Chemical Bonds

And
Equations
Intro to Chemical
Bonds
EQ: Why do atoms have a
strong desire to form
chemical bonds in
nature? What are these
called when different
types of atoms bond to
form a chemically
different substance?
Compound
– substance made of the combined atoms of
two or more elements.

Chemical formula
– tells what elements a compound contains
and the exact number of the atoms of those
elements
 Some Common Compounds
Vinegar Acetic acid HC2H3O2

Sand Silicon dioxide SiO2

Stomach Hydrochloric HCl

Acid acid
Cane Sugar Sucrose C12H22O8
 Superscript
– represents
2H2O oxidation # or
Coefficient SO42- how many
– represents the # electrons has
of units of each gained or lost
substance Subscripts
– represents # of
atoms in a
molecule of a
particular element

Atoms form compounds to become chemically stable. An

atom is chemically stable when the outer energy level is
complete, or full. (Why it is hard to find these elements
alone / unbonded.)
Chemical bond
– force that holds together the atoms in a substance
ION
– positive or negatively charged atom

Ionic Bond vs. Covalent Bond

 loses or gains electrons
 attraction between
opposite charges of ions
 between metal &
nonmetals
 shares electrons
 can form multiple bonds
between a nonmetal and
another nonmetal
 nonmetal
EQ Answer: Compounds
have different properties than
the atoms that male them up.
Atoms form compounds to
create a chemically stable
molecule or compound. The
chemical bonding stabilizes
atoms by filling their outer
most shell (valence).
Writing Formulas
and
Naming Compounds
Binary compound
– compound composed of two elements

Oxidation number
– positive or negative number (on PTable) which
indicates how many electrons an element has
gained, lost or shared when bonding with another
atom.

* When writing a formulas for binary ionic

compounds, it is important to remember that
compounds formed have a net charge of zero.
 POLYATOMIC IONS

Charged Name Formula

Polyatomic Ions
a positively or group of 1+ Ammonium NH4+

atoms negatively charged 1- Acetate C2H3O2-

covalently bonded 1- Chlorate ClO3-
1- Hydroxide OH-
1- Nitrate NO3-
 The prefix poly means
2- Carbonate CO32-
“many”, so the term
2- Sulfate SO42-
polyatomic means
3- Phosphate PO43-
“having many atoms”
Hydrate
– a compound that has water chemically attached to its
ions and written into chemical formula.
Covalent compounds
– can form more than one compound with each other.
Scientist use Greek prefixes to indicate # of atoms of
each element in binary compound.

Prefixes For Binary Covalent Compounds

#atoms 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

prefix Mono- di- tri- tetra penta hexa hepta octa

Chemical Reactions
 Chemical reaction - a reaction in which one or more are
changed to new substances

Reactants - substances that

are about to react
Produced
Products - new substances Reactants Products
produced

Law of Conversation of Mass

– total starting mass of all reactants equals the total final
mass all products.
Chemical equation - uses chemical formulas and symbols
to describe a chemical reaction and the product it
produces (see below)
Symbol Meaning Symbol Meaning
produces or (aq) Aqueous (solid
yields dissolved in H2O)
+ plus Heat Reactants heated

(s) solid Light Reactants exposed to

light
(l) liquid Elec Electric current

(g) gas Applied to reactants

Coefficients
– #’s which represents the number of units of each substance
in a rxn

4Al (s) + 3O2 (g) 2Al2O3

Subscripts
– #’s which represent the number of atoms in a molecule of a
particular element
BALANCING
CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS
Balanced chemical equations
– have the same number of atoms of each
element on both sides of equation

* When balancing chemical equation

NEVER change the subscripts, instead
change the coefficient in front of the
compounds needing balanced.
 Steps to Balancing a Chemical Equation
Step 1: Write a chemical equation for the reaction using
formulas and symbols – make sure reactants are on left side
and products on right.

Step 2: Count the atoms in reactants and products.

Step 3: Choose coefficients that balanced the

equation.
HINT: Generally, if there is an even # of an
element on one side and an odd on the other side,
place a 2 in front of compound containing odd
number of atoms.
Step 4: Recheck the numbers of each atom on both sides
of and adjust coefficients if necessary – remember
NEVER change subscripts.

Ex. 2NaBr + Cl2 2NaCl + Br2

STEP 3
STEP 1

Na 1 2 1 2
Br 1 2 2
Cl 2 1 2

STEP 2 STEP 4
CHEMICAL
REACTION TYPES
Synthesis reaction - reaction where two or more substances
combine to form another substance

A+B AB

Decomposition reaction - reaction where one substance

breaks down, or decomposes, into two or more simpler
substances

AB A+B
 Double – displacement reaction - reaction that results in a
precipitate, water or gas when a positive ion of one compound
swaps with another positive ion of another compound.

AB + CD AC + BD

Single – displacement reaction - reaction in which one element

replaces another in a compound

A+B AC + B or A + BC AB + C
CHEMICAL
REACTIONS –RATES
AND ENERGY
• To determine if the overall reaction releases or absorbs
energy, you must compare the energy content of the
reactants and the products.

• Exothermic reaction - releases energy;

reactants contain more energy than the
products. (reactants = products + energy)

Ex: Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 + energy

Ex. burning wood, fireworks

• Endothermic Reaction - Absorbs energy; products
contain more energy than the reactants.
(reactants + energy = products)

• Energy must be applied to get the reaction going.

Energy will appear on the reactants side of the
equation.

• Ex: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2.

Ex. Chemical Ice pack, photosynthesis
Rate of Reaction
– Speed at which reaction occurs or new
substances form.

Activation Energy
• Activation energy is the energy that
molecules need to break the bonds
and begin the reaction.
• Sources for AE can be friction,
electricity, light, etc.
• The rate at which molecules come into contact with
each other determines the reaction rate. This is
known as the “collision theory”.
• There are 3 factors that influence the rate at which
particles run into each other:

• 1. Temperature – The higher the temperature the

faster the particles move.
• 2. Concentration – The greater the concentration of
the reactants, the more particles there are to
collide.
• 3. Surface Area - As surface area increases
(crushing) there are more reactant particles
exposed.
Other factors that affect reactions…

Catalyst
– speeds up a chemical reaction without
itself being permanently changed
(lowers activation energy)
Inhibitor
– prevents or slows a chemical reaction
or interferes with the catalyst