Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

Hydrogen H2 fluorine F2 Represented Represented

Valency 1 2 3 4 3 2 1
nitrogen N2 chlorine Cl2 by Atomic by Charge on
oxygen O2 iodine I2 Symbols (on FORMULAE Ion + 2+ 3+ 3- 2- -
Bromine Br2 Periodic worked out formed
Table) using valency Example Na+ Ca2+ Al3+ N3- O2- Cl-

Diatomic elements have Formula of Molecular ion Charge?

-
2 atoms covalently hydroxide ion OH 1
2-
bonded in each molecule sulfate SO4 2
ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS nitrate NO3 -
1
2-
carbonate CO3 2
Use -
hydrogencarbonate HCO3 1
Ionic equations back of
periodic ammonium NH4+ 1
Equations can be written just using
the ions involved: KO FORMULA table to ethanoate CH3COO -
1
help! methanoate HCOO -
1
e.g. copper + hydroxide  copper AND
ions ions hydroxide How to write a chemical formula
2+ -
EQUATIONS
Cu + 2OH  Cu(OH)2 “SWAP AND DROP” try this one below?
e.g. Sodium oxide
3 steps involved when writing 1. Write down the symbols Na O
equations: Chemical reactions use up 2. Write down the ion charge +1 -2
Step 1 Write the word equation Reactants and produce new 3. Write down the numbers of ions 2 1
Step 2 Write down the relevant substances called Products. A 4. Can the ratio be simplified no
symbols and formulae chemical equation can be 5. Write out the formula Na2O
underneath. represented by a word or symbol
Half equations represent how an atom changes into an
Step 3 Balance the equation by equation. REACTANTS are on the ion.
making sure that the total left-hand side. 1. Write the formulae of the reactant and product.
number of each type of PRODUCTS are on the right-hand 2. Adjust the number of ions, if needed.
element is the same on side. 3. Count the number of number of charges. Add
both sides of the arrow. enough electrons so that both sides have the same
State symbols number of charges.
Never change the formula –
Balance the following:
always balance by writing (s) for solid (l) for liquid
2Cl-  Cl2 + 2e- Na+ + e-  Na
number in front of formulae (g) for gas (aq) for aqueous solution