Chemical Reactions, Calculations and Solutions
MTCHEM1 Lec | Module 3
OUTLINE
I. Chemical Equations
A. Writing and Balancing Chemical
Equations
B. Types of Chemical Reaction
II. Chemical Calculations
A. Measurements in Chemistry
B. Significant Numbers
C. Rounding off Numbers
D. Scientific Notation
E. Formula Mass
F. Mole
a. Molar Mass
b. Avogadro’s Number
III. Solutions
A. Definitions and Characteristics
B. General Properties of Solutions
C. Solubility
D. Solubility Rules
E. Molarity
CHEMICAL EQUATION
 A written statement that uses chemical symbols and
chemical formulas instead of words to describe the
changes that occur in a chemical reaction.
 What is the use of writing a Chemical Equation? It allows
us to have a shortcut method to write these chemical
reactions that we are referring to. It also allows us to
visualize these different compounds and elements.
2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2
2ZnS + 3O2 Reactants – Starting
material in a chemical
reaction that undergoes
change.
During a reaction or during
an experiment, these are the
types that you immediately
use. These are the
chemicals that you primarily
use. These are the
compounds that you
combine to see if they would
react or if there will be a
change.
2ZnO + 2SO2 Products – Substances
produced as a result of the
chemical change.
Combining the reactants, we
will be having products.
From the name itself, these
are what is produced during
an experiment or during a
chemical reaction.
→ How do we figure out which
is the left and right side?
The indicator there would be
the arrow sign. This
indicates “to produce”.
Upon mixing this reactant,
they will produce products.
+ We also have this + sign
which are indicated in both
the reactants and products.
For the reactant side, it
means “will react”. For the
product side, it means
“and”.
2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + Coefficient – Big numbers
2SO2 before the element or before
the compound
2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + Subscript – Small numbers
2SO2 after the compound or the
element. Tells us how many
atoms we are referring to in
these equations.
REMINDERS FOR CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
1. Reactants are placed on the LEFT side of the reaction.
2. Products are placed on the RIGHT side of the reaction.
3. → denotes “to produce” and + denotes separation of
reactants/products.
4. It must be consistent with the experimental facts.
Monoatomic He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe (Noble
gases)
Diatomic H2+, O2+, N2+, F2+, Cl2+, Br2+, l2
Tetratomic P4+, AS4
WRITING AND BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2
2ZnS Zinc sulfide
+ Reacts with
3O2 Oxygen
→ To produce
2ZnO Zinc oxide
+ and
2SO2 Sulfur dioxide
Zinc Sulfide reacts with oxygen to produce Zinc oxide
and Sulfur dioxide
REACTANTS PRODUCTS
Zinc = 2 Zinc = 2
Sulfur = 2 Sulfur = 2+2x2 = 6
Oxygen = 3x2 = 6 Oxygen = 2
o Even though there is a chemical reaction that occurred in
the reactant side, we still have the same kind of element.
We also have the same number of element; 2, 2 and 6.
Nothing new is created and nothing is destroyed.
HOW DO WE KNOW IF THE EQUATION IS BALANCE OR
NOT?
1. Make a table of reactants and products. List down the
elements that are involved in both the reactants and
products side.
2. Identify how many elements are involved in the reactant
and how many are involved in the product side.
3. Check if it’s balanced or not. If the reactant side and the H2 O Water
product side have the same amount of numbers with the + And
different elements that it contains then we can consider that O2 Oxygen
the chemical equation is balanced. Hydrogen Peroxide will produce water and oxygen

BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION REACTANT PRODUCT

H=2 H=2
 Equation that has the same number of atoms on each O=2x O=3x
element involved in the reaction on each side of the
 2H2O2 → H2O + O2 (Still imbalance)
equation.
 Law of Conservation of Mass - Atoms are neither created
REACTANT PRODUCT
nor destroyed. H=4x H=2x
O=4x O=3x
HOW TO BALANCE CHEMICAL EQUATIONS?
 2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2 = BALANCED
1. Calcium sulfide reacts with Water to produce Calcium oxide
and Hydrogen sulfide = BALANCED
REACTANT PRODUCT
H=4 H=4
Calcium sulfide CaS O=4 O = 2+2 = 4
Reacts with +
Water H2 O
To produce → 4. FeI2 + Cl2 → FeCl3 + I2`(Imbalance)
Calcium oxide CaO
And + FeI2 Ferrous iodide
Hydrogen sulfide H2 S + Reacts with
CaS + H2O → CaO + H2S Cl2 Chlorine
→ To produce
REACTANT PRODUCT FeCl3 Ferric chloride
Ca = 1 Ca = 1 + and
S=1 S=1 I2 Iodine
H2 = 2 H2 = 2 Ferrous iodide reacts with Chlorine to produce Ferric
O2 = 1 O2 = 1 chloride and Iodine
o Why did you put O2 in the list even If nakalagay is O lang? REACTANT PRODUCT
Oxygen, Hydrogen are diatomic, meaning when you write Fe = 1 Fe = 1
them you have to put the subscript indicator even if in the I=2 I=2
equation they simply exist as 1. Cl = 2 x Cl = 3 x

2. Hydrochloric acid combined with Sodium hydroxide to form  FeI2 + 2Cl2 → 2FeCl3 + I2 (Still imbalance)
Water and Salt = BALANCED
REACTANT PRODUCT
Hydrochloric acid HCl Fe = 1 x Fe = 2 x
Combined with + I=2 I=2
Sodium hydroxide NaOH Cl = 4 x Cl = 6 x
To form →
water H2 O  2FeI2 + 2Cl2 → 2FeCl3 + I2 (Still imbalance)
And +
Salt NaCl REACTANT PRODUCT
HCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl Fe = 2 Fe = 2
I=4x I=2x
Cl = 4 x Cl = 6 x
REACTANT PRODUCT (Proceed with adding coefficients)
H=2 H=2
Cl = 1 Cl = 1  2FeI2 + 2Cl2 → 2FeCl3 + 2I2 (Still imbalance)
Na = 1 Na = 1
O=1 O=1 REACTANT PRODUCT
Fe = 2 Fe = 2
I=4 I=4
3. H2O2 → H2O + O2 (Imbalance) Cl = 4 x Cl = 6 x

H2 O 2 Hydrogen peroxide  2FeI2 + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3 + 2I2 = BALANCED

→ Will produce

2
 REACTANT PRODUCT  Gas and heat – How do you observe gas since you cannot
Fe = 2 Fe = 2 see it that much clearly by the naked eye? You can
I=4 I=4 observe the formation of gas by observing the formation of
Cl = 6 Cl = 6 bubbles in your chemical. The formation of bubbles
indicates that there is a formation of gas. When there is an
5. Al + Fe3N2 → AIN + Fe (Imbalance) increase in temperature in the solution or in the chemicals
that you combined then there is chemical change.
REACTANT PRODUCT Ex. Bubbles of hydrogen gas form when calcium metal
Al = 1 Al = 1 reacts with water.
Fe = 3 x Fe = 1 x
N2 = 2 x N2 = 1 x  Odor change – Also a prominent chemical change.
Ex. Rotten eggs produces pungent smell and that indicates
 2Al + Fe3N2 → 2AIN + 3Fe = BALANCED that there is a change in the chemical makeup of the egg.

REACTANT PRODUCT TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Al = 2 Al = 2
Fe = 3 Fe = 3 A. Combination or Synthesis
N2 = 2 N2 = 2 B. Decomposition
C. Single Replacement
D. Double Replacement
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
E. Combustion
 Process in which at least one new substance is produced
as a result of chemical change. COMBINATION / SYNTHESIS
 You have to remember that, during a chemical change  Single product is produced from two or more reactants.
there are chemical reactions that occurs.
 We
 At least one new substance is produced. have
 Reactants → Products here

WHAT HAPPENS IN A CHEMICAL REACTION?

 During Chemical Reaction, chemical bonds between the

atoms break in the reactant and new chemical bonds form
in the products. The atoms rearrange to form the new
bonds. As the bonds break, the positions of electrons
change, resulting in products with properties different from
the reactant.
 In the reactants side, the bonds break. They separate from
each other. In the product side, new bonds are formed. The
atoms rearrange themselves to form new bonds. Not only
the bonds are being changed but also the properties of the
product.
EVIDENCES OF CHEMICAL CHANGE
reactant A, Which can be a compound or an element.
Reacts with reactant B, which can be a compound or an
element. And it will produce a product, and that product is
simply the combination of reactant A and B. So it’s simply A
plus B will produce AB.
3H2 (Hydrogen) + N2 (Nitrogen) → 2NH3 (Ammonia)
MgO (Magnesium oxide) + CO2 → MgCO3 (Magnesium
carbonate
2CO (Carbon monoxide) + O2 (Oxygen) → 2CO2 (Carbon
dioxide
2NA (Sodium) + Cl2 (Chlorine) → 2NaCl (Sodium
chloride)

 Color change – Most prominent chemical change to

observe during a chemical reaction. Easiest way to predict
or see if a chemical change has occurred.
Ex. When a colorless hydrochloric Is added to a red
solution of cobalt (ll) nitrate, the solution turns blue. A sign
that a chemical reaction has taken place.
 Precipitate – It’s a solid residue that forms when you
combine two chemicals together. Does not dissolve in a
solution, It’s a solid that forms in a solution.
Ex. A solution of Sodium dichromate is added to a solution
of Lead nitrate. This results into a yellow precipitate.
DECOMPOSITION
 Single compound breaks into 2 or more simpler
substances.
 The opposite of combination.
 You’re separating the reactant with the help of catalyst
 Catalyst – Methods that will speed up the chemical
reaction or that will help the chemical reaction.
 Reactants are divided into their simpler compounds
 With the help of either of these three, they can help
decompose or to separate the reactants to simpler
substances.

3
 o Heat – Symbolized by a “△” more reactive than hydrogen, it can replace
o Electric current – “Elec” hydrogen.
o Light – “hv”
Activity series of halogens

2Fe(OH)3 (Ferric hydroxide) → (△) Fe2O3 (Ferric oxide) +

3H2O (Water)  Cl2 + CaI2 → CaCl2 + I2
2H2O (Water) → (Elec) 2H2 (Hydrogen) + O2 (Oxygen)
2AgBr (Silver bromide) → (Light) 2Ag (Silver) + Br2
(Bromine)
H2CO3 (Carbonic acid) → CO2 (Carbon dioxide) + H2O
(water)

SINGLE REPLACEMENT

 Also known as “Single-displacement reaction”

 Atom or molecule replaces an atom from a compound.

 So we have here A + BC will produce AC + B. reactant C

disintegrated or the bond between B and C was broken and
then after going chemical change, reactant C attached with
reactance A, producing AC compound + B.

Mg (Magnesium) + Cu(NO3)2 (Copper nitrate) → Mg(NO3)2

(Magnesium nitrate) + Cu (Copper)
Zn (Zinc) + 2HCl (Hydrochloric acid) → ZnCl2 (Zinc
chloride) + H2 (Hydrogen)
Cl2 (Chlorine) + CaI2 (Calcium iodine) → CaCl2 (Calcium
chloride) + I2 (Iodine)

Activity series of metals

*Inster lithium (Li) sa taas ng Potassium (K).

 Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
o The one that are being displaced and is being
replaced in this equation is zinc and hydrogen.
Looking at our activity series of metals, we can
see that zinc is more reactive than hydrogen thus
it can replace hydrogen from being paired with
chlorine. The more reactive a metal is, the more it
can replace or displace the other one. Since zinc it

4
 o Looking at this, iodine is the least reactive, while
fluorine is the most reactive. So what are the C (Carbon) + O2 (Oxygen) → CO2 (Carbon dioxide)
atoms or elements that are displaced? so we are C3H8 (Propane) + 5O2 (Oxygen) → 3CO2 (Carbon dioxide)
+ 4H2O (Water)
talking about chlorine and iodine because chlorine
2CH3OH (Methanol) + 3O2 (Oxygen) → 2CO2 (Carbon
replaced iodine. Looking at this reactivity series of
dioxide) + 4H2O (Water)
halogens, we can see that chlorine is much more
reactive than iodine, thus it can replace iodine
from being paired with calcium. CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS
MEASUREMENT
DOUBLE REPLACEMENT
 Determining of the dimensions, capacity, quantity or extent
 Two substances exchange parts with one another and form of something.
two different substances.
ENGLISH METRIC
Inch (in) Gram (g)
Foot (ft) Meter (m)
Pound (lb) Liter (L)
Quart
Gallon
 So in here, we have AB reactant side + CD will produce AD
+ CB. As you can see, they exchanged their position. Thus MASS
making a whole new different substance.
 Measure of total quantity of matter in an object.
KBr (Potassium bromide) + AgNO3 (Silver nitrate) →  Gram (g) – Basic unit of mass in metric system.
KNO3 (Potassium nitrate) + AgBr ↓ (Silver bromide)
Na2SO4 (Sodium nitrate) + SrCl2 (Strontium chloride) → VOLUME
2NaCl (Sodium chloride) + SrSO4 ↓ (Sodium sulfate)
HCl (Hydrochloric acid) + NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) →  Measure of the amount of space occupied by the sample.
NaCl (Sodium chloride) + H2O (Water)
 Liter (L) – Base unit of volume in metric system.
↓ - there is solid produced. There is a precipitate that is
reduced.
LENGTH
PRECIPITATION NEUTRALIZATION
 Measure that determine distance between two points.
- Occurs when two ionic - Acid base reaction.
compounds are dissolved in - Occurs between an acid  Meter (m) – Base unit of length in metric system.
water and form a new ionic and a base.
compound that does not - an aqueous acid-base
dissolve. reaction generally produces
- Solid water and salt.
Examples: Examples:
- NaCl (aq.) + AgNO3 (aq.) - HSO4 (aq.) + 2NaOH (aq.)
→ NaNO3 + AgCl (s) → Na2So4 (aq.) + 2H2O (I)
- BaCl2 (aq.) + Na2SO4 (aq.) - HCl (aq.) + NaOH (aq.) –
→ NaCl (aq.) + BaSO4 (s) NaCl (aq.) + H2O (I)
- 2KI (aq.) + Pb(NO3)2 (aq.) - NaHCO3 (aq.) + CH3COOH
→ 2KNO3 (aq.) + PbI2 (aq.) → H2CO3 (aq.) +
CH2COONa (aq.)

COMBUSTION

 Reaction between a substance and oxygen (air) that

evolves to heat and light.

 Convert 2m to mm
o 1m = 1000 mm

5
 o Shortcut using KHD_DCM
 K – Kilo
 H – Hecto
 D – Deka
 _ – Base unit; Meter (m), Grams (g), Liter
(L)
 D – Deci
 C – Centi
 M – Milli
o Convert using the acronym
 The base unit for this one is m, so let’s
put it here on the blank (_) and then
we’re converting it to millimeters which is
this one “khd_dcm”. You count how
many times you have to move before you
reach m. so your movement was 3 times
and then also take note of the direction,
that’s 3 times to the right. You use this
(3x right) to convert 2 meters to
millimeters. How do you do that?
Remember you have your quantity which
is “2” and 2 has a decimal point in this
one but we don’t usually put it since
there’s no number following that decimal
point but there is a decimal point beside
2. So all you need to do is move it 3
times to the right.
 You simply take note of how many times
does it take for you to reach your target
unit of measurement. And take note also
of the direction.
 Convert 500 mg to kg
a. Leading zeroes are never significant.
b. Confined are significant if a decimal point is
present in the number.
c. Trailing zeroes are not significant if the number
lacks an explicitly shown decimal point.
Examples;
 0.000000017 – 2 sig 1figs; Leading zeroes are never
significant.
 3.0012 – 5 sig figs; Confined are significant if a decimal is
present in the number.
 27.0000 – 6 sig figs; Trailing zeroes are not significant if the
number lacks an explicitly shown decimal point. If with
decimal, significant. If no decimal, not significant.
 2060 – 3 sig figs; Trailing zeroes are not significant if the
number lacks an explicitly shown decimal points.
 89,000,000 – 2 sig figs; Trailing zeroes are not significant if
the number lacks an explicitly shown decimal points.
 27 000.00 – 7 sig figs (Trailing zeros)
 2020 – 3 sig figs (Trailing and confined zeros)
 1.32001 – 6 sig figs (Confined zeros)
 0.0100003 – 6 sig figs (Leading and confined zeros)
ROUNDING OFF NUMBERS
 Process of deleting unwanted (non-significant) digits from
calculated numbers.
 If the answer that you got on the calculator is too long, all
you need to do it round it off to a certain significant number.
 Two rules in rounding off;
o 4 and below – Retain value and drop.
o 5 and above – add 1 to the value before it.

Examples;

 445.65 in 4 sig fig = 445.7

 107.323 in 3 sig fig = 107
 152,900 in 2 sig fig = 150,000 (Why is there a zero? If you
were to remove the zeros, the value will change.
PHYSICAL NAME OF UNIT ABBREVIATION
Remember that trailing zeros are not significant especially
QUANTITY
Mass Kilogram, Gram, Kg, g, mg if it does not have a decimal point.)
Milligram
Length Meter m SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Time Second sec
Temperature Kelvin, Celsius K, °C  Numerical system in which numbers are expressed in the
Amount of Mole mol form: A x 10n
substance  Wherein:
Electric current Ampere A o A = Coefficient
Luminous Candela cd o X = Multiplication sign
intensity
o 10n = Exponential term (Not significant)
 We use the scientific notation in times wherein we have a
SIGNIFICANT NUMBERS lot of zeros in our answer and we want to compact it to the
most significant numbers.
1. In any measurement, all non-zero digits are significant.  Decimal form to Scientific Notation
(Anything that is not zero are considered significant’; 1, 2, o Move to LEFT: Positive exponent
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) o Move to RIGHT: Negative exponent
2. Zeroes may or may not be significant;

6
Examples;
 12,000,000 = 7 places to the left (+), 1.2 x 107
 0.0000025 = 6 places to the right (-), 2.5 x 10-6
 451,000,000 in 3 sig fig = 8 places to the left (+), 4.51 x
108
 0.00063521 in 2 sig fig = 4 places to the right (-), 6.4 x 10-4
FORMULA MASS
 The sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms represented
in the chemical formula of a substance.
 Here, we will be calculating the atomic masses of a
compound based on the elements that are included in
them.
 amu – Atomic mass unit
 Lorenzo Amadeo Avogadro – He was the one who
discovered or who figured out the Avogadro’s number.
 Molecule, atoms or formula units or objects.
 1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 objects
 Atoms are very small they are indivisible so using the
measurements like the metric system cannot justify the
measurement of this atoms and molecules. So chemists
and scientists came up with this number.
Examples;
 How many objects are there in 0.26 mole of glucose
molecules? = 1.5652 x 1023 objects of glucose

Examples;
 Determine the numbers of atoms in 6.5 moles of Fe. =
 C6H12O6 3.913 x 1024 of Fe.
o C–6
o H – 12
o O–6

*Multiply them with their atomic masses and then add all the
quantities.
 There is 2.1 x 1022 formula units of NaOH, calculate the
o C – 6 x 12.01 = 72.06 number moles present in the given.
o H – 12 x 1.008 = 12.096
o O – 6 x 16.00 = 96
 72.06 + 12.096 + 96 = 180.156 amu

 Al(OH)2
o Al – 1 x 26.98 = 26.98
MOLAR MASS
o O – 2 x 16 = 32.00
o H – 2 x 1.00 = 2.00  Mass in grams of one mole of any pure substance.
 26.98 + 32.00 + 2.00 = 60.996 amu  g/mol

 (NH4)2SO4
o N – 2 x 14.01 = 28.2
o H – 8 x 1.008 = 8.064
o S – 1 x 32.07 = 32.07 Example;
o O – 4 x 16 = 64
 CO2
o 28.2 + 8.064 + 32.07 + 64 = 132.154 amu
o Carbon dioxide has the formula mass of 44.01 atomic
mass unit. *points to the circle part* This is the total
MOLE sum of all the formula unit of the elements involved in
the compound and this one is equivalent or is equal to
 Counting unit for chemist. one mole of carbon dioxide. It can also be the
 Abbreviated as “mol” opposite, one mole of carbon dioxide is equals to
 A unit of measurement for the amount of substance that we 44.01 amu of carbon dioxide. Their only difference is
are observing. that their unit of measurement but they have the same
value.
AVOGADRO’S NUMBER

7
 Chromium (Cr) is a transition element used as a coating on
metals and in steel alloys to control erosion. Calculate the
mass in grams of 0.0250 moles of Cr. Round off answers to
2 sig figs.
 Carbon monoxide (CO) is an air pollutant that enters the
atmosphere primarily in automobile exhaust. Calculate the
moles of a 73.1g sample of this air pollutant. Round off
answers to 2 sig figs.
 The compound deoxyribose (C5H10O4) is an important
component of DNA molecules. How many moles of carbon
atoms, hydrogen atoms, and oxygen atoms are present in a
0.456 mole sample of deoxyribose?
 Acetaminophen, a pain killer, has the formula C 8H9O2N.
Calculate the number of formula units of the pain reliever if
the given quantity is 4.5g.
 Is the formula mass the same with molar mass? What
about atomic mass and atomic weight? Technically yes,
all terms mentioned are just referring to the same value
but the only difference is when you’re looking for formula
mass, the unit/label is amu (atomic mass unit) while for
molar mass, the unit/label is g/mol (grams per mole)
SOLUTIONS
 A homogenous mixture of two or more substances with
each substance retaining its own chemical identity.
8
2 COMPONENTS OF SOLUTION
SOLVENT
 A component that is present in the greatest amount;
 Medium that dissolves the solute.
SOLUTE
 Component that is present in a lesser amount relative to
that of the solvent;
 Substance to be dissolved.
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF A SOLUTION
1. A solution contains two or more components; a solvent
and a solute.
2. A solution has a variable composition; that is the ration of
solute to solvent may be varied.
3. The properties of a solution change as the ration of solute
to solvent is changed.
4. The dissolved solutes are present as individual particles.
5. The solutes remain uniformly distributed throughout the
solution and will not settle out with time.
6. The solutes generally can be separated from the solvent by
physical means such as evaporation.
CONCEPTS RELATED TO SOLUTIONS
SATURATION
 Ratio between solvent and solute.
 Types of Saturation;
o Unsaturated solution – More solute dissolves. Type
of solution that completely dissolves the solute,
leaving no remaining substances. ↑ Solvent, ↓ Solute.
o Saturated solution – No more solute dissolves.
Solution with solute that dissolves until it is unable to
dissolve anymore. Leaving the undissolved
substances at the bottom of the container. This
means that the solvent cannot dissolve anymore
solute. Excess solute.
o Supersaturated solution – Becomes unstable crystal
form. This is a solution that contains more
undissolved solute than the saturated solution
because of its tendency to crystallize and precipitate.
This one has too much solute added to the solution
making it form crystal. It becomes unstable so crystals
are being formed. Upon observing that there is
formation of crystals, you already know that the
solution is supersaturated.
DILUTION
 Two types of Dilution;
o Dilute solution – Solute < Solvent. A solution that
has a small amount of solute in a large amount of
solvent. In this one, we have so much solvent and a
very little solute.
 o Concentrated solution – Solute > Solvent. It has a  2.31 moles of KNO3 are dissolved in enough water to give 650.0
large amount of solute in a small amount of solvent. mL of solution. Calculate the molarity of the solution.

AQUEOUS

 Symbolized as “(aq)”
 Two types of Aqueous;
o Aqueous solution – Solution in which water
(universal solvent) is solvent.  What is the molarity of a 25.0 g of Ca(OH)2 dissolved in enough
o Non-Aqueous solution – Solution in which a water to give 750 mL of solution?
substance other than water is the solvent.

SOLUBILITY RULES

 Maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given

amount of solvent under a given set of conditions. DILUTIONS
 Follow the principle; “Like dissolves like”
 The process in which more solvent is added to a solution in
SOLVENT SOLUTE SOLUBILITY order to lower the concentration.
Water (Polar) CH4 (Non-polar) Insoluble
Ethyl Alcohol Chloroform (Polar) Soluble
(Polar)
Water (Polar) Salt (NaCl) (Polar) Soluble
Water (Polar) MgCO3 Insoluble
* Carbonates are insoluble to any polar compounds.

Examples;

 A medical technologist prepared a 5M sodium chloride solution

from a 500 mL of 10M stock solution of sodium chloride. Determine
the volume of the diluted solution.

MOLARITY

 The number of moles of that species that is contained in 1

liter of the solution.  What is the molarity of the solution prepared by diluting 2.75 L of
 Unit of molarity – mol/L 0.85 M of HCl solution to a final volume of 1.50 L?

Examples;

 What is the molarity of a 1.5 L solution containing 0.29 moles of

sodium hydroxide?

9
10