Unit 2, Part I:

MATTER AND ENERGY

Characteristics of Matter and Calculations in Chemistry
Definition of Terms
Chemistry – study of matter and the changes it undergoes
Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass
– can be classified as substance, mixtures, elements,
and compounds
– commonly found in three states: solid, liquid, and
gas
Classification of Matter
Classification
A substance is a sample of matter
whose physical and chemical
properties are the same throughout
the sample because the matter has
a constant composition.

An element is a substance that

cannot be separated into simpler
substances by chemical means.

A compound is composed of
atoms of two or more elements
chemically united in fixed propor-
tions.
Classification
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which the substances
retain their distinct identities.
Properties of the Three States of Matter

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/states-of-matter/latest/states-of-matter_en.html
Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
Properties of matter can be classified as either extensive or intensive and
as either physical or chemical.

 Physical property: Any characteristic that can be determined without

changing the substance’s chemical identity.
Example: density, color, hardness, melting point, boiling point

 Chemical property: Any characteristic that can be determined only by

changing a substance’s molecular structure.
Example: flammability, toxicity, acidity, reactivity (many types)
Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

 Intensive property: Any characteristic

of matter that does not depend on the
amount of the substance present.
Example: density, taste, odor, and color

 Extensive property: Any characteristic

of matter that depends on the amount
of matter being measured.
Example: mass, length and volume
Physical and Chemical Changes to Matter
 Physical changes only change the appearance of a substance, not its
chemical composition.

 Chemical changes cause a substance to change into an entirely new

substance with a new chemical formula. Chemical changes are also
known as chemical reactions. The “ingredients” of a reaction are called
reactants, and the end results are called products.

 Many physical changes are reversible (such as heating and cooling),

whereas chemical changes are often irreversible (burning, cooking, rust-
ing,rotting) or only reversible with an additional chemical change.
Physical and Chemical Changes to Matter
Completing and Balancing Chemical Equations
 A chemical equation is a written symbolic representation of a chemical
reaction (The symbols are the elemental letter or letters representing
that element).

 The reactant chemical(s) are given on the left-hand side and the
product chemical(s) on the right-hand side. The two are connected with
an arrow leading from the left to the right, symbolizing the reaction.

 The law of conservation of mass states that no atoms can be created

or destroyed in a chemical reaction, so the number of atoms that are
present in the reactants has to balance the number of atoms that are
present in the products.
Completing and Balancing Chemical Equations
Step 1: The Unbalanced Chemical Equation
Completing and Balancing Chemical Equations
Step 2: Make a List
Completing and Balancing Chemical Equations
Step 3: Identifying the Atoms in Each Element
Completing and Balancing Chemical Equations
Step 4: Multiplying the Number of Atoms
Completing and Balancing Chemical Equations
Step 5: Placing Coefficients in Front of Molecules
Completing and Balancing Chemical Equations
Step 6: Check Equation
Completing and Balancing Chemical Equations
Step 7: Balanced Chemical
Equation
Types of Chemical Reactions

1. Combination Reaction
A reaction in which two or more reactants combine to form a single
product is known as a combination reaction.
It takes the form of X + Y → XY
Combination reaction is also known as a synthesis reaction.

4 Fe (s) + 3 O2 (g) → 2 Fe2O3 (s)

2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl
Patterns for Combination Reaction
Patterns for Combination Reaction
Types of Chemical Reactions

2. Decomposition Reaction
A reaction in which a single compound breaks into two or more simpler
compounds is known as a decomposition reaction.
It takes the form of XY → X + Y
A decomposition reaction is just the opposite of combination reaction.

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

H2CO3 → CO2 + H2O

The reaction in which a compound decomposes due to heating is known as a

thermal decomposition reaction.
Patterns for Decomposition Reaction
Types of Chemical Reactions

3. Displacement Reaction
A chemical reaction in which a more reactive element displaces a less reac-
tive element from its aqueous salt solution.
It takes the form X + YZ → XZ + Y
It is also called a substitution reaction

Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu
Patterns for Displacement Reaction
Types of Chemical Reactions

4. Double Displacement Reaction

A chemical reaction in which ions gets exchanged between two reactants
which form a new compound is called a double displacement reaction.
It takes the form of XY + ZA → XZ + YA
It is also called a metathesis reaction
BaCl2 + Na2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl
Patterns for Double Displacement Reaction
Types of Chemical Reactions

5. Neutralization Reaction
acid + base(alkali) → salt + water
Patterns for Neutralization Reaction
Types of Chemical Reactions

6. Combustion Reaction – reaction of elements and compounds with oxygen.

Example:
Stoichiometric Calculations
Stoichiometry

- is an integral part of chemistry that involves the relationship between

product and reactants in a chemical reaction and other words

- means the measurement of elements

- is the quantitative relation between the number of moles (and

therefore mass) of various products and reactants in a chemical
reaction.
Stoichiometric Calculations

Steps to be followed are:

1. First, we need to balance the given equation.

2. The given substance should have the unit as a mole.

3. Calculate the number of moles

Stoichiometric Calculations

What is a mole?

a standard scientific unit for measuring large

quantities of very small entities such as atoms,
molecules, or other specified particles.
Stoichiometric Calculations

What is a mole?
Stoichiometric Calculations
Stoichiometric Calculations
Example:
Example:
Example: