INORG & ORG CHEM (LEC): INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LECTURE 1

LECTURE 3: Chemical Calculations, Reactions and Solutions

MR. JAN CLARENCE SALINAS
MENDIOLA, C.V.C. | 1st Semester | A.Y. 2023 – 2024

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Products (2ZnO + 2SO2)

 A written statement that uses chemical - Substance produced as a result of the chemical
symbols and chemical formulas instead of reaction
words to describe the changes that occur in a - Found at the right side of the equation
chemical rxn.
Plus Sign (+)

- Used to separate reactants or products

- Usually represented with the term “reacts with”,
WRITING AND BALANCING CHEMICAL
“and”, or “With”
EQUATIONS
Coefficients
 Reactants – starting material in a chemical
reaction that undergoes change. - Big numbers found in the equation
 Products – substance produced as a result of the
Subscript
chemical change.
- Small numbers found in the equation

“Zinc Sulfate reacts with Oxygen to produce Zinc Oxide

and Sulfide Dioxide”

BALANCING
To Produce REACTANTS
Zinc 2
 Coefficient – Indicates how many Elements in a
Sulfur 2
compound
Oxygen 6
 Subscript – how many atoms are we referring to
PRODUCTS
in the equation. Zinc 2
Sulfur 2
Oxygen 6
Reminders:
Balanced Chemical Equation
1. Reactants are placed on the LEFT side of the rxn
2. Products are placed on the RIGHT side of the - Equation that has the same number of atoms on
rxn each element involved in the reaction on each
3. Arrow sign denotes “to produce” and + denotes side of the equation
separation of reactants/products
4. It must be consistent with the experimental Law of Conservation of Mass
facts - Atoms are neither created or destroyed
Monoatomic He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe (Noble Gases)
HOW TO BALANCE CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Diatomic H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2, I2
Tetraatomic P4, As4 Calcium sulfide reacts with water to produce calcium
oxide and hydrogen sulfide

Examples CaS + H2O CaO + H2S

2ZnS + 3O2 2ZnO + 2SO2 Element R P

Ca 1 1
Reactants (2ZnS + 3O2) S 1 1
- Starting material in a chemical reaction that H2 2 2
undergoes change O2 1 1
- Placed at the left side of the equation
Ferric hydroxide undergoes decomposition through
Arrow ( ) heat to produce ferric oxide and water

- To produce Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 + H2O

- Separates the reactants to the products
 INORG & ORG CHEM (LEC): INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LECTURE 1

LECTURE 3: Chemical Calculations, Reactions and Solutions

MR. JAN CLARENCE SALINAS
MENDIOLA, C.V.C. | 1st Semester | A.Y. 2023 – 2024

Element R P H2 3 1
Fe 1 2
O2 3 4 Balanced Eq. 3KBr + Fe(OH)3 3KOH + FeBr3
H2 3 2
Element R P
Balanced Eq. 2Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 + 3H2O K 3 3
Br2 3 3
Element R P Fe 1 1
Fe 2 2 O2 3 3
O2 6 6 H2 3 3
H2 6 6

WHAT HAPPENS IN A CHEMICAL

Aluminum and Ferrous Nitride to produce Aluminum REACTION?
nitride and Iron

Al + Fe3N2 AlN + Fe  During a chemical reaction, chemical bonds

between the atoms break in the reactants and
Element R P new chemical bonds form in the products
Al 1 1  The atoms rearrange to form the new bonds
Fe 3 1  As the chemical bonds break, the positions of
N 2 1 elections change, resulting in products with
properties that are different from the properties
of the reactants
Balanced Eq. 2Al + Fe3N2 2AlN +3Fe

Element R P
Al 2 2
Fe 3 3
N 2 2

Heptane and Oxygen to produce Carbon Dioxide and

Water

C7H17 + O2 CO2 + H2O EVIDENCES OF CHEMICAL CHANGE

Element R P 1. Color Change
C 7 1 a. When colorless hydrochloric acid is
H2 17 2 added to a red solution of cobalt (II)
O2 2 3 nitrate, the solution turns blue, a sign
that a chemical reaction has taken place
2. Precipitate
Balanced Eq. 4C7H17 + 45O2 28CO2 + 34H2O
a. A solid forms when a solution of sodium
Element R P dichromate is added to a solution of
C 28 28 lead nitrate
H2 68 68 3. Gas and Heat
O2 90 90 a. Bubbles of hydrogen gas form when
calcium metal reacts with water
4. Odor Change
Potassium bromide and Ferric hydroxide to produce
a. Methane gas reacts with oxygen to
Potassium hydroxide and Ferric bromide
produce a flame in a Bunsen Burner
KBr + Fe(OH)3 KOH + FeBr3

Element R P
K 1 1
Br2 1 3
Fe 1 1
O2 3 1
 INORG & ORG CHEM (LEC): INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LECTURE 1

LECTURE 3: Chemical Calculations, Reactions and Solutions

MR. JAN CLARENCE SALINAS
MENDIOLA, C.V.C. | 1st Semester | A.Y. 2023 – 2024

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS 3. Single-Replacement Reaction

 Single-displacement reaction
1. Combination
 Atom or molecule replaces an atom from a
 Synthesis reaction
compound
 Single product is produced from two or
more reactants

 E.g.

 E.g.

2. Decomposition
 Single compound breaks into 2 or more
simpler substance
 Opposite of combination reaction

 E.g.

4. Double-Replacement Reaction
 Two substance exchange parts with one
another and form two different substances
 INORG & ORG CHEM (LEC): INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LECTURE 1

LECTURE 3: Chemical Calculations, Reactions and Solutions

MR. JAN CLARENCE SALINAS
MENDIOLA, C.V.C. | 1st Semester | A.Y. 2023 – 2024

ENGLISH METRIC
Inch (in.) Gram (g)
Foot (ft.) Meter (m)
Pound (lb) Liter (L)
Quart
Gallon

A measure of the total

quantify of matter in an
Mass object

Gram (g) – basic unit of

mass in metric system
A measure of the
 Double-Replacement in Two Ways: amount of space
o Precipitation – occurs when two Volume occupied by the sample
ionic compounds are dissolved in
water and form a new ionic Liter (L) – basic unit of
compound that does not dissolve volume in metric system
A measure that
determines the distance
between two points
Length
Meter (m) – a basic unit
of length in metric
o Neutralization – acid base reaction system
 Occurs between an acid
and a base
 An aqueous acid base E.g.
reaction generally
Convert 2m to mm
produces water and salt
2𝑚 1000𝑚𝑚
𝑥 = 2000𝑚𝑚
1 1𝑚
Convert 500mg to kg
500𝑚𝑔 1𝑔 1𝑘𝑔
𝑥 𝑥 = 0.0005 𝑘𝑔
1 1000𝑚𝑔 1000𝑔

5. Combustion Convert 6.5L to uL

 Reaction between heat and oxygen (air) 6.5𝑢𝐿 1,000,000𝑢𝐿
that evolves to heat and light 𝑥 = 6,500,000 𝑢𝐿
1 1𝐿
Physical Name of Unit Abbreviation
Quantity
Mass Kilogram kg
Length Meter m
Time Second sec
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of Mole mol
Substance
Electric Current Ampere A
Luminous candela cd
MEASUREMENT Intensity
 Determination of the dimensions, capacity,
quantity or extent of something
 INORG & ORG CHEM (LEC): INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LECTURE 1
LECTURE 3: Chemical Calculations, Reactions and Solutions
MR. JAN CLARENCE SALINAS
MENDIOLA, C.V.C. | 1st Semester | A.Y. 2023 – 2024
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
 Digits in a measurement that are known with
certainty plus one digit that is estimated
 Also known as sig figs
 Guideline in Determining significant figures
o In any measurement, all nonzero digits
are significant (1-9)
o Zeroes may or may not be significant
 Zeroes can be used in two ways
 To position a decimal
point
o In here zeroes
are not
significant
 To indicate a measured
value
o In here zeroes
are significant
o Leading zeroes are never significant
o Confined are significant if a decimal
point is present in the number
o Trailing zeroes are not significant if the
number lacks an explicitly shown
decimal point
ROUNDING OFF NUMBERS
 Process of deleting unwanted (non-significant)
digits from calculated numbers
o 4 and below = retain value and drop
o 5 and above = add 1 to the value before
it
 E.g.
o 445. 65 in 4 sig fig = 445.7
o 107.323 in 3 sig fig = 107
o 152 900 in 2 sig fig = 150 000
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
 Numerical system in which numbers are
expressed in the form: A x10n where:
o A = coefficient
o X = multiplication sign
o 10n = exponential term
 Move to LEFT: Positive exponent
 Move to RIGHT: negative exponent
 E.g.
o 12 000 000 = 1.2 x107
o 0.0000025 = 2.5 x10-6
o 451 000 000 in 3 sig figs = 4.51 x108
o 0.00063521 in 2 sig figs = 6.4 x10-4
FORMULA MASS
 The sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms
represented in the chemical formula of a
substance
 Formula masses like the atomic masses from
which they are calculated are relative masses
based on the carbon relative mass scale
 INORG & ORG CHEM (LEC): INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LECTURE 1

LECTURE 3: Chemical Calculations, Reactions and Solutions

MR. JAN CLARENCE SALINAS
MENDIOLA, C.V.C. | 1st Semester | A.Y. 2023 – 2024

MOLE: COUNTING UNIT FOR CHEMISTS

 Abbreviated as “mol”
 A unit of measurement for the amount of
substance
 Is related to Avogadro’s number

 Avogadro’s number
o Molecules, atoms or formula units of
objects
o 1 mole = 6.02 X 1023 objects
o the extremely large size of the mole unit
is necessitated by the extremely small
size of atoms and molecules

MOLAR MASS
 Mass in grams of one mole of any pure
substance
 Represented as the unit g/mol
 # of moles x #of grams / 1 mole = molar mass
SOLUTIONS
 A homogenous mixture of two or more
substances with each substance retaining its
own chemical identity
 Two parts of solutions
o Solvent
 Component that is present in
the greatest amount
 Medium that dissolves the
solute
o Solute
 Component that is present in a
lower amount relative to that of
the solvent
 Substance to be dissolved
 General properties of Solutions
o A solution contains two or more
components: a solvent and solute
o A solution has a variable composition:
that is the ration of solute to solvent
may be varied
o The properties of a solution change as
a ratio of solute to solvent is changed
 The more you change the ratio
of the solute to solvent, the
property of the solution varies
as well
 INORG & ORG CHEM (LEC): INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LECTURE 1

LECTURE 3: Chemical Calculations, Reactions and Solutions

MR. JAN CLARENCE SALINAS
MENDIOLA, C.V.C. | 1st Semester | A.Y. 2023 – 2024

o The dissolved solutes are present as

individual particles
o The solutes remain uniformly
distributed throughout the solution and
will not settle out with time
o The solutes generally can be separated
from the solvent by physical means
such as evaporation
 Other kinds of solutions
o Unsaturated Solution
 This solution contains less than
the maximum amount of solute
 Examples
that can be dissolved under the
conditions at which the solution SOLVENT SOLUTE SOLUBILITY
exist Water CH4 Insoluble
 More solute than solvent Ethyl Alcohol Chloroform Soluble
o Saturated Solution Water Salt (NaCl) Soluble
 This solution contains the Water MgCO3 Insoluble
maximum amount of solute
that can be dissolved under the
conditions at which the solution MOLARITY
exist  The number of moles of that species that
 Excess solute contains in 1 liter of the solution
o Supersaturated Solution  mol/L = unit of molarity
 This solution is unstable  Formula
wherein it temporarily contains
more dissolved solute than the 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀𝑂𝐿𝐴𝑅𝐼𝑇𝑌(𝑀) =
present in a saturated solution 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 Excess solute forming crystals
o Dilute Solution
 A solution that contains a small
number or amount of solute
relative to the amount that
would dissolve
 Solute is less than the solvent
o Concentrated Solution
 A solution that contains a large
amount of solute relative to the
amount that could dissolve
 Solute is greater than the
solvent
o Aqueous Solution
 Solution in which water is
solvent
o Non-Aqueous Solution
 Solution in which a substance
other than water is the solvent
(E.g. Alcohols)

SOLUBILITY
 Maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in
a given amount of solvent under a given set of
conditions
 Follows the principle of “like dissolve like”
 Solubility Rules
 INORG & ORG CHEM (LEC): INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LECTURE 1

LECTURE 3: Chemical Calculations, Reactions and Solutions

MR. JAN CLARENCE SALINAS
MENDIOLA, C.V.C. | 1st Semester | A.Y. 2023 – 2024

DILUTION
 The process in which more solvent is added to
a solution in order to lower the concentration
 Formula:

𝐶1 𝑉1 = 𝐶2 𝑉2

o Where:
o C1 = concentration of stock
solution
o V1 = volume of stock solution
o C2 = concentration of diluted
solution
o V2 = volume of diluted/new
solution