.
thecell,
used
measure
following
potassium
reacts
potassium
reduced through
reacts
illustrated
electrode
happen
as
cells?
zinc
reaction
illustrated
electrode as
cells?
reducing
in
in
reducing
forms
the
theis
forms
in
acid
acid oxidised
ofin
ain zinc
electrode
wire
agents
are
electrode
solution
Figure
potentials
are
solution
potentials
separate agents
Figure
ions
ions to
metal
connecting
because
for
of
for
inthe
exactly
zinc(ii)
14.14? with
inthe
exactly
because
14.14?
of
half-cells.
Measuring
manganate(
it
Potassium
as
One
ions
aqueous
manganate(
the
as
it 21
Potassium
In
The
21
22 MnO
can
in
45MnO
22 in
can
the
of
as be
Why
solution,
systems
What
a) the
copper(ii)
right-hand
Why
thebe
4
systems
solution,
electrodes.
electrochemical
right-hand
What
electrons
(aq)
obtained
manganate(vii)
do
following
4copper(ii)
Pt[H
(aq)
do
following
obtained
E
arefirst
manganate(vii)
1are =
2you
you
2
+
+such
in
inthe
(g)]
such
the
flow
−0.14
8H
8H reducing
useable
ions
Aelectrode
as
think
which"vii
think
which
electrode salt
as
vii
as
equation:
half-equations
ions
2H+
as
equation:
cells, aa(aq)
half-equations
from V
))+pure,
are pure,titrations
that
Fe
both +
cells
(Figure
(aq) is
3+
reduced
titrations
that
both
Fe
bridgethe+3+
is
5e
5estable
often
platinum
(aq)
the
inplatinum was
Sn
each
the
(aq)
stable
often
two
inplatinum
one each cell
agents
and
oxidised
14.10).
2+ (aq)
of
oxidised
and
connecting
Mn
solid
chosen
based
to
andMn
solid
chosen
half-reactions
of
andto
Fe
themetal
copper
metal
Fe
the
"In
the
2+
2+
2+ Sn(s)(aq)
which
onto
(aq)?
and
the
(aq) –measure
following
which
standard and
(aq)?
to is
the
following
other
+
measure
is
the
+ used
used potassium
reduced
metal.
cell,
reduced
4H
reacts
4H
tworeaction
electrode
reacts
happen
zinc
2as
O(l)
as
O(l)
cells?
2
cells?
electrode
through
in
reducing
solutions
in
reducing
the
forms
the
forms
in
acid
isacid of
a
solution
electrode
electrode
separate
agents
are
zinc
potentials
oxidised are
completes
solution
potentials
wire agents
ions
metal
ions tofor exactly
because
for
ofin with
the
zinc(ii)
inthe
exactly
because
half-cells.
connectingof the
manganate(
as
it
One 21
Potassium
aqueous
ions
manganate(
Because
Potassium
electrical
as
it
The
In
Because
22
22
in
can
5MnO
MnO
in
can
of
as Why
the
the
be
systems
solution,
a)
be
the
4of
systems
solution,
a)
electrons
electrochemical
right-hand
What 4of
Pt[H
copper(ii)
right-hand
What
copper(ii) E
Pt[H
do
following
obtained
manganate(vii)
(aq)
1 are
these
circuit.
following
obtained are
these
first you
=2(g)]
manganate(vii)
(aq)
in
such
(g)]
+ the
−0.14
in
+such
flow
the
think
which
which
8H
"
useable
8H
electrode
ions
"
electrode
as
vii
properties,
as
vii
Aproperties,
equation:
2H
ions
2H
+as
half-equations
+as
equation:
from
cells,
V a
half-equations
)
(aq)
)
(aq) are pure,
+bothFetitrations
that
both
Fe
(aq)
(aq)
pure,
cells
(Figure
the
+
+
is
3+
reduced
titrations
3+
is
one
in
5estable
the
often
(aq)
the
(aq)
Sn
inpotassium
often
5e was
each
Sn
stable
two
each cell
oxidised
and
2+
14.10).
2+
and
solid
chosen
(aq)
based
of
and
to
oxidised Mn
chosen
(aq)Mn
solid
to
half-reactions
of
and
metal
Fe
the
copper
Fe
the
" In
2+
2+ which
Sn(s)
2+on
standard
manganate(vii)
"
the
2+ Sn(s)
which
standard
and
to
(aq)?
(aq)
and
(aq)?
to
(aq)
is
following
other
following
the
themeasure
+ used
reduced
measure
cell,
metal.
+reduced
reacts
4H
4Hreaction
reacts
through
happen
as
zinc
2O(l)
cells?
electrode O(l)
cells?
electrode
"reacts
in
reducing
is
reducing
in
the
forms
is
a
forms
in
acidof electrode
oxidised
primary
acid a wire
separate
solution
are
zinc
potentialsagents
are
agents
solution
potentials
ions
metal
ions to for
exactly
ofin
because
standard
connecting in with
zinc(ii)
the
because
exactly
half-cells.
of the
inpotassium manganate(vii) isformsisaacid
+ −
the
Potassium
as
it inelectrodes.
can b)
systems
the
solution,
a)
be manganate(vii)
following
obtained
Pt[H 2
=22(g)] in
such which salt
""as equation:
2H+as a(aq) + bridge
both
Fe+
+pure,
(aq) is
3+ (aq)Brconnecting
often
the
stable
Sn (aq),
2+
and chosen
oxidisedsolid
(aq) Fe 2Br 2+
"standard
2+ which
Sn(s) to
−and
(aq)?the
(aq)measure
reduced two
Pt(s) 2 solutions
reducing
in primary completes
agents
are
solution ions standard
because
inthe
exactly the
aqueous 5MnO E
4copper(ii) (aq) +
−0.14 8H ions V (Figure 5e 14.10). Mn In (aq)
the +cell, 4H 2O(l)
zinc oxidised to zinc(ii)
1
ions
used 22 MnO asto
a) copper(ii)
right-hand
What
b) make Pt[H 1are
(aq) 2up
the
(g)]
+ 8H ions
electrode half-equations
2H+as
aa(aq) are+ (aq) reduced
3+
+ 5eeach
Br
Sn
22+(aq), to
of
and
(aq)Mn copper
the 2Br"standard
2+ Sn(s)following
(aq)(aq) metal.
+ Pt(s)
4H cells?
electrode
"reacts potentials of
Potassium
it
as
Because
the
The
In
used
electrical
Potassium
it can
22 in
can tosolution,
thebe
What 4of
electrodes.
electrons
electrochemical
right-hand
be make
solution,
a)
manganate(vii)
obtained
E
following
these
are
circuit. =
=
manganate(vii)
obtained
1 2
up such
−0.14
A
flow
the
+1.07
such
standard
electrodeas
properties,
standard
"as equation:
salt
from V
half-equations
cells,
as V + Fe
pure,
bridge
pure,
Fe the3+is
one
in
is
solutions.
(aq)
often
stable
potassium
two
each
solutions.
often
(aq) stable
and
22+
connecting
cell and chosen
solid
andto
half-reactions
of
chosen
solid
Fe
the
Fe manganate(vii)
the
" 2+ (aq)?
whichto measure
the
other
following
whichto
(aq)? measure twothrough2O(l)
electrode
happen
reacts cells? reducing
in
is
solutions
reducing
in a
in acid
primary
acid a wire
potentials
separate agents
solution
completes
agents
solution because
connecting exactly
standard
of
half-cells.
becausethe
exactly the
as
Because
ions 22 in
5MnO the
asthe
What 4of
b)copper(ii)
right-hand
a)
following
Pt[H
E
E(aq)
Pt[H these
1
1 are =222(g)]−0.14
(g)]
+ properties,
the
+1.07
−0.14 8H
ions
electrode equation:
2H+
half-equations
+V (aq)
are + (aq)
+ reduced + Sn
inpotassium
5e Br
each
Sn 22+(aq),(aq)
to
and
of
(aq)Mn the 2Br
copper 2+ Sn(s)
manganate(vii)
standard
"standard
2+ Sn(s)
−
(aq)
− (aq)
following +
metal. " 4H Pt(s) 2O(l)
electrode
cells? is a primary potentials standard
of the
it
as canMnO
in be
b) (aq)
obtained
1
following + 8H "as a
equation:
2H (aq) +pure,
(aq) + 5e
stable
Br (aq), Mn
solid 2Br which(aq)(aq) +3+ 4H
"reacts
Pt(s) O(l)in acid solution exactly
itBecause
In
used
The
as
No 22
electrical
the
Because canelectrochemical
in toWhat
electrodes.
electrons
thebe
indicator
c)
b) 4of4of
make
right-hand these
are
circuit.
obtained
following
these " 2is
up the
A
flowproperties,
standard
electrode
required as
properties, cells,
half-equations
salt
from a
equation: bridge
pure, the
in in
one
− potassium
two
solutions.
each
stablecell
potassium
potassium half-reactions
connecting and
ofto
solid the manganate(vii)
the which the
following
other
manganate(vii)
manganate(vii) happen
" 4H electrode
two cells?
through
reacts 2 " is
solutions
in a
in primary
acid a
titrations.separate
potentials
wire completes
solution standard
half-cells.
of
connecting
On the
exactly
ofadding the
" half-equations "standard " is a primary
a) Pt 2
[2Hg(l)
−0.14 + 2Cl
+ (aq)], Br22+ 2 Hg
2+
(aq), Cl 2Br (s) − Cr (aq) Cr(s) standard
used tob) make
E
Pt[H (g)]
up 2H (aq) Sn (aq) Sn(s) − (aq) Pt(s)
standard + solutions. 2+
22 MnO What (aq)
are "= +1.07
+the 8H V(aq) + 5e andMn (aq) Cr+ 2O(l)
electrode potentials the
1
No 5in
MnO right-hand
indicator
c)
a) Pt
E
Pt[H
(aq) is
[2Hg(l)
−0.14
(g)]
+ electrode
required
8H "salt
2H++ (aq) 2Cl
+ (aq) in
+−in (aq)],
5eeach
potassium
Sn Hg
Brconnecting
(aq), of
(aq) 2Cl
Mn the 2Br2
"2+ (s)
Sn(s)following
manganate(vii)
(aq)(aq) + 3+
"two (aq)
Pt(s)
4H cells?
O(l) Cr(s) titrations. On adding
as
used
Because
In
The
electrical
the
as in the
to make
electrochemical
electronsof
right-hand
electrodes.
the
a) 4 following
1
these
circuit.
following
Pt[H = 2up +1.07
flow
(g)]Aproperties,
standard
electrode equation:
cells,
from
" equation:
2H V + the
bridge
(aq) one
in potassium
solutions.
two
each
Sn cell
22+ half-reactions
of
(aq)to
2 the manganate(vii)
the
2
"2+ Sn(s) other
following
the happen
through
cells?
2 is
solutions in a primary
aseparate
wire completes standard
half-cells.
connecting the −
the
used
Because
No MnO potassium
tob) make
4of
right-hand
indicator
c) E these
Pt(aq)
1
"= 2isup manganate(vii)
properties,
−1.01
+1.07
−0.14
+ standard
8H
electrode
required
+ V(aq) +
in−in 5e Brsolution
potassium
solutions.
each
potassium (aq), ofMn the from
manganate(vii)
2Br 2+ −
− (aq)
(aq)
following
manganate(vii) Cr+ aa" 4H
3+ burette,
Pt(s) " isCr(s)
2O(l)
cells? the
a primary
titrations. purple On MnO
standard
adding
the
No
used
Because
The
the Test
MnO toa)
b) yourself
potassium
indicator
electrons
c) make
electrodes.of Pt[H
E
Pt (aq)
1
these " =[2Hg(l)
2isup+manganate(vii)
(g)]
−1.01
+1.07
−0.14
flow
[2Hg(l) A 8H
required "salt
standard
properties, 2H++
from
+ V(aq) 2Cl
+
2Cl (aq)
bridge +
in− (aq)],
one 5e Sn
Brcell
potassium
solutions.
potassium
(aq)],
22+Hg
solution
(aq),
Hg
connecting (aq)
to2Cl
Mn Cl 2Br"2+
2
the
(s)from
Sn(s)(aq)(aq)
manganate(vii)
manganate(vii)
(s) otherCr
the + 3+ " (aq)
4Hburette,
Pt(s)
through
(aq)
two O(l)
" is
Cr(s)
solutions the
titrations.
a primary
a wire purple
completes On
connecting MnOadding
standard the
4−
electrical
ions
used
Because
No Test
MnO b)yourself
a)
change
to
indicator
4
make
4of
E circuit.
Pt[H these
(aq)
1
"= 2is
(g)]
rapidly
up
+−0.14
+1.07 " 2H
standard
properties,
8H
required +to
+
+V (aq) + + (aq)
the +
in very Sn
solutions.
potassium
5e
− (aq)], 22+
pale,
Brsolution
potassium (aq),(aq)Mn
2Cl2Br "222+
pink Sn(s)
manganate(vii)
(aq)− Mn
− (aq) Cr+ 3+
aa""2+
2+
4H
Pt(s) 2
ions " isCr(s)
2O(l) which
a primary look colourless
standard
4
the c)
potassium Pt
E = [2Hg(l)manganate(vii)
−1.01 +V
2Cl Hg "2manganate(vii)
(s)from (aq)
burette, titrations.
the
the purple
On MnOadding −
1
ions
No
Because
the
used
the
electrical MnO
Test change
a)
indicator
b)
c)yourself
potassium
to
electrodes.4of
make Pt[H
E
Pt
E (aq)
1
these
circuit.
1 "== rapidly
=
2
2is
(g)]
+−0.14
[2Hg(l)
2 up A 8H
required
+1.07 "salt
properties,
manganate(vii)
−1.01 standard 2H to V(aq)
V ++
2Cl the
(aq)
bridge +
in very
5e
− (aq)], Sn
potassium
Br
potassium
solutions. pale,
22+
2(aq),
solution
Hg
connecting (aq)Mn
2Cl2Br pink Sn(s)
(aq)
manganate(vii)
manganate(vii)
(s)from Mn
− (aq)
theCr+3+ 4H
twoPt(s)ions
2O(l)
burette,
(aq) " is Cr(s)
solutions which
titrations.
aa MnO
primary look
purple
completes
− is On colourless
MnOadding
standard the 4−
Because
in
used
the Test
23 dilutetob)
The
potassium of
yourself
make E 1
these
solution.
Pt[H 1"=
standard −0.14
(g)]
up+1.07 "
properties,
standard
manganate(vii)At2H V
electrode the + (aq) − potassium
end-point, Br
solutions. (aq),
potential
solution 2 one manganate(vii)
2Br forfrom drop
(aq)
the 3+ "
aaCu ofPt(s)
2+excess
burette, is
" Cr(s)
(aq) primary
! MnO
Cu(s)
the 4electrode standard
sufficientis 4− 4
No indicator 2is required in potassium 2manganate(vii) the purple
titrations. On MnOadding
ions
in 6dilute c)
change Pt
EE
1
solution. =
rapidly −1.01
[2Hg(l) +Vthe
to 2Cl the − (aq)],
very Hg2Clone
2pale, pink (s) MnCr3+ 2+ (aq) ions which look − is colourless 14.4 Electrode potentials 401
the
No
Because
used
ions
electrical Test
23 tob)
The
c)
change yourself
potassium
indicator of
make Pt[H
Pt
E
1
these
standard
circuit. "= = 2is −0.14
(g)]
up
rapidly required
+1.07 "At
manganate(vii)
properties,
−1.01
[2Hg(l) standard 2H
electrode
to
+ +2Cl
+ (aq)
the end-point,
in Br
potassium
potassium
very (aq),
solution
potential
solutions.
(aq)], 2pale,
Hg2Cl 2Br from
manganate(vii)
pink for
(s)
−drop
(aq)
manganate(vii)
the
MnCr3+ "2+
Cu ofPt(s)
(aq) excess
burette,
2+
ions " is
(aq) Cr(s) titrations.
aa! primary
which Cu(s) purple
look4electrode On sufficient
MnO
standard
colourless is 4−
adding 14.4 Electrode potentials 401
Because
used
to
ions
the
No
in
to Test
23 to
produce b) yourself
+0.34
change
potassium
indicator
dilute
6produce c)
The of
make Pt[H
E
E
Pt these
1
a
solution.
1
standard
1aV. " V.
= isup
(g)]
permanent
rapidly +1.07
For
[2Hg(l) "
properties,
standard
the
manganate(vii)
−1.01
permanent
2 required At
"1the
2H to
+ VV
electrode the + 2Cl (aq)
cell,
the pale
in− potassium
Cu(s)
very Br
solutions.
pink
potassium
(aq)],
end-point,
pale
(aq),
!
pale,
solution
Hg
potential
pink 2 colour.
Cu
colour.
2+
Clonemanganate(vii)
2Br 2
pink(aq)
(s)
forfrom
− (aq)
manganate(vii)
− Mn
drop
theCrPb a"
"Cu
2+
ofPt(s)
(aq)
ions
burette,
(aq)
2+excess "
(aq) is
!Cr(s) Pb(s),
which primary
the
titrations.
MnO
! MnO
Cu(s) the
look
purple −
4electrode On
is standard
standard
colourless
MnOadding
sufficientis 4−
−
401
ions
the
No
used
in
used Test
23 dilute
Test to
b)
change
c)
The yourself
potassium
indicator
to+0.34make
yourself
make
Pt[H
E
E
1
solution.
Pt standard " =
= is
up(g)]
rapidly +1.07
manganate(vii)
For required
−1.01
[2Hg(l)
2
up standardAt2H to
+ VV
electrode the (aq)
the
cell,
2Cl in very
Cu(s) Br
potassium
solutions.
− (aq)],
end-point, (aq),
2pale,
solution
!
Hg
potential Cu 2Cl 2+ 2Br
one pink
2(aq)(s)
forfrom (aq)
manganate(vii)Mn
drop
theCrPb3+ a Cu
2+
ofPt(s)ions
burette,
(aq)
(aq)
2+excess "
(aq) !Cr(s)which
Pb(s),
! the
titrations.
Cu(s) look
purple
the electrode On
− standard
is colourless
MnOadding
sufficientis 4 14.4 Electrode potentials 397
401
EE
1a""V.
= +1.07 Estandard VV,the solutions. 2 2
" !Cr(s) 4 14.4 Electrode potentials
1 − 3+ 2+ −
No
in
ions
the
to 23 indicator
dilute c)
cell
change
potassium
6produce The
+0.34 Pt e.m.f.,
solution.
standard
1
== is
[2Hg(l)
rapidly required
manganate(vii)
−1.01
permanent
For
is+1.07 At
the +
to
electrode
VV,the 2Cl
equals
the
cell, in
pale− (aq)],potassium
end-point,
very
Cu(s) −0.47
pink Hg
pale,
solution
potential! Cu 2V.
colour. Clone
2+ pink manganate(vii)
2(aq)(s)
forfrom drop
Mn
theCrPb3+ aaCu of
2+ (aq) excess
ions
burette,
2+
(aq) (aq) titrations.
which! MnO
Pb(s), the
Cu(s) look
purple
the 4electrode On
is
− standard adding
sufficient
colourless
MnO is 4− 14.4 Electrode potentials 401
No
in
ions
the
to
No Key Test
23 dilute
Test
change
The yourself
indicator
potassium
produce c)
cell
terms
+0.34
indicator
c) yourself
EE
Pt
solution.
Pt
1
e.m.f.,
a
standard "
rapidly
=
V. [2Hg(l)
is
[2Hg(l)
required
manganate(vii)
permanent
−1.01
For E cell
required
1
At
the
cell to
+
electrode
+
2Cl the
equals
cell,
2Cl
in
pale
in−
potassium
end-point,
very
(aq)],
Cu(s) pink pale,
solution
−0.47 Hg
potential
potassium
(aq)], !
Hg
colour.
Cu 2 Cl
V.
Cl
one
2+ pink
2 manganate(vii)
(s)
for
(aq) from drop
manganate(vii)
(s)
Mn
theCr
Cr Pb3+ Cu
2+
of
2+ 2+excess
ions
burette,
(aq)
(aq)
(aq)
"
(aq)
" !Cr(s)
Cr(s)
titrations.
which!
Pb(s), MnO
the
Cu(s)
titrations.
look
purple
the 4electrode
− On
On
is
standard adding
sufficient
colourless
MnO
addingis 4−
−
14.4 Electrode potentials 401
397
the
to
in
ions
No Key 236
Test potassium
produce
dilute terms
change
+0.34
The
What
cell
indicatoryourself E 1
a
solution.
standard
e.m.f., is =
rapidly
V. manganate(vii)
−1.01
permanent
For
the
isthe E
required At
the to V
electrode
standard
1
, the the
cell,
equals pale
inend-point,
very
Cu(s) pink solution
pale,
potential
electrode
−0.47
potassium ! colour.
Cu V.one
2+ pink(aq)
for
potential from drop
Mn
the Pb aCu2+
of
forburette,
2+excess
ions
(aq) (aq)
the ! which!
Pb(s),
Pb the
MnO
Cu(s)
2+ (aq) purple
look
the is
standard
electrode
! Pb(s) MnO
sufficient
colourless is − 401
2manganate(vii) titrations. On adding
the potassium manganate(vii) solution from PbaCu
2+ burette, the purple − MnO 14.4 Electrode potentials
1a"is " !Cr(s)
− 2 2 3+
to
in
ions 23 produce
dilute
change
c)
+0.34
The
What
cell Esolution.
Pt 1
standard
e.m.f., =
V. permanent
rapidly
[2Hg(l)−1.01
For At
the
cell
Estandard
1 to
+ Vthe
electrode 2Cl the
cell, pale
end-point,
very
(aq)],
Cu(s) pink pale,
Hg
potential
electrode ! Cu colour.
2Cl one
2+ pink (s)
(aq)
for
potential drop
Mn
Cr
the of
2+ (aq)
for 2+excess
ions
(aq) (aq)
the which! MnO
Pb(s),
Pb Cu(s)
2+ (aq) look
the 4 iscolourless
standard
4electrode
!− Pb(s) sufficientis 4− 4
14.4 Electrode potentials 397
401
the
ions
to
in Key Test
236 change
produce
dilute cellyourself
terms
potassium
+0.34
The
electrode? Esolution.a
e.m.f.,
standard =rapidly
V. manganate(vii)
−1.01
permanent
For E 1
At
cell
the to V,,the
electrode
equals
the
equals
cell, pale very
end-point,
Cu(s)
−0.47
pinksolution
−0.47 pale,
potential! colour.
Cu
V.2+
V.one pink(aq)
forfrom Mn
drop
the Pb a Cu
2+
of
2+ burette,
2+ions
excess
(aq) (aq) ! which!
Pb(s), the
MnO
Cu(s) purple
look
the is
standard
electrode MnO
colourless
sufficientis 40113/04/19
the
ions
to
in Test Key
AA23
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd change
produce
dilute
primary yourself
terms
potassium
What
cell
+0.34 Esolution.ais
standard
1
e.m.f., =rapidly
V. manganate(vii)
permanent
−1.01
the
For401 At
is
standard
cell
1
the to
aaV,the the
chemical
equals
cell, pale very
end-point, pink
electrode
Cu(s) solution
which
−0.47 pale,
! Cu colour.canone
V.2+ pink(aq)be
potential from
bedrop Mn PbaCu
weighed 2+
ofburette,
for
2+ 2+ions
excess
out
the which
accurately
Pb
! which the
! MnO2+
2+(aq)
purple
look
to −
4! makePb(s) MnO
iscolourless
sufficient
up
up aais
4 − 14.4 Electrode potentials 39713/04/19 10:0
ions
in Test Key
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd
to 236
primary
produce
The
electrode?
Theyourself
terms
What
change
dilute cell
+0.34
standard
standard
aais
solution.
standard
e.m.f., rapidly
V. the
permanent
For
401Estandard
Ethe 1iselectrode
At
cell
the to
electrode ,the chemical
the
equals
cell, end-point,
pale Cu(s)
potential
electrode
very which
pink pale,
potential
−0.47 ! colour.
Cu
canone
V.2+
for
potential
pink for
(aq)
the
weighed
Mn
drop
the Pb
2+
Cu for(aq)
of
2+ 2+out (aq)
the
ions
excess
(aq) (aq) !
Pb(s),
accurately
Pb Cu(s)
! MnO
Pb(s), 2+(aq)
Cu(s)
the
the
to
look !−−makestandard
4electrode
Pb(s)
4electrode is colourless
standardsufficientis
4 14.4 Electrode potentials 401
401
10:0
ions
in
to Key 24
standard
23 dilute
produce
Astandardprimary terms
change
What
a)
electrode?
The
cell
+0.34 solution.
solution.
Whatstandard
e.m.f.,
standardis rapidly
V. the the
permanent
is
For A At
cell
1
EAstandard
the
is to
standard
primary
electrode the
e.m.f.
, chemical
aae.m.f. the
equals
cell, pale very
end-point,
electrode
standard
when
Cu(s) pink pale,
potential
−0.47
which a
!amust:colour.
must:
Cu standardone
2+ pink
potential
V.2+potential
can for
(aq)be Mn
drop
the calomel
Pb
weighed
2+
Cu of
for
2+ ions
2+excess
(aq)the
out (aq) which
Pb
electrode
! Pb MnO
! Cu(s)
Pb(s),
accurately (aq) look
theto ! is Pb(s)
4electrode
!ismake
is colourless
standardsufficient
up is 14.4 Electrode potentials 39713/04/19
401
up aais 14.4 Electrode potentials
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd 401 2+(aq) 10:0
AKey24 a)terms
What solution.
What aais is401 primary standard
electrode for2+ the − Pb(s)
Ethe when standard calomel electrode
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd 397 13/04/19 10:0
in 67dilute electrode? solution. At ,the end-point, one bedrop of excess ! MnO is
to produce
primary standard V.permanent pale pink colour. is sufficient
cell
is chemical which can weighed out accurately to
! Cu ! Pb !ismake
2+
to23 The
+0.34 standard For theelectrode cell, Cu(s) potential Cu for
(aq) the Pb Cu (aq) (aq) Pb(s), Cu(s) the4electrode standard 40113/04/19
1
Key
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd
in dilute
produce cell
terms
electrode?
What e.m.f.,
solution.
connected is permanent
the At
standard
to the equals
a end-point,
pale
standard −0.47
pink
electrode colour. V.2+
one potential
(aq) drop ! Cu(s) of
for2+ excess
the
electrode? ! MnO
2+(aq) − Pb(s) sufficient 14.4 Electrode potentials 39713/04/19
10:0
23 A 24
standard
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd be
primary very
The
+0.34
cell
a)
electrode?
What What pure
standard
standard
e.m.f.,
solution. V. For
is 401EA
the the
iselectrode
cell
1
primary a ,
e.m.f. cell,
chemical
equals Cu(s)
standard
when potential
which
−0.47 ! a must: 2+
can
V.
standard for
be the Pb
weighed
calomel Cu 2+ (aq)
out(aq) ! Pb(s),
accurately
electrode Cu(s)
2+ theto
4 electrode
to!ismake standard
make up is
a 14.4 Electrode
14.4 Electrode potentials
potentials 401 10:0
aais the Astandard electrode potential ! Pb for(aq) theaccurately Pb (aq) Pb(s)
●
to
to●●standard Key
A24 7produce
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd
● terms
be+0.34
primary very
cell
a) connected
pure
standard
solution.
Whate.m.f., V.permanent For
is401
397Ethe 1is
1 to
primary
cell
the ae.m.f.
, cell, a pale
chemical
equals standard
standard
Cu(s)
when pinkwhich
−0.47 Cu
colour.
!amust:
Cu
2+
can
2+
V.
standard (aq)
(aq) be weighed Cu(s)
calomel 2+ electrode?
out !electrode
Pb(s), the standard up a 13/04/19 10:0
AKey produce terms V.permanent pale pink colour. !ismake
electrode?
What is the standard electrode potential for(aq) theaccurately Pb 2+(aq) Pb(s)
24
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd primary
standard not +0.34
cell
a)
b) gain Whate.m.f.,
standard
solution.
Write
connectedor loseFor
is AAmass
Ethe cell
the
half-equations
401 primary
is to , cell,
aae.m.f. equals
chemical
when
a standardCu(s)
standard
when
exposed −0.47
which
for !the Cu
amust: 2+
V.
can
standard
to 2+ the (aq)
reactions be air Pb
weighed
! calomel
Cu(s)
2+
at out
the !electrode
electrode? Pb(s),
electrodes. the to standard up a 14.4 Electrode potentials 39713/04/19 10:0
Test ●
● Key
A 24
Key 7 be
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd be
primary
standard a)
b)terms
very
electrode?
What
notcell gain
yourself
terms
very
What
electrode? What pure
standard
solution.
or
e.m.f.,
Write
connected
pure is
is
the
loseis
the
397
401Ethe standard
mass
1
half-equationsprimary
is
cell
1 to
standard
cell ,e.m.f. chemical
when
equals
a standard electrode
standard
exposed
when which
−0.47
for the
electrode aCumust: can
toV.2+
standard
2+ potential
the
reactions
(aq)be
potential
weighed
air ! Cu(s)
calomel for
at
for
the
out
the Pb
accurately
electrode
electrode?
the electrodes.
Pb
2+(aq)
2+(aq) !isPb(s)up a
to ! Pb(s)
make 13/04/19 10:0
A 24
standard
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd
Key primary
Astandardbe
have
not cell
a)very
terms
What e.m.f.,
solution.
connected
What
aaconnected
electrode?
b) gain standard
pure
relatively
Write or
solution. is lose is
the 401E A
the
Amass primary
is
high to
standard
half-equationsprimary a, e.m.f. equals
a
chemical
molar
when standard
standard when
mass −0.47
electrode
exposed
standard which
for soa
themust:
Cu V.
standard
can
weighing
to (aq)be
potential
the
reactions beair ! Cu(s)
calomel
weighed
errors for
at are electrode?
out
the
the electrode
accurately
minimised Pb2+ (aq)to!ismake
electrodes. 2+ to is make
Pb(s)up up aa
13/04/19 10:0
247primary
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd
Key
●
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd
● be
have
not a)very
terms
gain What standard
pure
relatively
or loseis 397
401 the is
cell
high
mass to ae.m.f. chemical
a
molar
when standard when
mass
exposed which soamust:
Cu can
2+
standard
weighing
to the (aq) air weighed
! Cu(s)
calomel
errors areout accurately
electrode?
electrode
minimised !
13/04/19
13/04/19 10:0
10:0
Test ●
●
A24 primary
standard
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd
be a) yourself
What
electrode?
b)very Write
connected
solution.
What pure is
standard the
is 401 standard
half-equations
AAmass
the is to
primary a e.m.f. chemical
a standard electrode
standard
when for
which theCu
amust: can
2+
standard potential
reactions
(aq)be weighed
! Cu(s)
calomel for
at the
the
out
electrode? Pb
electrodes.
accurately
electrode (aq) to Pb(s)
make
ismake up
up aa
13/04/19 10:0

14.5
14.5 Cell
Cell e.m.f.s
e.m.f.s and
and the
the direction
direction of
to!is
What is the standard electrode potential for the Pb (aq) 2+ Pb(s)
27 ●
248
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd
● not
react
primary
Astandard
have
be electrode?
b)
a) gain
Using
very Write
aaexactly or
standard
solution.
What the
relatively
connected
pure lose half-equations
isand
standard
397
401
the rapidly
is
primary
high to ae.m.f. when
chemical
molar
a as exposed
standard
standard mass
when for
described
electrode which sothe
amust:
Cu to by
potential
can
weighing
2+
standard the
reactions
(aq)beair
the chemical
values,
weighed
! Cu(s)
errors
calomel atare the
equation.
out electrodes.
arrange
accurately
minimised
electrode?
electrode the following 13/04/19 10:0
7 not gain or lose mass when exposed to the air
Test react
b) yourself
electrode? exactly
Write
of
and
half-equations rapidly as described
for the byreactions the chemical at equation.
the electrodes.
●
●
AA●standard have
primary relatively
standard high
is aae.m.f. molar
chemical mass which so weighing
can be errors
weighed are
out minimised
accurately to ismake up
24 a) solution.
What is AAmass
the isprimary standard
when amust: standard calomel
! Cu(s) electrode up aa
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd
●
connected 401
to a standard Cu 2+ (aq) electrode? 13/04/19 10:04
be
not b)very
electrode?
gain pure
Write or lose half-equations when exposed for the to the
reactions ofair atare the electrodes.
7primary
standard
havesets standard
of
solution.
aaexactly
relatively molecules primary
high aachemical molar or ions
standard
mass whichinso order
amust: can
weighing be decreasing
airweighed
errors out strength
accurately
minimised toas ismake
24 standard
a)
14.5 Cell
What
e.m.f.s and the
solution
direction
is
of the is e.m.f. solution when with an accurately
standard known
calomel concentration.
electrode The method
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd 397 13/04/19 10:0
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd
27
Test
A
●
● 8 be
react
not
haveb)
standard very
Using
gain
yourself connected
pure
Write or the
relatively
solution lose 401
and
standard mass
half-equations
high
isto
rapidly a
when
molar standard
solutionas described
electrode
exposed
mass for
with sotheCu
an to 2+
by
potential
weighing the (aq)
reactions
accurately the ! Cu(s)
chemical
values,
errorsknown atare electrode?
equation.
the arrange
electrodes.
minimised
concentration. the following
The method
13/04/19 10:04
react
change
14.5 Cell e.m.f.s
exactly
and the direction of
and rapidly as described by the chemical
! equation.
24
standard
●
a) solution.
What
connected is A
the primary
to e.m.f. a standard
standard when a must:
Cu standard2+ (aq) calomel
Cu(s) electrode
electrode? is
● be
not very
b)very
gain pure
Write or lose Amass
half-equations when exposed for the to the
reactions aaair atare the electrodes.
standard have
14.5 Cell
change
oxidising
e.m.f.s
solution.
aaWhat
and
relatively
the direction of
agents primary
high in
molar acid
standard
mass solution:so must:weighing errors
! Cu(s) minimised
● 2+
24
of ● preparing
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd
27 ●7standard
be a)
react
not Using
78preparing
setsgain connected
exactlypure
of or aa molecules
the standard
loseis397
and the
standard mass toe.m.f.
rapidly aasolution a orstandard
as when is
described
electrode
ions to
toinso adissolve
Cu standard
order by
potential (aq)
the
of airweighedcalomel
chemical
values,
decreasing sample electrode
electrode?
equation.
arrange
strength of
of aa primary theis asThefollowingstandard 13/04/19 10:04
Test
AAof haveb) yourself solution
relatively
Write is
high
half-equations awhen
solution
molar exposed
mass with
isfor thean to2+
weighing the
accurately
reactions !errorsknown atare the concentration.
minimised
electrodes. method
14.5 Cell e.m.f.s and the direction of
●
● react
standard
be very exactly
connected
pure solution standard
and rapidly
isto solution as
standard
solution described
with dissolve
Cu
an by (aq)
accurately the weighed
chemical
Cu(s)
known sample
equation.
electrode?
concentration. primary Thestandard method
●
● 27
Chemists
in
A
Test
of
in
A
●
●
● 8
● standard
not
have
water
be
not
have
water
b)
react
a)
standard
b)
react
gain
very
sets
Using
gainchange
14.5
yourself
preparing
14.5
a
and
change
oxidising a
Write
Cell
Cr pure
exactlyof
Write
Cell
and
or
e.m.f.s
or
and
relatively
connected the
relatively
e.m.f.s
exactly
use 2
and
athe
then
O
solution
the
solution
lose
direction
molecules
lose2−
standard
direction
then standard
7 of
and
of
and
make
standard
,
agents
make
mass
half-equations
Fehigh
mass
half-equations is
high to
rapidly
3+
rapidly
is a
a
the
,
the a
in
solution
when
molar
H
when
molar solution
standard
or as
O
acid
solution
solution
2 solution
as
electrode 2
exposed
mass
ions
exposed
mass is
for
described
electrode
, MnO in
solution:
with
for
described to
with
so
up
so
up
theCu
an to
weighing
to
order
− to
dissolve
the
2+
by
weighing
to
potentials:
4 an by
a
potential
a
the
reactions
the definite
(aq)
accurately
reactions of
the
definite
accurately the a
air
air !errors
weighed
errors
chemical
volume
Cu(s)
decreasing
chemical
values,
known
volume
known
at
at are
are
the
electrode?
equation.
sample
the
electrodes.
minimised
in a
strength
arrange
concentration.
electrodes.
minimised
in
equation. a
concentration.
graduated
of
graduateda the
primary as The
The
flask.
following
flask. method
standard
method
Chemists
●
27
Test
of
of
A
in ● not
8
preparing
haveb)gain
sets
react
not Using
standard
water
haveb)
a) gain change
14.5
yourself
preparing a
change
oxidising and
a
Write
Cell use
exactly
Write
Br
or
relatively
e.m.f.s
of
or
and
a lose
the
the
solution
relatively a then
,
standard
standard
lose agents
molecules
and
standard
standard
Cl 2− make
,
mass
half-equations
direction of high
mass
half-equations rapidly
is
high
ClO 3+ a −
solution
the
when
molar
in electrode
when
solution oracid
solution
molar
, H as
solution
O
mass
ions
isfor
exposed
exposed
mass ,is O
toso
solution:
described
electrode to
with
for inup
.
dissolve
the
the
so an−
to
potentials:
order
to
dissolve by
potential
weighinga
the
reactions
weighing the
accurately
reactions of
the
definite
a weighed
air
air
a errors
decreasing
chemical
values,
weighed
errorsknown
volume
atare
at are
sample
the
equation.
sample
the
electrodes.
minimised
strength
arrange
concentration.
in electrodes.
minimiseda
of a primary standard
of
graduateda the
primary as following
The standard
flask. method
14.5 Cell
Cr
e.m.f.s and the
O
direction of
, Fe , H O , MnO
● ●
A standard
of ● react
preparing exactly 2solution
athen and
standard rapidly
is athe solutionsolutionas described
2 22 iswith to2up dissolve
4an by
accurately the chemical
a weighed known equation.
sample concentration. of a primary The standard
method
in water
change
and 2make 2solution to a definite volume in a graduated flask.
●
Chemists use standard
7 electrode potentials: 393
● ●
● 27
Chemists
Chemists
●
Ain
of
of
●
●to
Ain
8to have
react
water
have Using
calculate
sets
preparing
standard
a)
react
calculate
water
preparing
standard
b)
a
14.5
aand
14.5 Cell
change
oxidising
and
change
Cr
Cell
Bre.m.f.s
exactlyof
use and
relatively
the
relatively
e.m.f.s
exactly
use and the
aaO
solution
the direction
molecules
then
then
2solution
,
standard
standard
2−
direction
the
standard
Cl
standard
7 of
and
standard
the
agents
,make
of
and make
,
high
high
Fe
ClO
rapidly
e.m.f.s
is
is
3+
rapidly
e.m.f.s aa−themolar
,molar
the
in
solution
solution
,
or as
acid
HH2solution
solution
electrode
solution O
as
mass
described
electrode
(standard
ions
, ,is
2mass
solution
electrode O MnO
described
(standard is to
with
O
so
solution:
to
with inup weighing
order
to
dissolve
an
potentials:
so
up
. 4an
− by
potential
potentials)
weighing
to
dissolve
potentials: byaa definite
accurately
potentials)
the
of
the
definite
accurately
errors
chemical
values,
decreasing
aa weighed
errors
chemical
weighed volume
known
volume
known
of
of
are
are sample
sample
minimised
equation.
arrange
electrochemical
in strength
minimised
equation.
electrochemical
in aa graduated
concentration.
concentration.
of
graduated
of
the
aa primary
primary
as following
The
The
cells
flask.
standard
cells
flask. method
standard
method
14.3 Redox titrations
14.3 Redox titrations 393
●
●
●
27
Chemists
●
●
Chemists
Example
Aof
in
A
in
of
8to
to
to
to
react
waterUsing
react
water
sets
predict
standard
preparing
a)
calculate
b)
standard
predict
preparing
calculate
sets
14.5
14.5 Cell
change
oxidising and Cre.m.f.s
exactly
use and
the
the
of2solution
a direction
then
O and
molecules
thestandard
standard
2−
the of
2 rapidly
standard
,
Cell e.m.f.s and the direction of
exactly
and
change Bruse
of
2solution
a, the
then
2 standard Cl and
standard
7
the
molecules
direction
agents
make Fe
direction
,
make
2 e.m.f.s ClO
is3+a−the
e.m.f.s
rapidly
is a the
in
solution
, ,
solution
or
solution
H
as
2 ions
acid
solution
electrode
H solution
O
as
electrode
2
or
O
solution
2
described
electrode2
(feasibility)
(standard
,
2(standard
2
ions
,iswith
MnO
described
(feasibility)
is to
with
O to
2 order
in
solution:
up
.
up
an
potentials:
an
−to
dissolve
to
dissolve
2 potentials:
in
4
order
by
potential
accurately
by a
potentials)
accurately
a
potentials)
the
theof
of
definite
of
definite
of
a
a
chemical
values,
decreasing
redox
weighed
chemical
redox
weighed
known
volume
known
volume
decreasing
of equation.
reactions.
sample arrange
equation.
reactions.
sample
strength
concentration.
in
electrochemical a
concentration.
in
of electrochemical a
strength
graduated
of
graduated
of a
a
theasfollowing
primary
primary
as
The
The flask.
flask.
method
standard
cells method
standard
cells
14.3 Redox titrations
14.3 Redox titrations
393
393
393
change
oxidising agents in acid solution:
●
AAof
Chemists in standard
to preparing
calculate
water
predict
a)
standard and Cruse solution
solutionathen
O thestandard
standard
the
2− ,make
direction
Fe is
e.m.f.s
is
3+ a
a −the
, solution
solution electrode
H
solution (standard
solution
O iswith
(feasibility)
, MnO to
with up an
dissolve
potentials:
an
−to accurately
potentials)
a
accuratelydefinite
of a weighed
redox known
volume
known of sampleconcentration.
electrochemical
reactions. in a
concentration. of
graduated a primary The
The flask.method
standard
cellsmethod 14.3 Redox titrations 393
● of b)
preparing Br a, standard
Cl , ClO solution
, H O ,is O to . dissolve a weighed sample of a primary standard 14.3 Redox
Bilaltitrations
n is one
n is one
n,
n even
is one
The
Bilal
The
●
● of
Chemists
Example
of
online
Chemists
TheUse
in
Electrochemistry
Chemists in
in
Electrochemistry
● to
data
water
Hameed
calculate
topreparing
predict
data
water
water
oxidising
topreparing
predict
calculate
a)
b)
predictat
calculate
change
electrode
data
and
change
and
and
sheet
Cr
Br
use
sheet
use
22 the
2aO
then
athen the
then
, Cl
entitled
the
standard
7
the
2−
standard
make
2 direction
entitled
agents
standard
standard ,make
make
, Fe
e.m.f.s
direction
33+solution
e.m.f.s
ClO
www.hoddereducation.co.uk/EdexcelChemistry
use
sheet 2 thestandard
7 the direction
potentials
entitled
2 e.m.f.s
3
the
,in
the
solution
−the ,
‘Standard
H
solution
2(standard
electrode
2
H‘Standard
acid
O
electrode
2
(feasibility)
solution
electrode
2
(standard
2solution
‘Standard
2 O
issolution:
(feasibility)
2, ,predict
MnO
is O
(feasibility)
(standard
to 2
to
to 2
up
up
up
.
electrode
to
2 potentials:
4
electrode
dissolve
−to
potentials:
dissolve
4 to
a
potentials)
potentials)
potentials:
potentials)
electrode what
definite
aa definiteofa weighed
ofa weighed
definite
of
potentials’,
redox
redox
happens
volume
potentials’,
redox volume
volume
potentials’,
of reactions.
of
sample
of reactions.
in
electrochemical
in
electrochemical
sample
reactions. in
electrochemical
when
a which you cells
aawhich
which
graduated
of
of aa primary
graduated
graduated
,
chlorine
youflask.
primary
lists you redox
can access
flask.
can
standard
cells
standard
flask.
cells
iscanadded
access
half-
access
Electrochemistry
Hameed
14.3 Redox titrations
14.3 Redox titrations
Bilaltitrations
Hameed
3 393
393
n, even
n ais high
one online
TheExample
Chemists
in to
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd
● in water
predict
a)
data
water b)
at
calculateand
and Cr
Br
www.hoddereducation.co.uk/EdexcelChemistry
use22O
sheet then
, the
then standard
Cl
2−
the make
direction
,make
entitled
393
, Fe
ClO
3+
e.m.f.s the
, ,H
−
the electrode
solution
‘Standard
H O (feasibility)
O(standard
2,2,MnO
2solution O up
.
uppotentials:
− to
4electrode
to a
potentials)
a definite
of redox
definite volume
potentials’,
volume of reactions. in
electrochemical
in a
a which ,
graduated
graduated
lists youflask. redox
flask.
cells
can half-
access 14.3 Redox 39313/04/19
39313/04/19 10:0
as
n
n, is one
even reactions
Chemists
Theto to
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd
online
Electrochemistry
● Use a solution
predict
calculate
data at
electrode in
use
sheet order
7standard
the of
the iodide
entitled
393
potentials of
direction
e.m.f.s
3
www.hoddereducation.co.uk/EdexcelChemistry
2 their electrode
ions.
‘Standard
2 standard
to(feasibility)
(standard predict 2 electrode
potentials:
potentials)
electrode what of redox (reduction)
potentials’,
happens of reactions.
electrochemical
when which potentials
,
chlorine lists you redoxiscanfrom
cells
added accessthe
half- 14.3 Redox titrations
Bilaltitrations
Hameed 393
10:0
as a
n is
n, high
one
even reactions
Chemists
TheExample
online
● to calculate
data
predict
b) at Brin
use
sheet order
thestandard
the
entitled of
e.m.f.s
direction
www.hoddereducation.co.uk/EdexcelChemistry
, Cl , ClO their −,electrode H standard
(standard
‘StandardO (feasibility)
, O . electrode
potentials:
potentials)
electrode of redox (reduction)
potentials’,of reactions.
electrochemical which potentials
, lists youredox canfrom
cells accessthe
half- 14.3 Redox
14.3 Redox titrations 39313/04/19
n, even
n ais
as one
high most
online
The
reactions
Electrochemistry
● Use
to to
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd negative
calculate
predict
adata atsheet
electrode
solution the to
the393
the e.m.f.s
direction
entitled
inwww.hoddereducation.co.uk/EdexcelChemistry
2 order of potentials
2393iodide of3 their most ‘Standard
ions.2 positive.
(standard
(feasibility)
standard
to 2 predict 2 potentials)
electrode
electrode
what ofhappens redox
potentials’,of
(reduction) electrochemical
reactions.
whenwhich , lists
potentials
chlorine youredox cells
iscanfrom
added half-
accessthe Bilal Hameed 39313/04/19
10:0
10:0
most negative to the most positive. 14.3 Redox titrations
 positive electrode
What potential.electrode
is the standard The higher chloride
potential ionPb
for the concentration
(aq) ! Pb(s) in the
electrode?
AA primary standard
primary standard is a chemical which can be weighed out accurately to
is a chemical which can be weighed out accurately to make
andup aa its
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd 401 13/04/19 10:04
concentrated
electrode? acid
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd 401 means that chlorine is less powerfully oxidising,make upso 13/04/19 10:04
24 a) What
standard
electrode solution.
potential AA primary
is the e.m.f.
is e.m.f.standard
when amust:
less positive. standard
These calomel
changes electrode is reverse the
are sufficient
standard
24
7 a) Whatsolution.
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd
is397theprimary standard
when amust:
standard calomel electrode to
2+(aq) ! Cu(s) electrode?
is 13/04/19 10:04
be
predicted connected
very pure
direction to
of a standard Cu
●
● be very connected
pure to change.
a standard Cu2+(aq) ! Cu(s) electrode?
16
● notb)gain or lose
Write
notb)yourself
gain or lose mass when exposed
half-equations
masscell
when for theto reactions
exposed the air at the electrodes.
Test
So,
● predictions
Write from e.m.f.s
half-equations theto reactions
for about the airfeasibility
the at the of redox reactions may
electrodes.
● have a relatively high molar mass so weighing errors are minimised
not occur
● have in practice
a relatively due mass
high molar to kinetic effects
so weighing (slow
errors reaction rates) or non-
are minimised
27
●8
14.5
14.5 Cell
react
Cell e.m.f.s
Using
e.m.f.s and
exactly
the and
● 8 react exactly
standard conditions
and
and the
sets of molecules
AA standard the direction
direction of
rapidly
standard as described
electrode
of concentration
rapidly as
of
or ions in an
by
and
by the
describedpotential chemical
values,
chemical
order of decreasing
equation.
thetemperature. arrange the following
equation.
strength as method
standard solution
solution is
is aa solution
solution with
with an accurately
accurately known
known concentration.
concentration. The
The method
of
of change
Test yourself
change
oxidising
preparing
preparing
agents in acid issolution:
aa standard
standard solution
solution is to
to dissolve
dissolve aa weighed
weighed sample
sample ofof aa primary
primary standard
standard
in
in water
a)
water and
Cr
and then
O 2−,make
then Fe3+the
make , H
the solution
O , MnO
solution up
up
−to a definite volume in a graduated flask.
to a definite volume in a graduated flask.
For these questions, refer to the standard electrode potential values from
Chemists use standard electrode potentials:
2 7 2 2 4
Chemists b) Br use standard −,electrode potentials:
the data 2, Cl2,for
sheet ClOthis Hchapter,
2O2, O2.which you can access online at www. 393
● to calculate the e.m.f.s (standard potentials) of electrochemical cells 14.3 Redox titrations 393
● hoddereducation.co.uk/EdexcelChemistry.
to calculate the e.m.f.s (standard potentials) of electrochemical 13 cells 14.3 Redox titrations
● to predict the direction (feasibility) of redox reactions.
● to predict the direction (feasibility) of redox reactions.
n is one
Example
29
The a) Using the standard electrode potential values, show that
99 data sheet entitled ‘Standard electrode potentials’, which you can access
Electrochemistry
The data aluminium
sheet entitled 3 ‘Standardtoelectrode Bilal Hameed
n is one is expected react withpotentials’, which you
dilute hydrochloric can access
n, even online at
Use electrode www.hoddereducation.co.uk/EdexcelChemistry
potentials to predict what happens when chlorine , lists acid.redox
is added half-
n, even online b) at www.hoddereducation.co.uk/EdexcelChemistry
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd
Suggest 393
a reason why there is very little change ,
at lists
first redox
when ahalf- 13/04/19 10:0
s a high reactions
to a solution in order
469983_14_Chem_Y1-2_387-417.indd of their
of iodide
393 standard electrode (reduction) potentials from the
ions. 13/04/19 10:0
s a high reactions piece in order of theof their
aluminium standard electrode (reduction) −3
foil is added to 1.0 mol dm hydrochloric acidpotentials from the
most negative to most positive.
most negative at room to the most
temperature. positive.
Notes on the method
The size and sign of a standard electrode potential shows how likely it is
The30 size
The Using
first andthesign
step toof
isstandard a standard
identifyelectrode
the two electrode
potential potential
values,Write
half-equations. shows
explain
them how
why likely
when
down one it is
that a half-reaction will occur. The more positive the standard electrode
that
above acopper
half-reaction
the other. will occur. The more positive
reacts with dilute nitric acid the product is nitrogen dioxide the standard electrode
potential, the more likely it is that the half-reaction will occur.
potential,
and the
not
The more positive
more half-reaction
hydrogen. likely it is that the half-reaction
tends+ to go from
will occur.
left to right, taking in
So, the half-reaction H O (aq) + 2H (aq) + 2e − → 2H O(l) with a standard
electrons,
So, while the H
the half-reaction more
2O2negative half-reaction
+ − goes from
2 2(aq) + 2H (aq) + 2e → 2H 2O(l) with a standard
2 right to left.
electrode potential of +1.77 V near the bottom of the table has a stronger
14.6 How far and in which direction?
electrode potential of +1.77 V near the bottom of the table has a stronger
tendency
Answer to
tendency
change in the direction shown by the equation than the half-
to+ change−in the direction shown by the equation than the half-
reaction
Figure 14.20 Li (aq) + e− how
shows → Li(s) with a the
todirection
predict standard electrode potential oftwo
−3.03 V
reaction
Chapter +
11 (aq)
Li shows + ethat→the Li(s) anddirection
with a standard extent of change
electrode
of for the
potential
a chemical of −3.03
reaction V
can
athalf-equations
the top of theinvolved list. Indeed,
when this second
chlorine half-reaction
reacts with iodide is much
ions. more likely
at
be the top of the
described by its list.equilibrium
Indeed, thisconstant,
second half-reaction
Kc. The larger is muchthe valuemore of likely
the
to occur in the opposite direction, as it does when it contributes a voltage of
to occur in the
equilibrium opposite
constant, thedirection,
greater isasthe it does when it of
proportion contributes
products to a voltage of
reactants
+3.03 V to any electrochemical cell (Figure 14.16).
+3.03 V to any electrochemical cell (Figure 14.16).
at equilibrium.
More
Using
negativea tableI2of (aq)standard+ the electrode
2e–connection potentials,
2I–(aq)it is possible
= +0.54
Etotal toV calculate cell
Using
Chapter a table
13.2 of
1 introducesstandard electrode potentials,
between it the
is possible to calculate
entropy changecellof
e.m.f.s (E cell
electrode 1 values) by combining the standard electrode potentials of the
e.m.f.s
a reaction, (E cellΔSvalues)
1
, andby itscombining
free energy the standard
change, ΔG electrode
1. The two potentials
are of
related the
by
two half-cells total that1 make up 1the full cell. This provides a prediction of the
two half-cells ΔG
this formula: that make = −TΔS up total
the. full
Thecell. This provides
connection between a prediction
the free energyof the
expected
More direction of chemical change for the redox reaction in the cell.
expected
change
positive and direction
the
CI
of+chemical
equilibrium change for 2CI
2e– constant for
the–a(aq)
redox Ereaction
reaction involving
= +1.51 in the gases
V cell. is
2(aq)
Look
summarisedagain atinFigure
electrode 14.12 and the value of the cell e.m.f., E cell
this equation: 1 . The value
1
Look again at Figure 14.12 and the value of the cell e.m.f., E cell . The value
of +1.10 V arises from the sum of the E values for two half-reactions:
of ΔG+1.101= V−RT ariseslnfromK the sum of the E values for two half-reactions:
Cu 2+(aq) + 2e− → Cu(s) E 11−1= +0.34 V Iodide ions are stronger
Figure
whereCu2+R14.20
(aq) +Chlorine
is the 2e
gas− →isCu(s)
a stronger
constant = 8.31oxidising
J K−1 agent
E =
mol than iodine.
. +0.34 V
come in a reducing
and the agents than
reverse of: chloride ions.
come in a and the reverse of:
2+(aq) + 2e− → Zn(s)
Znexpected, E 11 =that−0.76 V
AsZn 2+(aq) + 2e the− electrode
→ Zn(s) potentials predict E = −0.76 chlorine
V displaces
iodine from a solution of aqueous iodide ions.
Combining these two half-equations gives:
Combining these two half-equations gives:
Cu2+ (aq) + 2e− → Cu(s) E 11 = +0.34 V
Disproportionation Cu2+(aq) + 2e− → reactions
Cu(s) E = +0.34 V
Zn(s) → Zn 2+(aq) + 2e− E 1 = +0.76 V
Electrode potentials to predict Zn(s) → whether
Zn 2+(aq) or not
+ 2edisproportionation
− E 1 = +0.76 reactions
V 13/04/19 10:04 PM
are likely toZn(s)
Overall: occur. + Cu During
2+ (aq)a →disproportionation
Zn 2+ (aq) + Cu(s) reaction, E the
1
=same
+1.10 element
V
Overall:
both increases Zn(s) Cu2+(aq) its
and+ decreases Zn 2+(aq) +
→ oxidation Cu(s) FigureE14.21
number.
cell = +1.10 V
1
cell on the next
page shows that copper(i) ions do tend to disproportionate in aqueous solution
while iron(ii) ions do not.

Key term
13/04/19 10:04 PM
13/04/19 10:04 PM
A disproportionation reaction is a change in which the same element both increases
and decreases its oxidation number. Some of the element is oxidised while the rest of
it is reduced.

13/04/19 10:04 PM
Electrochemistry 3 Bilal Hameed
 17

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 3

 2 For
Examiner’s
18 Use
Section A

Electrochemistry WS
Answer all questions in the spaces 11
provided.

11 Chlorine gas and iron(II) ions react together in aqueous solution as follows.

Cl 2 + 2Fe2+ 2Cl – + 2Fe3+

(a) The following diagram shows the apparatus needed to measure the E ocell for the above
reaction.

S
V

E
C

D
B

(i) In the spaces below, identify what the five letters A – E in the above diagram
represent.

A .........................................................

B .........................................................

C .........................................................

D .........................................................

E .........................................................

(ii) Use the Data Booklet to calculate the E ocell for this reaction, and hence decide which
direction (left to right, or right to left) electrons would flow through the voltmeter V
when switch S is closed.

E ocell = .................................................. V

direction of electron flow ......................................................

[7]

© UCLES 2008 9701/04/M/J/08

Electrochemistry 11 Bilal Hameed

 19 DH o = .........................................kJ mol–1

(ii) A solution of iron(III) chloride is used toDdissolve H o = .........................................kJ

unwanted copper from printed mol–1
circuit boards.
(ii) A solution of iron(III) chloride is used to dissolve unwanted copper from printed
circuit boards.
When a copper-coated printed circuit board is immersed in FeCl 3(aq), the solution
turns pale blue.
When a copper-coated printed circuit board is immersed in FeCl 3(aq), the solution
turns pale blue.
Suggest an equation for the reaction between copper and iron(III) chloride and use
the Data Booklet to calculate the E o for the reaction.
Suggest an equation for the reaction between copper and iron(III) chloride and use

the Data Booklet to calculate the E o for the reaction.

equation ...................................................................................................................
equation ...................................................................................................................

E o = .................................................. V
E o = .................................................. [4]
V

[S'08 P4 Q01] [4]

[Total: 11]
[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2008 9701/04/M/J/08 [Turn over

© UCLES 2008 9701/04/M/J/08 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 11

 20 2 For
Examiner’s
2 1 Use
Silver bromide, AgBr, is widely used in photography. In a photographic film, AgBr crystals
are precipitated into a gelatine base as ‘grains’ of diameter about 1 × 10–6 m.

(a) Calculate the approximate number of silver ions contained in a grain of AgBr of mass
2.5 × 10–12 g.

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) AgBr is only sparingly soluble in water. The [Ag+] in a saturated solution of AgBr can
be estimated by measuring the Ecell of the following cell.

H2(g), 1 atm, 298 K C

salt bridge
D
A

[Ag+(aq)] = x mol dm–3

(i) In the spaces below, identify what the four letters A – D in the above diagram
represent.

A .................................................... C ....................................................

B .................................................... D ....................................................

(ii) Predict how the potential of the right hand electrode might vary as [Ag+] is
decreased.

..................................................................................................................................

[W'05 P4 Q01]

In its saturated solution, [AgBr(aq)] = 7.1 × 10–7 mol dm–3.

(iii) Write an expression for the solubility product of AgBr, and calculate its value,
including units.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[7]

© UCLES 2005 9701/04/O/N/05

Electrochemistry 11 Bilal Hameed

 2 For
Examiner’s
Use
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
21

3
1 (a) The following diagram shows the apparatus needed to measure the standard electrode
potential of copper. In the spaces below, identify or describe what the three letters A–C
represent.

A
H2, 1 atm, 298 K copper
B

platinum black 1.0 mol dm–3

CuSO4(aq)
C

A .......................................................................................................................................

B .......................................................................................................................................

C .......................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) A student wishes to measure the standard electrode potential of the Fe3+ / Fe2+
electrode. In the space below, draw and label the set-up for the right-hand beaker
that would replace the one shown in the diagram above.

[2]

(c) Predict how the E of the Fe3+ / Fe2+ electrode would vary as

(i) the [Fe3+] is increased,

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) the [Fe2+] is increased.

...................................................................................................................................
[1]

9701/4 O/N/02

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 11

 22
3 For
Examiner’s
Use
(d) An aqueous solution of iron(III) chloride is used to dissolve the excess of copper metal
from printed-circuit boards.

Use the half-equations and E –o values in the Data Booklet to

(i) write an equation for this reaction,

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) calculate the E –o cell for the reaction.

...................................................................................................................................
[2]

(e) The solution resulting from dissolving the copper from a small printed-circuit board was
acidified and titrated with 0.0200 mol dm–3 KMnO4. A volume of 75.0 cm3 was required
for the end point.

The equation for the titration reaction is as follows.

5Fe2+ + MnO4– + 8H+ → 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O

Calculate

(i) the number of moles of Fe2+ in the solution,

(ii) the mass of copper that had dissolved from the printed-circuit board.

[4]

[W’02 P4 Q01]
[Total: 12]

Electrochemistry 11
9701/4 O/N/02 [Turn over
Bilal Hameed
 density: ...............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
23 [4]

4 (b) The following diagram shows the apparatus used to measure the standard electrode potential,
E o, of a cell composed of a Cu(II) / Cu electrode and an Fe(II) / Fe electrode.

(i) Finish the diagram by adding components to show the complete circuit. Label the
components you add.

A B

C D

(ii) In the spaces below, identify or describe what the four letters A-D represent.

A .........................................................................................................................................

B .........................................................................................................................................

C .........................................................................................................................................

D .........................................................................................................................................
3

(iii) Use the Data Booklet to calculate the E o for this cell.

.............................................................................................................................................

(iv) Predict how the size of the overall cell potential would change, if at all, as the concentration
© UCLES 2014 9701/41/M/J/14
of solution C is increased.
Explain your reasoning.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
[8]

[S'14 P41 Q01]

(c) The iron(II) complex ferrous bisglycinate hydrochloride is sometimes prescribed, in capsule
form, to treat iron deficiency or anaemia.
A capsule containing 500 mg of this iron(II) complex was dissolved in dilute H2SO4 and titrated
with 0.0200 mol dm–3 KMnO4.
18.1 cm3 of KMnO4 solution were required to reach the end point.

The equation for the titration reaction is as follows.

5Fe2+ + MnO4– + 8H+ 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O

(i) Describe how you would recognise the end point of this titration.

.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Calculate

the number of moles of Fe2+ in the capsule,

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 11
 244

52 Lead(II) chloride, PbCl 2, can be used in the manufacture of some types of coloured glass.

PbCl 2 is only sparingly soluble in water. The [Pb2+] in a saturated solution of PbCl 2 can be estimated
by measuring the cell potential, Ecell, of the following cell.

A
H2(g)
1 atm, 298 K salt bridge

B D

saturated solution
of PbCl 2
C
solid PbCl 2

(a) In the spaces below, identify what the four letters A-D in the above diagram represent.

A ................................................................. B ................................................................

C ................................................................. D ................................................................
[4]

(b) In a saturated solution of PbCl 2, [PbCl 2(aq)] = 3.5 10–2 mol dm–3.

(i) The E o for the Pb2+ / Pb electrode is – 0.13 V. Predict the potential of the right-hand electrode
in the diagram above. Indicate this by placing a tick in the appropriate box in the table
below.

electrode place one tick only

potential / V in this column

– 0.17
– 0.13
– 0.09
0.00

Explain your answer.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

[S'14 P42 Q02]

© UCLES 2014 9701/42/M/J/14

Electrochemistry 11 Bilal Hameed

 725
6 (c) The half-equation for the redox reaction between phosphoric(III) acid and phosphoric(V) acid is
shown.

H3PO4(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– H3PO3(aq) + H2O(l) E o = –0.28 V

Find suitable data from the Data Booklet to write an equation for the reaction between H3PO3
and Fe3+(aq) ions, and calculate the for the reaction.

equation: ....................................................................................................................................

= ..................... V [2]

[S'15 P42 Q04]

[Total: 12]

© UCLES 2015 9701/42/M/J/15 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 11

 26
7

7 (c) An electrochemical cell is set up as follows.

Pt Ag

Fe2(SO4)3(aq) Ag2SO4(aq)
+
Ag2SO4(s)
FeSO4(aq)

(i) Use the Data Booklet to calculate the value of under standard conditions, stating
which electrode is the positive one.

= .............................. positive electrode: .............................. [1]

(ii) How would the actual Ecell of the above cell compare to the under standard conditions?
Explain your answer.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) How would the Ecell of the above cell change, if at all, if a few cm3 of concentrated Na2SO4(aq)
were added to

the beaker containing Fe3+(aq) + Fe2+(aq),

.............................................................................................................................................

the beaker containing Ag2SO4(aq)?

.............................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iv) Explain any changes in Ecell you have stated in (iii).

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Solutions of iron(III) sulfate are acidic due to the following equilibrium. [S'15 P43 Q04]

[Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) [Fe(H2O)5(OH)]2+(aq) + H+(aq) Ka = 8.9 10–4 mol dm–3

Calculate the pH of a 0.1 mol dm–3 solution of iron(III) sulfate, Fe2(SO4)3.

pH = .........................
[2]

[Total: 13]

© UCLES 2015 9701/41/M/J/15 [Turn over

Electrochemistry 11 Bilal Hameed

 27
5

8 (c) (i) Draw a fully labelled diagram of the equipment needed to measure the voltage of an
electrochemical cell consisting of the standard hydrogen electrode and the standard
Cu / Cu2+ electrode.

[4]

(ii) For the cell drawn in (i), calculate the and state which electrode is positive.

= ...................................... identity of the positive electrode ....................................

[1]

(d) A monobasic acid, D, has Ka = 1.23 10–5 mol dm–3.

(i) Calculate the pH of a 0.100 mol dm–3 solution of D.

pH = ............................ [2]

(ii) An electrochemical cell similar to the one you have drawn in (c)(i) was set up using a
0.100 mol dm–3 solution of D in the hydrogen electrode instead of the standard solution.

Use the data and the Nernst equation, E = E o + 0.059 log [H+(aq)], to calculate the new E cell
in this experiment.

E cell = ............................ V [2]

[S'16 P42 Q02]

[Total: 14]

© UCLES 2016 9701/42/M/J/16 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 11

 286

93 (a) Eo
Fe (aq) / Fe (aq).
3+ 2+

B D E

C F

(i) Identify what the letters A to F represent.

A ................................................................. D ..............................................................

B ................................................................. E ...............................................................

C ................................................................. F ...............................................................
[3]

(ii) Label the diagram to show

Use the Data Booklet to help you.

[1]

(b) 3+
(aq) / Fe2+(aq) half-cell was connected to a Cu2+(aq) / Cu(s)
half-cell.

half-cells are connected by a wire

and the circuit is completed.
Use the Data Booklet to help you.

= .............................. V [1]

© UCLES 2017 9701/42/F/M/17

Electrochemistry 11 Bilal Hameed

 297

(c) (i) The E o of Ni2+(aq) / Ni(s) is –0.25 V.

State and explain how the electrode potential changes if the concentration of Ni2+(aq) is
decreased.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The E o of Cr3+(aq) / Cr2+(aq) is –0.41 V.

Calculate the electrode potential when [Cr3+(aq)] is 0.60 mol dm–3 and [Cr2+(aq)] is
0.15 mol dm–3. Use the Nernst equation.

0.059 [oxidised species]

E = Eo + log
z [reduced species]

E = .............................. V [2]

[M'17[Total:
P42 Q03]
8]

© UCLES 2017 9701/42/F/M/17 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 11

 30
6

310 (a) standard cell potential.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) (i) Draw a fully labelled diagram of the experimental set-up you could use to measure the
standard electrode potential of the Pb2+(aq) / Pb(s) electrode. Include the necessary
chemicals.

[4]

(ii) The E o for a Pb2+(aq) / Pb(s) electrode is – 0.13 V.

Suggest how the E for this electrode would differ from its E o value if the concentration of
Pb2+(aq) ions is reduced. Indicate this by placing a tick ( ) in the appropriate box in the
table.

more negative no change less negative

Explain your answer.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

[W'17 P41 Q03]

© UCLES 2017 9701/41/O/N/17

Electrochemistry 11 Bilal Hameed

 31

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 11

 7 For
32 Examiner's
Use
4 (a) Complete the electronic configuration of the Fe3+ ion.
Electrochemistry WS 12
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 .................................................................................................... [1]

1 (b) By quoting suitable data from the Data Booklet, explain how E –o values can be used to
show the relative oxidising abilities of
(i) the halogens Cl2, Br2, I2,

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
(ii) the transition metal ions Cr3+, Fe3+, Co3+.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[3]

(c) Use these E –o values to predict whether a reaction will occur when the following pairs
of aqueous solutions are mixed. If a reaction occurs, write a balanced equation and
calculate the E –o cell.
(i) Fe3+(aq) and Cl –(aq)

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Co3+(aq) and Br–(aq)

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
(iii) Cr2+(aq) and I2(aq)

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[4]
[S’02 P4 Q04]
[Total: 8]

9701/4/S02 [Turn over

Electrochemistry 12 Bilal Hameed
 33 For
6
Examiner’s
Use
32 Potassium manganate(VII) and potassium dichromate(VI) are both used as oxidising
agents in acidic solution.

(a) Using data from the Data Booklet, write either ionic or full equations for the reaction
between

(i) KMnO4 and FeSO4 in dilute H2SO4,

(ii) K2Cr2O7 and SO2 in dilute H2SO4.

[3]

(b) KMnO4 is often used in titrations to estimate reducing agents. It is added from a burette
to a solution of the reducing agent.

(i) What colour is KMnO4 solution?

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) How is the end point in the titration recognised?

...................................................................................................................................

(iii) A solution of 0.010 mol dm–3 KMnO4 was used to estimate the amount of FeSO4 in
an iron dietary supplement tablet. The tablet was crushed under dilute H2SO4 and
the KMnO4 solution was added from the burette. It was found that 14.00 cm3 were
required.

Calculate the mass of FeSO4 in the tablet.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
[5]
[W'03 P4 Q03]

9701/4/O/N/03

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 12

 34
4 For
Examiner’s
Use
23 (a) What do you understand by the term standard electrode potential?

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) By reference to relevant E data in the Data Booklet, explain how the halogen/halide
electrode potentials relate to the relative reactivity of the halogens as oxidising agents.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Use data from the Data Booklet to construct redox equations, and calculate the
standard cell potentials, for the reactions between

(i) Acidified H2O2(aq) and KI(aq),

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) Cl 2(aq) + SO2(aq).

..................................................................................................................................
[4]

(d) Use data from the Data Booklet to predict the likely product of the reaction between
I2(aq) and tin metal, writing a balanced equation for the reaction.

.................................................................................................................................... [2]
[W'05 P4 Q02]
[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2005 9701/04/O/N/05

Electrochemistry 12 Bilal Hameed
 35 For
5
Examiner’s
Use
4 3 The following account describes the preparation of Péligot’s salt, named after the 19th century
French chemist who first made it.

Place 6.0 g of potassium dichromate(VI) in a 100 cm3 beaker and add 8.0 g of concentrated hydrochloric
acid and 1.0 cm3 water. Warm the mixture gently; if carefully done the dichromate(VI) will dissolve
without the evolution of chlorine. On cooling the beaker in an ice bath the solution will deposit long
orange-red crystals of Péligot!s salt.

An analysis of Péligot’s salt showed that it contained the following percentages by mass:
K, 22.4%; Cr, 29.8%; Cl, 20.3%; O, 27.5%.

(a) Calculate the empirical formula of Péligot’s salt.

[2]

(b) Suggest a balanced equation for the formation of Péligot’s salt.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) The instructions suggest that strong heating might cause chlorine to be evolved.

(i) What type of reaction would produce chlorine in this system?

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) Use the Data Booklet to identify relevant half equations and E o values for the
production of chlorine from the reaction between K2Cr2O7 and HCl.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

Use these equations to write the overall full ionic equation for this reaction.

..................................................................................................................................

(iii) The use of dilute HCl (aq) does not result in the production of chlorine. Suggest
why this is so.

..................................................................................................................................

(iv) Use the Data Booklet to suggest a reason why it is not possible to prepare the
bromine analogue of Péligot’s salt by using HBr(aq) instead of HCl (aq).

..................................................................................................................................
[6]

[W'07 P4 Q03]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2007 9701/04/O/N/07 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 12
 36
4
5 2 (a) Describe the observations you would make when concentrated sulfuric acid is added For
to separate portions of NaCl (s) and NaBr(s). Write an equation for each reaction that Examiner’s
occurs. Use

NaCl (s): observation ................................................................................................

5
......................................................................................................................
3 (a) Explain what is meant by the term transition element. For
equation Examiner’s
.......................................................................................................................................... Use

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
NaBr(s): observation ................................................................................................
(b) Complete the electronic configuration of
......................................................................................................................
(i) the vanadium atom, 1s22s22p6 .......................................................................
equation
(ii) the Cu2+ ion. 1s22s22p6 .......................................................................
[2]

(c) List the four most likely oxidation states of vanadium. [4]

By quoting relevant E o- data from the Data Booklet, explain how the observations you
(b) ..................................................................................................................................... [1]
have described above relate to the relative oxidising power of the elements.
(d) Describe what you would see, and explain what happens, when dilute aqueous ammonia
added to a solution containing Cu2+ ions, until the ammonia is in an excess.
is..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

By referring to relevant E o- data choose a suitable reagent to convert Br2 into Br −. Write
(c) ..........................................................................................................................................
an equation and calculate the E o- for the reaction.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
..................................................................................................................................... [5]
[S'09 P4 Q02]
[Total: 9]
(e) Copper powder dissolves in an acidified solution of sodium vanadate(V), NaVO3, to
produce a blue solution containing VO2+ and Cu2+ ions.
By using suitable half-equations from the Data Booklet, construct a balanced equation
for this reaction.

(d) ..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[S'09 P4 Q03]
[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2009 9701/04/M/J/09

Electrochemistry 12 Bilal Hameed
 Cr3+ 1s22s22p6 ............. Use

Mn2+ 1s22s22p6 .............

37 [2]

6 (b) (i) Describe what observations you would make when dilute KMnO4(aq) is added
slowly and with shaking to an acidified solution of FeSO4(aq) until the KMnO4 is in
a large excess.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) Construct an ionic equation for the reaction that occurs.

..................................................................................................................................
[4]

(c) By selecting relevant E o data from the Data Booklet explain why acidified solutions of
Fe2+(aq) are relatively stable to oxidation by air, whereas a freshly prepared precipitate
of Fe(OH)2 is readily oxidised to Fe(OH)3 under alkaline conditions.

relevant E o values and half equations

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

explanation

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................
[4]
[S'10 P42 Q04]

© UCLES 2010 9701/42/M/J/10

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 12

 384

7 2 (a) (i) With the aid of a fully-labelled diagram, describe the standard hydrogen electrode.
For
Examiner’s
Use

(ii) Use the Data Booklet to calculate the standard cell potential for the reaction between
Cr2+ ions and Cr2O72– ions in acid solution, and construct a balanced equation for the
reaction.

= ......................... V

equation .....................................................................................................................

(iii) Describe what you would see if a blue solution of Cr2+ ions was added to an acidified
solution of Cr2O72– ions until reaction was complete.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
[8]

[S'13 P42 Q02]

© UCLES 2013
Electrochemistry 12 9701/42/M/J/13 Bilal Hameed
 39 3

8
(d) Tin forms an oxide, A, that contains the metal in both oxidation states II and IV. The For
formula of A can be found by the following method. Examiner’s
Use

A sample of A was dissolved in H2SO4(aq), producing solution B, which was a mixture

of tin(II) sulfate and tin(IV) sulfate.
A 25.0 cm3 sample of solution B was titrated with 0.0200 mol dm–3 KMnO4.
13.5 cm3 of KMnO4 was required to reach the end-point.
Another 25.0 cm3 sample of solution B was stirred with an excess of powdered
zinc. This converted all the tin into tin(II). The excess of zinc powder was filtered off
and the filtrate was titrated with 0.0200 mol dm-3 KMnO4, as before.
This time 20.3 cm3 of KMnO4 was required to reach the end-point.

The equation for the reaction occurring during the titration is as follows.

2MnO4– + 16H+ + 5Sn2+ 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5Sn4+

(i) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between Zn and Sn4+.

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) Use the Data Booklet to calculate the E o- values for the reactions between

Zn and Sn4+, ....................................................................................................

MnO4– and Sn2+.. ................................................................................................

(iii) Use the results of the two titrations to calculate

the number of moles of Sn2+ in the first titration sample,

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

the number of moles of Sn2+ in the second titration sample.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(iv) Use the results of your calculation in (iii) to deduce the Sn2+/ Sn4+ ratio in the oxide
A, and hence suggest the formula of A.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[8]

[W'09 P41 Q01]

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 12

© UCLES 2009 9701/41/O/N/09 [Turn over
 40 4

(e) A major use of tin is to make ‘tin plate’, which is composed of thin sheets of mild steel For
electroplated with tin, for use in the manufacture of food and drinks cans. A tin coating of Examiner’s
1.0 10–5 m thickness is often used. Use

(i) Calculate the volume of tin needed to coat a sheet of steel 1.0 m 1.0 m to this
thickness, on one side only.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of tin that this volume represents.
[The density of tin is 7.3 g cm–3.]

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(iii) The solution used for electroplating contains Sn2+ ions. Calculate the quantity of
electricity in coulombs needed to deposit the amount of tin you calculated in (ii).

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[4]

[W'09 P41 Q01]

[Total: 19]

© UCLES 2009 9701/41/O/N/09

Electrochemistry 12 Bilal Hameed
 Section A For
Examiner’s
Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Use
41

9 1 (a) Complete the electronic configurations of the following ions.

Cr3+: 1s22s22p6..........................................

Mn2+: 1s22s22p6..........................................
[2]

(b) Both KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 are used as oxidising agents, usually in acidic solution.

(i) Use information from the Data Booklet to explain why their oxidising power increases
as the [H+(aq)] in the solution increases.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) What colour changes would you observe when each of these oxidising agents is
completely reduced?

• KMnO4
from ....................................... to ....................................

• K2Cr2O7
from........................................ to .....................................
[4]

(c) Manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2, is a dark brown solid, insoluble in water and dilute acids.
Passing a stream of SO2(g) through a suspension of MnO2 in water does, however,
cause it to dissolve, to give a colourless solution.

(i) Use the Data Booklet to suggest an equation for this reaction, and explain what
happens to the oxidation states of manganese and of sulfur during the reaction.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) The pH of the suspension of MnO2 is reduced.

Explain what effect, if any, this would have on the extent of this reaction.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2011 9701/43/O/N/11

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 12

 42 3

(d) The main ore of manganese, pyrolusite, is mainly MnO2. A solution of SnCl2 can be used For
to estimate the percentage of MnO2 in a sample of pyrolusite, using the following method. Examiner’s
• A known mass of pyrolusite is warmed with an acidified solution containing a known Use

amount of SnCl2.
• The excess Sn2+(aq) ions are titrated with a standard solution of KMnO4.

In one such experiment, 0.100 g of pyrolusite was warmed with an acidified solution
containing 2.00 × 10–3 mol Sn2+. After the reaction was complete, the mixture was
titrated with 0.0200 mol dm–3 KMnO4, and required 18.1 cm3 of this solution to reach the
end point.

The equation for the reaction between Sn2+(aq) and MnO4–(aq) is as follows.

2MnO4– + 5Sn2+ + 16H+ 2Mn2+ + 5Sn4+ + 8H2O

(i) Use the Data Booklet to construct an equation for the reaction between MnO2 and
Sn2+ ions in acidic solution.

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) Calculate the percentage of MnO2 in this sample of pyrolusite by the following steps.

• number of moles of MnO4– used in the titration

• number of moles of Sn2+ this MnO4– reacted with

• number of moles of Sn2+ that reacted with the 0.100 g sample of pyrolusite

• number of moles of MnO2 in 0.100 g pyrolusite. Use your equation in (i).

• mass of MnO2 in 0.100 g pyrolusite

• percentage of MnO2 in pyrolusite

percentage = ..................................................%
[6]

[W'11 P43 Q01]

[Total: 16]
© UCLES 2011 9701/43/O/N/11 [Turn over
Electrochemistry 12 Bilal Hameed
 Ksp = ....................................... units .......................................
[5]
43

10 (c) The behaviours of PbCl 2 and SnCl 2 towards reducing agents are similar, but their behaviours
towards oxidising agents are very different.

(i) Illustrate this comparison by quoting and comparing relevant E o values for the two metals
and their ions. Explain what the relative E o values mean in terms of the ease of oxidation
or reduction of these compounds.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Writing a balanced molecular or ionic equation in each case, suggest a reagent to carry
out each of the following reactions.

the reduction of PbCl 2

.............................................................................................................................................

the oxidation of SnCl 2

.............................................................................................................................................
[5]

[S'14 P42 Q02]

© UCLES 2014 9701/42/M/J/14 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 12

 446

11 3 Chlorine gas and iron(II) ions react together in aqueous solution as shown.

Cl 2(g) + 2Fe2+(aq) 2Cl –(aq) + 2Fe3+(aq)

(a) (i) Complete and label the diagram to show how the standard cell potential, , for the
above reaction could be measured at standard conditions.

[4]

(ii) Use the Data Booklet to calculate the for this reaction.

[1]

(b) What colour change would you see when chlorine gas is bubbled through a solution containing
Fe2+(aq) ions until the reaction is complete?

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Predict the effect, if any, of decreasing the concentration of Cl –(aq) on the magnitude of the
cell potential in (a)(ii). Explain your answer.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2015 9701/43/O/N/15

Electrochemistry 12 Bilal Hameed

 457

(d) (i) A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that can be used to generate electrical energy.

In the alkaline hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell, H2(g) and O2(g) are passed over two inert
electrodes immersed in an alkaline solution.

Write the half-equations for the reactions taking place at each of these electrodes.

hydrogen electrode .............................................................................................................

oxygen electrode ................................................................................................................

[2]

(ii) Construct an equation for the overall reaction.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Suggest one possible advantage of using a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell over a conventional
‘simple cell’ battery.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[W'15 P43 Q03]

[Total: 12]

© UCLES 2015 9701/43/O/N/15 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 12

 469

12 4 An electrochemical cell consists of a half-cell containing V3+(aq) and V2+(aq) ions and another
half-cell containing VO2+(aq) and VO2+(aq) ions.

(a) (i) Use data from the Data Booklet to calculate a value for the .

= ............................. V [1]

(ii) Write the ionic equation for the cell reaction.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Draw a fully labelled diagram of the apparatus you could use to measure the potential of
this cell. Include the necessary chemicals.

[4]

© UCLES 2017 9701/42/O/N/17 [Turn over

Electrochemistry 12 Bilal Hameed

 47
10

(b) Use data from the Data Booklet to predict whether a reaction might take place when the
following pairs of aqueous solutions are mixed. If a reaction occurs, write an equation for it and
calculate the .

2+
(aq) and Sn4+(aq)

Does a reaction occur? .........................

equation .....................................................................................................................................

........................................................

2+
(aq) and Fe3+(aq)

Does a reaction occur? .........................

equation .....................................................................................................................................

........................................................
[3]

[W'17 P42 Q04]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2017 9701/42/O/N/17

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 12

 48
4

13
2 (a) Describe the trend in the reactivity of the halogens Cl 2, Br2 and I2 as oxidising agents.
Explain this trend using values of E o (X2 / X–) from the Data Booklet.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) (i) Write an equation for the reaction between chlorine and water.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Use standard electrode potential, E o, data from the Data Booklet to calculate the for
the following reaction.

Cl 2 + 2OH– Cl – + Cl O– + H2O

= .............................. V [2]

(iii) The [OH–] was increased and the Ecell was measured.

Indicate how the value of the Ecell measured would compare to the calculated in (ii) by
placing one tick ( ) in the table.

Ecell becomes less positive than .

Ecell stays the same as .

Ecell becomes more positive than .

Explain your answer.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2018 9701/42/F/M/18

Electrochemistry 12 Bilal Hameed

 49
5

(c) A half-equation involving bromate(V) ions, BrO3–, and bromide ions is shown.

BrO3–(aq) + 3H2O(l) + 6e– Br –(aq) + 6OH–(aq) E o = +0.58 V

(i) An alkaline solution of chlorate(I), Cl O–, can be used to oxidise bromide ions to bromate(V)
ions.

Use the Data Booklet and the half-equation shown to write an equation for this reaction.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate the for the reaction in (i).

= .............................. V [1]

(iii) When a concentrated solution of bromic(V) acid, HBrO3, is warmed, it decomposes to

form bromine, oxygen and water only.

Write an equation for this reaction. The use of oxidation numbers may be helpful.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[M’18 P42 Q02]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2018 9701/42/F/M/18 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 12

 2
50 A
Section
For
Examiner’s
Use

Electrochemistry WS
Answer all the questions in the spaces 13
provided.

11 (a) What is meant by the term standard electrode potential, SEP?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Draw a fully labelled diagram of the apparatus you could use to measure the SEP of the
Fe3+ / Fe2+ electrode.

[5]

(c) The reaction between Fe3+ ions and I– ions is an equilibrium reaction.

2Fe3+(aq) + 2I–(aq) 2Fe2+(aq) + I2(aq)

(i) Use the Data Booklet to calculate the for this reaction.

....................................................................................................................................

(ii) Hence state, with a reason, whether there will be more products or more reactants
at equilibrium.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(iii) Write the expression for Kc for this reaction, and state its units.

Kc =

units .................................................

© UCLES 2013 9701/41/M/J/13

Electrochemistry 13 Bilal Hameed

 513

For
An experiment was carried out using solutions of Fe3+(aq) and I–(aq) of equal Examiner’s
concentrations. 100 cm3 of each solution were mixed together, and allowed to reach Use
equilibrium.

The concentrations at equilibrium of Fe3+(aq) and I2(aq) were as follows.

[Fe3+(aq)] = 2.0 10–4 mol dm–3

[I2(aq)] = 1.0 10–2 mol dm–3

(iv) Use these data, together with the equation given in (c), to calculate the concentrations
of Fe2+(aq) and I–(aq) at equilibrium.

[Fe2+(aq)] = ............................... mol dm–3

[I–(aq)] = ............................... mol dm–3

(v) Calculate the Kc for this reaction.

Kc = ......................................................
[8]

[S'13 P41 Q01]

[Total: 15]

© UCLES 2013 9701/41/M/J/13 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 13
 4 For
Examiner’s
Use
2 The diagram shows a laboratory illustration of a simple hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.
52 4 For
4
Examiner’s Exa
Use
2 2 The diagram shows a laboratory illustration ofVa simple hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.
2 The diagram shows a laboratory illustration of a simple hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.

V
V
oxygen gas at hydrogen gas at
1 atmosphere 1 atmosphere
oxygen gas at hydrogen gas at
1 atmosphere 1 atmosphere
oxygen gas at hydrogen ga
salt bridge
1 atmosphere 1 atmosph
salt bridge

salt bridge
solutionsolution
of of solution of
solution of
hydrochloric acid: acid:
hydrochloric hydrochloric
hydrochloric acid: acid:
[H3O+] =[H13O
mol
+
] =dm
-3
1 mol dm-3 [H3O+][=
+
] =dm1-3mol dm-3
H13Omol
inert
inert electrodes
electrodes

solution
(a) ofWrite the half equation for the reaction occurring at the left hand (oxygen) electrode solution of
(a) Write the half equation for the reaction occurring at the left hand (oxygen) electrode
hydrochloric acid:
when the cell operates. hydrochloric acid
when the cell operates.
[H3O+] = 1 mol dm-3 [H3O+] = 1 mol dm
..........................................................................................................................................
inert electrodes
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(a) Write the half equation for the reaction occurring at the left hand (oxygen)
..................................................................................................................................... [1] electrode
(b) State the polarity (+ or –) of the left hand (oxygen) electrode. ..................................... [1]
when the cell operates.
(b) State
(c) the
Use polarity
the Data (+ or –)toofcalculate
Booklet the leftthe
hand (oxygen)
voltage electrode.
produced ..................................... [1]
by this cell.
..........................................................................................................................................
(c) Use the Data Booklet to calculate the voltage produced by this cell.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Only a very small current can be drawn from this laboratory cell. Suggest one way in
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
which it could be modified to enable a larger current to be drawn from it.
(b) State
(d) Only verythe smallpolarity
current (+ can
or –)be of drawn
the leftfrom hand (oxygen)
this laboratory electrode.
cell. Suggest .....................................
one way in
a.......................................................................................................................................... [1]
which it could be modified to enable a larger current to be drawn from it.
(c) Use the Data Booklet to calculate the voltage produced by this cell. [1]
.....................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(e) A fuel cell in an orbiting satellite is required to produce a current of 0.010 A for 400 days.
.....................................................................................................................................
Calculate the mass of hydrogen that will be needed.
[1]
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Only a very small current can be drawn from this laboratory cell. Suggest one way in
..........................................................................................................................................
(e) A fuelwhich
cell initan orbiting
could satellite istorequired
be modified enable to a produce
larger current a current to be of 0.010
drawnAfrom for 400 it. days.
..........................................................................................................................................
Calculate the mass of hydrogen that will be needed.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
..........................................................................................................................................

(e) A fuel cell in an orbiting satellite is required to produce a current of 0.010 A for
..................................................................................................................................... [3]400 days.
Calculate the mass of hydrogen that 5 will be needed. For
Examiner’s
Use
(f) State one
© UCLES 2004 advantage, and one disadvantage 9701/04/O/N04of using fuel cells to power road vehicles
..........................................................................................................................................
compared to hydrocarbon fuels such as petrol.
..........................................................................................................................................
advantage: .......................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2004
..........................................................................................................................................
9701/04/O/N04

disadvantage: ...................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

Electrochemistry 13 Bilal Hameed

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2004 9701/04/O/N04

3 Calcium sulphate is a major by-product of flue gas desulphurisation, which is an important
 53
4

32 For
(a) The diagram below shows an incomplete experimental set-up needed to measure the Examiner’s
Ecell of a cell composed of the standard Cu2+/Cu electrode and an Ag+/Ag electrode. Use

copper electrode B
electrode

saturated
solution
solution A of AgCl
solid AgCl

(i) State the chemical composition of

solution A, ..................................................................................................................

electrode B. ...............................................................................................................

(ii) Complete the diagram to show the whole experimental set-up.

[4]

(b) The above cell is not under standard conditions, because the [Ag+] in a saturated solution
of AgCl is much less than 1.0 mol dm–3. The Eelectrode is related to [Ag+] by the following
equation.

equation 1 Eelectrode = E oelectrode + 0.06 log[Ag+]

(i) Use the Data Booklet to calculate the E ocell if the cell was operating under standard
conditions.

E ocell = .......................... V

In the above experiment, the Ecell was measured at +0.17V.

(ii) Calculate the value of Eelectrode for the Ag+/Ag electrode in this experiment.

....................................................................................................................................

(iii) Use equation 1 to calculate [Ag+] in the saturated solution.

[Ag+] = .......................... mol dm–3

[3]

[W'12 P41 Q02]

© UCLES
Bilal Hameed2012 9701/41/O/N/12 Electrochemistry 13
 54 8

45 Although standard electrode potentials are measured for solutions where the concentrations For
of ions are 1.0 mol dm–3, cells used as sources of battery power tend to operate with more Examiner’s
concentrated solutions. This question concerns the electrode reactions involved in the Use

hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell and the lead-acid car battery.

(a) In the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell, H2(g) and O2(g) are fed onto two inert electrodes
dipping into NaOH(aq).

oxygen
hydrogen

NaOH(aq)

The following reactions take place.

left hand electrode (cathode): H2(g) + 2OH–(aq) 2H2O(l) + 2e–

right hand electrode (anode): O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e– 4OH–(aq)

(i) Use the Data Booklet to calculate E –cell

o–
for this reaction.

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) Construct an equation for the overall reaction.

..................................................................................................................................

(iii) By using one of the phrases more positive, more negative or no change, deduce
the effect of increasing [OH–(aq)] on the electrode potential of

• the left hand electrode .......................................................................

• the right hand electrode .......................................................................

(iv) Hence deduce whether the overall Ecell is likely to increase, decrease or remain the
same, when [OH–(aq)] increases. Explain your answer.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(v) Suggest one other reason why a high [NaOH(aq)] is used in the fuel cell.

..................................................................................................................................
[6]

© UCLES 2010 9701/41/M/J/10

Electrochemistry 13 Bilal Hameed
 55
9

(b) In the cells of a lead-acid car battery the following reactions take place. For
Examiner’s
cathode: Pb(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2e– Use

anode: PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + 2e– Pb2+(aq) + 2H2O(l)

(i) Use the Data Booklet to calculate E –cell

o–
for this reaction.

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) Construct an equation for the overall reaction.

..................................................................................................................................

The electrolyte in a lead-acid cell is H2SO4(aq). Most of the Pb2+(aq) ions that are
produced at the electrodes are precipitated as the highly insoluble PbSO4(s).

(iii) Construct an equation for the overall cell reaction in the presence of H2SO4.

..................................................................................................................................

(iv) By considering the effect of decreasing [Pb2+(aq)] on the electrode potentials of

the cathode and the anode, deduce the effect of the presence of H2SO4(aq) in the
electrolyte on the overall Ecell.
State whether the Ecell will increase, decrease or remain the same.

Overall Ecell will ................................................ .

Explain your answer.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[5]

[S'10 P41 Q05]

[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2010 9701/41/M/J/10 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 13
 2
Examiner’s
Use
Section A
56 in the spaces provided.
Answer all questions
5
1 Zinc chloride is one of the most important compounds of zinc. It is used in dry cell batteries,
as a flux for soldering and tinning, as a corrosion inhibitor in cooling towers and in the
manufacture of rayon.

(a) Draw a fully labelled diagram to show how you could use a standard hydrogen electrode
to measure the standard electrode potential, E o, of zinc.

[6]

(b) The electrolysis of zinc chloride can give different electrode products, depending on the
conditions used.
Suggest the products formed at each electrode in the following cases. One space has
been filled in for you.

conditions product at anode product at cathode

ZnCl2(l) chlorine

ZnCl2(concentrated aqueous)

ZnCl2(dilute aqueous)
[3]

[S'07 P4 Q01]
(c) Use the following data, together with relevant data from the Data Booklet, to construct a
Born-Haber cycle and calculate a value for the lattice energy of zinc chloride.

standard enthalpy change of formation of ZnCl2 –415 kJ mol–1

standard enthalpy change of atomisation of Zn(s) +131 kJ mol–1
electron affinity per mole of chlorine atoms –349 kJ mol–1

lattice energy = ............................................... kJ mol–1 [3]

© UCLES 2007 9701/04/M/J/07

Electrochemistry 13 Bilal Hameed

 2
Examiner’s
Use
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

57

6 1 (a) What do you understand by the term standard electrode potential?

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) The following cell was set up between a copper electrode and an unknown metal
electrode M 2+(aq) / M(s). The standard cell potential was found to be 0.76 V, and the
copper foil was the positive electrode.

direction of electron flow

copper foil
unknown metal
wire, M

M 2+(1 mol dm–3) CuSO4(1 mol dm–3)

(i) Use the Data Booklet to calculate the standard electrode potential of the
M 2+(aq) / M(s) system.

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) Draw an arrow over the voltmeter symbol in the above diagram to show the
direction of electron flow through the voltmeter.

(iii) Predict the outcomes of the following situations. Describe what you might see and
write ionic equations for any reactions that occur.

I A rod of metal M is dipped into a solution of 1 mol dm–3 CuSO4.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

9701/04/M/J/03

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 13

 58 3 For
Examiner’s
Use
II Dilute sulphuric acid is added to a beaker containing a powdered sample of metal
M.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
[6]

(c) Because of its increased scarcity, cheaper copper ornaments are no longer made from
the solid metal, but from iron that has been copper plated.

(i) Complete the following diagram showing the set-up for a copper electroplating
process. Show clearly the polarity (+/–) of the power source, and suggest a suitable
electrolyte.

d.c. source

object to be plated

electrolyte:

(ii) A current of 0.500 A is passed through the electroplating cell. Calculate the time
required to deposit a mass of 0.500 g of copper on to the ornament.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
[5]

[S'03 P4 Q01]
[Total : 13]

9701/04/M/J/03 [Turn over

Electrochemistry 13 Bilal Hameed
 2 For
Examiner's
Use
Answer all the questions
59 in the spaces provided.

7
1 A student decided to determine the value of the Faraday constant by an electrolysis
experiment. The following incomplete diagram shows the apparatus that was used.

hydrogen
being
collected

dilute H2SO4 power pack

–

inert electrodes

(a) (i) Apart from connecting wires, what two additional pieces of equipment are needed
for this experiment?

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Complete the diagram, showing additional equipment connected in the circuit, and
showing the powerpack connected to the correct electrodes.
(iii) List the measurements the student would need to make in order to use the results
to calculate a value for the Faraday constant.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[7]

(b) (i) Using an equation, state the relationship between the Faraday constant, F, the
Avogadro constant, L, and the charge on the electron, e.

..................................................................................................................................
(ii) The value the student obtained was: 1 Faraday = 9.63 × 104 Coulombs
Use this value and your equation in (b)(i) to calculate the Avogadro constant (take
the charge on the electron to be 1.60 × 10–19 Coulombs)

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[2]

[S'05 P4 Q01]
[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2005 9701/04/M/J/05

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 13

 ....................................................................................................................................................

60
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

8 (d) When a solution of a chromium salt X is electrolysed, chromium metal is deposited on the
cathode, according to the following equation.

Crn+(aq) + ne– Cr(s)

When a current of 1.8 A was passed for 40 minutes through a solution of salt X, it was found
that 0.776 g of chromium had been deposited.

Calculate the value of n in the above equation. Show your working.

n = ...................... [4]

[S'15 P42 Q03]

[Total: 12]

© UCLES 2015 9701/42/M/J/15 [Turn over

Electrochemistry 13 Bilal Hameed

 616

39 (a) State the relationship between the Faraday constant, F, the charge on the electron, e, For
and the Avogadro number, L. Examiner’s
Use

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) If the charge on the electron, the Ar and the valency of copper are known, the value
of the Avogadro number can be determined experimentally. This is done by passing
a known current for a known time through a copper electrolysis cell, and weighing the
mass of copper deposited onto the cathode.

(i) Draw a diagram of suitable apparatus for carrying out this experiment.
Label the following: power supply (with + and – terminals); anode; cathode; and
ammeter.
State the composition of the electrolyte.

The following are the results obtained from one such experiment.
current passed through the cell = 0.500 A
time current was passed through cell = 30.0 min
initial mass of copper cathode = 52.243 g
final mass of copper cathode = 52.542 g

(ii) Use these data and relevant information from the Data Booklet to calculate a value
of L to 3 significant figures.

L = ..............................................
[9]

© UCLES 2011 9701/43/M/J/11

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 13
 62 7

(c) Use relevant information from the Data Booklet to identify the substances formed at For
the anode and at the cathode when aqueous solutions of the following compounds are Examiner’s
electrolysed. Use

compound product at anode product at cathode

AgF
FeSO4
MgBr2
[5]

[S'11 P42 Q03]

[Total: 15]

© UCLES 2011 9701/43/M/J/11 [Turn over

Electrochemistry 13 Bilal Hameed

 963
10(e) (i) State the relationship between the Faraday constant and the Avogadro constant.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) When a current of 1.2 A was passed through dilute sulfuric acid for 30 minutes, it was
found that 130 cm3 of oxygen, measured at 25 C and 1 atm, was collected at the anode.
The following reaction takes place.

2H2O(l) 4H+(aq) + O2(g) + 4e–

Use these data and data from the Data Booklet to calculate a value for the Avogadro
constant, L, by calculating

the number of moles of oxygen produced,

the number of moles of electrons needed for this,
the number of coulombs passed,
the number of electrons passed,
the number of electrons in one mole of electrons (L).

L = ............................................... mol–1
[4]

[S'15 P41 Q05]

[Total: 15]

© UCLES 2015 9701/41/M/J/15 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 13
 646

114 (a) (i) standard cell potential, .

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

The following incomplete diagram shows the apparatus that can be used to measure the
for a cell composed of the Fe3+ / Fe2+ and Ag+ / Ag half-cells.

A C

B D

(ii) Complete the diagram, labelling the components you add. [1]

(iii) Identify the components A-D.

A .........................................................................................................................................

B .........................................................................................................................................

C .........................................................................................................................................

D .........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) (i) Use E o values to write an equation for the cell reaction that takes place if the two electrodes
in (a) are connected by a wire and the circuit is completed.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Another electrochemical cell was set up using 0.31 mol dm–3 Ag+(aq) instead of the
standard Ag solution.

Use the Nernst equation, E = E o + 0.059 log [Ag+(aq)], and the relevant E o values to
calculate the new E cell in this experiment.

E cell = .............................. V [2]

[S'16 P41 Q04]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2016 9701/41/M/J/16

Electrochemistry 13 Bilal Hameed

 65
7

12 (c) Car batteries are made up of rechargeable lead-acid cells. Each cell consists of a negative
electrode made of Pb metal and a positive electrode made of PbO2. The electrolyte is H2SO4(aq).

When a lead-acid cell is in use, Pb2+ ions are precipitated out as PbSO4(s) at the negative
electrode.

Pb(s) + SO42–(aq) PbSO4(s) + 2e–

(i) Calculate the mass of Pb that is converted to PbSO4 when a current of 0.40 A is delivered
by the cell for 80 minutes.

mass of Pb = .............................. g [2]

(ii) Complete the half-equation for the reaction taking place at the positive electrode.

PbO2(s) + SO42–(aq) + .............. + .............. PbSO4(s) + ..............

[1]

(d) The diagrams show how the voltage across two different cells changes with time when each
cell is used to provide an electric current.

lead-acid cell H2 / O2 fuel cell

voltage / V voltage / V

time / hours time / hours

Suggest a reason why

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[W'17 P41 Q03]

[Total: 13]

© UCLES 2017 9701/41/O/N/17 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 13

 66
11
13 The apparatus shows a cell which can be used to determine a value of the Avogadro constant, L.
6

variable
resistor
power
supply X

silver
electrodes

electrolyte Y

(a) (i) Name component X.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest a suitable electrolyte Y.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) In an experiment, a current of 0.200 A was passed through the cell for 40.0 minutes. The mass
of the silver cathode increased by 0.500 g.

The charge on the electron is –1.60 10–19 C.

Calculate the:

number of moles of silver deposited on the cathode

number of coulombs of charge passed

number of electrons passed

number of electrons needed to deposit 1 mol of silver at the cathode.

[3]

[M’18 P42 Q06]

[Total: 5]

© UCLES 2018 9701/42/F/M/18 [Turn over

Electrochemistry 13 Bilal Hameed

 67
7

14 (a) Complete the table, identifying the substance liberated at each electrode during electrolysis
3
with inert electrodes.

substance liberated substance liberated

electrolyte
at the anode at the cathode

AgNO3(aq)

concentrated NaCl (aq)

CuSO4(aq)
[3]

(b) Molten calcium iodide, CaI2, is electrolysed in an inert atmosphere with inert electrodes.

(i) Write ionic equations for the reactions occurring at the electrodes.

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) The electrolysis of molten CaI2 is a redox process.

Identify the ion that is oxidised and the ion that is reduced, explaining your answer by
reference to oxidation numbers.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Describe two visual observations that would be made during this electrolysis.

1 ..........................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................
[1]

(c) An oxide of iron dissolved in an inert solvent is electrolysed for 2.00 hours using a current of
0.800 A. The electrolysis products are iron and oxygen. The mass of iron produced is 1.11 g.

Calculate the oxidation number of Fe in the oxide of iron. Show all your working.

oxidation number of Fe = .............................. [3]

[S'18 P41 Q03]

[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2018 9701/41/M/J/18 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 13

 68
20

15 (e) In a methanol-oxygen fuel cell, CH3OH(l) and O2(g) are in contact with two inert electrodes
immersed in an acidic solution.

The half-equation for the reaction at the methanol electrode is shown.

CH3OH + H2O CO2 + 6H+ + 6e– Eo

(i) Use the Data Booklet to write an equation for the overall cell reaction.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Use E o values to calculate the for this reaction.

[W’18 P41 Q8]

[Total: 12]

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.

Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2018 9701/41/O/N/18

Electrochemistry 13 Bilal Hameed

 69
10

16 (c) (i) Use standard electrode potential data from the Data Booklet to calculate for the
reaction.

2Cu2+(aq) + 4I–(aq) 2CuI(s) + I2(aq)

= .............................. V [1]

(ii) Explain how the value of calculated in (i) predicts that the reaction is not likely to
occur.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

In an experiment, a solution of I–(aq) is added to a solution of Cu2+(aq). A reaction does occur

and a precipitate of sparingly soluble CuI(s) is formed.

The concentration of Cu2+(aq) remaining in the solution is 1.00 mol dm–3.

The concentration of Cu+(aq) in a saturated solution of CuI is 1.3 10–6 mol dm–3.

(iii) Use the Nernst equation to calculate the electrode potential, E, for the Cu2+ / Cu+ half cell
in this experiment.

E(Cu2+ / Cu+) = .............................. V [2]

(iv) Copper(I) chloride is also sparingly soluble in water.

Suggest why the following reaction does not occur.

2Cu2+(aq) + 4Cl –(aq) X 2CuCl (s) + Cl 2(aq)

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[M’19 P42 Q04]

© UCLES 2019 9701/42/F/M/19

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 13

 70
4

317 Chlorate(V) ions are powerful oxidising agents.

(a) The reduction of chlorate(V l O3– 2 l O2

SO42–

Construct an equation for this reaction.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) (i) l O2 –

of Cl O2 and Cl O3 ions.
– –

2Cl O2 + 2OH– Cl O2– + Cl O3– + H2O

disproportionation.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Deduce the ionic half-equations for the reaction in (b)(i).

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) A lithium-iodine electrochemical cell can be used to generate electricity for a heart pacemaker.

(i) Use the Data Booklet to write half-equations for the reactions taking place at the two

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

overall equation ..................................................................................................................

[2]

(ii) Use the Data Booklet to calculate the for this cell.

= .............................. V [1]

© UCLES 2019 9701/41/M/J/19

Electrochemistry 13 Bilal Hameed

 71
5

(iii) A current of 2.5 10–5 A is drawn from this cell.

Calculate the time taken for 0.10 g of lithium electrode to be used up. Assume the current
remains constant throughout this period.

time = .............................. s [3]

[S’19 P41 Q03]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2019 9701/41/M/J/19 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 13

 72
4

18 (d) standard electrode potential, E o.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(e) (i) Complete and label Eo

+
standard conditions.

[4]

(ii) Use the Data Booklet (e)(i) to show

[1]

[S’19 P42 Q01]

[Total: 17]

© UCLES 2019 9701/42/M/J/19

Electrochemistry 13 Bilal Hameed

 2

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

73

119 An electrochemical cell is constructed using two half-cells.

an Sn4+/Sn2+ half-cell
an Al 3+/Al half-cell

(a) State the material used for the electrode in each half-cell.

Sn4+/Sn2+ half-cell ................................................................................................................

Al 3+/Al half-cell ....................................................................................................................

[1]

(b) The cell is operated at 298 K.

The Al 3+/Al half-cell has standard concentrations.

The Sn4+/Sn2+ half-cell has [Sn4+] = 0.300 mol dm–3 and [Sn2+] = 0.150 mol dm–3.

(i) Use the Nernst equation to calculate the electrode potential, E, of the Sn4+/Sn2+ half-cell
under these conditions.

E = .............................. V [2]

(ii) Calculate the Ecell under these conditions.

Ecell = .............................. V [1]

(iii) Write an equation for the overall cell reaction that occurs.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2019 9701/41/O/N/19

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 13

 74
3

(c) Aluminium is produced industrially by electrolysis of a melt containing large amounts of

Al 3+ ions.

Calculate the mass of aluminium that is obtained when a current of 300 000 A is passed for
24 hours. Give your answer to three

mass = .............................. units = ..............................

[4]

(d) Explain why chromium metal cannot be obtained by the electrolysis of dilute aqueous
chromium(II) sulfate. Your answer should include data from the Data Booklet.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[W’19 P41 Q01]

[Total: 12]

© UCLES 2019 9701/41/O/N/19 [Turn over

Electrochemistry 13 Bilal Hameed

 2

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

75

120 An electrochemical cell is constructed using two half-cells.

a Br2/Br – half-cell
an Mn3+/Mn2+ half-cell

(a) State the material used for the electrode in each half-cell.

Br2/Br – half-cell ..........................................................................................................................

Mn3+/Mn2+ half-cell .....................................................................................................................

[1]

(b) The cell is operated at 298 K.

The Br2/Br – half-cell has standard concentrations.

The Mn3+/Mn2+ half-cell has [Mn3+] = 0.500 mol dm–3 and [Mn2+] = 0.100 mol dm–3.

(i) Use the Nernst equation to calculate the electrode potential, E, of the Mn3+/Mn2+ half-cell
under these conditions.

E = .............................. V [2]

(ii) Calculate the Ecell under these conditions.

Ecell = .............................. V [1]

(iii) Write an equation for the overall cell reaction that occurs.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2019 9701/42/O/N/19

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 13

 76
3

(c) An aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate is electrolysed using copper electrodes. A current of
1.50 A is passed for 3.00 hours. 5.09 g of copper is deposited on the cathode.

The charge on one electron is –1.60 10–19 C.

The relative atomic mass of copper is 63.5.

Use these data to calculate an experimentally determined value for the Avogadro constant, L.
Give your answer to three

L = .............................. mol–1 [5]

(d) Explain why magnesium metal cannot be obtained by the electrolysis of dilute aqueous
magnesium sulfate. Your answer should include data from the Data Booklet.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[W’19 P42 Q01]

[Total: 13]

© UCLES 2019 9701/42/O/N/19 [Turn over

Electrochemistry 13 Bilal Hameed

 77
7

21 (b) Aluminium is extracted from Al 2O3 by electrolysis. Al 2O3 is dissolved in cryolite in this process.

(i) The half-equation for the reaction at the anode is shown.

O2– + C CO + 2e–

Use this half-equation to write the ionic equation for the electrolysis of Al 2O3.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Aluminium oxide is electrolysed for 3.0 hours using carbon electrodes and a current of
3.5 105 A.

Calculate the mass of aluminium that is formed.

mass of aluminium = .............................. g [3]

(iii) Cryolite can be made from SiF4.

4 with H2O, forming H2SiF6 and SiO2.

Write an equation for this reaction.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[M’20 P42 Q02]

[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2020 9701/42/F/M/20 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 13

 78
8

322

(a) The standard electrode potential, E o, of Au3+(aq) / Au(s) is +1.50 V.

(i) standard electrode potential.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Draw a fully labelled diagram of the apparatus that should be used to measure the standard
cell potential, , of Au3+(aq) / Au(s) and HNO3(aq) / NO(g).

Include all necessary chemicals.

[4]

© UCLES 2020 9701/42/F/M/20

Electrochemistry 13 Bilal Hameed

 79
9

Some relevant half-equations and their standard electrode potentials are given.

half-equation Eo/V
1 Au3+(aq) + 3e– Au(s) +1.50
2 [AuCl 4]–(aq) + 3e– Au(s) + 4Cl –(aq) +1.00
3 NO3–(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 3e– NO(g) + 2H2O(l) +0.96

(iii) Write an ionic equation to show the spontaneous reaction that occurs when an electric
current is drawn from the cell in (a)(ii).

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) Calculate the of the reaction in (a)(iii).

= .............................. V [1]

(v) Gold can be oxidised by a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated
nitric acid, known as aqua regia. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is 12 mol dm–3.
Concentrated nitric acid is 16 mol dm–3.

Explain why aqua regia is able to dissolve gold.

In your answer, state and explain what effect the use of concentrated hydrochloric acid
and concentrated nitric acid have on the E values of half-equations 2 and 3.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [3]

[M’20 P42 Q03]

© UCLES 2020 9701/42/F/M/20 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 13

 80
5

323 The overall reaction for photosynthesis is shown.

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

Water is oxidised in this process according to the following half-equation.

2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e– half-equation 1

(a) (i) Use these equations to deduce the half-equation for the reduction of carbon dioxide in this
process.

[2]

(ii) Draw a fully labelled diagram of the apparatus that should be used to measure the standard
electrode potential, E o, of O2(g) in half-equation 1 under standard conditions. Include all
necessary chemicals.

[4]

(iii) For the cell drawn in (a)(ii), use the Data Booklet to calculate the and deduce which
electrode is positive.

= .............................. V

identity of the positive electrode = ..............................

[1]

[S’20 P41 Q03]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2020 9701/41/M/J/20 [Turn over

Electrochemistry 13 Bilal Hameed

 81
22

824 (a) (i) standard cell potential.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

An electrochemical cell is set up to measure the standard electrode potential of a cell, ,

made of a Co3+ / Co2+ half-cell and a Cl 2 / Cl – half-cell.

(ii) Complete the table with the substance used to make the electrode in each of these
half-cells.

half-cell electrode
Co3+ / Co2+
Cl 2 / Cl –

[1]

(iii) Use data from the Data Booklet to calculate the .

= .............................. V [1]

(iv) Write the equation for the overall cell reaction.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that can be used to generate electrical energy.
A methanol-oxygen fuel cell can be used as an alternative to a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.
When the cell operates, the carbon atoms in the methanol molecules are converted into
carbon dioxide.

CH3OH + H2O CO2 + 6H+ + 6e–

Calculate the volume of CO2, in cm3, formed when a current of 2.5 A is delivered by the cell for
30 minutes. Assume the cell is operated at room conditions.

volume of CO2 = .............................. cm3 [2]

[S’20 P42 Q08]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2020 9701/42/M/J/20

Bilal Hameed Electrochemistry 13