MT 633: INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

UNIT 3
CHEMICAL REACTIONS

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Outline
1.1 Chemical reaction and Chemical Equation
1.2 Types of chemical reactions
1.3.1 Precipitation reaction
1.3.2 Neutralization reaction
1.3.3 Reduction-oxidation reaction
Chemical Reaction
A process in which one or more substances are
converted into one or more new substances.

Chemical equation
• A shorthand notation to describe a chemical reaction.
• It is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction
that shows:
• reactants on left side of reaction
• products on right side of equation
• relative amounts of each using stoichiometric
coefficients

Reactant(s) Product(s)
Balanced Chemical Equation
Consider a chemical equation below:

(s) (g) (s) (g)

Law of Conservation of Matter

• There is no detectable change in quantity of matter in
an ordinary chemical reaction.
• Balanced chemical equations must always include the
same number of each kind of atom on both sides of the
equation.
Review
• Formula weights and molecular weights

• Mole and molar mass

For Fe2O3

Atomic Wt. x No. of atoms

Fe 55. 85 x 2 = 111.7

O 16 x 3 = 48

1 formula unit Fe2O3 = 159.7 amu; therefore, 159.7 g of Fe2O3 is 1 mole of Fe2O3

Formula weight = sum of the atomic weights (in amu) of all the atoms in the
compound’s formula unit or formula. This can be used for both ionic and covalent or
molecular compounds

Molecular weight = same as formula weight but is more appropriately used for
covalent compounds.
Review
• Formula weights and molecular weights

• Mole and molar mass

For Fe2O3

Atomic Wt. x No. of atoms

Fe 55. 85 x 2 = 111.7

O 16 x 3 = 48

1 formula unit Fe2O3 = 159.7 amu; therefore, 159.7 g of Fe2O3 is 1 mole of Fe2O3

Mole = is the amount of substance that contains as many atoms, molecules or ions as
there are atoms in exactly 12 g of Carbon-12… a mole always contains the same
number of formula units

Molar Mass = the mass of 1 mole of the substance or the formula weight of the
substance expressed in grams per mole
Review Balancing Equation
• Topic 4.2, p. 92 – 95 of Textbook
Balancing Chemical Equations
How to balance a chemical equation.
• Begin with atoms that appear only in one compound on
the left and one on the right; in this case, begin with
carbon (C) which occurs in C3H8 and CO2.

• Now balance hydrogen atoms, which occur in C3H8 and

H2O:

• If an atom occurs as a free element, as for example O2,

balance it last:

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Balancing Chemical Equations
Practice problems: balance these equations.

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Balancing Chemical Equations
Solutions to practice problems

• While the third equation is correctly balanced, it is

common practice to use only whole numbers.
Therefore, multiply all coefficients by 2, which gives:

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Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
• Non-RedOx Reactions
• Precipitation Reactions
• Neutralization Reactions

• Oxidation-Reduction (RedOx) Reactions

• Combination/Synthesis
• Decomposition
• Single Displacement Reactions
Outline
1.1 Chemical reaction and Chemical Equation
1.2 Types of chemical reactions
1.3.1 Precipitation reaction (in Ch. 4)
1.3.2 Neutralization reaction
1.3.3 Reduction-oxidation reaction
Precipitation Reaction (Topic 4-3, p. 96)
Many ionic compounds are soluble in water.

If two of the ions combine to form a water-insoluble

compound, a precipitate forms.

AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)  AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

molecular equation
Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)  AgCl(s) + Na+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
ionic equation
Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq)  AgCl(s)
net ionic equation
Reaction Between Ions
Example:
• Suppose we prepare these two aqueous solutions.

• If we mix the two solutions, we have four ions present;

of these, Ag+ and Cl- react to form AgCl(s) which
precipitates as a white solid:

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Net Ionic Equation
• We can simplify the equation for the formation of AgCl
by omitting all ions that do not participate in the
reaction:

• The simplified equation is called a net ionic equation; it

shows only the ions that react.
• Ions that do not participate in a reaction are called
spectator ions.

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 AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)  AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
molecular equation

Molecular (Formula) Equation

• Gives the overall reaction stoichiometry but not
necessarily the actual forms of the reactants and
products in solution.
• Reactants and products generally shown as
compounds.
• Use solubility rules to predict the solubilities of the
ionic compounds.
Review - Solubility Rules
Following are some generalizations, called solubility rules,
about which ionic solids are soluble in water and which are
insoluble.
• All compounds containing Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, and
NH4+ are soluble.
• All nitrates (NO3-) and acetates (CH3COO-) are soluble.
• All common chlorides (Cl-), bromides (Br-) iodides (l-)
and sulfates (SO42-) are soluble; exceptions are AgCl,
PbCl2, BaSO4, and PbSO4.
• Most carbonates (CO32-), phosphates (PO43-), sulfides
(S2-), and hydroxides (OH-) are insoluble; exceptions are
LiOH, NaOH, KOH, and NH4OH, which are soluble.

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Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds
Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)  AgCl(s) + Na+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
ionic equation

Complete Ionic Equation

• Represents as ions all reactants and products that
are soluble in water.

Spectator ions appear unchanged on both sides of a

chemical equation (ions that do not participate directly
in the reaction).
• Na+ and NO3- are spectator ions.
 Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq)  AgCl(s)
net ionic equation

Formation of silver chloride,

AgCl (white precipitate)

Net Ionic Equation

• Includes only the ions that react (no spectator ions
are shown)
Exercise
1. Problem 4-4, page 98
Exercise
When a solution of copper (II) chloride is added to a
solution of potassium sulfide, a black precipitate of
copper (II) sulfide forms. Write the net ionic equation.
Overall chemical reaction: CuCl2(aq) + K2S(aq) CuS(s) + 2KCl(aq)

Step 1: Write an equation involving all of the chemical species participating in the
chemical reaction.

Cu 2+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) + 2K+ (aq) + S2- (aq)  CuS(s) + 2K+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq)

Step 2: Cross out the aqueous ions that appear on both sides of the equation.

Cu 2+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) + 2K + (aq) + S2- (aq)  CuS(s) + 2K + (aq) + 2Cl- (aq)


Net ionic equation: Cu 2+ (aq) + S2- (aq)  CuS(s)

Exercise
2. Problem 4-31, page 116a
Predict whether a precipitate will form when aq. soln of
the ff. compounds are mixed. If a precipitate will form,
write the balanced molecular and net ionic equations.
(Refer to Table 4-1 on Solubility Rules for Ionic
Compounds, p. 98)
a. CaCl2(aq) + K3PO4(aq) 
b. KCl(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) 
c. (NH4)CO3(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq) 
Outline
1.1 Chemical reaction and Chemical Equation
1.2 Types of chemical reactions
1.3.1 Precipitation reaction
1.3.2 Neutralization reaction (found in Ch. 8)
1.3.3 Reduction-oxidation reaction
Arrhenius Acids and Bases
In 1884, Svante Arrhenius proposed these definitions:
• Acid: A substance that produces H3O+ ions in aqueous
solution.
• H+ reacts immediately with a water molecule to give
a hydronium ion.

*curved arrows to show the change in position of electron

pairs during this reaction.
Arrhenius Acids and Bases
In 1884, Svante Arrhenius proposed these definitions:
• Base: A substance that produces OH- ions in aqueous
solution.
• Many bases are metal hydroxides such as NaOH,
KOH, Mg(OH)2, and Ca(OH)2.

• Some bases produce OH- by reacting with water

molecules.
Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
• Acid: A proton donor.
• Base: A proton acceptor.

• Conjugate acid-base pair: Any pair of molecules or

ions that can be interconverted by transfer of a proton.
Acid and Base Strength
Strong acid: One that reacts completely or almost
completely with water to form H3O+ ions.
Strong base: One that reacts completely or almost
completely with water to form OH- ions.

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Acids and Conjugate Bases

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Neutralization Reaction
(TOPIC 8-6 p. 212)
A reaction between an acid and a base; proton-transfer
reaction.
Different kinds of neutralization reaction:
1. Reaction of an acid with a metal hydroxide or a metal
oxide gives a salt plus water.

Na2O(s) + 2HCl(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

MgO(s) + HNO3(aq)  Mg(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l)

Neutralization Reaction
Different kinds of neutralization reaction:
2. Reaction of an acid with a metal carbonate or a metal
bicarbonate gives a salt, CO2 and water.

Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq)  NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Neutralization Reaction
Different kinds of neutralization reaction:
3. Reaction of an acid with ammonia or amines to form a
ammonium salt.
NH3(aq) + HCl(aq)  NH4Cl(aq)
Outline
1.1 Chemical reaction and Chemical Equation
1.2 Types of chemical reactions
1.3.1 Precipitation reaction
1.3.2 Neutralization reaction
1.3.3 Reduction-oxidation reaction
Oxidation-Reduction
Oxidation: The loss of electrons.

Reduction: The gain of electrons.

Oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction: Any reaction in

which electrons are transferred from one species to
another.

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Oxidation-Reduction
Example: If we put a piece of zinc metal in a beaker
containing a solution of copper(II) sulfate:
• Some of the zinc metal dissolves.
• Some of the copper ions deposit on the zinc metal.
• The blue color of Cu2+ ions gradually disappears.

In this oxidation-reduction reaction

• Zinc metal loses electrons to copper ions.

• Copper ions gain electrons from the zinc.

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Oxidation-Reduction
The electron flow over the wire from Zn to Cu2+ is an
electric current that causes the light bulb to glow.

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Oxidation-Reduction
We summarize these oxidation-reduction relationships in
this way:

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Reduction-Oxidation Reaction
- It involves change in the oxidation state of the reactants.

Oxidation state (oxidation number)

• It provides a way to keep track of electrons in
oxidation-reduction reaction.
• It refers to number of charges an atom would have in a
molecule (or an ionic compound) if electrons are
transferred completely.
Assigning Oxidation States
• Free elements (uncombined state) have an oxidation
number of zero.
Ex. Na, Be, K, Pb, H2, O2, P4 = 0
• In monatomic ions, the oxidation number is equal to the
charge on the ion.
Ex. Li+, Li = +1; Fe3+, Fe = +3; O2-, O = -2
• The oxidation number of oxygen is usually –2. (except
O22- where it is –1)
• The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 . (except when it
is bonded to metals in binary compounds where it is –1)
• The sum of the oxidation numbers of all the atoms in a
molecule or ion is equal to the charge on the molecule or
ion.
Assigning Oxidation States
• Free elements (uncombined state) have an oxidation
number of zero.
Ex. Na, Be, K, Pb, H2, O2, P4 = 0
• In monatomic ions, the oxidation number is equal to the
charge on the ion.
Ex. Li+, Li = +1; Fe3+, Fe = +3; O2-, O = -2
• The oxidation number of oxygen is usually –2. (except
O22- where it is –1)
• The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 . (except when it
is bonded to metals in binary compounds where it is –1)
• The sum of the oxidation numbers of all the atoms in a
molecule or ion is equal to the charge on the molecule or
ion.
The oxidation numbers of elements in their compounds
Exercise
Assign oxidation number of element in the ff:
1. NaIO3
2. Cr2O72—
3. Cl2
4. SO2
5. HCO3—
6. MnO4—
Reduction-Oxidation Reaction
Consider the reaction:
Zn(s) + Cu+2(aq)  Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)

Oxidation is a half-reaction that involves loss of electrons.

*Zn(s) is a reducing agent.

Reduction is a half-reaction that involves gain of

electrons.

*Cu2+(aq) is an oxidizing agent.

Exercise
Identify oxidizing and reducing agents in the ff. redox
reactions:
1. Cl2(g) + KBr(aq)  Br2(g) + KCl(aq)
2. Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq)  Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)
Types of RedOx Reaction
1. Combination Reaction

2. Decomposition Reaction
Types of RedOx Reaction
3. Combination Reaction
Activity series of metals
Activity series of halogens

F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2

Reduction-Oxidation Reaction
Consider the combustion of methane:

An alternative definition of oxidation-reduction is:

oxidation: The gain of oxygen and/or loss of hydrogen.
reduction: The loss of oxygen and/or gain of hydrogen.
Exercise
Classify the following reactions:
1. Ca2+ + CO32-  CaCO3
2. NH3 + H+  NH4+
3. Zn + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2
4. Ca + F2  CaF2
5. Na2CO3 + 2HCl  2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
6. 2NaI + Cl2  2NaCl + I2
7. CaCO3  CaO + CO2
Assignment
Answer the ff:
page 116a 4-31 d, e, g
116b 4-38, 4-39
232a 8-33

Reference: Intro to Gen, Org, & Biochem 11th ed.

Bettelheim, et.al.