2.

1 CHEMICAL Evidences of Chemical Reactions

REACTION AND  It produces gas.
 It produces a solid (a precipitate).
STOICHIOMETRY  It changes color.
 It gives off heat (exothermic) or it
2.1 Intended Learning Outcomes absorbs heat (endothermic)

This part of chemistry deals with the Substances involved in Chemical

chemical reaction. In this section, the
concept of the law of conservation of mass
Reactions
will be used in order to predict the
 Reactants - substances that enter
theoretical amount of the reactants and
into a chemical reaction (before the
products. The amount of the reactant, as well
arrow).
as the amount of the product can be
 Products - substances that are
calculated using theory of stoichiometry.
produced by a chemical reactions
Whatever the total amount of the raw
(after the arrow).
material used in the reaction will also be the
total amount of the products that will be
produced from the reaction. Law of Conservation of Mass

Students should be able to:  states that matter is neither created

nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
1. Predict the products of a chemical  Number of atoms of each element
reaction must be the same before and after
2. Balance a chemical equation chemical reactions.
3. Relate the importance of Law of o
Conservation of Mass in  Number of atoms in
stoichiometry reactants = Number
4. Calculate the amount of the reactants of atoms in products
and products o
5. Cooperate with group members in  Mass can neither be gained nor lost
Labster Simulation: Stoichiometric through a chemical reaction.
calculations. o
 Total mass of
reactants = Total
2.1.1 CHEMICAL REACTIONS mass of products

Chemical Reactions Steps in Balancing Chemical

Reaction
 A process in which one or more
substances are converted into new
1. Count the number of atoms of each
substances with different physical
element on each side of the arrow.
and chemical properties.
2. Balance atoms by using coefficients.
3. Check your work by counting atoms
Substances ⟶ New Substances of each element.
Balance the ff. Chemical Reactions: Single Displacement Reaction

1. CO + O2 ⟶ CO2  A reaction in which an uncombined

element displaces an element that is
2CO + O2 ⟶ part of the compound.
 The reactants are always one element
2CO2 (or diatomic molecule) and one
compound.
2. Ca+O2⟶CaO  General Form: A+BC⟶AC+B

2Ca+O2⟶2CaO Examples:

Types of Chemical Reactions 1. Zn + 2HCl ⟶ ZnCl2 + H2

2. Fe + CuSO4 ⟶ FeSO4 + Cu
1. Combination or Synthesis Reaction
2. Decomposition Reaction 3. 2Na + H2O ⟶ Na2O + H2
3. Single Displacement Reaction
4. Double Displacement Reaction Double Displacement Reaction
5. Neutralization
6. Combustion  A reaction that involves the
exchange of parts between the two
Combination or Synthesis Reaction compounds.
 Atoms or ions from two different
 Two or more reactants combine to compounds replace each other.
form a single product.  There are two compounds as
reactants and two compounds as
 General Form: A+B⟶AB
products.
 General Form: AB+CD⟶AD+CB
Examples:
Examples:
1. 2Na + Cl2 ⟶ 2NaCl
2. 4Fe + 3O2 ⟶ 2Fe2O3
1. CaCO3 + 2HCl ⟶ CaCl2 +
H2CO3
Decomposition Reaction
2. AgNO3 + NaCl ⟶ AgCl +
 A reaction in which a single reactant NaNO3
is broken down into two or more 3. Na2S + 2HCl ⟶ 2NaCl + H2S
smaller compound or elements.
 General Form: AB⟶A+B Neutralization Reaction

Examples:  A specific type of double

displacement reaction.
1. CaCO3 ⟶ CaO + CO2  The reaction between an acid and a
2. 2H2O ⟶ 2H2 + O2 base forming salt and water.
 General
3. 2KClO3 ⟶ 2KCl + 3O2
Form: Acid+Base⟶Salt+Water
Examples:
1. NaOH (base) + HCl (acid) ⟶
NaCl (salt) + H2O (water)
2. NaOH (base) + H2SO4 (acid)
⟶ Na2SO4 (salt) + H2O (water)
3. KOH (base) + H3PO4 (acid) ⟶
K3PO4 (salt) + H2O (water)
Combustion Reaction
 A reaction in which a substance
reacts with oxygen, usually with the
release of heat and light to produce
flame.
 Substances react with O2 to produce
CO2 and H2O.
 A rapid exothermic reaction.
 General
Form: Substance+O2⟶CO2+H2
O
 Rules for Balancing of Combustion
Reaction:
1. Balance carbon first.
2. Next, balance hydrogen.
3. Last, balance oxygen (start
from the product side).
Examples:
1. CH4 + 2O2 ⟶ CO2 + 2H2O
2. C3H8 + 5O2 ⟶ 3CO2 + 4H2O
3. 2C4H10 + 13O2 ⟶ 8CO2 +
10H2O
4. C2H6O + 3O2 ⟶ 2CO2 + 3H2O
KEY CONCEPTS
1. Chemical reaction converts
substances into new substances.
2. Write the chemical reaction.
3. Balance the chemical reaction by
using coefficients.
4. Number of atoms in the reactant side
must be equal to the number of
atoms in the product side.
5. Balancing of chemical reaction
follows the law of conservation of
mass or matter.
6. There are 6 types of chemical
reactions: Combination reaction,
decomposition reaction, single-
displacement reaction, double-
displacement reaction, neutralization
reaction, and combustion reaction.
2.1.2 MOLE CONCEPT ND
STOICHIOMETRY
Mole (mol)
 It is the SI unit for amount of
substance
 The definition of the mole specifies
the number of objects in a fixed mass
of a substance. Therefore, 1 mole of
a substance represents a fixed
number of chemical entities and has
a fixed mass.
 The central relationship between the
mass of one atom and the mass of 1
mole of those atoms is that the
atomic mass of an element expressed
in amu (atomic mass unit) is
numerically the same as the mass of
1 mole of atoms of the element
expressed in grams.
Relationship of number of atoms to its
atomic mass/atomic weight (AW)
1. 1 Fe atom has a mass of 55.85 amu
2. 1 S atom has a mass of 32 amu
3. 1 O atom has a mass of 16 amu
Relationship of mole of an atom to its
molar mass (g/mol)
1. 1 mol of Fe has a mass of 55.85
grams
2. 1 mol of S has a mass of 32 grams
3. 1 mol of O has a mass of 16 grams
Note: In chemistry, the term atomic weight
(AW) is used interchangeably with molar
mass of an element. The unit of molar mass
is g/mol
Relationship of number of molecules to its
molecular weight (MW)
1. 1 O2 molecule has a mass of 32 amu
2. 1 H2O molecule has a mass of 18
amu
3. 1 NaCl molecule has a mass of 58.45
amu
Relationship of mole of a molecule to its
molar mass (g/mol)
1. 1 mol of O2 has a mass of 32 grams
2. 1 mol of H2O has a mass of 18 grams
3. 1 mol of NaCl has a mass of 58.45
grams
Note: In chemistry, the term molecular
weight (AW) is used interchangeably with
molar mass of a molecule. The unit of molar
mass is g/mol
Determination of Molecular Weight
(MW) or Molar Mass of a Molecule
1. Determine the atomic weights /
molar masses of the elements present
in the molecule.
2. Multiply the subscript of the element
by its respective atomic weight or
molar mass.
3. Add all the values.
Examples:
1. Calculate the molecular weight or
molar mass of H2O
AW or molar mass of H = 1 g/mol
AW or molar mass of O = 16 g/mol
MW or molar mass of H2O = (1×2) +
(16×1) = 18g/mol
2. Calculate the molecular weight or
molar mass of NaCl
AW or molar mass of Na = 23 g/mol
AW or molar mass of Cl = 35.45 g/mol
MW or molar mass of NaCl = (23×1)
+ (35.45×1) = 58.45g/mol
3. Calculate the molecular weight or
molar mass of Ca(OH)2
AW or molar mass of Ca = 40 g/mol
AW or molar mass of O = 16 g/mol
AW or molar mass of H = 1 g/mol
MW or molar mass of Ca(OH)2 =
(40×1) + (16×2) + (1×2) = 74g/mol
4. Calculate the molecular weight or
molar mass of H3PO4
AW or molar mass of H = 1 g/mol
AW or molar mass of P = 31 g/mol
AW or molar mass of O = 16 g/mol
MW or molar mass of H3PO4 = (1×3)
+ (31×1) + (16×4) = 98 g/mol
Conversion of Mass to Mole
Mole of substance = mass of substance in
grams molar mass of substance in g/mol
Examples:
1. Convert 10 grams of Fe to mol of Fe
  AW or molar mass of Fe = 55.85
g/mol
 Mol of Fe = 10g Fe/55.85 g/mol =
0.179 mol Fe
2. Convert 108 grams of H2O to mol of
H2O
 AW or molar mass of H = 1 g/mol
 AW or molar mass of O = 16 g/mol
 MW or molar mass of H2O = (1×2)
+ (16×1) = 18 g/mol
 Mol of H2O = 108 g H2 / O18 g/mol =
6.0 mol H2O
3. Convert 72 grams of HCl to mol of
HCl
 AW or molar mass of H = 1 g/mol
 AW or molar mass of Cl = 35.45
g/mol
 MW or molar mass of HCl = (1×1)
+ (35.45×1) = 36.45 g/mol
 Mol of HCl = 72 g HCl / 36.45 g/mol
= 1.975 mol HCl
Conversion of Mole to Mass
Mass of substance = mol of substance
× molar mass of substance in g/mol
Examples:
1. Convert 3.5 mol of Fe to grams of Fe
 AW or molar mass of Fe = 55.85
g/mol
 Mass of Fe = 3.5 mol Fe ×
55.85 g Fe/mol Fe = 195.475 g Fe
2. Convert 2.3 mol of H2O to grams of
H2O
 AW or molar mass of H = 1 g/mol
 AW or molar mass of O = 16 g/mol
 MW or molar mass of H2O = (1×2)
+ (16×1) = 18 g/mol
 Mass of H2O = 2.3 mol H2O ×
18 g H2O/mol H2O = 41.4 g H2O
3. Convert 8.7 mol of HCl to grams of
HCl
 AW or molar mass of H = 1 g/mol
 AW or molar mass of Cl = 35.45
g/mol
 MW or molar mass of HCl = (1×1)
+ (35.45×1) = 36.45 g/mol
 Mass of HCl = 8.7 mol HCl ×
36.45 g HCl/mol HCl = 317.115 g
HCl
Stoichiometry
 The study of quantities of materials
consumed and produced in chemical
reactions.
 It always follows the law of
conservation of mass
Total Mass of Reactants = Total Mass
of Products
Stoichiometric Calculations:
Amounts of Reactants and Products
 Calculating Masses of Reactants and
Products in Reactions
1. Balance the chemical
reaction.
2. Convert the known mass of
the reactant or product to
moles of that substance.
3. Use the balanced reaction to
set up the appropriate mole
ratios.
 4. Use the appropriate mole
ratios to calculate the number
of moles of desired reactant
or product.
5. Convert from moles back to
grams if required by the
problem.
Source: Cengage Learning. (Copyright Cengage
Learning. All rights reserved)
Mole Ratio
 ratio between the coefficients in the
balanced chemical reaction
Take a look at the balanced chemical
reaction below
4Fe + 3O2 ⟶ 2Fe2O3
 4 mol Fe will react with 3 mol O2
 4 mol Fe will produce 2 mol Fe2O3
 3 mol O2 will produce 2 mol Fe2O3
4 mol Fe = 3 mol O2 = 2 mol Fe2O3
4molFe / 3molO2; 4molFe / 2molFe2O3;
3molO2 / 2molFe2O3; 3molO2 / 4molFe;
2molFe2O3 / 4molFe; 2molFe2O3 / 3molO2
NOTE: Dimensional analysis is the method
used in stoichiometry. Cancellation of units
must be done in order determine the
unknown amount.
Example 1 (Mole to mole)
 A 3.0 mol of Na is made to react
with Cl2 to produce NaCl. Find the
mol of Cl2 and NaCl. The reaction is
shown below.
Na + Cl2 ⟶ NaCl
Solution: Balance first the reaction. Solve
for the moles of Cl2 and NaCl
2Na + Cl2 ⟶ 2NaCl
Mol of Cl2 = 3.0 mol Na (1molCl2 /
2molNa) = 1.5 mol Cl2
Mol of NaCl = 3.0 mol Na (2molNaCl /
2molNa) = 3.0 mol NaCl
Example 2 (mass to mass)
 Consider the reaction
P4 + 5O2 ⟶ 2P2O5
If 6.25 g of phosphorus (P4) is burned, what
mass (in grams) of oxygen gas (O2) does it
combine with? Also, calculate the mass (in
grams) of P2O5. The chemical equation is C3H8 + O2 ⟶ CO2 + H2O
already balanced.
Calculate the amount (in grams) of oxygen
AW P = 31 g/mol ; AW O = 16 g/mol ; gas (O2) needed to burn the propane. Also
calculate the amount of carbon dioxide
Solution: Calculate the molar mass of P4, (CO2) and water vapor (H2O).
O2, and P2O5. Solve for the masses of O2
and P2O5. AW C = 12 g/mol; AW H = 1 g/mol; AW O
= 16 g/mol
MW P4 = 124 g/mol ; MW O2 = 32
g/mol ; MW P2O5 = 142 g/mol Solution: Balance first the reaction, calculate
the molar masses of C3H8, O2, CO2, and
Grams of O2 = 6.25 g P4 (1molP4 / H2O. Solve for the masses using
124gP4) (5molO2 / 1molP4) (32gO2 / stoichiometry calculation.
1molO2) = 8.065 g O2
Balanced combustion reaction: C3H8 +
Grams of P2O5 = 6.25 g P4 (1molP4 / 5O2 ⟶ 3CO2 + 4H2O
124gP4) (2molP2O5 / 1molP4) (142gP2O5
/ 1molP2O5) = 14.315 g P2O5 MW C3H8 = 44 g/mol; MW O2 = 32
g/mol; MW CO2 = 44 g/mol; MW H2O
 Add the amounts of the reactants and = 18 g/mol
compare it to the amount of the
product. Grams of O2 = 50g C3H8 (1molC3H8 /
44gC3H8) (5molO2 / 1molC3H8) (32gO2 /
Illustration of Law of Conservation of 1molO2) = 181.818 g O2
Mass
Reactants Product Grams of CO2 = 50 g C3H8 (1molC3H8 /
P4=6.25g P2O5=14.315g 44gC3H8) (3molCO2 / 1molC3H8)
(44gCO2 / 1molCO2) = 150 g CO2

O2=8.065g Grams of H2O = 50 g C3H8 (1molC3H8 /

Total Mass = 14.315 g Total Mass = 14.315 g 44gC3H8) (4molH2O / 1molC3H8)
(18gH2O / 1molH2O) = 81.818 g H2O
 The total mass of the reactants
should always be equal to the total  Add the amounts of the reactants and
mass of the products. They always compare it to the amounts of the
follow the Law of Conservation of products.
Mass.
Illustration of Law of Conservation of
Example 3 (mass to mass) Mass

 A 50 grams of propane (C3H8) is Reactants Products

burned with excess O2 to produce C3H8 = 50 g CO2 = 150 g
energy. The following reaction is O2 = 181.818 g H2O = 81.818 g
shown below:
 Total Mass = Total Mass =
231.818 g 231.818 g
 The total mass of the reactants
should always be equal to the total
mass of the products. They always
follow the Law of Conservation of
Mass.
KEY CONCEPTS
1. Determine the molar mass of a
substance
2. Use dimensional analysis to convert
mass to mole, and mole to mass
3. Always balance the chemical
reaction
4. Obtain the mole ratio from the
balanced chemical reaction
5. Use dimensional analysis to obtain
the amount of reactant or product.
2.2 CHEMISTRY OF
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
2.2 Intended Learning Outcomes
Glass is a solid material but it can easily be
broken into pieces once force is applied on
it. Do you know the reason? The reason can
be found in the structure of the
atoms/molecules of a material. Glass is solid
but it is under the amorphous solid. There is
no regular arrangement of atoms/molecules
for amorphous solid, while for crystalline
solid, this material has a rigid and regular
arrangement of atoms/molecules. Another
type of solid material is metals. Metals are
neither crystalline nor amorphous solid.
Metals exhibit metallic bonding which the
outer electrons of the metal atoms separate
from the atom and create a "sea of
electrons". Electrons are delocalized which
means that it can move freely through the
whole structure. Metals are not brittle
compare to most crystalline solids (ionic
solids), but they are malleable and ductile.
In this section, we can classify engineering
materials as crystalline solid or amorphous
solid based on their structure. Also, the
concept of degradation of some metals will
be covered here. This section will also
answer why old coins are less susceptible to
corrosion compare to what we have now.
Students should be able to:
1. Differentiate crystalline solid from
amorphous solid
2. Determine unit cell and coordination
number in crystal
3. Describe the properties of metals and
alloys
4. Enumerate applications of metals
5. Collaborate with group members in
Labster Simulation: Ionic and
Covalent Bonds.
2.2.1 SOLIDS AND CRYSTAL
STRUCTURE
Solids
 Molecules are held rigidly in position
 Molecules have no freedom of
motion
 Less empty space in solids than
liquids
 Virtually incompressible
 Molecules are arranged in regular
configurations in three dimensions
 Has definite shape and volume
Intramolecular Forces
 hold atoms together in a molecule
 stabilize individual molecules
 involve chemical bonding
 2. Amorphous Solid
o lack regular three-
dimensional arrangement of
atom.
o without regular structure
o Ex: glass

Intermolecular Forces Unit Cell - basic structural unit of a

crystalline solid.
 Attractive forces between molecules.
 Much weaker than intramolecular Lattice Point - each sphere representing
forces an atom, ion or molecules.

Coordination Number - It is the number

of atoms surrounding an atom in a crystal
lattice.

Categories of Solids Properties of Crystalline Solid

1. Crystalline Solid  Melting Point
o It possess rigid and long-  Density
range order.  Hardness
o Its atoms, molecules or ions
occupy specific positions and
Classification of Crystals/Solids
have regular structure.
o Ex: metals, many ceramics,
Ionic Crystals
some polymers.
 It consists of ions held by ionic
bonds.
 It is held by electrostatic attraction.
  Hard, brittle, high melting point,  It contains 8×1/8 atoms = 1 atom
poor conductor of heat and / unit cell
electricity.
 Examples: NaCl, LiF, MgO

Molecular Crystals
 It consists of atoms or molecules
held together by Van der Waals
forces and/or hydrogen bonding.
 Soft, low melting point, poor
conductor of heat and electricity.
 Examples: sucrose, iodine crystal,
water

Covalent Crystals
 Called covalent network crystals
 Held together by covalent bond Body-Centered Cubic (BCC)
 Hard, high melting point, Structure
 Example: Diamond (C), quartz
(SiO2)  Close packed directions are cube
diagonals.
Metallic Crystals / Solids  Unit cell contains 1 atom +
 Held by metallic bond (8×1/8atom) = 2 atoms / unit cell
 In a metal the bonding electrons are
spread or delocalized over the entire
crystal
 Soft to hard, low to high melting
point, good conductor of heat and
electricity.
 Examples: All metallic elements
(Na, Mg, Fe, Cu)

Types of Crystal Structures

1. Simple Cubic (SC) Structure

2. Body-Centered Cubic (BCC)
Structure
3. Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) Face-Centered Cubic (FCC)
Structure Structure

Simple Cubic (SC) Structure  Close packed directions are face

diagonals.
 Rare due to poor packing (only Po  Unit cell contains (6×1/2 atom)
has this structure). + (8×1/8 atom) = 4 atoms / unit
 Close-packed directions are cube cell
edges.
 might be too expensive. (Ex:
silver is a better conductor
than copper but it is too
expensive to be used for
electric wires.)
o Extraction method. This can
greatly affect the price and
availability of a metal. (Ex:
aluminium only became a
commonly used metal in the
late 19th century as better
extraction methods made it
KEY CONCEPTS cheaper.)

1. Solid molecules are held rigidly in Properties of Metals

position.  solid at room temperature
2. There are two types of solid based on  high melting point
the arrangement of its  good conductors of electricity and
molecules/atoms: crystalline solid heat
and amorphous solid.  malleable: they can be shaped
3. There are four classifications of  ductile: they can be drawn into wires
crystals or solids: ionic solids,  strong
molecular solids, covalent solids, and  dense
metallic solids.
4. There are three crystal structures: SC Structure of Metal
(has 1 atom/unit cell), BCC (has 2  The atoms in a pure metal are in
atoms/unit cell), and FCC (has 4 tightly-packed layers, which form a
atoms/unit cell) regular lattice structure.
 The outer electrons of the metal
atoms separate from the atoms and
create a ‘sea of electrons’.
2.2.2 METALS AND ITS APPLICATION  These electrons are delocalized and
so are free to move through the
Metals
whole structure.
 Metals are a highly valuable group of
materials, used for hundreds of
products and produced in huge
quantities.
 Metals have played a vital role in
human development. Periods of
civilization are even classified by the
metals that were used during those
times, such as the Iron Age.
 It is not only the properties of a
metal that determines its use:
o Cost. A metal may have the
best properties for a job but it
Metals have high melting points
 Metals often have high melting
points and boiling points. (Ex: Gold
has a melting point of 1064°C and a
boiling point of 2807 °C.
 This property is due to the strong
attraction between the positively-
charged metal ions and the sea of
electrons.
Metals conduct heat and electricity
 Delocalized electrons in metallic
bonding allow metals to conduct heat
and electricity. For example, when a
metal is heated, the delocalized
electrons gain kinetic energy.
 These electrons then move faster and
so transfer the gained energy
throughout the metal.
 Delocalized electrons also conduct
electricity through metals in a similar
way.
Metals are strong, malleable, and
ductile
 Metals are usually strong, not brittle.
 When a metal is hit, the layers of
metal ions are able to slide over each
other, and so the structure does not
shatter.
 The metallic bonds do not break
because the delocalized electrons are
free to move throughout the
structure.
Corrosion
 Gradual destruction of a metal due to
reactions with other chemicals in its
environment.
 Over time, corrosion changes the
appearance of the metal as it breaks
down and it becomes weaker.
 Coating the surface of a metal with
paint and certain chemicals can
protect it from corrosion.
Rusting
 specific name given to the corrosion
of iron.
 It is a chemical reaction between
iron, oxygen and water. The
chemical name for rust is hydrated
iron oxide.
 Rust can form on cars and buildings,
making them unsafe. It is an
expensive problem.
Do all metals corrode?
 Gold is an unreactive metal and does
not corrode easily
 Aluminium is a very reactive metal.
However, it does not corrode in the
presence of oxygen. The outer
aluminium atoms react with oxygen
in the atmosphere. This forms a thin
layer of aluminium oxide on the
metal’s surface, which protects the
metal from corrosion.
 "Native" metals are less prone to
corrosion.
Processing of Metals
 Metals can be found in the Earth’s
crust combined with other elements
or uncombined as pure substances.
 Some unreactive metals, like gold,
silver and copper, can be found
uncombined as elements. Metals that
are found in a pure form are said to
occur ‘native’.
 Most metals are actually found
combined with other elements, as
compounds in ores.
Processing of Metals
 Metals above carbon in the reactivity
series must be extracted using
electrolysis. This process uses an
electrical current to extract the metal.
 Metals below carbon can be
extracted from their ores by
reduction. Metals can be extracted
from their ores by burning with
carbon using blast furnace.
 Platinum, gold, silver and copper can
occur native and do not need to be
extracted.
Alloy
 Mixture of a metal with at least one
other element.
 Adding other elements to a metal
changes its structure and so changes
its properties. The final alloy may
have very different properties to the
original metal.
 Pure gold is actually quite soft.
Adding small amounts of other
metals makes the gold hard enough
to use in jewelry. Alloying gold with
different metals also affects its color.
Different Kinds of Alloy
1. Bronze - an alloy of copper and tin.
2. Brass - an alloy of copper and zinc.
3. Solder - an alloy of zinc and lead.
4. Amalgam - an alloy of mercury and
silver or tin.
5. Yellow gold - an alloy of gold with
copper and silver.
6. White gold - an alloy of gold with
nickel, platinum or palladium.
Shape Memory Alloy
 type of smart material made from
metals that returns to its original
shape after being deformed.
 Nitinol is a type of shape memory
alloy made from nickel and titanium.
This material can be used to make a
pair of glasses that ‘remembers’ its
shape and does not break when
crushed.
Copper coins not a copper coin
 Copper coins used to be made from
pure copper but most ‘copper’ coins
used around the world are now made
from copper alloys.
 Copper coins have been made from
copper-plated steel and are magnetic.
Steel
 an alloy of iron and other elements,
including carbon, nickel and
chromium.
  stronger than pure iron and can be
used for everything from sauce pans
to suspension bridges.
 It can contain up to 2% carbon.
 higher carbon content makes a hard
steel.

Different Kinds of Steel

1. Low carbon steel - it contains less
than 0.25% carbon.
2. high carbon steel - it contains more
than 0.5% carbon.
3. stainless steel - an alloy of iron that
contains at least 11% chromium and
smaller amounts of nickel and
carbon.
4. titanium steel - an alloy of iron and
titanium.

KEY CONCEPTS

1. The electrons in metals are

delocalized and so are free to move
through the whole structure.
2. Metals are strong, malleable, and
ductile
3. Metals are good thermal and
electrical conductor.
4. Corrosion is the destruction of a
metal caused by reactions with
chemicals in the environment.
5. Metals can extracted using extraction
by blast furnace and electrolysis.
6. Alloy is a mixture of a metal and at
least one other element.