Chemical

reactions
Y9
Chemical Change

Using Equations to describe the reaction or

chemical change that occurs.
Reactants Products

Never write
the 1!!!
Formulas tell you the ratio of atoms
in a molecule/compound

Butane C4H10

Water H20
How do we name and know what is in
a reaction?
Naming Rules for Compounds

•Covalent ex: Hydrogen Sulfide

oHydrogen always first
oLower group number comes first
oSecond name ends in -ide
•Ionic ex: Sodium Chloride
oMetal comes first
oSecond name ends in -ide
 Examples, name these:

KCl Potassium chloride

SO2 Sulphur dioxide

Covalent compounds use prefixes but ionic

compunds don´t!!!
Writing Formulas for Ionic
Compounds
Cross Over Method: Aluminium Oxide
• Balance the overall charge of the compound
• Charges of all ions should add up to 0
• Do this by changing the subscripts
More complicated naming....
 Sometimes ions can be polyatomic
(more than 1 atom)
OH- hydroxide
 Transition metal have different
charges

Fe2+ Iron (II) Cu+ Copper (I)

Fe3+ Iron (III) Cu2+ Copper (II)
Polyatomic ions
Name Charge Formula

Sulphate -2 SO42-

Hydroxide -1 OH-

Nitrate -1 NO3-

Carbonate -2 CO32-

Ammonium +1 NH4+

You must
know these
by heart!!
 Nothing created - nothing destroyed
Equations need to be balanced
 New substances are made during chemical reactions
 The same atoms are always present before and after reaction
 They have just joined up in different ways
 Atoms cannot be created or destroyed, so if they exist in the
reactants then they absolutely must be in the products!

• the total mass of reactants is always equal to the total mass of

products

•  Law of Conservation of Mass

Write balanced equation for this
reaction:
Subscripts vs Coefficients

• Coefficients tell us ratio of reactants and

products in a particular chemical reaction.

• Subscripts tell us ratio of atoms in 1 molecule

or compound (we get this from formulas).
coefficients

2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2

Na2O + H20 2NaOH
subscripts
Rules for balancing
you can:
• change coefficients
you cannot:
• use negative numbers
• change subscripts
• add new atoms or molecules to the
equation
State symbols
Ex: water may be solid, liquid, or
gas
(s)
(l)
(g)

Things can be dissolved in water

(aq)
PUTTING IT TOGETHER
EASY -- name what is in an equation

SO-SO--only balance a given equation

MORE DIFFICULT- write a symbol equation

knowing names of reactants and products and
then balance it.
Symbol equations & Word equations

Ca(s) + HNO3 (aq) --> Ca(NO3)2(aq) + H2(g)

Calcium (s) + nitric acid (aq) --> calcium nitrate (aq) + hydrogen (g)

We´ll learn to name acids later.

Coefficients are not indicated in the word

equation!!
 Balancing Equations
Worked example 1

Balance the following equation:

aluminium + copper(II)oxide ⟶ aluminium oxide + copper 

Unbalanced symbol equation:

Al + CuO ⟶ Al2O3 + Cu
Al + CuO ⟶ Al2O3 + Cu
Worked example 2
Balance the following equation:
magnesium oxide + nitric acid ⟶ magnesium nitrate + water 

Unbalanced symbol equation: MgO + HNO3 ⟶ Mg(NO3)2 + H2O

Write a balanced symbol equation
for the reaction:

iron (solid) + oxygen (gas) --> iron (III) oxide (solid)

4Fe (s) + 3O2 (g) --> 2Fe2O3 (s)

Let`s practice:

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/balancing-chemical-equations/latest
/balancing-chemical-equations_all.html
Test yourself
 Diatomic molecules
 Molecules composed of only two atoms, of
the same or different chemical elements.
Types of Chemical
Reactions
 Combination (or
synthesis):
two or more substances
react to form a single
substance.

H2(g)+Cl2(g) 2HCl(g)

N2(g) +3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

Types of
chemical
reactions

 Decomposition:
where a
substance
breaks down to
give two or
more products.
Types of chemical reactions
 Precipitation: a solid (precipitate) forms from aqueous
or liquid reactants.
Types of chemical reactions
 Combustion: exothermic reaction in which something
reacts with oxygen. The combustion of organic
compounds usually produces carbon dioxide.
  Displacement (or replacement):
Types of
a reaction in which a more reactive element
chemical takes the place of a less reactive one, in a
reactions compound - Precipitation reactions usually
are also displacement reactions.
Types of chemical reactions
 Neutralisation: the chemical reaction between an acid
and a base or a carbonate, giving a salt and water.

The products aren´t either acidic or basic.