Crash Course

Crash Course
Chemical Reactions and Equations

Session Highlights
Chapter Summary Top 30 Questions Tips and Tricks

Roadmap of Chapter Summary
Chemical
1
Change
Chemical Change
A change in which one or more new substances are formed

is called a chemical change.
A chemical change is also called a chemical reaction.

Characteristics of Chemical Change
Evolution of Gas Change in Colour
Effects
Heat Change in State
Transfer
Evolution of Gas
Change in Colour
Effects
Transfer
Change in Colour
Evolution of Gas
Effects
Transfer
Effects
Heat
Transfer
Change in State
Effects
Transfer
Effects of Chemical Change
Involves change of chemical

composition
New substances are formed
Usually irreversible in nature

Balancing Chemical
2 Equations
Chemical
1
Change
Balanced Chemical Equation
Balanced chemical equation has an equal number of atoms of

different elements in the reactants and products.
Balanced chemical equations follow the

law of conservation of mass.
Chemical Equation
2Mg + O2 2MgO
Number of atoms on the Number of atoms on the

Elements
reactant side product side
Mg 2 2
O 2 2
H2 Cl2 HCl

Elements
H 2 1
Cl 2 1
Does this equation follow law of

conservation of mass?
No
How to Balance Chemical Equations?
H2 Cl2 HCl
Count the number of atoms of each element on reactant and

Step 1:
product side

Elements
H 2 1
Cl 2 1
How to Balance Chemical Equations?
H2 Cl2 HCl
2HCl
Step 2: Balance the number of hydrogen and chlorine atoms.

Elements
H 2 2×1=2
Cl 2 2×1=2
H2 Cl2 2HCl
Balancing Chemical
2 Equations
3 Type of Reactions
Chemical
1
Change
Types of Chemical Reaction
Reaction in which a single product is formed from two

or more reactants is known as a combination reaction.
A B
Combination
Reaction Two or more reactants Single product
1
Combination reactions are
generally exothermic in nature
Decomposition
Reaction
H2O
CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq)
CaO
Combination
Reaction
1 CO2
O2
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
Decomposition
Reaction
Reaction in which a single reactant breaks down to give

simpler products is known as decomposition reaction.
A B
Decomposition
Reaction Single reactant Two or more products
2 Decomposition reactions generally
are endothermic in nature.
ment
on
Thermal
decomposition
CuCO3(s) heat CuO(s) + CO2(g)
Photolytic
decomposition
Decomposition
Reaction Light
2AgCl(s) 2Ag(s) + Cl2(g)
2
Electrolytic
decomposition
Electricity
2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2 (g)
ment
on
Reactions in which one element takes the place of another

element in a compound, are known as displacement reactions.
Displacement
Reaction A C D A D C
3
nt
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → Cu(s) + FeSO4(aq)
Displacement Fe
Reaction FeSO4
3
Cu
CuSO4
Before After
nt
Reactivity
Au Ag Cu Pb Fe Zn Al Mg Ca Li Na K
Reactions in which there is an exchange of ions between the

ent
n reactants are called double displacement reactions.
A B C D A D C B
Double
Displacement
4 Reaction
BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
n
Oxidation Reduction
• Addition of oxygen • Addition of hydrogen
• Removal of hydrogen • Removal of oxygen
Reaction in which one reactant undergoes

Redox
Reaction
oxidation whereas the other gets reduced during
5 the course of reaction are termed as
oxidation-reduction reactions or redox reactions.
Oxidation
(Removal of hydrogen)
H2S(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g) + S(s)
(Gain of hydrogen)
Redox
Reduction
Reaction
5
Reducing agent Oxidising agent
Substance getting Substance getting
oxidised in the reaction is reduced in the reaction is
known as reducing agent. known as oxidising agent.
H2S Cl2
Corrosion and
4
Rancidity
Balancing Chemical
2 Equations
3 Type of Reactions
Chemical
1
Change
Corrosion
Corrosion is the process of gradual destruction of a metal

surface by the action of air, moisture or a chemical (such as
an acid).
Tarnishing
of copper
Before After
Corrosion
Tarnishing
of copper
Before After
Cu O2 H2O CO2 Cu(OH)2 CuCO3
Green coating
Rusting
4Fe 3O2 xH2O 2Fe2O3.xH2O

Rust
Rancidity
Oxidation
Day 1 Day 20
Contain fat and oil Foul odour and taste
When fats and oils stay in open for long, they get oxidised and
become rancid, and their smell and taste change. This process
is known as rancidity.
15 Most Important Subjective Questions
Which among the following are physical or chemical changes?
(a) Evaporation of petrol
(b) Burning of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
(c) Heating of an iron rod to red hot
(d) Curdling of milk
(e) Sublimation of solid ammonium chloride
Question 01
Liquid petrol Gaseous state
No new substance
Evaporation of petrol Physical change

CO2 is formed in the reaction
New substance formed
Burning of LPG Chemical change

Changes to red hot
No new substance formed
Heating of an iron rod Physical change

Milk Curd
New substance formed
Curdling of milk Chemical change

Solid state Gaseous state
No new substance formed
Physical change
Sublimation of solid
ammonium chloride
Answer
Process Type of Change
1. Evaporation of petrol Physical change
2. Burning of liquified petroleum gas (LPG) Chemical change
3. Heating of iron rod to red hot Physical change
4. Curdling of milk Chemical change
5. Sublimation of solid ammonium chloride Physical change
Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following reactions and
classify them.
(i) Lead acetate solution is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid to form
lead chloride and acetic acid solution.
(ii) A piece of sodium metal is added to absolute ethanol to form sodium
ethoxide and hydrogen gas.
(iii) Iron (III) oxide on heating with carbon monoxide gas reacts to form
Question 02
solid iron and liberates carbon dioxide gas.

(iv) Hydrogen sulphide gas reacts with oxygen gas to form solid sulphur
and liquid water.
classify them.
Pb(CH3 COO)2(aq) 2HCl(aq) PbCl2(s) 2CH3 COOH(aq)

Double Displacement Reaction
Reactions in which there is an exchange of ions between

the reactants are called double displacement reactions.
A B C D A D C B
classify them.
(i) Lead acetate solution is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid
to form lead chloride and acetic acid solution.
Pb(CH3 COO)2(aq) 2HCl(aq) PbCl2(s) 2CH3COOH(aq)

classify them.
(ii) A piece of sodium metal is added to absolute ethanol to form
sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas.
2Na(s) 2C5H5OH(l) 2C5H5ONa(aq) H2(g)

Displacement Reaction
Reactions in which one element takes the place of
another element in a compound, are known as
displacement reactions.
A C D A D C
Here, A is more reactive than C.

classify them.
(ii) A piece of sodium metal is added to absolute ethanol to form
sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas.
Chemical Equation
2Na(s) 2C5H5OH(l) 2C5H5ONa(l) H2(g)
Displacement Reaction
classify them.
(iii) Iron (III) oxide on heating with carbon monoxide gas
reacts to form solid iron and liberates carbon dioxide gas.
Fe2O3(s) 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) 3CO2(g)

Redox Reaction
Reaction in which one reactant undergoes oxidation whereas the

other gets reduced during the course of reaction are termed as
oxidation-reduction reactions or redox reactions.
classify them.
(iii) Iron (III) oxide on heating with carbon monoxide gas
reacts to form solid iron and liberates carbon dioxide gas.
Fe2O3(s) 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) 3CO2(g)
Reduced Oxidised
Redox Reaction
classify them.
(iv) Hydrogen sulphide gas reacts with oxygen gas to form solid
sulphur and liquid water.
2H2S(g) O2(g) 2S(s) 2H2O(l)
Oxidised Reduced
Redox Reaction
classify them.
(ii) A piece of sodium metal is added to absolute ethanol to form sodium
ethoxide and hydrogen gas.
Answer
The balanced chemical equations are as follows:

(i) Double Displacement Reaction:
Pb(CH3COO)2(aq)+ 2HCl(aq) → PbCl2(s) + 2CH3COOH(aq)
(ii) Displacement Reaction:
2Na(s) + 2C5H5OH(l)→ 2C5H5ONa(aq) + H2(g)
classify them.
(iii) Iron (III) oxide on heating with carbon monoxide gas reacts to form
solid iron and liberates carbon dioxide gas.
(iv) Hydrogen sulphide gas reacts with oxygen gas to form solid sulphur
and liquid water.
Answer
The balanced chemical equations are as follows:

(iii) Redox Reaction:
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) → 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
(iv) Redox Reaction:
2H2S(g) + O2(g) → 2S(s) + 2H2O(l)
Why is respiration considered an exothermic reaction?
Question 03
Reactions in which heat is released along with the formation of

products are known as exothermic chemical reactions
Respiration
Answer
Respiration is considered as an exothermic reaction because, in

respiration process, oxidation of glucose takes place which
produces a large amount of heat energy which is stored in the
form of ATP.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

A solution of a substance ‘X’ is used for whitewashing.
(i) Name the substance ‘X’ and write its formula.
(ii) Write the reaction of the substance ‘X’ named in (i) above with water
Question 04
Substance X Used for whitewashing
Calcium oxide
CaO
CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq)

Quick lime Slaked lime
(Calcium oxide)
Answer
(i) Substance X is calcium oxide and its formula is ‘CaO’.
(ii) The reaction of calcium oxide with water is as follows:
CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq)
What happens when food materials containing fats and oils
are left for a long time ? List two observable changes and
suggest a way by which this phenomenon can be prevented.
Question 05
Oxidation
Day 1 Day 20
Contain fat and oil Foul odour Taste change
This process is known as rancidity.

Prevention of Rancidity
Contains fat and oil
Flushed with nitrogen
Anti-oxidant
Prevents rancidity
Answer
When food materials containing fats and oils stay in open for
long, they get oxidised and become rancid, and their smell
and taste change. This process is known as rancidity.
Prevention:
Substances which prevent oxidation (antioxidants) like nitrogen
are added to foods containing fats and oil.
A shiny brown coloured element ‘X’ on heating in air becomes black in colour.
Name the element ‘X’ and the black-coloured compound formed.
Question 06
X Oxygen Black compound
Shiny element Generally metals Brown
Copper
X Oxygen Black compound
2Cu(s) O2(g) 2CuO(s)

Name the element ‘X’ and the black coloured compound formed.
Answer
The element X is copper and the black coloured

compound formed is copper oxide.
Mention the type of chemical reaction that takes place when:
(i) A magnesium ribbon is burnt in air
(ii) Limestone is heated
(iii) Silver bromide is exposed to sunlight
(iv) Electricity is passed through acidified water
(v) Ammonia and hydrogen chloride are mixed with each other.
Write the chemical equation for each reaction.

Question 07
2Mg(s) O2(g) 2MgO(s)
Combination Reaction
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) CO2(g)
Thermal Decomposition Reaction

Sunlight
2AgBr(s) 2Ag(s) Br2(g)
Photolytic Decomposition Reaction

Electricity
2H2O(l) 2H2(g) O2(g)
Electrolytic Decomposition Reaction

(v) Ammonia and hydrogen chloride are mixed with each
NH3(g) HCl(g) NH4Cl(s)
Combination Reaction
Mention the type of chemical reaction that takes place when:
Write the chemical equation for each reaction.
Answer
2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s): Combination Reaction
CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g): Thermal Decomposition Reaction
2AgBr(s) → 2Ag(s) + Br2: Photolytic Decomposition Reaction
2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g): Electrolytic Decomposition reaction
NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s): Combination Reaction
What happens when an aqueous solution of sodium sulphate
reacts with an aqueous solution of barium chloride? State the
physical conditions of reactants in which the reaction between
them will not take place. Write the balanced chemical equation
for the reaction and name the type of reaction
Question 08

Answer
• When barium chloride solution is added to sodium sulphate solution, a
white precipitate of barium sulphate is formed along with sodium
chloride solution.
BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
• The above reaction does not take place when the reactants are in a
solid-state because in solid-state the exchange of ions does not take
place.
• The above reaction is an example of a double displacement reaction.
Decomposition reactions require energy either in the form of heat or
light or electricity for breaking down the reactants. Write one
equation each for decomposition reactions where energy is supplied
in the form of heat, light and electricity.
Question 09
Energy
Source Heat Light Electricity

Thermal Photolytic Electrolytic
decomposition decomposition decomposition
Thermal
decomposition
CaCO3(s) heat CaO(s) + CO (g)
2
Photolytic
decomposition
Light
Electrolytic
decomposition
Electricity
2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g)
Answer
Thermal decomposition reaction :

CaCO3(s) heat CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Photolytic decomposition reaction :

Light
Electrolytic decomposition reaction :

Electricity
2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g)
2g of silver chloride is taken in a china dish and the china dish is
placed in sunlight for some time. What will be your observation in
this case? Write a chemical reaction involved in the form of a
balanced chemical equation. Identify the type of chemical reaction.
Question 10
White Grey
AgCl Ag
Light
Light
Silver chloride decomposes into silver and chlorine gas in the presence of light.
Photolytic
decomposition
Answer
The white silver chloride when placed in sunlight will turn grey. The chemical
reaction involved in the process is:
Light
This is due to decomposition of silver chloride into silver and chlorine gas.
The type of chemical reaction involved is known as photolytic decomposition.
In the reaction:
MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
(a) Name the compound
(i) oxidised,
(ii) reduced.
(b) Define oxidation and reduction on its basis.
Question 11
In the reaction:
(i) oxidised,
(ii) reduced.
Reduction
MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
Oxidation
MnO2 HCl
Loss of oxygen Loss of hydrogen
Reduced Oxidised
In the reaction:
(i) oxidised,
(ii) reduced.
Loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen is known as reduction.
Gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen is known as oxidation.

In the reaction:
(i) oxidised,
(ii) reduced.
Answer
(a) The compound that is

(i) oxidised is HCl
(ii) reduced is MnO2
(b) Oxidation: Gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen is known as

oxidation.
Reduction: Loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen is known
as reduction.
1g of copper powder was taken in a china dish and heated.
What change takes place on heating? When hydrogen gas is
passed over this heated substance, a visible change is seen
in it. Give the chemical equations of reactions, the name and
the colour of the products formed in each case.
Question 12
Cu(s) + O2(g) CuO(s)

Brown Black

Brown Black
CuO(s) + H2(g) Cu(s) + H2O(l)

Black Brown
Answer
The surface of brown copper powder when heated will turn
into black powder due to the formation of copper oxide. The
reaction involved is:
Brown Black
When hydrogen gas is passed over this heated material, the

black coating on the surface turns brown as the reverse
reaction takes place and copper is obtained.
CuO(s) + H2(g) Cu(s) + H2O(l)
Black Brown
Silver articles generally turn black when kept in the open for
a few days. The articles when rubbed with tooth-paste again
start shining.
i. Why do silver articles turn black when kept in the open
for a few days ? Name the phenomenon involved.
ii. Name the black substance formed and give its chemical
formula.
Question 13
start shining.
formula.
Metal gets attacked by substances around it

such as moisture, acids, etc.
Silver gets corroded
Phenomenon Corrosion of silver

start shining.
formula.
Corrosion of silver
2Ag H2 S Ag2S H2
Silver sulphide
Black
start shining.
formula.
Answer
i. Silver articles when kept in the open for a few days react
with substances around it such as air, moisture, acids,
etc. As a result, silver gets corroded and turns black.
This phenomenon is known as corrosion.
start shining.
formula.
Answer
ii. The black substance formed is silver sulphide and its

chemical formula is Ag2S.
State the type of chemical reactions, represented by the
following equations:
(a) A + BC → AC + B
(b) A + B → C
(c) PQ + RS → PS + RQ
(d) A2O3 + 2B → B2O3 + 2A
Question 14
(a) A + BC → AC + B
(b) A + B → C
(d) A2O3 + 2B → B2O3 + 2A
A B C A C B
Reactions in which one element takes the place of

another element in a compound, are known as
(a) A + BC → AC + B
(b) A + B → C
(d) A2O3 + 2B → B2O3 + 2A
C
Two or more reactants Single product
Reaction in which a single product is formed from two

or more reactants is known as a combination reaction.
(a) A + BC → AC + B
(b) A + B → C
(d) A2O3 + 2B → B2O3 + 2A
P Q R S P S R Q
Reactions in which there is an exchange of ions

between the reactants are called double
(a) A + BC → AC + B
(b) A + B → C
(d) A2O3 + 2B → B2O3 + 2A
Reduction
(Removal of oxygen)
Al2O3 + 2B B2O3 + 2A
(Gain of oxygen)
Oxidation
Redox Reaction
(a) A + BC → AC + B
(b) A + B → C
(d) A2O3 + 2B → B2O3 + 2A
Answer

(a) A + BC → AC + B || Displacement Reaction
(b) A + B → C || Combination reaction
(c) PQ + RS → PS + RQ || Double Displacement Reaction
(d) A2O3 + 2B → B2O3 + 2A || Redox reaction
Take 3 g of barium hydroxide in a test tube, now add about 2 g of
ammonium chloride and mix the contents with the help of a
glass rod. Now touch the test tube from outside.
(i) What do you feel on touching the test tube?
(ii) State the inference about the type of reaction occurred.
(iii) Write the balanced chemical equation of the reaction
involved.
Question 15
involved.
The reaction of barium hydroxide with

ammonium chloride is endothermic in nature.
The bottom of the test tube becomes cold.

involved.
Ba(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl + Heat → BaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O

involved.
Answer
(i) The test tube becomes cooler during the reaction because
the reaction is endothermic (absorbs heat from
surrounding).
(ii) During the reaction, heat is absorbed. Hence, this reaction is
an endothermic reaction. These reactions cause a cooling
effect by lowering the temperature of their surroundings.
(iii) The balanced chemical equation of the reaction involved is
as follows:
Ba(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl + Heat → BaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O
Go to ‘www.menti.com’
Enter the code
3680 9726
Important Tips for Chapter
So many chemical reactions and
their types!!
Find difficulty when it comes to
identifying them?
1. A + B → C Combination reaction
2. AB → A + B Decomposition reaction
3. A + BC → AC + B Displacement reaction
4. AB + CD → AD + CB Double displacement reaction
Find difficulty in balancing a
chemical reaction?
ABCD Rule
A Any
B Body
C Can
D Do
ABCD Rule
A PCl5 B H2O C H3PO4 D HCl
Element Equate number of atoms

P 1A = 1C
Cl 5A = 1D
H 2B = 3C + 1D
0 1B = 4C
ABCD Rule
A PCl5 B H2O C H3PO4 D HCl
P 1A = 1C
Cl 5A = 1D
H 2B = 3C + 1D
0 1B = 4C
ABCD Rule
1 PCl5 4 H2O 1 H3PO4 5 HCl
Number of atoms on Number of atoms on

Element
the reactant side the product side
P 1 1
Cl 5 5
H 8 8
0 4 4
Hence, it is following law of conservation of mass.

Not sure which is the oxidising or
reducing agent in a redox reaction?
Oxidising Agent: Look for the substance that gives
oxygen or removes hydrogen.
Reducing agent: it is the substance that gives hydrogen
or removes oxygen.
We’ve got you covered!

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Chemical Reactions and Equations

Chapter Summary Top 30 Questions Tips and Tricks

A change in which one or more new substances are formed

A chemical change is also called a chemical reaction.

Evolution of Gas Change in Colour

Evolution of Gas Change in Colour

Evolution of Gas Change in Colour

Heat Change in State

Involves change of chemical

New substances are formed

Usually irreversible in nature

Balanced chemical equation has an equal number of atoms of

Balanced chemical equations follow the

Number of atoms on the Number of atoms on the

Number of atoms on the Number of atoms on the

Does this equation follow law of

Count the number of atoms of each element on reactant and

Number of atoms on the Number of atoms on the

Step 2: Balance the number of hydrogen and chlorine atoms.

Number of atoms on the Number of atoms on the

Reaction in which a single product is formed from two

Reaction in which a single reactant breaks down to give

CuCO3(s) heat CuO(s) + CO2(g)

Reactions in which one element takes the place of another

Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → Cu(s) + FeSO4(aq)

Reactions in which there is an exchange of ions between the

Reaction in which one reactant undergoes

H2S(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g) + S(s)

Corrosion is the process of gradual destruction of a metal

Cu O2 H2O CO2 Cu(OH)2 CuCO3

4Fe 3O2 xH2O 2Fe2O3.xH2O

Contain fat and oil Foul odour and taste

Liquid petrol Gaseous state

Evaporation of petrol Physical change

CO2 is formed in the reaction

New substance formed

Burning of LPG Chemical change

Changes to red hot

No new substance formed

Heating of an iron rod Physical change

New substance formed

Curdling of milk Chemical change

Solid state Gaseous state

No new substance formed

solid iron and liberates carbon dioxide gas.

Balanced Chemical Equation

Pb(CH3 COO)2(aq) 2HCl(aq) PbCl2(s) 2CH3 COOH(aq)

Reactions in which there is an exchange of ions between

Balanced Chemical Equation

Pb(CH3 COO)2(aq) 2HCl(aq) PbCl2(s) 2CH3COOH(aq)

Double Displacement Reaction

Balanced Chemical Equation

2Na(s) 2C5H5OH(l) 2C5H5ONa(aq) H2(g)

Here, A is more reactive than C.

2Na(s) 2C5H5OH(l) 2C5H5ONa(l) H2(g)

Balanced Chemical Equation

Fe2O3(s) 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) 3CO2(g)

Reaction in which one reactant undergoes oxidation whereas the

Balanced Chemical Equation

Fe2O3(s) 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) 3CO2(g)

Balanced Chemical Equation

2H2S(g) O2(g) 2S(s) 2H2O(l)